LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF 
CALIFORNIA 

SAN  DIEGO 


Me  CLASH  AN  &  Me  GUSH  AN 

f  RUCKEE,  CAL. 


THE 


BY 


Louis  P.  McCarty 


Author  of  the  "Statistician  and  Economist, " 
"  Health,   Happiness    and   Longevity,"   Etc. 


That    which    before    us    lies    in  daily  life, 
Is  the  prime  wisdom  ;  What  is  more,   is  fume, 
Or  emptiness,  or  fond  impertinence  ; 
And  renders  us,  in  things  that    most  concern. 
Unpractised,  unprepared,   and   still  to  seek." 
—  Milton's  Adam  to  Angel. 


SAN     FRANCISCO 

Loui.  P.  McCarty 

1907 


The  Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh 


For  What  Purpose  Was  it  Built  ? 
By  Whom  Was  it  Built? 

And  About  When  Was  it  Built  ? 

Satisfactorily  answered  in  the  following  pages. 


Entered    according    to    the    Act    of    Congress,    in    the    year    1907,    by 

LOUIS  P.  MCCARTY, 

In     the     office     of     the     Librarian     of     Congress,     at     Washington. 


In  the  pages  that  follow,  many  other  subjects  are 
treated  with  copious  notes  from  different  authors,  but 
all  are  of  interest  to  prove  our  theory. 


PRICE 

In  Cloth...  ..$5.00         In  Leather..      $6.00 


PREFACE 

"Wer   Vieles   bringt,    wird   Jedem   el  was   bringeii." 
(Who   brings   many   things,  brings  something   for  each.) 

Goethe. 

NEARLY  every  thinking  human  being  has  some  sec- 
ondary   subject,    outside    of   his   regular    calling, 
upon  which  he  devotes  his  spare  moments. 
With  some,  it  consists  in  attempting  to  solve  the 
hidden  mysteries  of  the  future  life,  through  the  agency  of 
some   one   of  the   eleven   hundred  different   faiths,   as   to 
who,  or  what,  is  Deity. 

With  others,  the  mineralogical  fields  are  explored, 
with  the  expectation  of  finding  the  original  atom  of  matter, 
without  combination,  with  side  issues  of  all  other  "isms" 
and  "ologies"  that  exist. 

The  astronomer  delights  in  his  calling,  peering  into 
space,  and  every  now  and  then  astounds  us  with  the 
discovery  of  a  new  world,  or  one  at  least,  that  has  passed 
within  the  reach  of  our  strongest  magnifiers;  while  the 
antiquarians  and  anthropologists  are  not  idle.  Through 
the  findings  of  the  students  of  all  the  foregoing  subjects 
mentioned,  a  fair  minority  of  the  thinking  public  are 
fcnmd  to  be  followers.  There  are,  however,  a  very  few 
people,  living  in  this  2oth  century,  who  believe  in  or  agree 
with  the  theories  of  any  of  the  (over)  one  hundred  pro- 
minent writers  of  the  past,  regarding  the  purpose  for 
which  the  Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh  was  built,  much  less 
when,  or  by  whom  it  was  built. 

Having  spent  nearly  all  of  our  spare  moments  for  the 
past  thirty-five  years  in  studying  the  works  of  the  prin- 
cipal writers  on  the  subjects  of  Antiquity,  Egyptology, 
and  Pyramidal  building,  we  now  present  the  following 
pages  of  fact  and  theory  for  the  criticism  of  an  intelligent 
public,  the  gist  of  which  theory  is  our  own. 


THE   GREAT   PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


To  present  our  subject  properly,  two  volumes  should 
precede  this;  one  on  the  theory  of  "world  building,"  and 
the  other  on  "man's  advent  on  the  earth." 

But  life  is  precarious;  we  must  hurry  on,  and  ask  a 
generous  public  to  accept  our  theories  in  a  single  volume. 

We  offer  no  apology,  however,  for  treating  so  many 
different  contemporaneous  subjects  in  the  following  pages, 
for  we  consider  them  all  necessary  to  prove  our  theory. 

All  we  desire  of  our  critical  readers  to  believe  is:  that 
the  "Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh"  really  exists  at  this  time; 
that  it  is  placed  at  or  near  the  "geographical  center"  of 
all  the  continents  on  the  face  of  the  earth;  and  that  the 
measurements  as  quoted  from  the  principal  authorities 
are  approximately  correct. 

Our  theory,  then,  (that  it  was  built  by  a  race  of  people 
that  preceded  our  race,  with  vastly  more  intelligence 
than  we  now  possess,  or  will  possess  at  the  end  of  the 
2oth  century,)  will  be  susceptible  of  proof,  and  much 
light  will  be  conveyed  to  our  (apparent)  mysterious  sub- 
ject, in  opposition  to  the  theory  of  the  principal  writers, 
"that  it  was  built  by  a  Deified  architect,  assisted  by 
Deified  workmen  in  an  age  of  absolute  ignorance  (as  to 
most  things  on  the  face  of  the  earth)." 

vSo  much  has  been  written  and  said  about  the  Pyramids 
of  Egypt,  and  the  principal  publications  contain  so  many 
references  to  other  publications  and  reports  that  students 
of  this  subject  should  live  next  door  to  one  of  our  largest 
"reference  libraries,"  or  spend  a  small  fortune  on  a  personal 
collection  of  books,  in  order  to  be  able  to  comprehend 
the  information  that  they  attempt  to  furnish. 

We  shall  try  in  this  work,  however,  to  reduce  that  feat- 
ure to  a  minimum,  and  place  within  this  one  volume  all 
the  information  we  wish  to  convey.  It  is  taken  for  granted, 
however,  that  all  readers,  writers  and  investigators  of 
the  subject  before  us,  the  building  of  the  "First  Great 
Pyramid,"  will  accept  as  approximately  correct,  the  meas- 
urements of  that  great  structure  as  verified  and  accepted 


PEEFACE 


by  such  eminent  Egyptologists,  astronomers,  and  mathe- 
maticians as:  Col.  Howard  Vyse,  Prof.  Piazzi  Smyth, 
the  French  Academicians,  Dr.  Grant,  Prof.  John  Greaves, 
Sir  John  Herschel,  Dr.  Lepsius,  W.  Osburn,  Mr.  James 
Simpson,  Prof.  H.  L.  Smith,  Mr.  John  Taylor,  Sir  Gard- 
ner Wilkinson,  and  others,  thus  making  the  remaining 
portion  of  our  task  approximately  light. 

More  than  two  hundred  eminent  mathematicians  and 
astronomers  have  visited  and  measured  this  pyramid 
since  the  year  820  A.  D.;  some  of  them  spending  only 
a  day  and  measuring  only  a  single  passageway,  while 
others  camped  there  and  worked  steadily  for  months. 
The  net  results,  however,  can  be  summed  up  from  the 
figures  furnished  by  the  professors  above  mentioned, 
which  we  give  you  in  the  body  of  this  work. 

No  one  will  attempt  to  question  the  perfect  sanity 
of  those  professional  measurers,  as  to  their  mathematics; 
but  when  you  analyze  their  opinions  regarding  the  date 
of  the  building  of  that  structure,  critically,  you  will  dis- 
cover that  they  had  boxed  their  science,  and  appealed  to 
"miracle"  to  help  them  out.  Most  of  them  were  devout 
Christians,  and,  in  their  interpretation  of  the  sacred  writings, 
could  not  permit  of  any  event  antedating  the  year  4004  B.C. 

As  we  differ  so  widely  from  the  opinions  of  the  above 
mentioned  "noted  authors,"  regarding  the  purpose  for 
which  it  was  built,  and  the  possible  date  of  its  erection, 
we  ask  suspension  of  personal  opinion,  until  the  reader 
has  thoroughly  investigated  our  argument  brought  forward 
in  this  work. 

A  table  of  contents  follows  this  preface,  also  a  table 
of  illustrations.  And  at  the  close  of  this  work  will  be  found 
a  copious  index,  which  the  reader  is  asked  to  consult  on  all 
occasions,  when  in  doubt  regarding  any  subject  herein 
treated.  All  principal  subjects  are  indexed  direct,  as  well 
as  by  subsections  treated.  Individuals  are  indexed  under 
their  surnames.  The  whole  is  respectfully  submitted  by 
the  author. 


THE  GREAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID 


Plate  I.     Vertical  section  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  showing  the  origin- 
al outline,  and  inner  chambers 9 

II.     Geography  of  Upper  Egypt,  the  World  and  location  of 

the  Great  Pyramid 11 

III.     Chorography  of  Great  Pyramid  and  its  neighbors 13 

IV.     Vertical  sections  of  all  Pyramids  on  Jeezeh  Hill 15 

V.     Vertical  sections  of  all  the  residual  pyramids  of  Egypt ....    17 

VI.     Ground  plan  of  the  Great  Pyramid 19 

VII.     Casing-stone  remnants  of  the  Great  and  2nd  Pyramids.  .  .   21 
VIII.     Present  entrance  into  the  Great  Pyramid,  front  elevation 

and  side  section 23 

IX.     Chamber  and  passage  system  of  the  Great  Pyramid 25 

X.     Lower  end  of  the  Grand  Gallery  in  Great  Pyramid 27 

XI.     View  of  the  7  sides  of  the  so-called  Queen's  Chamber.  ...   29 
XII.     Ante-chamber  and  upper  end  of  Grand  Gallery 31 

XIII.  Walls  of  the  Ante-chamber  opened  out,  and  the  Boss  on 

the  Granite  Leaf 33 

XIV.  King's  Chamber,  Ante-chamber,  and  upper  (southern)  end 

of  Grand  Gallery 35 

XV.     Walls  of  the  King's  Chamber  opened  out,  and  ground  plan 

of  the  Coffer 37 

XVI.     Size  and  shape  of  Great  Pyramid  measured  without 39 

XVII.     Size  and  shape  of  Great  Pyramid  from  testimony  within  41 
XVIII.     Construction  hypothesis  of  passage  angles  and  chamber 

emplacements  in  Great  Pyramid 43 

XIX.     Tomb  of  King  Cheops  far  outside  the  Great  Pyramid ....    45 
XX.     The  starry  skies  as  seen  at  the  Great  Pyramid  in  2170  B. 

C;  27,970  B.  C. ;  and  53,770  B.  C 47 

XXI.     Reverse  side  of  the  Great  Seal  of  the  U.  S 48 

XXII.     The  Great  Pyramid  as  seen  by  Caliph  Al  Mamoun  (minus 

the  astronomical)  in  822  A.  D 48 

For  minor  mathematical  illustrations,  see  index. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Ilhistrations  and  their  explanatory  notes  extend  from  page  8  to  page  48 

PART  I.  Sections. 

Past  rulers  and  history  of  Egypt 1&2 

The  Seven  Wonders  of  the  World,  etc 3  &  4 

Earthquakes,  Tidal  Waves,  and  Cataclysms 5&6 

Astronomy  and  the  Solar  System 7 

The  Earth  and  World  Building 8 

Condensed  Measures  of  the  Pyramid 9 

The  Only  Real  Pyramid 10 

Miscellaneous  measurements,  with  proofs  furnished 11  &  12 

Standard  of  Length 13  &  14 

Great  Pyramids  Numbers 15  &  16 

Astronomical  and  Geographical  positions 17  to  20 

Exterior  Measures  and  Masonry  Courses 21 

PART  II. 
The  Source  of  Measures 22  to  60 

PART  III. 

History  of  the  Interior  of  the  Pyramid 61  &  62 

Great  Pyramid  entered  first  time,  since  original  builders  sealed 

it  up.     Wise  men  differ  as  to  what  is  limestone  or  granite     63  to  67 

Wall  courses  of  the  King's  Chamber,  as  described  by  different' 

travelers 68  to  70 

Interior  details  of  measurement,  temperature,  vibration  of 
the  King's  Chamber,  Symbolism  of  the  Ante-Chamber, 
Granite  Leaf  'Inch'  Measurement.  T6gether  with  de- 
tailed information  regarding  the  Subterranean  Unfinished 
Chamber,  Ascending  Passage-way,  Grand  Gallery,  Ante- 
Chamber,  King's  Chamber,  Horizontal  Passage  to  Queen's 
Chamber,  The  Queen's  Chamber,  Well,  etc 71  to  76 

PART  IV. 

Details  of  the  Capacity  Measure  of  the  Coffer  in  the  King's 
Chamber,  Tables  of  Pyramid  Capacity  Measure  and  Pyra- 
mid Weight  Measure,  and  System  of  Specific  Gravities, 
Linear  Elements  of  the  Pyramid,  and  the  Earth  together 
with  the  Pound  Weight  Measure  of  Most  Nations.  Inter- 
national Linear  Measure ;  Thermometers,  etc 77  to  84 

Pyramid  Angle  Measure,  Money  on  the  Pyramid  System; 
Pyramid  Astronomy,  Ark  of  the  Covenant  of  Moses,  Solo- 
mon's Molten  Sea,  Other  Chambers  still  undiscovered  in  the 
Pyramid,  Queen's  Chamber  now  open  once  concealed, 
Queen's  Chamber  Air  Channels,  Further  from  the  Critics 
of  the  Great  Sphinx,  Cubic  Contents  of  Chambers,  Chro- 
nology of  Egyptologists,  Architectural  facts  of  the  Great 
Pyramid,  Noachian  Deluge  of  the  Bible,  Future  of  the 
Great  Pyramid 85  to  100 

Seven  Natural  Wonders  of  the  World,  Weights  and  Measures 

of  different  countries  reduced  to  U.  S.  Standard 101  &  102 

Ancient  Free  Masonry,  Conclusion,  Index 103 


THE   GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  I.,  opposite  page,  showing  vertical  section 
of  the  Great  Pyramid,  from  south  to  north,  looking  west. 
At  the  time  of  day  and  season  when  it  devours  its  own 
shadow. 

The  limestone  base  upon  which  the  pyramid  stands  is 
elevated  about  146  feet  above  the  average  water  level  sur- 
rounding it,  and  215  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea. 


ILLUSTEATIONS 


PLATE  I 


10  THE   GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZ EH 


SEE  PLATE  II.  Showing  the  geography  of  Upper 
Egypt,  with  the  different  mouths  of  the  Nile  river  as  it 
enters  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  from  the  sector-shaped  land 
showing  the  line  of  the  Great  Pyramid  to  be  placed  in  the 
exact  center.  Also  the  map  of  the  world  on  the  "Mercator 
projection,"  showing  the  Great  Pyramid  to  be  located  near 
the  center  of  all  the  land  of  the  earth,  and  at  the  exact 
center  of  its  weight  above  water. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


11 


PLATE    II 


THE     GREAT      PYRAMID     IN     THE      CENTRE 

AND.   AT    THE    SAME    TIME    AT   THE     BORDER.  OF    THE 
SECTOR-SHAPED    LAND    OF     LOWE*R    EGYPT, 


LOWER     EGYPT     INJHE     GEOGRAPHICAL     CENTRE     OF 

THE        LAND     -SURFACE      OF     TH€       WHOLE       WORLD 

..,   //„.    i-:.t,..,l    Stufao     /',•<•,:.•<•(,<•„  / 


12  THE   GREAT   PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  III.  Chorography  of  the  Great  Pyramid 
and  its  neighbors.  Showing  also  the  location  of  Cheops' 
tomb,  the  Great  Sphnix,  and  the  relative  position  of  the 
second  and  third  pyramids. 

This  is  known  as  the  flat-topped  hill  of  Jeezeh.  The 
Great  Pyramid  is  represented  in  the  center  near  the  top  of 
the  illustration. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


13 


PLATE  III 


LONGITUDE      MERIDIAN      OF    THE    GREAT      PYRAMID 


MAP  OF  THE  PYRAMIDS  OF  JEEZEH.  ON  THEIR  FLAT  TOPPED  HILL 
OF  BOCK.  RISING  JUST  SOUTH  OF  THE  LOW  DELTA  LAND  OF  LOWER  EGYPT.  AND 
WEST  OF  THE  NORTHERN  END  OF  THE  SINGLE  LONGITUDINAL  VALLEY,  BY  WHICH 
THE  NILE  BRINGS  ITS  WATERS  THROUGH  36*  OF  LATITUDE.  FROM  THE  EQUATORIAL  LAKES 


14  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


SEK  PLATE  IV.  Showing  the  vertical  sections  of  all 
the  (9)  Jeezeh  group  of  pyramids.  Their  ancient  size  and 
shape  being  shown  by  the  dotted  triangles  over  them. 

The  only  one  of  this  group  that  was  built  (outside  ot 
the  Great  Pyramid  itself)  with  any  order  as  to  its  sloping 
sides,  was  the  third,  which  see. 


ILLUSTEATIONS 


15 


PLATE    IV 


NINTH     PYRAMID 


ALLTHEPYRAMIDS  OF   JEEZ  EH     IN  VERTICAL   AND    MERIDIAN   SECTION, 


16  THE   GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  V.  Showing  all  the  pyramids  of  Egypt 
outside  of  the  Jeezeh  group.  This  illustration  represents 
them  in  the  order  as  they  will  be  found  passing  from  north 
to  south,  together  with  their  location  by  latitude. 

For  their  height  and  date  of  erection,  see  table  of 
Pyramids  of  Egypt,  in  index. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


17 


PLATE  V 


\\»1her,,  l\M«i,.i  .,!' /.,'*/,>  S.>titl,<;;,  /Ir,,,,,/,/.-/  I.,, 1,1-       <   //,.•//,/,,  • /',  r.'rl\;  ,./'.'/  ,;/,',> 


18  THE   GKEAT   PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  VI.  Ground  plan  of  the  Great  Pyramid, 
together  with  the  horizontal  sectional  area  at  the  level  of 
the  King's  Chamber.  Also  exhibits  the  spot  on  the  south 
side  of  the  pyramid,  where  Prof.  Howard  Vyse,  made  an 
unsuccessful  attempt  to  force  an  entrance. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


19 


PLATE   VI 


GROUND      PLAN     OFTHE      GREAT       PYRAMID. 

TOGETHER      WITH     ITS      HORIZONTAL     SECTIONAL     AREA      AT    THE     LEVEL    OF 
THE       KINGS         CHAMBER. 


SCALE     OF     BRITISH       INCMCS. 


20  THE   GEEAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


, 


SEE  PLATE  VII.  The  upper  part  of  this  illustration 
exhibits  the  casing  stone  remnants  of  the  second  pyramid. 
The  lower  part  of  this  picture  exhibits  the  first  three  layers 
of  stone  on  the  north  side  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  including 
the  first  layer  of  the  original  angle  casing  stones,  as  dis- 
covered by  Col.  Howard  Vyse,  in  1857  A.  D. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


21 


PLATE  VII 


EXAMPLE    OF  THE     CASING-STONES  or  A   PYRAMID.    SUPER-POSED 


REMNANT  of  THE  ORIGINAL  CASING-STONE  SURFACE  OF  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID 


22  THE   GKEAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  VIII.  Exhibiting  a  front,  also  a  vertical 
longitudinal  section  of  the  present  entrance  to  the  Great 
Pyramid,  and  a  line  drawn  showing  where  the  original 
casing  stones  reached  too,  as  seen  by  Caliph  Al  Mamoun  in 
the  year  822  A.  D. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


23 


PLATE  VIII 


24  THE   GREAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  IX.  Illustrating  the  chamber  and  pas- 
sage system  of  the  Great  Pyramid.  Also  includes  the  forced 
hole  made  by  the  followers  of  Caliph  Al  Mamoun  and  the 
unfinished  state  of  the  subterranean  chamber  in  the  base 
rock,  under  the  exact  center  of  the  Great  Pyramid. 


ILLUSTEATIONS 


25 


PLATE  IX 


26  THE   GEEAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  X.  By  placing  the  upper  half  of  this 
illustration  to  the  right  or  north  side  of  Plate  XIV,  a  con- 
tinuous passage  is  exhibited,  and  the  intention  of  its  original 
purpose  made  plain. 

The  lower  half  of  this  plate  exhibits  a  displaced  Ramp 
stone  and  entrance  to  the  well.  See  Plate  IX. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


27 


PLATE   X 


SECTION 


LOOKING  WEST 

Of 

LOWER   OR 

NORTHERN    END  • 
0  F 

CRAND  GALLERY 

I  N 

OR    PYR?      „_ 


ENLARGED 

PERSPECTIVE 

VIEW 

or   IHC 

BROKEN  OUT 

RAMP   STONE 

AND 

THE    ENTRANCE 

TO     IN  t 

WELL. 


28  THE   GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  XL  The  Queen's  Chamber,  so-called,  in 
the  Great  Pyramid.  The  only  chamber  exhibiting  seven 
sides.  Through  the  niche  in  the  east  wall  of  which,  we 
expect  to  find  an  entrance  to  other  chambers. 

Prof,  H.  L.  Smith,  of  Hobart  College,  Geneva,  N.  Y., 
(in  a  private  letter)  speaking  of  the  Queen's  Chamber,  in  the 
Great  Pyramid,  remarks,  "Either  there  is  proof  in  that 
chamber  of  supernatural  inspiration  granted  to  the  archi- 
tect," or  "that  primeval  official  possessed,  without  in- 
spiration, in  an  age  of  absolute  scientific  ingorance  4,000 
years  ago,  scientific  knowledge  equal  to,  if  not  surpassing, 
that  of  the  present  highly  developed  state  of  science  in  the 
modern  world." 


ILLUSTKATIONS 


29 


PLATE  XI 


30  THE   GEEAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  XII.  Showing  the  upper  end  of  the  Grand 
Gallery  and  the  ante-chamber.  Also  exhibiting  the  great 
36  inch  step  and  the  low  passage  way  into  the  King's 
Chamber;  compelling  all  who  enter  there  to  stoop  and  bow 
his  head,  though  he  might  be  ruler  of  the  whole  world 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


31 


PLATE  XII 


VERTICAL  MERIDIAN  SECTION  frvm.GrGalLry  through  ANTE-CHAMBER  to KuigsClirLxJang£ast>«uii 


IMMgr  iU«fl  ANTE-CHAM  BER  toKuysQt 
stone,.  GwsecLbnt  shading -Granite,  jllso  \.-£tme-  stone,  and,  fj-GmJutc/ 


KIII    SMVTH.  0( 


c»it  4  so».  torn* 


32  THE   GEEAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  XIII.  The  Ante-Chamber  and  its  walls 
opened  out;  also  the  Boss  on  the  Granite  Leaf.  In  this 
chamber  all  candidates  received  their  preparatory  lectures 
before  entering  the  King's  Chamber,  and  other  chambers 
later  on. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


33 


PLATE  XIII 


34  THE   GEEAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  XIV.  The  King's  Chamber  and  its  ac- 
cessories, which  include  the  ante-chamber,  and  the  southern 
end  of  the  Grand  Gallery.  Also  Howard  Vyse's  hollows  of 
construction  above  the  King's  Chamber.  The  crossed  lines 
indicate  granite.  Some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  this 
portion  of  pyramid  construction  may  be  had  when  we  tell 
you  that  the  first  cross  tie  of  granite  seen  over  the  King's 
Chamber  is  about  41-2  feet  square,  by  25  feet  long  and  it 
takes  9  of  these  slabs  or  ties  to  form  the  ceiling  to  the  King's 
Chamber;  each  slab  of  which  weighs  about  42  tons. 

See  Plate  X.  with  explanation  on  page  26.  It  will  be 
noticed  that  even  a  king  would  have  to  stoop  to  enter  this 
chamber. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


35 


CRTCCAL  &t<n\OHfl.ookvuiWest/oi  KINGS  CH  AM  B  E  R;  ALSO  or 


36  THE  GEEAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


• 


SEE  PLATE  XV.  This  illustration  indicates  the  entire 
plot  for  which  the  Great  Pyramid  was  built.  Exhibiting 
the  walls  of  the  King's  Chamber  opened  out,  also  the  stink 
portion  of  walls,  the  coffer,  etL 

It  will  be  noted  that  there  are  just  100  blocks  of  granite 
in  the  four  walls  of  this  chamber,  nine  in  the  ceiling,  and 
there  were  eighteen  in  the  floor  before  they  were  pried  out 
and  taken  away.  No  two  of  which  are  of  the  same  size. 
On  the  north  wall  will  be  noticed  one  granite  block  that 
is  twice  the  size  (in  height)  of  any  other  wall  stone,  the  east 
edge  of  which,  forms  one  angle  of  the  N.  E.  corner  of  this 
chamber.  This  we  predict  will  be  found  to  be  a  door,  and 
outlet  to  other  chambers,  which  we  have  suggested  in  the 
body  of  this  work,  exist  in  other  parts  of  this  great  building. 
No  latches,  hinges,  locks  or  bolts  exist,  but  when  the  secret 
is  re-discovered,  it  will  be  opened  without  force. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


37 


PLATE  XV 


38  THE   GKEAT   PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  XVI.  Size  and  shape  of  Great  Pyramid 
•measured  without.  Showing  geometrically  direct  vertical 
section ;  diagonal  vertical  section ;  equality  of  boundaries ; 
angles  of  casing  stones  and  equality  of  areas  Nos.  i  and  2. 


ILLUSTKATTONS 


39 


PLATE  XVI 


9131   Ob  P.. I.  or 
36&  •  242    5.  O. 

DIRECT    VERTICAL    SECTION    OF 
GREAT    PYRAMID. 


12913    26  P.  1   or 
S16-53O    S.  C 


DIAGONAL   VERTICAL    SECTION 
GREAT     PYRAMID. 


EQUALITY    OF    BOUNDARIES 


\  •'"* 

•*;•'' 
V 


\        9131  •  05    P   I.       .•• 


Pyrcurvui's    s 
avroie<  vnih,  radius  ~ 


7TANCLES    OF    CASING    STONES    OF 

GREAT     PYRAMID. 

As  affected,  by  its  eacternaZ,  slope* 

QrtcL  hari,zon£al/  'mjc^sonry  oours&a 

77"    -3-14159   26535+&C. 

'log  O    49711;   98726  +  &c. 


EQUALITY     OF     AREAS     N« 


EQUALITY  OF-  AREAS     N?   2 


/ 


9131-05  P.  1. 


Area,  of  sqiMcrv  base*  of  Great, 
"area,  of  a.  Circle,  whosq  ckameter  i»  gwen, 
-+-JOQ  in.  t?ie  Ante,-  chamber. 


a,  of  Cw-die,  vfixh,  GPyr.9  height,  for  rcLckus= 
"Area-  ofsquarb  whose,  letujO\,  of  side*  is  given, 
-i-JOO  wi,  the  Ante-  -chamber 


'  TYRjt  MID    1  NCHE  S 


S.C  -SACRED     CUBIT 


40  THE   GEEAT   PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  XVII.  Size  and  shape  of  Great  Pyramid 
from  testimony  within;  equality  of  areas  No.  3.  Showing 
equation  of  boundaries  and  areas,  circles  and  squares,  inches 
inside  and  pyramid  cubits  outside  Great  Pyramid. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


41 


PLATE  XVII 


EQUALITY     OF     AREAS     f/.°  3 


9131    PS    P.I. 
Direet  Vertical  Setticn.  ofGr  Pyjt 


Square,   with,  side 
centfuUd  by  TT. 


11626  ~O Z^jtnte,  chamber  length,  *  10 O   =     SwrCs  distance,  from,  t^  earth, 
in,  terms   of  the,  "breadth,  of  tltf,  JEartfL,    .from,  ^Pole,    to  Pole,. 


EQUATION     OF     BOUNDARIES    AND    AREAS. 
CIRCLES     AND     SQUARES     INCHES     INSIDE    AND    SACRED   CUBITS 
OUTSIDE     GREAT     PYRAMID. 


SMVIH.    DlC. 


1CHH  «  SON.  EDI 


42  THE  GEEAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  XVIII.  Showing  construction  hypothesis 
of  passage  angles  and  chamber  emplacements  in  Great 
Pyramid. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


43 


PLATE   XVIII 


AD  B  =  Dircct.or  rightjVertical, 

from,  Forth  to  south,, 

I  F  GH  «•  Square.and.Qrcle,ofequaL 
area,  la  above. . 

Jtyle-ZCS    -    Ze '-   is'- X>' 


Fig   2, 


LENGTHS     AND 
PLACES.    OF 
PASSAGES 
IN  GREAT 
PYR° 


to  Fig  I.     I   C 

&  C  K  bisected, 
horizontal,  lines, 
then, 

'oraMeita  C  S.  marks 
entrance,  passage.  • 
"W  T     at  an.  tujual  but  opposite, 
angle  marks  Flrstdscending 


Jingle*  BCP/»hereC  f-side  ofctrual, 
,;  =  3O  /    =» 


RITCHIE  4  SON.  (DIN* 


44  THE   GREAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  XIX.     Tomb  of  King  Cheops,  far  outside 
the  Great  Pyramid.     Showing  plan  and  vertical  section  of 
the  tomb  and  hydraulic  reference  data,  with  regard  to  the 
different  water  levels  surrounding  the  same. 


ILLUSTEATIONS 


45 


PLATE   XIX 


AN    ANCIENT   TOMB.  Mill'  S(  &f>'£. 
,./.-,:/:.  /«W  «/'  <//•  l\r.itni.i. 


,1  <,{!,  1,1,1  i,,,,  tuM.-mm.-.utlshiml 
inrnmtittftl    bv  l/tc  vn/rr*   ,•/'  the 
N  I  L  t  :  M-tltrf>    //V/i-/-  M/v 
nt/iif  nick  up  ft>  ////• 
IhfJtivrraJ  tf>f.  Ume 


J 


46  THE   GEEAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


SEE  PLATE  XX.  Showing  the  starry  skies  as  seen  at 
the  Great  Pyramid  at  the  date  of  its  foundation,  and  other 
anniversaries  of  that  ancient  period:  viz.,  53,770  B.  C.; 
27,970  B.  C.;  and  2,170  B.  C.  This  position  of  the  stars 
occur  but  once  in  every  25,800  years. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


47 


PLATE    XX 


GROUND    PLAN    OF    THE 

CIRCLES   OF  THE    HEAVENS  ABOVE    THE   GREAT   PYRAMID, AT    ITS    EPOCH 
OF    FOUNDATION    AT    MIDNIGHT    OF   AUTUMNAL    EQUINOX 

2170     B.C. 

0.  DRACONIS  ON   MERIDIAN   BELOW  POLE   AT  ENTRANCE   PASSAGE  ANGLE; 

AND     PLEIADES    ON    MERIDIAN    ABOVCPOLE     IN    0"9.A 

OR    COINCIDENT LY    WITH     VERNAL    EQUINOX. 


48 


THE   GEEAT   PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


PLATE   XXI 


The  above  illustration  shows  the  Reverse  side  of  the  "Great  Seal"  of  the  U.S.; 
it  shows  a  pyramid  unfinished.  In  the  zenith  an  eye  in  a  triangle,  surrounded  with 
a  glory,  proper;  over  the  eye  these  words,  "Annuit  Coeptis,"  meaning  God  has 
favored  the  undertaking.  On  the  base  of  the  pyramid  the  numerical  letters 
MDCCLXXVI.,  (1776)  and  underneath  the  following  motto:  "Novus  Ordo 
Seclorum,"  meaning  the  beginning  of  a  new  series  of  ages. 

The  pyramid  signifies  strength  and  duration ;  the  eye  over  it  and  the  motto 
alludes  to  the  many  and  signal  interpositions  of  Providence  in  favor  of  the  American 
cause.  The  date  underneath  is  that  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence;  and  the 
words  under  it  signify  the  beginning  of  the  new  era.  (This  side  of  the  Great  Seal 
is  not  used.) 


AS    SEEN   IN    822    A.D. 


By  Caleph  Al  Mamoun  and  his  followers,  when  forcing  an  entrance  into  the 
northern  base  of  the  Great  Pyramid.     See  article  in  part  first  regarding  the  same. 


EGYPT 


NOTE. — Egypt   was   called   Mizraim    down   to    1485   B.   C. 

The  first  seat  of  political  civilization  is  now  conceded  by  most  historians  to 
have  been  in  Egypt ;  the  only  difference  being  the  date  that  it  occurred,  or  the  time 
that  has  elapsed  since  the  political  organization  of  men. 

A  few  of  the  authorities  for  the  above  statement  are:  "Champolion,"  discoverer 
of  the  "Key"  to  the  "Hieroglyphics"  on  the  "Rosetta  Stone,"  which,  with  the 
aid  of  other  history,  indicate  to  him  that  "Isis,"  the  first  prominent  ruler  of  men 
(see  Ancient  Masonry,  this  work),  flourished  250,000  years  B.  C.  The  first  ruler 
over  all  Egypt,  by  other  authorities,  was  "Menes,"  the  founder  of  the  first  thirty 
dynasties;  the  dates  and  authorities  for  the  founder  of  "Memphis"  (Menes)  are: 
Bunsen,  3,643  B.  C.;  Lepsius,  3,892:  Poole,  2,717;  and  others  varying  some  1,000 
years  more.  The  first  epoch  (for  which  we  have  written  history)  is  the  dynasty 
of  the  Pharaohs,  commencing  with  Mizraim,  son  of  Ham,  second  son  of  Noah, 
2,188  B.  C.,  to  the  conquest  of  Cambyses,  525  B.  C. ;  second  epoch,  to  the  death  of 
"Alexander  the  Great,"  and  establishment  of  the  Ptolemies,  323  B.  C.;  third  epoch 
to  the  death  of  "Cleopatra,"  and  the  subjugation  by  the  Romans.  30  B.  C. 


RULERS. 

GENEALOGY,  HISTORY,  ETC. 

REIGN. 

TIME.     |Yrs. 

Builder  of  "Memphis,"  250,000  B.  C. 
Building  of   the  original   "Cheops," 
conjectured,  150,000  to  25,000  B.  C. 
First  dynasty,  conjectured,  3643  or 
Builds   Memphis,    (Blair)  
Egypt   divided   into   four  kingdoms, 
viz:   "Egypt  proper,  Upper  Egypt, 
Lower  Egypt,  and  Memphis" 

B.  C. 

2717— 
2188— 

—2126 
2126—2111 

2111—2080 

2080—1821 
1821— 
1618— 
—1492 
1492—1491 
1491—1485 
1189— 
971—825 
825—781 
781—760 
760—737 
737—650 
650—647 
647—610 

610—601 
601—591 

591—526 
526—487 
487—465 
465—463 
414—350 
350—332 
332—323 
323—285 
285—247 
247—222 
222—205 
205—181 
181  —  146 

146—117 

1  17—107 
107—89 
89—81 

62 
15 

259 

1 
6 

146 
44 
21 

87 
3 

9 
10 

65 
39 
22 
2 
64 
18 
9 

38 
25 
17 
24 
35 

29 

10 
18 
8 

Menes.  .  .                   

Mizraim.  
Busiris          

Builds  "Thebes,"  (Usher)  .  . 

First    warlike    king;    conquers    Bac- 
tria,  Asia.  (Usher,  Lenglet) 

(Shepherd  Kings)  
Amenophis  I  

Phoenicians  invade  "Lower  Egypt," 
and  hold  it  from 

Acknowledged  king  of  all  Egypt  .... 
King;     conquers     many     countries, 
builds  walls  and  pyramids          .... 

Rameses  III.,  or  Sesostris..  . 
Amenophis  II  

Drowned  in  "Red  Sea"  with  army.  . 

Egyptus.  .  . 

Egypt,  changes  name  from  Mizraim 
Reigns,  "the  Proteus  of  the  Greeks." 
Enters  Palestine,  ravishes  Judea.  .  .  . 
Of  the  Tanite  Kings  .  

Thuori*.    .  .  . 

Pseusennes  (Shishak)  
Petubastes  

Saites. 

Dynasty  of.  (Blair).  .  . 

Bocchoris.  ...                        .      . 

Roasted  alive  by  "Sebacon"  
Ethiopian,  subdues  Bocchoris  
Expelled  by  "Psammetichus"  
He  invests  Azoth;  it  holds  out  19  y'rs 
Begins  a  canal,  between  the  Arabian 
Gulf  and  Mediterranean  Sea  

Sebacon  
The  Dodekarchy  (12  rulers) 
Psammetichus  

Necho  

Apries  

Deposed  by   Nebuchadnezzar  
Of  Babylon.     The  line  of  the  Pha- 
raoh's ends  

Nebuchadnezzar.  ... 

Cambyses  
Xerxes  
Inarus  '  
Amyrtaeu.s  

An  excessive,  cruel  tyrant  
Also  king  of  Persia  
Incited  a  revolt.  (Blair)  
Proclaimed  King.  (Lenglet)  
Also  King  of  Persia 

Orchus  . 

Alexander  the  Great  

Conquers  Egypt,  founds  Alexandria 
Soter,  re-establishes  the  monarchy 
(With  his  father) 

Ptolemy  I.,   Lagus  

Ptolemy  II  ,  Philadelphus.  .  . 
Ptolemy  III.,   Euergetes  
Ptolemy  IV.,   Philopator.  .  .  . 
Ptolemy  V.,  Epiphanes  
Ptolemy  VI.,   Philometor.... 
Ptolemy  VII.,   Euergetes  

Ptolemy  VIII.,  Soter  II.,  and 
Cleopatra.  .  .  . 

King,  reigns  
Defeats  Antiochus,  King  of  Syria.  .  .  ., 
Sends  an  Embassy  to  Rome  
His  Queen  marries  his  brother  
Murders   his   brother's   child;  driven 
from  his  throne  for  his  many  cru- 
elties  in   130;  regains   throne,    128. 

Son  and  mother,  rule 

Alexander  I  
Ptolemy  VIII.. 

Ptolemy  VIII.  deposed  
Son  of  Cleopatra,  restored  .  . 

50 


THE    GREAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 


EG  tfPT-=Continued. 


RULERS 

GENEALOGY,  HISTORY,  ETC. 

REIGN 

TIME      |Yrs. 

Alexander  II.  and  Cleopatra  I 

81—80 
80—58 
58—55 
55—51 
51—43 

43—30 

30    B.  C. 
A.  D.     616 
616—638 
638—163 

1163—1196 
1196—1517 
1517—1520 
1520—1790 

1790—1801 

1801—1806 
1806—1848 
1848—1848 
1848  —  1854 
1854—1863 
1863—1879 
1879—1892 
1892— 

1 

22 
3 
4 

8 

13 

646 
22 
525 

33 

321 
3 
270 

11 

5 
42 
2m 
6 
9 
16 
13 

Deposed  

Berenice  and  Tryhoena  .  . 

Rule  3  years  and  fly  tne  throne.  .  .  . 
Restored  
Brother  and  sister  - 
Poisons    her    brother,    rules    alone. 
She  and  Mark  Antony  kill   them- 
selves   

Ptolemy  IX.,  Auletes  
Ptolemy  and  Cleopatra  II..  . 
Cleopatra  II  . 

Octavius,  Caesar  

Enters  Egypt,  the  Empire  becomes 
a  Roman  province  

Chosroes  II....    ... 

"See  Rulers  of  Rome"  .  .              .... 

Of  Persia,  conquers  Egypt          .... 

Amrou  

Of    the    Saracens,    invades     Egypt 
"See    Saracens,    rulers    of   Rome." 
Turkish  rulers  
Their  government  established,   1250 
Emperor  of  the  Turks 

(Conquest  of  the.  Turks).. 
(Mamelukes  rule)  

Selim  I  

(Turkish  rulers)  .  . 

conquer    Egypt.        "See    Turkey.', 
Napoleon  I.  of  the  French  holds  the 
country  for  11  years                    .    .  . 

Bonaparte. 

(Turkish  rulers)  

The  British  restore  Egypt  to  Tur- 
key in  1801          

Khedive,    hereditary    Viceroy  
(Adopted  )  Son  of  Mehemet. 

Ibrahim. 

Abbas  

Son  of  Ibrahim,  Khedive  

Said  

Brother  of  Abbas.  Khedive  
Nephew  of  Said.  Khedive  

Ismail  

Mohammed  Tewfik  
Abbas  II  ,  Hilmi  

Son  of  Ismail,  Khedive  
Son  of  Said  

EGYPT  51 

(Sec.  i.)  EGYPT  (in  Greek,  Aiguptos;  in  Hebrew 
Misr  or  Misraim ;  in  the  language  of  the  country  in  hierogly- 
phics, Kemi — which  signifies  the  black  land;  and  by  the 
Arabs  of  the  present  day  called  Misr) ,  a  country  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  Africa.  Egypt  was  conquered  by  the 
Turks  in  1517.  The  Viceroyalty  was  made  hereditary  in 
1841.  The  Sultan  granted  to  the  Khedive  the  rights  of 
concluding  treaties  with  foreign  powers  and  of  maintaining 
armies  June  8,  1873.  The  annual  tribute  paid  to  Turkey  is 
about  $3,000,000.  Egypt  proper  extends  from  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea  south  to  lat.  22°  N.,  and  from  the  latter 
region,  known  as  the  Egyptian  Soudan,  is  governed  by 
Egypt  and  Great  Britain  jointly.  The  eastern  boundary 
is  the  Red  Sea,  and  on  the  extreme  northeast  Syria.  The 
western  boundary  runs  northwest  to  Tripoli,  and  thence 
southeast  to  a  point  200  miles  west  of  Wady-Halfa.  One- 
third  of  the  Libyan  Desert  also  belongs  to  Egypt.  The 
area  of  Egypt  is  about  383,800  square  miles.  It  extends 
about  675  miles  north  and  south,  and  500  miles  east  and 
west.  Its  population  is  about  10,500,000. 

TOPOGRAPHY.— In  ancient  as  in  modern  times, 
Egypt  was  always  divided  into  the  Upper  and  the  Lower, 
or  the  Southern  and  the  Northern  country;  and  at  a 
very  early  period  it  was  further  subdivided  into  a  num- 
ber of  nomes,  or  departments,  varying  in  different  ages: 
42  was  probably  the  usual  number.  A  third  great  division, 
the  Heptanomis,  or  seven  nomes,  preserved  in  modern 
"Middle  Egypt"  (Wustani),  was  introduced  at  the  time  of 
the  geographer  Ptolemy.  Each  nome  or  department 
had  a  separate  local  government.  In  the  5th  century 
A.  D.,  Egypt  was  divided  into  Augusta  Prima  and  Secunda 
on  the  east,  and  .rEgyptiaca  on  the  west,  Arcadia  (the 
Heptanomis),  Thebais  Proxima  as  far  as  Panapolis,  and 
Thebais  Supra  to  Philae.  Under  the  Mohammedans,  the 
triple  division  into  Misr  el-Bahri  (Lower  Egypt),  el-Wustani 
(Middle)  and  es-Said  (Upper)  has  prevailed,  but  the  number 


52  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

of  subdivisions  has  varied;  at  present  there  are  altogether 
thirteen  provinces.  Egypt  is  connected  with  Asia  by  the 
Isthmus  of  Suez,  across  which  runs  the  great  ship  canal 
without  locks  now  connecting  the  Mediterranean  with  the 
Red  Sea ;  running  from  Port  Said  on  the  former  to  Suez  on 
the  latter,  a  distance  of  99  miles.  According  to  Herodotus 
a  large  canal  from  the  Red  Sea.  to  the  Nile  was  constructed 
about  600  B.  C.  This  canal,  which  seems  never  to  have 
been  of  much  use,  was  finally  blocked  up  about  767  A.  D. 
Napoleon  I.  had  conceived  the  idea  of  making  a  ship  canal 
across  the  Isthmus  of  Suez.  In  1854,  the  French  engineer, 
M.  Ferdinand  de  Lesseps,  obtained  a  concession  for  that 
purpose,  and  in  1858  was  able  to  form  a  company  for  carry- 
ing on  the  work.  Operations  were  begun  on  April  25,  1859, 
and  on  Nov.  17,  1869,  the  canal  was  opened;  the  total  cost 
of  construction  was  $102,750,000.  There  were  75  miles  of 
actual  excavation,  the  remaining  24  miles  being  through 
shallow  lakes  (Lakes  Menzaleh,  Lake  Timsah,  and  Bittet 
Lakes'),  which  usually  had  to  be  deepened.  For  about 
four-fifths  of  its  length  it  was  originally  327  ft.  wide  at  the 
surface  of  the  water,  72  feet  at  the  bottom,  and  26  feet  deep; 
for  the  remainder  only  196  ft.  wide  at  the  top,  the  other 
dimensions  being  the  same;  but  the  increase  of  traffic  led 
to  its  being  widened  and  deepened  several  years  ago. 
By  an  agreement  signed  Oct.  29,  1888,  the  canal  was 
exempted  from  blockade,  and  vessels  of  all  nations,  whether 
armed  or  not,  are  to  be  allowed  to  pass  through  it  in  peace 
or  war.  During  the  year  1906,  some  4000  ships  passed 
through  this  canal,  for  which  privilege  the  company 
received  over  $20,000,000.  A  canal  was  also  constructed 
for  bringing  fresh  water  from  the  Nile  at  a  point  near  Cairo. 
This  canal  reaches  the  salt  water  canal  at  Ismailia,  and  then 
runs  almost  parallel  to  the  ship  canal  to  Suez.  It  is  almost 
40  ft.  wide  and  9  deep,  and  is  used  for  navigation  as  well 
as  for  domestic  purposes  and  irrigation.  The  land  on 
both  sides  of  the  ship  canal  is  to  be  retained  by  the  com- 
pany for  ninety-nine  years.  Navigation  at  night  by  the 


EGYPT  53 

aid  of  electric  light  began  on  March  i ,  1887,  and  has  shorten- 
ed the  time  of  passage  by  about  one-half,  viz.,  to  about 
sixteen  to  twenty  hours.  Steamships  are  allowed  to  sail 
at  a  speed  of  five  to  six  knots  an  hour  along  the  canal. 
The  inhabited  portion  of  Egypt  is  mainly  confined  to  the 
valley  and  delta  of  the  Nile,  which  where  widest  does  not 
exceed  120  miles,  while  in  many  parts  of  the  valley  it  is  only 
from  10  to  15  miles  wide,  and  at  the  southern  frontier  of 
Egypt  only  two  miles.  West  of  the  Nile  are  several  oases. 
Two  ranges  of  lofty  mountains,  the  Arabian  Hills  on  the 
east  and  the  Libyan'on  the  west,  enclose  this  valley.  The 
delta  of  the  Nile  is  traversed  by  a  network  of  primary  and 
secondary  channels,  and  is  also  intersected  by  numerous 
canals.  Seven  principal  channels,  or  mouths,  were  us- 
ually recognized  in  ancient  times,  the  names  of  which, 
going  from  east  to  west,  were  the  Pelusiac  mouth,  the 
Tanitic,  the  Mendesian,  the  Phatnitic  (Damietta),  the 
Sebennytic,  the  Bolbitic  (Rosetta),  and  the  Canoptic. 
The  Nile  has  a  current  running  seaward  at  the  rate  of 
2  1-2  or  3  miles  an  hour,  and  the  otream  is  always  deep 
enough  for  navigation.  The  water  becomes  a  reddish 
brown  during  the  annual  overflow;  it  is  esteemed  highly 
salubrious.  Near  the  sea  are  Lakes  Menzaleh,  Mariut 
(Mareotis),  and  other  extensive  but  shallow  lagoons. 
The  openings  or  lateral  valleys  of  the  hills  confining  the 
valley  of  the  Nile  are  comparatively  few,  or,  being  little 
frequented,  are  not  well  known.  Those  on  the  east  side 
are  the  Valley  of  the  Wanderings  (of  the  children  of  Israel) , 
leading  from  the  neighborhood  of  Cairo  to  the  head  of  the 
Gulf  of  the  Suez,  and  that  through  which  passes  the.  road 
from  Koptos  to  Kosseir  on  the  Red  Sea.  A  short  distance 
west  of  the  Nile  and  above  the  delta  is  the  fertile  valley 
of  Fayoum,  in  the  northwest  and  lowest  part  of  which  is  the 
Birket-Kerun  Lake  or  Birket-el-Kerun,  fed  by  a  canal  or 
branch  from  the  Nile.  The  level  of  the  lake  is  now  130 
feet  below  that  of  the  Mediterranean.  This  lake,  formerly 
known  as  Lake  Moeris,  anciently  covered  a  far  larger  area. 


54  THE    GREAT    PYBAUID    JEEZEH 

and  by  means  of  sluices  and  other  works  was  utilized  for 
irrigation  purposes.  The  deserts  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Nile  generally  present  to  view  plains  of  gravel  or  of  fine 
drifting  sand ;  on  the  east  the  scene  is  varied  by  rocks  and 
mountains. 

CLIMATE. — The  atmosphere  in  Egypt  is  extremely 
clear  and  dry,  the  temperature  regular  and  hot,  though 
the  heat  is  tempered  during  the  daytime  for  seven  or 
eight  months  of  the  year  by  the  strong  wind  which  blows 
from  the  north,  and  which  enables  sailing  vessels  to  as- 
cend the  river  against  the  stream.  The  winter  months 
are  the  most  delightful  of  the  year,  the  air  being  cool  and 
balmy,  and  the  ground  covered  with  verdure;  later,  the 
ground  becomes  parched  and  dry,  and  in  spring  the  suffoca- 
ting khamseen,  or  simoon,  frequently  blows  into  the  Nile 
valley  from  the  desert  plains  on  each  side  of  it,  raising 
clouds  of  fine  sand,  and  causing  great  annoyance,  until  the 
rising  of  the  river  again  comes  to  bless  the  land.  It  rains 
but  rarely,  except  near  the  seashore.  At  Memphis,  the 
rain  falls  perhaps  three  or  four  times  in  the  course  of  a  year, 
and  in  Upper  Egypt  only  once  or  twice,  if  at  all;  showers 
of  hail  sometimes  reach  the  borders  of  Egypt,  but  the  forma- 
tion of  ice  is  very  uncommon.  Earthquakes  are  rare 
occurrences  and  so  slight  as  to  be  seldom  recorded  (see 
article  on  earthquakes  in  another  portion  of  this  work), 
and  thunder  and  lightning  are  neither  frequent  nor  violent. 
Egypt  is  not  remarkably  healthy,  especially  in  the  delta — 
ophthalmia,  diarrhoea,  dysentery,  and  boils  being  some- 
what prevalent.  But  many  invalids  now  winter  in  Egypt, 
especially  in  the  neighborhood  of  Cairo,  or  higher  up  the 
river,  where  the  air  is  dry  and  pure. 

THE  NILE  AND  IRRIGATION.— The  great  his- 
toric river  Nile,  anciently  called  the  Nilus,  is  4,100  miles  in 
length,  and  one  of  the  few  great  rivers  and  second  longest, 
in  the  world.  It  is  only  exceeded  by  the  Missouri  and 
Mississippi  (from  its  junction)  which  combined  are  4,575 
miles,  long.  It  divides,  at  lat.  30°  15',  just  below  the 


EGYPT  55 

first  cataract,  into  two  main  streams,  one  entering  the 
sea  by  the  Rosetta  mouth  on  the  west,  the  other  by  the 
Damietta  mouth  on  the  east.  These  two  streams  carry 
the  bulk  of  the  Nile  water  to  the  Mediterranean,  and  en- 
close a  large  portion  of  the  territory  known  as  the  delta, 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  Greek  letter  A,  and  which 
owes  its  existence  to  the  deposits  of  alluvial  matter  brought 
down  by  the  stream.  A  most  remarkable  phenomenon 
connected  with  the  Nile  is  its  annual  regular  increase, 
rising  from  its  periodical  rains,  which  fall  within  the  equa- 
torial regions  and  the  Abyssianian  mountains.  As  rain 
rarely  falls  in  Egypt,  the  prosperity  of  the  country  entirely 
depends  on  this  overflowing  of  the  river.  On  the  subsiding 
of  the  water  the  land  is  found  to  be  covered  with  a  brown 
slimy  deposit,  which  so  enriches  the  soil  that  with  a  suffici- 
ency of  water  it  produces  two  crops  a  year,  while  beyond 
the  limits  of  the  inundation  and  irrigation  there  is  no  culti- 
vation whatever.  The  Nile  begins  to  rise  in  June,  and 
continues  to  increase  until  about  the  end  of  September, 
overflowing  the  lowlands  along  its  course,  the  water  being 
conveyed  to  the  fields  by  artificial  courses  where  natural 
channels  fail.  After  remaining  stationary  for  a  short  time, 
the  river  rises  again  still  further,  and  subsequently  begins 
to  subside,  showing  a  markedly  lower  level  in  January, 
February  and  March,  and  reaching  its  lowest  in  April,  May, 
and  early  June.  The  overflow  of  the  water  is  now  to  a  great 
extent  managed  artificially  by  means  of  an  extensive  system 
of  reservoirs  and  canals,  so  that  after  the  river  subsides  it 
may  be  used  as  required.  A  certain  proportion  of  the  fields, 
after  receiving  the  overflow  and  being  sown,  can  ripen 
the  crop  without  future  moisture;  but  many  others  al- 
ways require  artificial  irrigation.  Steam  pumps  are  now 
largely  used  in  Northern  Egypt.  Latterly  the  govern- 
ment has  tried  to  make  the  farmer  less  and  less  directly 
dependent  on  the  inundation,  and  the  great  barrage  of 
the  Nile  below  Cairo,  the  largest  weir  in  the  world,  is 
one  means  to  this  end,  a  great  barrage  or  dam  at  Assouan 
being  another. 


56  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

The  native  methods  of  raising  water  for  irrigation 
are  chiefly  by  the  sakieh,  or  water  wheel,  and  the  shadoof. 
The  first  consists  of  a  horizontal  wheel  turned  by  one  or  two 
oxen,  which  sets  in  motion  a  vertical  wheel,  around  which 
are  hung  a  number  of  earthen  jars,  this  wheel  being  sunk 
into  a  reservoir  connected  with  the  river.  The  jars  thus 
scoop  up  the  water  and  bring  it  to  a  trough  on  a  level  with 
the  top.  Into  this  trough  each  jar  empties  itself  in  succes- 
sion, and  the  water  is  conducted  by  an  inclined  channel 
into  the  cultivated  ground  adjoining,  which  may  have  been 
previously  divided  into  compartments  of  i  or  2  yards 
square  by  raising  the  mold  into  walls  or  ridges  of  5  or  6 
inches  in  height.  Into  these  compartments  the  cultivator 
forms  an  entrance  for  the  water,  by  depressing  a  little  space 
in  the  ridge  or  wall  with  the  sole  of  his  foot;  and  this  over- 
looking of  the  channels  of  irrigation,  and  the  adjustment 
of  the  openings  from  one  compartment  to  another  with  the 
foot,  is  continued  until  the  cultivator  is  assured  by  the 
growth  of  the  plants  that  each  compartment  is  daily  and 
duly  supplied  with  its  proper  quantity  of  water.  The 
second  means  of  raising  water,  namely,  the  shadoof,  con- 
sists of  a  leathern  bucket  slung  at  one  end  of  a  pole  which 
has  a  weight  at  the  other  and  sways  up  and  down  on  a 
vertical  support,  a  contrivance  by  which  the  cultivator  is 
enabled  to  scoop  up  the  water  considerably  below  his  feet 
and  raise  it  with  comparative  ease  to  the  mouth  of  a  channel 
on  a  level  with  his  breast.  The  latter  mode  of  raising 
water  is  of  great  antiquity,  and  is  depicted  on  the  walls 
of  the  ancient  tombs  of  Egypt,  and  also  in  the  sculptures  of 
Nineveh.  A  sufficient  rise  of  the  river  (the  rise  varies  at 
different  points)  is  essential  to  secure  the  prosperity 
of  the  country;  and  as  the  water  subsides  the  chaplet  of 
buckets  on  the  sakieh  is  lengthened,  or  several  shadoofs, 
rising  one  above  the  other  on  the  river  banks,  are  re- 
quired. Should  the  Nile  rise  above  the  requisite  height 
it  may  do  great  damage;  while  if  it  should  not  attain  the 
ordinary  height  there  is  a  deficiency  of  crops;  but  so  re- 


EGYPT  57 

gular  are  the  operations  of  nature  that,  with  rare  excep- 
tions, the  inundations  are  nearly  uniform. 

OASES. — The  fertile  spots  peculiar  to  the  deserts  of 
Africa  are  found  in  Egypt  along  the  hollow  region  of 
the  Libyan  Desert,  parallel  to  the  general  direction  of 
the  valley  of  the  Nile,  and  about  80  miles  west  of  it.  The 
Great  Oasis,  or  El  Wah  (the  oasis)  el  Khargeh,  lies  imme- 
diately west  of  the  Thebaid,  and  has  a  length  of  100  miles. 
About  50  miles  west  of  the  northern  extremity  of  this  oasis, 
lies  the  Wah  el  Dakhileh,  24  miles  long  and  10  miles  broad. 
West  by  south  from  the  Fayoum,  the  date  groves  of  the 
Little  Oasis,  or  Wah  el  Baharieh,  display  their  usual  verdure. 
In  this  fertile  spot  artesian  wells  are  numerous,  and  some 
of  ancient  construction  have  been  discovered  which  have 
depths  exceeding  400  feet.  On  the  road  between  this 
oasis  and  that  of  El  Dakhileh,  inclining  to  the  west,  occurs 
half-way  the  Wah  el  Farafrah,  of  small  extent.  West  of 
the  Fayoum,  and  about  200  miles  from  the  Nile,  lies  the 
oasis  of  Siwah.  The  inhabitants  of  this  secluded  spot, 
though  tributary  to  Egypt,  are  in  language  and  manners 
wholly  Libyan.  The  region  of  the  oases  terminates  toward 
the  north  in  the  desert  of  the  Natron  lakes. 

ZOOLOGY. — Owing  to  the  absence  of  forests  in 
Egypt  there  are  few  wild  animals,  the  principal  species 
being  the  wolf,  fox,  jackal,  hyena,  the  wild  ass,  and  several 
kinds  of  antelope.  The  chief  domestic  animals  are  camels, 
horses,  asses,  horned  cattle,  and  sheep.  The  hippopotamus 
is  no  longer  found  in  Egypt,  though  it  is  met  with  in  the 
Nile  above  the  cataracts,  and  the  crocodile  has  abandoned 
the  lower  part  of  the  river,  and  is  becoming  rare  even  in 
Upper  Egypt.  Among  the  birds  are  three  species  of 
vultures  (one  of  which  is  very  large,  individuals  sometimes 
measuring  15  feet  across  the  wings),  eagles,  falcons,  hawks, 
buzzards,  kites,  crows,  linnets,  larks,  sparrows  and  the 
beautiful  hoopoe,  which  is  regarded  with  superstitious 
reverence.  Pigeons  and  various  kinds  of  poultry  are  very 
abundant.  The  ostrich  is  found  in  the  deserts.  Among 


58  THE    GKEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

the  reptiles  are  the  cerastes  and  naja  haje,  both  deadly 
poisonous.  Fishes  abound  in  the  Nile  and  in  the  lakes,  and 
furnish  a  common  and  favorite  article  of  food.  Water-fowl 
are  plentiful  and  were  anciently  prepared  and  salted  like 
fish.  The  sacred  ibis  is  still  a  regular  visitor  during  the 
inundation,  and  the  pelican  is  found  in  the  northern  lagoons. 
Among  the  countless  insects  are  the  sacred  beetle,  the  locust 
and  mosquito.  Many  of  the  animals,  birds  and  reptiles 
were  held  sacred  by  the  people;  whoever  killed  a  sacred 
animal,  an  ibis  or  a  hawk,  was  put  to  death.  If  a  cat  died 
a  natural  death  every  person  in  the  house  shaved  his  eye- 
brows; if  a  dog  died,  the  whole  body  and  head  was  shaved. 
The  cats  were  buried  at  Bubastis,  the  dogs  in  the  vaults 
of  their  own  cities,  field  mice  and  hawks  at  Buto,  the  ibis 
at  Hermopolis,  and  other  animals  where  they  were  found  ly- 
ing. Of  all  animals,  the  sacred  calf  Apis  was  the  most 
revered.  His  chief  temple  was  at  Memphis.  The  females, 
being  sacred  to  Isis,  were  thrown  into  the  Nile,  which  was 
considered  sacred,  and  the  males  were  buried  at  Sakkara. 

BOTANY. — The  few  trees  found  in  Egypt  include 
the  date  palm,  tamarisk,  sycamore,  Christ 's-Thorn,  carob, 
and  two  species  of  acacia.  Many  trees  have  been  planted  in 
recent  times,  especially  about  Cairo,  such  as  the  lebbek  (Al- 
bizzia  Lebbek)  and  the  eucalyptus.  The  papyrus  plant,  once 
so  important,  is  now  to  be  found  only  in  one  or  two  spots. 
Of  it  was  manufactured  a  paper,  which  was  supplied  to  all 
the  ancient  world.  Boats,  baskets,  cords  and  shoes  were 
also  made  of  it.  Wine  was  abundantly  produced  in  an- 
cient Egypt,  and  the  sculptures  bear  ample  testimony  to 
the  extent  to  which  the  ancient  Egyptians  indulged  in  wine 
and  beer  or  other  intoxicating  beverages.  The  vine  is  still 
cultivated,  but  little  or  no  wine  is  made,  as  it  can  easily  be 
imported.  The  following  plants  are  sown  immediately 
after  the  inundation  begins  to  subside,  and  are  harvested 
three  or  four  months  later:  wheat,  barley,  beans,  peas, 
lentils,  vetches,  lupins,  clover,  flax,  lettuce,  hemp,  corian 
der,  poppies,  tobacco,  watermelons  and  cucumbers.  The 


EGYPT  59 

following  plants  are  raised  in  summer  chiefly  by  artificial 
irrigation:  durra,  maize,  onions,  henna,  sugarcane,  cot- 
ton, coffee,  indigo,  and  madder.  Grapes  are  plentiful, 
and  other  fruits  abound,  of  which  the  most  common  are 
dates,  figs,  pomegranates,  apricots,  peaches,  .oranges, 
lemons,  citrons,  bananas,  mulberries,  and  olives.  The 
lotus  or  water-lily  is  the  chief  species  of  flora  found  in 
Egypt.  There  is  a  high  coarse  grass  called  halfa  and 
various  kinds  of  reeds  and  canes. 

GEOLOGY  AND  MINEROLOGY.— Granite,  lime- 
stone and  sandstone  are  the  principal  rock  formations 
found  in  Egypt.  In  the  Nile  Valley  sandstone  prevails, 
from  the  quarries  of  which  most  of  the  temples  of  Egypt 
have  been  built.  At  Syene,  at  the  southern  extremity 
of  the  country,  granite  predominates,  and  the  quarries 
there  have  furnished  chiefly  the  materials  for  the  obelisks 
and  colossal  statues  of  Egypt.  Over  a  great  extent  of 
the  country  the  rocks  are  covered  with  moving  sands, 
and  in  the  lands  bordering  on  the  Nile  by  the  alluvium 
deposited  during  the  inundations  which  consists  of  an 
argillaceous  earth  or  loam,  more  or  less  mixed  with  sand. 
This  sedimentary  deposit  has  no  traces  of  stratification. 
Various  other  minerals  in  addition  to  those  already  mention- 
ed, and  which  were  used  in  the  ancient  buildings,  sculpture, 
vases,  etc.,  include  syenite,  basalt,  alabaster,  breccia  and 
porphyry.  Among  other  valuable  products  were  emeralds, 
gold  from  the  mines  in  Upper  Egypt,  iron  from  the  desert 
plains  of  Nubia,  and  natron  from  the  lakes  in  the  Oasis  of 
Ammon,  hence  called  sal  ammoniac.  Bitumen,  salt  and 
sulphur  are  also  among  the  minerals  of  Egypt. 

INHABITANTS.— Of  the  inhabitants  of  Egypt  those 
of  the  peasant  class,  or  Fellahs,  as  they  are  called,  are 
undoubtedly  indigenous,  and  may  be  regarded  as  de- 
scendants of  the  ancient  Egyptians.  They  have  mostly 
embraced  Mohammedanism.  The  Copts  are  the  de- 
scendants of  the  ancient  Egyptians  who  embrace  and 
still  cling  to  the  Christian  religion.  Though  compara- 


60  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

tively  few  in  number  (about  600,000),  their  education 
and  useful  talents  enable  them  to  hold  a  respectable 
position  in  society.  The  Fellahs  are  generally  peasants 
and  laborers;  the  Copts  fill  the  posts  of  clerks,  account- 
ants, etc.  With  these  aboriginal  inhabitants  are  mingled, 
in  various  proportions,  Turks,  Arabs  (partly  Bedouins), 
Armenians,  Berbers,  negroes  and  a  considerable  number  of 
Europeans.  The  Turks  hold  many  of  the  principal  offices 
under  the  government.  The  great  bulk  of  the  people  are 
Mohammedans,  the  Christians  being  only  about  7 . 5  per 
cent.  The  Egyptians  in  the  mass  are  quite  illiterate,  but 
under  the  supervision  of  the  ministry  of  public  instruction 
progress  is  being  made.  In  1902  there  were  about  10,000 
schools  with  228,000  pupils.  The  language  in  general 
use  is  Arabic. 

The  Fellahs,  the  most  superior  type  of  the  Egyptian, 
are  a  fine  race,  handsome,  of  excellent  physique,  and 
courteous  in  their  manners.  In  northern  Egypt  they 
are  of  a  yellowish  complexion,  growing  darker  toward 
the  south,  until  the  hue  becomes  a  deep  bronze.  Mr. 
Lane,  the  best  authority  upon  the  subject,  speaks  highly 
of  their  mental  capacity  and  gives  them  credit  for  un- 
common quickness  of  apprehension  and  readiness  of  wit. 
They  are  highly  religious,  and  are  generally  honest,  cheerful, 
humane,  and  hospitable.  But  these  are  exceptions  in  a 
mixed  population  of  Bedouins,  negroes,  Abyssinians,  Jews 
and  Europeans.  The  dominant  population  appears,  from 
the  language,  and  from  the  physical  confirmation  of  the 
mummies,  to  have  been  of  mixed  origin,  part  Asiatic  and 
part  Nigritic;  and  there  seems  to  have  been  an  aboriginal 
race  of  copper  color,  with  rather  thin  legs,  large  feet, 
high  cheek  bones,  and  large  lips;  both  types  are  represented 
on  the  monuments.  The  statements  of  Greek  writers  that 
a  system  of  castes  prevailed  in  Egypt  are  erroneous.  What 
they  took  for  castes  were  really  conditions  of  society,  and 
the  different  classes  not  only  intermarried,  but  even,  as  in 
the  case  of  priests  and  soldiers,  held  both  emplo yments. 


EGYPT  61 

As  in  all  bureaucracies,  the  sons  often  obtained  the  same 
employments  as  their  fathers.  The  population  must 
have  been  very  large  at  the  earliest  period.  It  has  been 
placed  at  7,000,000  under  the  Pharaohs,  distributed  in 
i, 800  towns,  which  had  increased  to  2,000  under  Amasis 
(525  B.  C.),  and  upwards  of  3,000  under  the  Ptolemies. 
In  the  reign  of  Nero  it  amounted  to  7,800,000.  The  pop- 
ulation in  1844  was  2,500,000;  in  1859,  5,125,000;  in  1882, 
6,817,265,  and  in  1897,  9,734,405.  The  population  in 
1906  is  estimated  at  10,500,000,  which  includes  41,000 
Greeks,  25,000  Italians,  20,000  British  and  18,500  French. 
The  chief  towns  of  Egypt  proper  are  Cairo,  (population 
625,000) ;  Alexandria  (350,000) ;  Damietta  (47,000) ;  Tantah 
(57,500);  Assiut  (42,000);  Mansurah  (34,000);  Fayum 
(31,500);  Damanhur  (32,000);  Zagazig  (20,000);  Rosetta 
(17,500);  Port  Said  (18,500);  Suez  (12,500). 

GOVERNMENT.— The  ancient  government  of  Egypt 
was  a  monarchy,  limited  by  strict  laws  and  by  the  influence 
of  powerful  hereditary  privileged  classes  of  priests  and 
soldiers.  The  priests  were  the  ruling  class.  They  were 
restricted  to  a  single  wife,  and  if  polygamy  was  permitted  to 
the  rest  of  the  people,  it  must  have  been  very  seldom  prac- 
ticed. The  marriage  of  brothers  and  sisters  was  permitted. 
The  laws  generally  were  wise  and  equitable,  and  appear  to 
have  been  rigidly  enforced.  Murder  was  punished  with 
death,  adultery  by  bastinadoing  the  man  and  by  cutting  off 
the  nose  of  the  woman,  forgery  by  cutting  off  the  cul- 
prit's hands.  Imprisonment  for  debt  was  not  permitted, 
but  a  man  could  pledge  to  his  creditors  the  mummies  of 
his  ancestors,  and  if  he  failed  in  his  life-time  to  redeem 
them,  he  was  himself  deprived  of  burial.  Women  were 
treated  with  respect,  and  the  laws  and  customs  seem 
to  have  been  so  favorable  to  them  that  their  conditions 
in  Egypt  were  much  higher  than  in  any  other  nation  of 
antiquity.  The  military  force  of  Egypt  was  a  species 
of  hereditary  militia,  which  formed  one  of  the  leading 
classes  or  castes,  and  in  time  of  peace  cultivated  the 


THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


land  of  which  it  held  a  large  portion.  The  king's  guards, 
some  few  thousands  in  number,  formed  the  only  standing 
army.  The .  number  of  soldiers  in  the  military  caste  is 
stated  by  Herodotus  at  410,000,  which  probably  included 
all  the  men  of  that  class  able  to  bear  arms.  It  is  not 
probable  that  the  whole  of  them  ever  were  or  could  have 
been  brought  into  the  field  at  once.  Their  arms  were 
spears  and  swords,  and  they  were  protected  by  large  shields. 

At  the  present  day  the  government  is  in  the  hands 
of  the  viceroy  or  khedive,  as  supreme  ruler,  who  pays 
an  annual  tribute  of  about  $3,000,000  to  Turkey  and  is 
assisted  by  a  ministry  formed  on  the  model  of  those  of 
western  Europe.  The  capital  is  Cairo.  The  govern- 
ment is  carried  on  under  the  supervision  of  Great  Britain, 
the  rebellion  of  Arabi  Pasha  in  1882  having  been  put  down 
and  the  authority  of  the  khedive  restored  by  British  troops. 
For  some  years  previous  to  this,  two  controllers-general, 
appointed  respectively  by  France  and  Britain,  had  exten- 
sive powers  of  control  in  the  administration  of  the  country. 
The  British  have  initiated  various  reforms  in  the  adminis- 
tration, such  as  the  establishment  of  new  native  tribunals. 
The  administration  of  justice  is  somewhat  complicated, 
there  being  native  tribunals,  consular  courts,  mixed  tribu- 
nals, and  religious  courts.  The  financial  condition  of 
Egypt  is  being  slowly  improved  under  British  management. 
The  Egyptian  army  is  under  the  command  of  an  English 
general,  and  officered  partly  by  Englishmen  and  partly 
by  Egyptians;  its  total  strength  is  18,100,  while  the  English 
army  of  occupation,  which,  since  the  rebellion  of  1882, 
has  remained  in  Egypt,  has  a  strength  of  5,600. 

HISTORY.— The  history  of  Egypt,  prior  to  the 
beginning  of  the  ancient  empire  4000  B.  C.,  is  entirely 
mythical.  The  history  divides  itself  into  six  great  periods: 
(i)  The  Pharaohs  or  native  kings;  (2)  the  Persians;  (3)  the 
Ptolemies;  (4)  the  Romans;  (5)  the  Arabs;  (6)  the  Turks. 

The  main  sources  of  its  history  under  the  Pharaohs 
are  the  Scriptures,  the  Greek  writers  Herodotus,  Dio- 


EGYPT  63 


dorus,  and  Eratosthenes,  some  fragments  of  the  writing 
of  Manetho,  an  Egyptian  priest  in  the  3rd  century  B.  C. 
.From  the  Scriptures  we  learn  that  the  Hebrew  patriarch, 
Abraham,  went  into  Egypt  with  his  family  because  of 
a  famine  that  prevailed  in  Canaan.  He  found  the  coun- 
try ruled  by  a  Pharaoh,  the  Egyptian  term  for  king. 
The  date  of  Abraham's  visit,  according  to  the  chronology 
of  the  Hebrew  text  of  the  Bible,  was  1920  B.  C. ;  accord- 
ing to  the  Septuagint,  2551;  while  Bunsen  fixes  it  at  2876. 
Nearly  two  centuries  later,  Joseph,  a  descendant  of  Abra- 
ham, was  sold  into  Egypt  as  a  slave  to  the  captain  of  the 
guards  of  another  Pharaoh,  whose  prime  minister  or  grand 
vizier  the  young  Hebrew  eventually  became.  Joseph's 
father,  Jacob,  and  his  family,  to  the  number  of  70,  accom- 
panied, as  Bunsen  conjectures,  by  1000  or  2000  dependents, 
followed  their  former  kinsman  into  Egypt  where  they  settled 
in  a  district  called  the  land  of  Goshen.  There  they  re- 
mained until  their  numbers  had  multiplied  into  two  or 
three  millions,  when  under  the  lead  of  Moses  they  revolted 
and  quitted  Egypt  to  conquer  Canaan. 

Menes  was  the  first  king  of  Egypt  and  was  succeeded 
by  330  monarchs,  of  whom  one,  Nitocris,  was  a  queen. 
None  of  them  were  distinguished,  and  none  of  them  left 
any  monuments  worthy  of  note,  except  Moeris,  the  last 
of  the  330,  who  constructed  the  artificial  lake  which  bears 
his  name.  He  was  succeeded  by  Sesostris,  who  conquered 
Ethiopia  and  the  greater  part  of  Europe  and  Asia.  His 
successors  were  Pheron,  Proteus  (who  was  contemporary 
with  the  Trojan  war),  Rhampsinitus,  Cheops,  Cephren,  and 
Mycerinus.  Mycerinus  was  succeeded  by  Asychis,  and 
Asychis  by  Anysis,  in  whose  reign  Egypt  was  conquered 
by  the  Ethiopians,  who  held  it  for  50  years  under  King 
Sabacon.  At  the  expiration  of  the  half  century,  they 
voluntarily  abandoned  the  country  and  retired  to  Ethiopia. 
The  next  king  of  Egypt  was  Sesthos,  bet  ween  whom  and  the 
first  king,  Menes,  the  priest  told  Herodotus,  there  had  been 
341  generations,  during  a  period  of  11,340  years.  Sesthos 


64  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

was  succeeded  by  12  kings,  who  reigned  jointly,  and  togeth- 
er built  the  Labyrinth,  which  Herodotus  thought  surpassed 
all  the  works  of  the  Greeks.  After  the  lapse  of  some  years, 
Psammetichus,  one  of  the  12  kings,  dethroned  the  others 
and  made  himself  sole  sovereign  of  Egypt.  He  was  succeed- 
ed by  Nechos,  Psammis,  and  Apries,  the  last  of  whom 
Herodotus  calls  the  most  prosperous  king  that  ever  ruled 
over  Egypt.  But  in  the  25th  year  of  his  reign  a  rebellion 
broke  out  which  was  headed  by  Amasis.  Apries  was  de- 
feated and  put  to  death  and  Amasis  became  king.  Amasis 
was  succeeded  by  his  son  Psammenitus,  at  the  very  be- 
ginning of  whose  reign,  525  B.  C.,  Egypt  was  invaded  and 
conquered  by  the  Persians  under  Cambyses. 

Cambyses  treated  Egypt  with  considerable  moderation , 
but  after  an  unsuccessful  expedition  against  the  Ethiopians, 
lost  his  reason,  stabbed  the  bull  Apis,  and  committed  vari- 
ous atrocities.  His  successor,  Darius  I.,  governed  Egypt 
with  more  prudence;  but  Xerxes  I.  and  Artaxerxes  I.,  had 
successively  to  reduce  it  to  subjection,  which  they  did  in 
spite  of  assistance  rendered  to  it  by  the  Athenians.  The 
27th  dynasty  of  the  Persians  was  followed  by  another  Saite 
line,  the  28th,  who  still  held  ground  against  the  Persians; 
the  2 gth,  Mendesian  dynasty  of  Nepherches  and  Achoris, 
maintained  a  Greek  alliance;  and  the  3oth,  Sebennytic, 
consisted  of  Nectanebes  I.,  who  successfully  resisted 
Pharnabazus  and  Iphicrates;  of  Teos,  who  employed 
Agesilaus;  and  of  Nectanebes  II.,  who  fled  into  Ethiopia 
before  the  Persians  (340  B.  C.).  In  332  B.  C.,  the  Persians 
were  driven  out  by  Alexander  the  Great,  with  whom  begins 
a  new  period,  the  Greco-Roman,  in  the  history  of  the 
country. 

When  Alexander's  army  occupied  Memphis  the 
numerous  Greeks  who  had  settled  in  Lower  Egypt  found 
themselves  the  ruling  class.  Egypt  became  at  once  a 
Greek  kingdom,  and  Alexander  showed  his  wisdom  in 
the  regulations  by  which  he  guarded  the  prejudices  and 
religion  of  the  Egyptians.  He  founded  Alexandria  as 


EGYPT  65 

the  Greek  capital,  and  this  city  became  the  great  center 
of  commerce  and  Greek  civilization  that  it  long  continued 
to  be.  The  court  of  the  Ptolemies  became  the  center  of 
learning  and  philosophy;  and  Ptolemy  Philadelphus, 
successful  in  external  wars,  built  the  Museum,  founded  the 
library  of  Alexandria,  purchased  the  most  valuable  manu- 
scripts, engaged  the  most  celebrated  professors,  and  had 
the  Septuagint  translation  made  of  the  Hebrew  Scriptures, 
and  the  Egyptian  History  of  Manetho  drawn  up.  His 
successor,  Euergetes,  pushed  the  southern  limits  of  his 
empire  to  Axum.  Philopator  (221-204  B.  C.)  warred  with 
Antiochus,  persecuted  the  Jews,  and  encouraged  learning. 
Epiphanes  (204-180  B.  C.)  encountered  repeated  rebellions, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Philometor  (180-145  B.  C.)  and 
Euergetes  II.  (145-116  B.  C.),  by  Soter  II.  and  Cleopatra 
till  1 06  B.  C.,  and  by  Alexander  (89  B.  C.),  under  whom 
Thebes  rebelled;  then  by  Cleopatra.  Berenice,  and  Alexander 
II.  (80  B.  C.),  and  Neos  Dionysus  (51  B.  C.),  and  finally 
by  the  celebrated  Cleopatra.  After  the  battle  of  Actium 
(31  B.  C.)  Egypt  passed  into  the  condition  of  a  province 
of  Rome,  governed  always  by  a  Roman  governor  of  the 
equestrian,  not  senatorial  rank.  The  Egyptians  had  con- 
tinued building  temples  and  covering  them  with  hierogly- 
phics as  of  old;  but  on  the  spread  of  Christianity  the  older 
religions  lost  their  sway.  Now  arose  in  Alexandria  the 
Christian  catechetical  school,  which  produced  Clemens  and 
Origen.  Monasteries  were  built  all  over  Egypt;  Christian 
monks  took  the  place  of  the  pagan  hermits  and  the  Bible  was 
translated  into  Coptic. 

On  the  division  of  the  Great  Roman  empire  (337  A.  D.), 
in  the  time  of  Theodosius,  into  the  Western  and  Eastern 
empires,  Egypt  became  a  province  of  the  latter,  and  sank 
deeper  and  deeper  into  barbarism  and  weakness.  It  then 
became  the  prey  of  the  Saracens,  Amru,  their  general, 
under  the  Caliph  Omar,  taking  Alexandria,  the  capital,  by 
assault.  This  happened  64o_  A.  D.,  when  Heraclius  was 
the  emperor  of  the  east.  As  a  province  of  the  caliphs,  it 

5 


66  THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

was  under  the  government  of  the  celebrated  Abbassides — 
Harun  Al-Rsahid  and  Al-Mamon — and  that  of  the  heroic 
Sultan  Saladin.  The  last  dynasty  was,  however,  over- 
thrown by  the  Mamelukes  (1240),  and  under  these  formid- 
able despots  the  last  shadow  of  former  greatness  and  civili- 
zation disappeared. 

ANCIENT  ARCHITECTURE.— The  monuments 
and  traces  of  a  past  civilization  found  in  Egypt  are  of 
three  periods,  that  of  the  "Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh,"  built 
by  a  previous  race  of  people,  those  built  in  the  times  of 
the  Pharaohs,  and  those  built  during  the  sway  of  the 
Greek  and  Roman  rulers  of  the  country.  Although  the 
temples  of  the  three  periods  differ  considerably  in  plan 
and  other  particulars,  there  is  yet  sound  reason  for  be- 
lieving that  those  built  under  the  Greeks  and  Romans 
were  constructed  after  designs,  as  they  certainly  occupy 
the  sites  of  Pharaonic  temples  still  more  ancient  than 
any  now  existing;  and  they  were,  in  fact,  mere  restora- 
tions of  temples  built  by  the  earlier  Pharaohs. 

The  leading  features  of  the  now  existing  temples  of 
the  time  of  the  Pharaohs  are  these:  First,  a  gateway 
or  pylon,  flanked  by  two  truncated  pyramids.  These 
occupy  the  entire  width  of  the  building,  and  form  the 
entrance  to  a  square  court,  surrounded  by  a  portico  sup- 
ported by  a  double  or  single  row  of  columns.  Cross- 
ing this  court  the  visitor  passes  through  a  second  pylon 
into  the  inner  court,  which  was  likewise  surrounded  either 
by  columns  or  by  piers,  against  which  were  figures  of 
the  king.  Beyond  this  second  court  it  would  appear 
the  public  were  not  admitted,  for  the  spaces  before  the 
front  row  of  columns  or  piers  facing  the  gateway  are 
occupied  by  a  dwarf  wall,  which  effectually  barred  en- 
trance except  at  either  one  of  three  points  where  there 
were  gates.  This  inner  court  led  immediately  into  the 
largest  of  the  temples  called  the  Hall  of  Columns,  the  roof 
of  which  was  always  supported  by  columns  representing  a 
grove  of  papyrus.  The  center  avenue  was  higher  than 


EGYPT  67 

the  rest  of  the  hall,  and  consisted  usually  of  12  columns, 
the  capitals  being  imitated  from  the  full-blown  expanded 
papyrus,  while  the  columns  which  sustained  the  lower  roof 
were  in  the  form  of  a  bud  of  the  same  plant.  To  the  Hall 
of  Columns  succeeded  a  series  of  smaller  chambers,  the 
roofs  of  which  were  generally  supported  by  six  or  four 
columns,  imitating  the  bud  of  the  papyrus,  either  as  a 
single  plant  or  as  several  bound  together;  or  else  by  square 
piers  or  columns  with  8,  12  or  16  faces.  These  apartments 
frequently  surrounded  a  dark  chamber — the  most  sacred  in 
the  temple — the  holy  of  holies.  Whether  the  roof  of  the 
portico  which  surrounded  the  court  was  supported  by  piers 
or  columns,  the  structural  arrangement  was  always  pre- 
cisely the  same.  There  was  first  the  pier  or  column, 
ordinarily  made  of  several  pieces  of  stone  solidly  united 
by  mortar  and  wooden  clamps;  then  came  the  architrave 
or  frieze,  of  one  block,  stretching  from  column  to  column 
and  lastly  the  blocks  forming  the  cornice,  concealing  the 
ends  of  the  roof  stones  which  rested  upon  the  architrave. 
The  bulk  of  the  column  in  proportion  to  the  weight  it  had 
to  sustain,  was  extremely  ample;  and  the  pressure  being 
always  perpendicular,  these  ancient  structures  have  come 
down  to  us  with  their  roofs  sound,  while  arched  buildings 
of  much  less  antiquity  have  been  entirely  ruined  by  the 
lateral  pressure  which  that  mode  of  construction  exerts 
on  the  walls.  The  Egyptian  gate  was  peculiarly  simple. 
The  lintel  was  always  of  one  stone,  and  the  door-posts  were 
also  very  frequently  of  only  one  block,  while  each  of  the 
three  portions  had  its  appropriate  decoration.  Above  the 
entrance  was  sculptured  the  winged  globe  or  protecting 
divinity  of  entrances,  with  the  names  of  the  divinities  to 
whom  the  temple  was  dedicated,  and  of  the  Pharaoh  who 
built  it.  The  door-posts  also  bore  the  name  and  title  of 
the  builder.  The  surface  of  each  architectural  feature  was 
engraved  with  its  particular  ornament  appropriately 
colored. 


68  THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


The  temples  built  during  the  reigns  of  the  Greek  and 
Roman  rulers  may  be  thus  described:  First,  the  propylon 
with  its  truncated  pyramidal  towers,  which  were  some- 
times adorned  with  narrow  flags  on  tall  poles ;  then  a  court 
surrounded  on  three  sides  with  a  colonade.  At  the  extreme 
of  the  court,  and  facing  the  gateway,  was  an  elevated 
portico  of  six  columns  in  line,  and  three  or  four  deep.  The 
uninitiated  obviously  were  not  permitted  to  enter  beyond 
the  court,  for  the  columns  of  the  first  row  of  the  portico 
are  invariably  joined  by  a  dwarf  wall,  the  only  opening 
being  between  the  center  intercolumniation,  to  which  were 
attached  the  valves  of  the  gate.  To  the  portico  succeeded 
a  series  of  small  chambers,  the  roofs  of  which  were  supported 
by  four  or  by  two  columns.  The  center  chambers  were 
lighted  by  small  square  openings  in  the  roof,  and  those  at  the 
side  by  small  openings  in  tlie  walls;  but  in  no  example  is 
there  that  kind  of  clereastory  perforated  with  large  openings 
that  occurs  in  the  Hall  of  Columns  of  the  Pharaonic  temples. 
Besides  the  foregoing  characteristics,  there  is  an  elaborate 
form  of  capital,  representing  the  papyrus  in  three  stages  of 
growth;  in  one  capital,  or  sometimes  a  collection  of  lotus 
flowers,  or  the  full-blown  papyrus  alone;  but  in  no  instance 
do  we  find  the  pier  with  the  attached  figure,  nor  the  single 
bud  of  the  papyrus,  nor  that  form  of  column  which  repre- 
sents several  buds  of  the  plant  joined  together.  The  palm 
tree  capital,  however,  belongs  to  both  periods. 

Among  the  most  remarkable  structures  erected  by 
the  ancient  Egyptians  are  the  great  pyramids,  the  last 
thirty-seven  of  which  were  erected  to  serve  both  as  monu- 
ments and  as  tombs.  These  are  not  to  be  confounded  with 
the  First  Great  Pyramid  which  was  built  for  an  entirely 
different  purpose  by  a  different  race  of  people.  (See 
further  on.)  Strong  buildings  containing  one  or  more 
rooms  were  also  erected  as  tombs,  in  which  food  and  other 
articles  were  deposited  for  the  use  of  the  dead,  the  inner 
walls  being  embellished  with  inscriptions  and  representa- 
tions, and  statues  of  the  dead  being  also  placed  in  the  interi- 


EGYPT  69 

or.  Tombs  cut  in  the  rock  were  also  common.  In  con- 
nection with  architecture  should  be  mentioned  the  obelisks, 
the  oldest  known  being  erected  by  Usertesen  I.  Sphinxes, 
often  forming  avenues,  were  a  common  accessory  of  temples, 
the  greatest  being  that  known  as  the  Sphnix,  a  colossal 
companion  of  the  Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh. 

ANCIENT  SCULPTURE.— In  portrait  sculpture  the 
Egyptians  attained  extraordinary  perfection  at  an  early 
date,  the  skill  with  which  they  worked  in  hard  stone,  such 
as  diorite  and  basalt,  being  surprising.  Some  of  the  early 
statues  are  of  colossal  size,  but  a  higher  type  of  art  is  shown 
in  those  of  ordinary  size,  though  a  certain  conventional 
treatment  is  always  apparent.  The  most  usual  kind  of 
mural  sculpture,  a  kind  peculiar  to  the  Egyptians,  is  that 
known  as  hollow  or  sunk  relief  (cavo-rilievo) .  The  general 
outline  of  the  object  intended  to  be  represented  is  cut  into 
the  smooth  surface  of  the  stone,  while  at  the  same  time  the 
minor  forms  and  rotundity  are  represented  within  the 
incised  outline.  By  this  contrivance  the  details  of  the 
sculptures  are  protected.  Sometimes  the  outline  is  ex- 
cessively deep,  at  others  the  surface  of  the  figures  is  alto- 
gether much  lower  than  the  general  surface  of  the  wall 
and  in  others  the  outline  is  but  slightly  incised  with  a  corre- 
sponding flatness  within.  Wherever  the  Egyptians  prac- 
ticed the  true  bas-relief  the  sculpture  is  almost  invariably 
in  very  low  relief.  The  back  view  of  the  human  figure  is 
never  represented  in  the  sculptures  excepting  in  the  case 
of  an  enemy,  and  then  rarely;  the  figure  is  generally  repre- 
sented in  profile,  and  there  are  but  few  attempts  at  delinea- 
ting the  front  view  of  the  foot  or  of  the  face;  however, 
whether  the  face  be  represented  in  front  or  side  view,  a 
profile  eye  is  never  found.  The  figures  of  the  kings  in  battle 
pieces,  and  of  the  landed  proprietor  in  domestic  scenes, 
are  always  on  a  much  larger  scale  than  the  other  actors  in 
the  piece.  Statues  and  reliefs  were  always  painted,  and 
when  wall  painting  is  employed  it  is  always  as  a  substitute 
for  sculpture.  There  is  no  proper  perspective,  and  certain 


70  THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

conventionalities  of  color  are  employed.  The  Egyptians 
are  represented  with  red  and  yellow  complexions,  red  ochre 
for  the  men  and  yellow  for  the  women.  The  hair  of  the  king 
is  frequently  painted  blue,  but  that  of  ordinary  men  black. 
In  representing  the  various  nations  with  whom  Egypt  had 
intercourse,  the  artists  seem  to  have  endeavored  to  imitate 
the  complexions  peculiar  to  each.  Ammon-Re,  the  chief 
divinity  of  Thebes,  is  always  painted  blue,  and  he  is  further 
distinguished  by  two  high  feathers  which  he  wears  in  his 
cap.  The  inferior  divinities  are  not  uncommonly  of  the 
complexion  of  mortals.  The  sky  or  heavens  are  invariably 
indicated  by  a  strip  of  blue  coming  downward  at  the  lower 
side  of  each  extremity,  and  occasionally  having  upon  it  a 
row  of  five-pointed  stars.  Water,  seas  and  rivers  are  repre- 
sented by  zig-zag  lines  of  a  blue  or  green  color.  Mountains 
have  a  yellow  color,  with  red  spots  upon  it.  Egyptian  art 
was  at  its  highest  during  the  period  between  the  dynasties 
four  and  six,  and  notwithstanding  its  defects  it  was  superior 
to  that  of  Nineveh  and  Babylon. 

ARCHEOLOGY. — The  attention  of  the  world  was 
drawn  to  Egypt  as  a  rich  field  for  scientific  exploration  in  the 
early  part  of  the  ipth  century.  In  1799,  M.  Boussard,  one 
of  Napoleon's  captains,  found  a  large  block  of  black  granite 
in  the  trenches  of  Fort  Julien  near  Rosetta;  hence  the  Ro- 
setta  stone.  On  this  were  the  remains  of  three  inscriptions 
in  hieroglyphic,  demotic,  and  Greek  characters.  The  stone 
was  given  to  the  British  Museum  by  George  III. 

Emanuel  de  Rouge,  of  France,  was  the  first  to  translate 
whole  Egyptian  books  and  inscriptions.  His  influence  was 
felt  in  France  by  such  men  as  Mariette,  Chabas,  Deveria, 
Pierret,  Maspero,  and  by  Revillout,  the  great  demotic 
scholar  of  France,  and  by  Birch,  Hincks,  Lepage,  and  Renouf 
in  England.  The  practical  Archaeologists  of  the  German 
school,  notably  Lepsius,  Bunsen,  and  Brugsch,  translated 
the  texts  in  the  Egyptian  temples  in  their  relation  to  history 
and  religion.  The  German  school  has  devoted  itself  more 
to  grammars  and  philology,  while  the  French  school  has 


EGYPT  71 

made  history  and  archaeology  its  special  study  since  Eman- 
uel  de  Rouge's  death.  To  Auguste  Mariette  (Mariette 
Pasha)  is  due  the  discovery  of  the  Serapeum  of  Memphis. 
He  cleared  the  temples  of  Edfu,  Karnak,  Denderah  and 
Abydos.  He  explored  the  Nile  valley  from  Tanis  to  Napata, 
and  his  collection  of  antiquities  was  moved  in  1889  to 
Jeezeh  from  Boulak.  The  museum  there  is  famous.  In 
1896,  Col.  G.  E.  Raum,  of  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  discovered 
the  cap  of  the  Sphnix  at  Jeezeh,  which  had  been  missing  for 
centuries.  After  Mariette  the  work  of  excavation  was 
carried  on  by  Maspero,  Grebaut,  and  De  Morgan,  the  first 
who  resumed  his  post  as  director -general  of  antiquities  in 
1899.  There  is  an  archaeological  mission  in  Cairo,  founded 
in  1880  by  Maspero,  who  placed  at  its  head  successively 
Lefebure,  Grebaut,  and  Bouriant.  Students  go  every  year 
to  Egypt  to  excavate.  The  Egyptian  Research  Account 
under  Petrie  trains  students  as  explorers.  The  Egyptian 
Exploration  Fund  was  founded  in  1883  by  Sir  Erasmus 
Wilson,  Prof.  R.  Stuart  Poole,  and  Miss  Amelia  B.  Edwards, 
and  its  American  branch  at  the  close  of  that  year  by  the 
Rev.  Dr.  William  C.  Winslow,  of  Boston,  who  had  spent 
several  months  of  archaeological  research  in  Egypt  and 
attended  the  removal  of  the  obelisk  in  Alexandria  for  Cen- 
tral Park,  New  York.  Edouard  Naville,  of  Geneva,  was 
the  first  agent  sent  out.  In  1883  he  cleared  the  site  of 
Pithom,  near  the  land  of  Goshen.  The  work  of  Naville, 
Griffith,  Gardner  and  Newberry  resulted  in  important 
discoveries  at  Nauceatis,  Tanis,  Bubastis,  Tal  paug,  Ahnas, 
Denderah,  Deir-el  Bahari,  and  Telel-Amarna. 

RECENT  DISCOVERIES.— The  last  few  years  have 
seen  wonderful  discoveries  in  Egypt,  for  the  tombs  of 
the  kings  at  Abydos  have  been  opened  and  the  treas- 
ures which  have  been  found  place  us  face  to  face  with 
the  beginnings  of  history.  Among  the  remarkable  finds 
were  a  carved  slate  slab  showing  King  Narmer  smiting  his 
enemy,  an  ebony  table,  a  bar  of  gold,  gold  jewelry,  includ- 
ing bracelets,  and  a  royal  scepter.  The  oldest  group  of 


72  THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

jewelry  in  the  world  is  undoubtedly  the  four  bracelets  of  the 
queen  of  King  Zer  (4715  B.C.)  which  were  discovered  with 
a  portion  of  the  mummy  in  a  hole  in  a  wall.  This  is  2000 
years  earlier  than  any  other  jewelry  thus  far  identified.  The 
bracelets  show  a  wonderful  perfection  in  the  soldering  of  the 
gold.  The  bracelets  show  the  turning  point  in  the  develop- 
ment of  Egyptian  art,  the  finest  bracelets  being  formed  of 
alternate  plaques  of  gold  and  turquoise,  each  surmounted 
with  a  royal  hawk.  The  turquoise  plaques  have  a  more  arc- 
haic and  lumpy  form  of  hawk  than  do  the  gold  pieces,  and 
show  that  during  a  comparatively  short  period,  little  more 
than  half  a  century,  rapid  crystallization  in  art  took  place, 
and  at  the  end  of  his  reign  the  forms  are  practically  ident- 
ical with  what  continued  for  more  than  4,000  years  later. 
Dr.  Flinders-Petrie  considers  that  this  is  comparable  to  the 
sudden  fixation  of  the  final  forms  which  is  seen  in  Greek  art, 
where  an  interval  of  only  40  years,  between  the  time  of  the 
Persian  war  and  the  Parthenon,  sufficed  for  the  evolution 
from  archaic  work  to  the  greatest  perfection.  Each 
of  the  royal  tombs  had  two  large  tombstones,  bearing  the 
name  of  the  king,  and  private  tombs  of  all  the  court  and  dom- 
estics were  placed  around  that  of  their  royal  master.  They 
are  nearly  all  built  of  brick,  in  most  cases  with  a  timber 
lining  to  the  chamber  sunk  in  the  ground.  They  were 
originally  roofed  over  with  beams,  matting  and  sand.  They 
lie  about  a  mile  back  from  the  Temple  of  Abydos  and  they 
were  excavated  by  the  Egyptian  Exploration  Fund. 

An  American  archaeologist,  Theodore  M.  Davies,  has 
made  one  of  the  most  interesting  discoveries  of  recent 
years  in  excavating  the  tomb  of  one  of  the  Pharaohs  of  the 
1 8th  dynasty,  Thothmes  IV.  In  this  tomb  was  found  the 
chariot  in  which  Thothmes  rode  at  Thebes.  Like  the  other 
royal  tombs,  Thothmes'  tomb  consists  of  a  gallery  cut  in 
the  heart  of  the  mountain.  After  sloping  downward  for  a 
considerable  distance  it  is  interrupted  by  a  deep  square  well, 
on  one  of  the  walls  of  which  is  a  band  of  paintings.  On  the 
further  side  of  the  well  the  passage  turns  back,  and  finally 


EGYPT  73 

opens  into  a  large  chamber,  at  the  extreme  end  of  which  is 
a  magnificent  sarcophagus  of  granite  covered  with  texts 
from  "The  Book  of  the  Dead."  On  either  side  are  smaller 
chambers,  the  floor  of  one  of  which  was  found  to  be  covered 
with  mummified  loins  of  beef,  legs  of  mutton,  and  trussed 
ducks  and  geese,  offerings  made  to  the  dead  king.  Clay 
seals  with  the  name  of  Pharaoh  had  been  attached  to  the 
doors  of  the  chambers,  and  it  is  stated,  these  seals  contain 
proof  that  the  Egyptians  of  between  3,000  and  4,000  years 
ago  had  to  some  extent  anticipated  the  invention  of  printing, 
the  raised  portions  of  the  seals  having  been  smeared  with 
blue  ink  before  being  pressed  on  the  clay.  A  great  many 
of  the  objects  in  the  tomb  of  Thothmes  were  found  to  be 
broken,  and  this  was  explained  by  a  hieroglyphic  inscription 
on  one  of  the  paintings  which  adorn  the  walls  of  the  vestibule 
to  the  chamber  in  which  the  sarcophagus  was  found.  This 
inscription  states  that  the  tomb  was  plundered  by  robbers, 
but  that  it  had  been  restored  as  far  as  possible  to  its  original 
condition  by  Hor-em-heb,  the  reigning  Pharaoh.  The  floor 
was  covered  with  vases,  dishes,  symbols  of  life,  and  other 
objects  of  blue  faience.  Unfortunately,  nearly  all  of  them 
had  been  wantonly  broken,  though  in  some  cases  the  break- 
age had  been  repaired  in  the  time  of  Hor-em-heb.  Equally 
interesting  is  a  piece  of  textile  fabric  into  which  the  hiero- 
glyphic characters  of  different  colors  have  been  woven  with 
such  wonderful  skill  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  painting 
on  linen.  It  is,  however,  of  course,  Pharaoh's  chariot  which 
is  regarded  as  the  great  find.  The  body  of  it  alone  is  pre- 
served, but  in  perfect  condition.  The  wooden  frame  was 
first  covered  with  papier  mache  made  from  papyrus,  and 
this  again  with  stucco,  which  had  been  carved,  both  inside 
and  out,  into  scenes  from  the  battles  fought  by  the  Pharaoh 
in  Syria.  The  art  is  of  a  very  high  order,  every  detail  being 
exquisitely  finished  and  the  faces  of  the  Syrians  being 
clearly  portraits  taken  from  captives  at  Thebes.  The 
chariot  is,  in  fact,  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  art  that  have 
come  down  to  us  from  antiquity.  Along  with  the  chariot 


74  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

was  found  the  leather  gauntlet  with  which  the  king  protected 
his  hand  and  wrist  when  using  the  bows  or  reins. 

Recent  excavations  at  Abydos  have  brought  to  light 
the  royal  tomb  of  Menes,  of  the  first  dynasty,  in  which  was 
found  a  large  globular  vase  of  green  glaze,  with  Menes' 
name  inlaid  in  purple.  Thus  polychrome  glazing  is  taken 
back  thousands  of  years  before  it  was  previously  known  to 
exist.  There  are  also  several  pieces  of  this  age  in  the  highest 
art  of  delicate  ivory  carving,  especially  the  figure  of  an  aged 
king,  which  for  subtlety  of  character,  stands  in  the  first 
rank  of  such  work,  and  is  comparable  to  the  finest  work 
of  Greece  and  Italy.  This  fresh  connection  illustrates 
the  trade  chronology  of  the  period.  A  camel's  head  modeled 
in  pottery  takes  back  its  relation  to  Egypt  some  4,000 
years.  Hitherto  no  trace  of  the  camel  appeared  before 
Greek  times.  The  ivory  carving  of  a  bear  also  extends  the 
fauna  of  early  Egypt. 

CAIRO. 

(Sec.  2.)  CAIRO  (Arabic,  El  Kahira,"The  Victorious," 
or  Masr  el  Kahira),  Egypt,  capital  of  the  country  and  largest 
city  of  Africa,  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Nile,  about 
seven  miles  above  the  point  where  it  divides  to  form  the 
two  main  branches  of  its  delta.  The  town  is  built  between 
the  river -bank  and  the  northwestern  end  of  the  hills  known 
as  Jebel  Mokattam,  on  whose  most  advanced  spur  stands 
the  citadel  in  a  commanding  position  well  above  the  rest 
of  the  city.  During  the  last  46  years  the  town  has  lost  much 
of  its  Oriental  character,  but  the  Arab  quarters  still  present 
a  maze  of  very  narrow  streets  lined  by  curious  buildings 
in  endless  variety  of  style.  The  houses  are  mostly  built 
of  yellow  limestone,  with  flat  roofs;  and  many  of  them  have 
small  gaidens  behind.  In  the  more  modern  parts  of  the 
city  the  streets  are  broader,  and  many  of  them  are  lined  by 
trees  and  lighted  by  gas.  The  European  quarter,  known  as 
Ismailiyeh,  forms  the  western  part  of  the  modern  Cairo,  and 
its  center  is  the  octagonal  Ezbekiveh  Garden  (20  1-2  acres), 
with  plants  from  many  regions  and  with  an  artificial  pond. 


CAIRO  75 

Here,  too,  are  many  cafes,  concert  halls  and  other  similar 
buildings.  Among  the  more  notable  buildings  of  the 
European  quarter  are  the  consulates,  the  opera-house, 
open  in  winter,  the  Italian  summer  theater,  English  and 
German  churches,  the  ministerial  offices  and  the  barracks. 
The  chief  business  street,  known  as  Muski,  runs  east- 
southeastward  from  the  neighborhood  of  tht  Ezbekiveh 
and  the  Boulevard  Mehemet  Ali  extends  from  about  the 
same  place  southeastward  to  the  citadel.  Cairo  has  more 
than  500  mosques,  (places  of  prayer,  Mohammedan  temples 
or  houses  of  worship)  but  many  of  them  are  wholly  or  partly 
in  ruins.  The  finest  of  all  is  the  Sultan  Hasan  Mosque,  a 
truly  noble  building  with  a  lofty  minaret.  Others  worthy  of 
mention  are  that  built  in  the  pth  century  by  Ahmed"  ibn 
Tulun  in  imitation  of  the  one  at  Mecca;  the  Hakim  Mosque, 
dating  from  the  beginning  of  the  nth  century;  the  Hosen 
Mosque  of  the  son  of  Ali,  Mohammed's  son-in-law;  the 
Sitti-Zeynab  Mosque,  named  after  a  grandchild  of  the 
prophet;  the  Azhar  Mosque,  famous  for  its  schools  of  theo- 
logy, which  are  attended  by  Mohammedans  from  all  parts 
of  the  world;  and  the  Alabaster  Mosque  of  the  citadel, 
with  the  tomb  of  Mehemet  Ali,  the  finest  of  the  modern 
mosques.  The  tombs  in  the  burying  grounds  outside  the 
city,  many  of  them  in  the  form  of  mosques,  also  deserve 
mention,  especially  those  known  as  the  tombs  of  the  caliphs. 
The  most  important  gate  of  the  city  is  the  Bab-en-Nasr, 
through  which  large  numbers  of  pilgrims  pass  every  year 
on  their  way  to  Mecca.  The  mosques  contain  valuable 
libraries,  but  the  chief  library  of  the  city  is  the  viceregal 
one,  founded  in  1870,  and  now  containing  about  60,000 
volumes,  largely  manuscript.  The  trade  of  Cairo  is  large 
and  the  bazaars  and  markets  are  numerous,  there  being 
special  bazaars  for  gold  and  silver  smiths,  tapestry  mer- 
chants, saddlers,  armourers,  shoemakers,  etc.  Beside  the 
numerous  Mohammedan  places  of  worship,  Cairo  contains 
English,  French,  German,  Coptic,  and  other  churches  and 
Jewish  synagogues,  and  there  are  European  schools  and 


76  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

hospitals.     The  Egyptian  Institute,  founded  at  Alexandria 
in  1859,  is  now  located  in  Cairo. 

The  suburb  of  Bulak,  in  the  northwest  of  the  town, 
opposite  the  island  of  Bulak,  forms  the  port  of  Cairo,  and 
its  narrow  streets  present  a  busy  scene  of  Oriental  life. 
The  island  of  Bulak  and  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile  are  reached 
by  a  great  iron  bridge,  and  there  is  also  a  railway  and 
general  traffic  bridge  below  the  island.  To  the  southwest 
of  the  modern  town  and  also  on  the  Nile  bank  stands  the 
suburb  of  old  Cairo,  or  Masr-el-Atika.  On  the  left  bank  of 
the  river,  almost  directly  opposite  old  Cairo,  is  the  suburb 
of  Jeezeh.  It  has  government  buildings,  a  zoological 
garden,  etc.,  but  its  chief  attraction  is  the  great  Egyptologi- 
cal* museum  formerly  in  Bulak,  but  removed  here  in  1889. 
From  Jeezeh  a  road  and  a  tramway  leads  southwestward 
to  the  famous  group  of  pyramids,  called  the  pyramids  of 
Jeezeh.  On  the  island  of  Roda,  between  Jeezeh  and  old 
Cairo,  the  celebrated  Nilometer  still  stands.  Cairo  enjoys 
a  very  mild  climate,  and  is  in  consequence  visited  in  winter 
by  many  Europeans  suffering  from  chest  and  lung  ailments. 
Many  of  these  stay  at  Helwan,  a  small  place  about  14  miles 
south -southeast  of  the  town.  Cairo  is  in  railway  communi- 
cation with  Alexandria,  Damietta,  Suez,  etc.,  and  with 
Upper  Egypt,  and  the  fresh  water  canal  connects  it  with 
Ismailia  and  Suez.  In  1896  electric  tramways  were  intro- 
duced in  the  most  important  streets.  Cairo  is  the  residence 
of  the  Khedive,  the  seat  of  a  Coptic  and  a  Greek  orthodox 
patriarch,  and  it  contains  all  the  highest  public  offices  of  the 
country.  El-Fostat,  "tent",  now  Old  Cairo,  was  founded 
by  Amru,  lieutenant  of  Caliph  Omar,  in  640  A.  D.  In 
969  when  the  Fatimite  dynasty  gained  possession  of  the 
country,  the  new  city  to  the  north  was  founded.  Saladin 
surrounded  it  with  walls  of  stone  and  built  a  citadel.  He 
also  constructed  a  wooden  aqueduct  from  the  Nile  to  the 
citadel,  a  work  afterwards  replaced  by  the  still  existing 
aqueduct  of  stone.  Cairo  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1798, 
and  was  occupied  by  the  British  in  1882,  after  the  battle 


THE  SEVEN  WONDEES  OF  THE  WOELD  77 

of  Teb-el-Kebir.  Population  (1907)  625,000,  including 
Fellahin,  Copts,  Turks,  Arabs,  and  other  Orientals,  besides 
about  25,000  foreigners  from  the  chief  European  countries, 
especially  Italy,  Greece,  France,  Austria,  England,  and 
Germany. 

THE  SEVEN  WONDERS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

(Sec.  3.)  A  phrase  that  has  been  applied  for  ages  to 
the  seven  historical  monuments  of  the  constructive  skill 
and  art  of  the  antique  world.  They  are: 

i.  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH  OF  EGYPT, 
the  most  gigantic  of  the  three  pyramids  near  the  village 
of  Jeezeh,  about  eleven  miles  from  the  banks  of  the  Nile, 
forming  a  line  to  the  westward  of  the  city  of  Cairo.  Hero- 
dotus was  informed  by  the  priests  of  Memphis  that  the 
great  pyramid  was  built  by  Cheops,  king  of  Egypt,  about 
goo  B.  C.,  or  about  450  years  before  he  visited  that  country; 
that  the  body  of  Cheops  was  placed  in  a  room  beneath  the 
bottom  of  the  pyramid ;  and  that  the  chamber  was  surround- 
ed by  a  vault,  to  which  the  waters  of  the  Nile  were  conveyed 
by  a  subterranean  tunnel.  Pliny  and  Diodorus  Siculus 
agree  in  stating  that  360,000  men  were  employed  twenty 
years  in  erecting  this  pyramid;  and  in  contrast  with  this 
vast  labor  Sir  John  Herschel,  calculating  the  weight  of  the 
pyramid  to  be  12,760  million  pounds  of  granite  (3  times 
that  of  the  stone  in  Plymouth  Breakwater)  at  a  medium 
height  of  125  feet,  adds  that  it  could  have  been  raised  by 
the  effort  of  about  630  chaldrons  of  coal,  a  quantity  con- 
sumed in  some  foundries  in  a  week. 

Herodotus  states  that  1,600  talents  of  silver  were 
expended  in  providing  the  workmen  with  leeks,  onions,  and 
other  food;  and  one  great  object  of  the  Egyptian  rulers  in 
erecting  this  and  other  stupendous  monuments  was  to 
prevent  the  evils  of  over-populousness  by  accustoming 
the  lower  orders  to  a  spare  diet  and  severe  labor.  It  may 
here  be  sufficient  to  state,  that  the  pyramid  consists  of  a 
series  of  platforms,  each  smaller  than  the  one  on  which 


78  THE    GBEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

it  rests,  and  consequently  presenting  the  appearance  of 
steps,  which  diminish  in  length  from  the  bottom  to  the 
top;  and  of  these  steps  there  are  203.  The  entrance  is  in 
the  north  face.  Within  are  passages  leading  to  chambers 
lined  with  granite;  in  one  of  which,  the  king's  chamber,  is  a 
red  granite  sarcophagus  in  whch  Cheops  is  supposed  to  have 
been  entombed.  This  pyramid,  the  largest  building  in 
the  world,  has  lost  its  apex  and  its  casing.  There  is  a  second 
pyramid,  retaining  at  its  apex  a  portion  of  its  casing,  which 
is  the  tomb  of  Sensuphis.  The  third  pyramid,  the  least 
ancient,  was  built  by  Mycerinus,  according  to  Herodotus, 
and  by  Queen  Nitocris,  according  to  Manetho.  The  date 
of  the  pyramids  is,  according  to  the  Newtonian  chronology, 
between  1451  and  1153  B.  C.,  or  nearly  800  years  after 
Abraham's  visit  to  Egypt.  It  has  been  supposed  by  some, 
says  Wilkinson,  that  from  the  pyramids  not  being  mentioned 
in  the  Bible  or  Homer,  they  did  not  exist  before  the  exodus, 
or  in  the  time  of  the  poet.  The  presence  of  the  name  of 
Rameses  the  Great  (who  preceded  the  Trojan  war)  suffici- 
ently answers  the  latter  objection.  The  base  of  the  great 
Pyramid  has  been  often  stated  to  equal  that  of  the  area 
of  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields;  but  the  fact  is  otherwise:  the 
base  of  the  pyramid  measures  in  figures  764  feet  on  each 
side;  whereas  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  although  821  feet  on  one 
side  is  only  625  1-2  feet  on  the  other,  so  that  the  area  of 
the  pyramid  is  greater  by  many  thousand  square  feet. 
(The  above  statement  regarding  the  "First  Great  Wonder 
of  the  World,"  appears  in  many  of  our  modern  cyclopedias. 
The  author  desires  to  state  that  the  above  account  is 
scarcely  correct  in  a  single  particular,  and  only  approximate- 
ly so  in  regard  to  its  size.  As  this  work  is  being  published 
to  particularly  demonstrate  the  above  mentioned  Great 
Pyramid,  the  reader  is  asked  to  withhold  his  opinion  until 
he  has  at  least  perused  the  closing  chapter  of  this  work.) 
2.  WALLS  AND  HANGING  GARDENS  OF  BABYLON. 

Babylon  derives  its  name  from  the  Hebrew  word 
signifying  Babel,  the  confusion  of  tongues  (Genesis  XL,  i  to 
9) ;  or  from  another  expression  signifying  the  court  or  city 


THE  SEVEN  WONDEES  OF  THE  WOELD  79 

of  Belus.  In  Daniel  IV. -2 7,  it  is  termed  Babylon  the  Great ; 
and  by  Josephus  (Antiq.  VIII-VI-I)  the  Lady  of  the 
Kingdoms ;  the  glory  of  the  whole  earth.  It  was  the  metro- 
polis of  the  province  of  Babylon,  and  of  the  Babylonio- 
Chaldean  Empire.  Its  foundations  were  laid  with  those  of 
the  Tower  of  Babel.  Herodotus  states  that  the  walls  of 
Babylon  were  sixty  miles  in  circumference,  built  of  large 
bricks,  cemented  with  bitumen,  and  raised  round  the  city  in 
the  form  of  a  square,  protected  on  the  outside  with  a  ditch 
lined  with  the  same  material.  They  were  87  feet  thick 
and  350  feet  high.  According  to  Quintus  Curtius,  four 
horse  chariots  could  pass  each  other  on  them.  The  city 
was  entered  by  25  gates  on  each  side,  of  solid  brass  and 
strengthened  by  250  towers.  The  palace  of  Nebuchadnez- 
zar was  the  most  magnificent  and  stupendous  work.  Its 
outer  wall  embraced  six  miles.  Within  were  two  other 
embattled  walls,  besides  a  great  tower.  The  hanging 
gardens  were  attributed  by  Diodorus  to  Cyrus,  who  con- 
structed them  in  compliance  with  the  wish  of  his  queen  to 
possess  elevated  groves  such  as  she  had  enjoyed  on  the 
hills  around  her  native  ecbatana;  for  Babylon  was  flat. 
To  gratify  this  wish  an  artificial  mountain  was  reared, 
400  feet  on  each  side;  while  terraces,  five  in  number,  one 
above  another,  each  containing  four  acres,  rose  to  a  height 
that  overtopped  the  wall  of  the  city  some  fifty  feet,  or  about 
four  hundred  feet  elevation.  The  ascent  from  terrace  to 
terrace  was  by  flights  of  steps;  while  the  terraces  them- 
selves were  reared  to  their  various  stages,  sustained  by 
vast  arches  raised  on  other  arches  and  on  the  top  were 
flat  stones  closely  cemented  together  with  plaster  of  bitumen 
and  that  covered  with  sheets  of  lead  upon  which  lay  the 
mould  of  the  garden  where  there  were  large  trees,  shrubs, 
and  flowers,  and  various  sorts  of  vegetables.  Mr.  Rich 
found  upon  the  site  a  hollow  pier,  60  feet  square,  lined  with 
fine  brick  laid  in  bitumen  and  filled  with  earth ;  this  corres- 
ponds with  Strabo's  description  of  the  hollow  brick  piers 
which  supported  the  hanging  gardens,  and  in  which  piers 
the  large  trees  grew. 


80  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

3 .     THE  GOLD  AND  IVORY  STATUE  OF  JUPITER  BY  PHIDIAS 

AT  OLYMPUS. 

The  masterpiece  of  Phidias,  the  greatest  artist  that 
ever  lived,  was  executed  by  him  for  the  people  of  Elis,  and 
rivalled  his  celebrated  statue  of  Minerva  in  the  Parthenon. 
The  Jupiter  was  set  up  in  the  itemple  of  that  deity  at  Olym- 
pia,  near  Elis,  where  the  Olympic  games  were  celebrated. 
The  temple  was  68  feet  in  height,  95  in  width,  and  230  in 
length.  Pausanias  describes  the  statue  from  personal 
observation,  which  Strabo  corroborates.  The  god  was 
formed  of  gold  and  ivory,  58  feet  in  height,  seated  on  a 
throne,  and  almost  touching  the  roof  of  the  temple.  Upon 
his  head  was  an  olive  crown;  in  his  right  hand  he  bore  a 
winged  figure  of  Victory,  also  of  gold  and  ivory,  crowned 
and  holding  a  wreath.  In  the  god's  left  hand  he  bore  a  lofty 
sceptre  surmounted  with  an  eagle.  His  sandals  and  robe 
were  of  gold,  the  latter  painted  with  animals  and  flowers, 
particularly  lilies.  The  throne  was  formed  of  ivory  and 
ebony,  inlaid  with  gold,  set  with  precious  stones,  and 
sculptured  with  graceful  figures.  The  faces  of  the  steps 
bore  bas-reliefs  of  classic  myths,  and  the  footstool  rested 
upon  four  couchant  lions.  In  this  work  Phidias  followed 
Homer's  impersonation  of  the  god: 

"He  spoke,  and  awful  bends  his  sable  brows, 
Shakes  his  ambrosial  curls,  and  gives  the  nod, 
The  stamp  of  fate,  and  sanction  of  the  god ; 
High  Heaven  with  trembling  the  dread  signal  took, 
And  all  Olympus  in  the  center  shook." 

The  heathen  historians  tell  us  that  Phidias  received  for 
his  skill  the  testimony  of  Jupiter  himself;  when  the  artist 
prayed  the  god  would  make  known  if  he  was  satisfied, 
immediately  the  pavement  of  the  temple  was  struck  by 
lightning,  and  the  spot  was  afterwards  marked  by  a  bronze 
vase.  Crowds  flocked  to  Elis  to  behold  this  wonder;  and 
in  Greece  and  Italy  it  was  held  as  a  calamity  to  die  without 
seeing  it.  Nor  was  the  admiration  merely  the  superstition 
of  the  multitude;  for  a  Roman  senator,  when  looking  at 
this  Jupiter  of  ivory  and  gold,  had  his  mind  moved  as 


THE  SEVEN  WONDERS  OF  THE  WOELD  81 

though  the  god  were  present.  The  able  restoration  of  this 
figure  has  been  learnedly  commented  on  by  M.  Quatremere 
de  Quincy. 

The  Doric  temple  in  which  this  statue  was  placed 
was  in  the  extreme  length  369  feet,  breadth  182  feet,  as 
traced  by  Mr.  Cockerell,  from  the  foundation;  many  of  the 
blocks  of  marble  weigh  nearly  nine  tons  each  and  each  of 
the  two  remaining  capitals  is  computed  to  weigh  more  than 
twenty-one  tons.  These  masses  were  raised  70  feet,  and 
the  flutings  of  the  columns  would  contain  a  man  in  their 
hollow  as  in  a  niche.  The  pediments  were  sculptured  with 
the  wars  of  the  Giants  and  the  siege  of  Troy;  upon  the 
entablature  stood  a  row  of  Atlantes,  each  25  feet  high,  and 
supporting  an  upper  entablature  at  1 10  feet  above  the  floor. 
The  chest  of  one  of  these  giants  restored  measured  more  than 
six  feet.  The  nave  of  the  temple  was  18  feet  higher  and  2 
feet  broader  than  the  nave  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  in 
London.  Of  this  splendid  edifice  the  basement  alone 
remains. 

4.     THE  TEMPLE  OF  DIANA  OF  THE  EPHESIANS. 

At  Ephesus  (the  modern  Natolia),  the  capital  of  the 
twelve  Ionian  cities  in  Asia  Minor,  was  built  around  the 
famous  image  of  the  goddess.  This  edifice  was  burned 
down  on  the  night  in  which  Alexander  was  born  by  an 
obscure  person  named  Eratostratus,  who  thus  sought 
to  transmit  his  name  to  posterity.  Alexander  made  an 
offer  to  rebuild  the  temple,  provided  he  was  allowed  to 
inscribe  his  name  on  the  front ;  which  the  Ephesians  refused. 
Aided,  however,  by  the  whole  of  Asia  Minor,  they  erected 
a  still  more  magnificent  temple,  which  occupied  them 
two  hundred  and  twenty  years.  Pliny  describes  it  as 
425  feet  long  by  225  broad,  and  supported  by  127  columns, 
furnished  by  that  number  of  kings,  each  column  was  of 
Parian  marble  60  feet  high,  and  weighed  150  tons,  and 
was  contributed  by  some  prince;  thirty  of  them  were 
richly  carved.  Chersiphron  was  the  architect.  The  altar 
was  the  work  of  Praxiteles.  The  famous  sculptor,  Scopas, 
I 


82  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

is  said  to  have  chiselled  one  of  the  columns.  Apelles 
contributed  a  splendid  picture  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
The  temple  was  built  of  cedar,  cypress,  and  even  gold;  and 
within  it  were  treasured  offerings  to  the  goddess,  as  paint- 
ings, statues,  etc.,  the  value  of  which  almost  exceed  compu- 
tation. Nero  is  said  to  have  despoiled  the  temple  of  much  of 
these  treasures;  but  it  continued  to  exist  until  it  was  burnt, 
356  B.  C.;  again  rebuilt  and  again  burnt  by  the  Goths, 
A.  D.  262,  during  the  reign  of  Gallienus,  A.  D.  254-268. 

Vitruvius  considers  this  temple  as  the  first  edifice  in 
which  architecture  was  brought  to  perfection,  and  the  first  in 
which  the  Ionic  order  was  employed.  Soon  after  it  was 
rebuilt  with  additional  splendor.  Its  remains  consist  of 
several  walls  of  immense  blocks  of  marble,  in  the  fronts  of 
which  are  small  perforations  wherein  were  sunk  the  shanks 
of  the  brass  and  silver  plates  with  which  the  walls  were 
faced.  Some  of  the  vast  porphyry  columns  of  the  front 
portico  lie  prostrate  upon  the  site;  others  were  taken  by 
Constantine  to  build  his  new  city  at  Constantinople.  The 
heathen  temple  was  also  dilapidated  to  erect  the  Christian 
church  of  Santa  Sophia,  in  which  these  columns  again 
support  an  anti-Christian  edifice. 

"But,"  says  the  Rev.  Dr.  Walsh,  the  traveller,  "the 
most  interesting  circumstance  of  this  building  to  me 
is,  the  great  illustration  it  gives  to  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles. 
Here  is  the  place  where  St.  Paul  excited  the  commotion 
among  the  silver  and  brass  smiths  who  worked  for  the  tem- 
ple ;  and  over  the  way  was  the  theater,  into  which  the  people 
rushed,  carrying  with  them  Caius  and  Aristarchus,  Paul's 
companions.  Hence  they  had  a  full  view  of  the  front  of 
the  temple  which  they  pointed  out  as  that  'which  all  Asia 
worshipped';  and  in  their  enthusiasm  they  cried  out, 
'Great  is  Diana  of  the  Ephesians  to  whom  such  a  temple 
belongeth.'  ' 


83 


5.     THE  MAUSOLEUM,  OR  TOMB  OF  MAUSOLUS,  KING  OF 

CARIA. 

This  king,  the  eldest  of  the  three  sons  of  Hecatomnus, 
the  wealthiest  of  the  Carian  dynasty,  died  B.  C.  353;  when 
his  widow  and  sister,  Artemisia,  erected  to  his  memory, 
at  Halicarnassus  (now  Budrun)  a  superb  tomb,  which, 
by  its  artistic  celebrity,  has  given  the  name  of  mausoleum 
to  tombs  and  sepulchres  of  stately  character.  The  tomb 
of  Mausolus  was  designed  by  Phiteus  and  Satyrus;  it  was 
nearly  square  in  plan,  113  by  93  feet;  around  its  base  was 
a  peristyle  of  36  Doric  columns,  said  to  have  been  60  feet 
high,  while  the  superstructure  rose  in  a  pyramidal  form 
to  the  height  of  140  feet.  To  adorn  its  sides  with  sculpture, 
Artemisia  employed  Bryazis,  Timotheus,  Leochares,  Scopas, 
Praxiteles  and  Pythis.  Artemisia  died  before  the  monu- 
ment was  completed;  when  the  artists  are  said  to  have 
finished  the  work  for  their  own  honor  and  the  glory  of  art. 
Mr.  Vaux,  in  his  admirable  work,  "Handbook  of  Anti- 
quities in  the  British  Museum"  says,  "Strabo  in  the  first, 
Pausanias  in  the  second,  Gregory  of  Nazianzus  in  the  fourth, 
Constantine  Porphryogenitus  in  the  tenth,  and  Eudosia 
in  the  eleventh  centuries,  respectively  speak  of  it  in  terms 
which  imply  that  it  was  still  existing  during  those  periods ; 
while  Fontanus,  the  historian  of  the  siege  of  Rhodes, 
states  that  a  German  knight,  named  Henry  Schelegelhott, 
constructed  the  citadel  at  Budrun  out  of  the  Mausoleum," 
and  decorated  its  walls  with  the  marbles  and  bas-reliefs. 
The  existence  of  these  marbles  had  long  been  known,  when, 
in  1846,  they  were,  through  the  exertions  of  Sir  Stratford 
Canning,  presented  by  the  Turks  to  the  British  nation,  and 
are  now  in  the  British  Museum,  which  thus  possesses 
fragments  of  two  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world — the 
Mausoleum,  and  a  fragment  of  the  casing  of  the  Great 
Pyramid  of  Egypt.  That  the  bas-reliefs  now  in  the  Museum 
were  inserted  in  the  Budrun  walls  by  the  Knights  of  Rhodes, 
is  proved  by  the  escutcheons,  Latin  sentences,  and  the  date 
1510,  as  well  as  by  an  inscription  on  a  shield  borne  by  one 


84  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

of  the  figures.  The  marbles  consist  of  n  slabs,  64  feet 
1 1  inches  long,  sculptured  with  a  battle  between  the  Greeks 
and  Amazons,  Heracles,  too,  appearing  among  the  com- 
batants. The  sculptures  in  style  considerably  resemble 
the  Choragic  monument  of  Lysicrates  at  Athens.  There 
were  between  the  columns,  statues  of  Parian  marble;  at 
each  angle  of  the  basement  a  portico,  surmounted  with  a 
colossal  equestrian  statue;  bas-reliefs  on  the  terrace-,; 
two  octagonal  towers  on  the  second  terrace,  which  was 
planted  with  cypresses,  and  from  the  third  terrace,  rose 
the  crown  of  the  pyramid,  with  a  colossal  group  in  marble 
of  Phaeton  in  his  quadriga.  When  Anaxagoras  saw  this 
costly  work  he  exclaimed,  "How  much  money  is  changed 
into  stone." 

The  Mausoleum  seems  to  have  existed  in  the  time  of 
Strabo  and  from  its  description  by  Pliny  has  been  modeled 
the  steeple  of  St.  George's  church,  Bloomsbury,  London. 
6.     THE  PHAROS  OF  ALEXANDRIA. 

So  named  from  the  island  on  which  it  stood,  was  sur- 
rounded by  water  (a  watch  tower  or  light  house).  It  consist- 
ed of  several  stories  of  galleries  of  a  prodigious  height,  with  a 
lantern  at  the  top  continually  burning.  It  was  built  by 
Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  King  of  Egypt,  about  270  B.  C.,  and 
the  architect,  as  the  inscription  stated,  was  Sostratus 
Onidius.  How  long  this  structure  stood  is  not  very  certain 
but  was  so  famous  that  all  light  houses  after  it  were  called 
by  the  common  name  of  Pharos.  "The  modern  Pharos" 
according  to  Mr.  Land,  "is  a  poor  successor  to  the  ancient 
building  erected  by  Sostratus  Onidius,  though  from  a  dis- 
tance it  has  a  rather  imposing  appearance.  Several 
Arab  historians  mention  the  telescopic  mirror  of  metal 
which  was  placed  at  the  summit  of  the  ancient  Pharos. 
In  this  mirror,  vessels  might  be  discerned  at  sea  at  a  very 
great  distance.  El  Makreezee  relates  that  part  of  the 
Pharos  was  thrown  down  by  an  earthquake  in  the  year  of 
the  Flight  (A.  D.  793-4);  that  Ahmad  Ibn-Tooloon  sur- 
mounted it  with  a  dome  of  wood  and  that  an  inscription 


THE  SEVEN  WONDERS  OF  THE  WORLD  85 

upon  a  plate  of  lead  was  found  upon  the  northern  side, 
buried  in  the  earth,  written  in  ancient  Greek  characters, 
every  letter  of  which  was  a  cubit  in  height  and  a  span  in 
breadth.  This  was  perhaps  the  inscription  placed  by  the 
original  architect,  and  which,  according  to  Strabo,  was  to 
this  effect:  "Sostratus  Onidius,  the  son  of  Dexiphanes, 
to  the  protecting  Gods  for  the  sake  of  the  mariners." 
It  is  also  related  by  Es-Sooyootee,  that  the  inhabitants  of 
Alexandria  likewise  made  use  of  the  mirror  above  mentioned 
to  burn  the  vessels  of  their  enemies  by  directing  it  so  as  to 
reflect  the  concentrated  rays  of  the  sun  upon  them.  The 
Ancient  Pharos  was  450  feet  in  height  and  its  cost  was  800 
talents,  or  $13,656,000. 

7.     THE  COLOSSUS  OF  RHODES. 

In  the  days  of  its  prosperity,  the  Island  of  Rhodes  is 
said  to  have  been  adorned  with  300  statues  and  upward  of 
100  colossal  figures ;  of  the  latter,  there  was  one  distinguished 
as  "the  Colossus  of  Rhodes."  It  was  erected  with  the 
spoil  which  Demetrius  left  behind  him  when  he  raised  the 
siege  which  he  had  so  long  carried  on  against  the  city. 
This  famous  colossus  was  erected  at  the  port  of  Rhodes, 
300  B.  C.,  and  consecrated  to  the  sun,  tutelar  deity  of 
Rhodes.  It  was,  according  to  Pliny,  a  work  of  Chares,  of 
Lindus,  one  of  the  cities  of  Rhodes,  a  pupil  of  Lysippus; 
its  height  was  seventy  cubits  (about  105  feet),  the  cost  of 
its  erection  about  300  talents,  silver  (about  $477,000)  and 
the  time  consumed  in  it  about  12  years.  Fifty-six  years 
after  its  completion  (244  B.  C.)  this  statue  was  thrown 
down  by  an  earthquake,  and  in  Pliny's  time  it  was  still 
lying  on  the  ground,  a  wonder  to  behold.  Few  persons,  he 
says  could  embrace  the  thumbs  and  the  fingers  were  longer 
than  the  bodies  of  most  statues ;  through  the  fractures  were 
seen  huge  cavities  in  the  interior,  in  which  immense  stones 
had  been  placed  to  balance  it  while  standing.  Bigenaire 
and  Du  Choul,  two  antiquaries  of  the  i6th  century,  imagina- 
tively describe  the  statue  to  have  been  placed  across  the 
harbor  of  Rhodes,  with  a  stride  of  fifty  feet  from  rock  to 


86  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

rock.  Vessels  passed  under  it  in  full  sail,  a  lamp  blazed 
in  its  right  hand  and  an  internal  spiral  staircase  led  to  its 
summit  and  round  its  neck  was  suspended  a  glass  in  which 
ships  might  be  discerned  as  far  off  as  the  coast  of  Egypt. 
After  the  overthrow  of  the  Colossus,  Greece  and  Egypt 
offered  to  contribute  large  sums  to  restore  the  figure, 
but  the  Rhodians  declined,  alleging  that  they  were  for- 
bidden by  an  oracle  to  do  so  and  the  fragments  of  the  statue 
lay  scattered  on  the  ground  until  the  Saracens  became 
masters  of  the  island — a  period  of  nearly  900  years.  In  the 
year  655,  an  officer  of  the  Caliph  Othman  collected  the 
valuable  materials  and  sold  them  to  a  Jewish  merchant  of 
Edessa,  who  is  said  to  have  laden  900  camels  with  the  brass. 

THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

(Sec.  4.)  Through  the  aid  of  a  map  or  globe  contain- 
ing the  different  grand  divisions  of  the  earth,  any  person  can 
trace  for  themselves  the  different  continents  and  islands, 
and  note  their  relative  positions  to  each  other,  also  those 
who  keep  themselves  posted  on  current  events  know  that 
every  now  and  then  an  island  sinks  into  the  sea,  or  a  moun- 
tain subsides  to  the  level  of  the  valley  in  which  it  is  located ; 
or,  vice  versa,  an  island  or  a  mountain  is  thrown  up  on 
some  portion  of  the  earth,  and  we  are  led  to  remark,  "it  has 
come  to  stay."  But  it  requires  a  little  greater  stretch  of 
imagination  to  think  and  say  that  the  North  Pole  has  some 
day  been  the  South  Pole  and  that  the  east  side  has  faced 
the  setting  sun  at  different  intervals;  or,  still  more  wonder- 
ful to  say,  that  such  a  continent  was  once  an  ocean,  or  such 
an  ocean  was  once  a  continent.  Yet  evidence  exists  on 
the  top  of  nearly  every  mountain,  by  the  presence  there  of 
shells  and  fossil  fish,  that  they  once  inhabited  the  bottom 
of  the  sea.  It  is  not  quite  so  clear,  however,  or  susceptible 
of  proof,  that  an  ocean  had  once  been  a  continent  and  the 
scene  of  even  greater  human  activity  than  now  exists  on 
land  elsewhere.  This  we  believe  nevertheless,  and  further 
on  will  state  our  reasons  for  such  belief. 


PURPOSES  OF  OTHER  PYRAMIDS  87 

For  a  change  of  polarity  we  offer  as  evidence  the  fact 
that  fossils  of  the  polar  bear,  walrus,  etc.,  have  been  found 
at  points  near  the  equator,  and  in  portions  of  both  the 
north  and  south  temperate  zones.  On  the  other  hand, 
not  only  the  fossils  of  tropical  animals,  but  the  entire 
carcass  of  the  mastodon,  elephant  and  camel  have  been 
found  in  the  polar  regions  and  adjacent  territory.  We 
have  not  time  here  or  space  to  note  even  the  principal 
discoveries  of  the  different  species,  with  day  and  date. 
During  the  summer  of  1862,  however,  we  assisted  in  the 
unearthing  of  a  mastodon's  tusk  at  or  near  Kincaid  Flat, 
Tuolumne  County,  Cal.,  that  measured  over  14  feet  in 
length,  and  over  10  inches  in  diameter  at  the  root.  At 
this  place  snow  falls  nearly  every  winter  and  the  mercury 
goes  down  below  the  freezing  point.  Also  note  the  tracks 
of  the  elephant  on  the  floor  of  the  yard  of  the  state  prison 
at  Carson,  in  the  State  of  Nevada,  and  then  say,  if  you  think 
that  such  animals  ever  voluntarily  inhabited  such  territory. 
Noted  geologists  estimate  that  it  took  over  40,000  years  to 
form  the  mineral  covering  of  the  tracks  of  both  human 
beings  and  animals  in  the  Carson  prison  yard.  While  on  this 
subject  we  note  the  fact  that  no  fossils  of  animals  or  birds 
indigenous  to  any  cold  climate  have  ever  been  found  within 
a  radius  of  fifty  miles  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  and  the  stra- 
tums  of  rock  and  earth  lay  as  originally  formed,  straight 
and  level  with  the  surface  of  the  earth,  thus  proving  that 
no  general  seismic  disturbance  or  cataclysmal  upturning 
of  the  earth  has  occurred  there,  at  least,  since  the  advent 
of  man.  An  explanation  for  the  cause  of  this  phenomena 
will  be  given  further  on. 

While  the  Great  Pyramid  Jcezch  is  the  theme  to  which 
we  are  directing  your  attention  in  this  work,  and  as  the 
clearness  with  which  we  shall  herein  describe  it  depends 
our  success  as  a  writer  and  thinker,  we  must  first  give  you 
a  condensed  history  of  all  the  pyramids  collectively;  the 
better  to  be  able  to  segregate  the  only  one  upon  which  we 
desire  to  rivet  vour  attention. 


THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


Some  authorities  assert  that  there  are  from  fifty  to 
one  hundred  pyramidal  structures  scattered  throughout 
the  length  and  breadth  of  Egypt,  but  as  Professors  Howard 
Vyse,  John  Taylor,  and  Piazzi  Smyth  state  in  their  different 
writings  that  there  are  but  thirty-eight,  and  a  number  of 
them  are  only  so  in  name,  we  append  the  list  (see  next 
page),  and  feel  confident  that  the  statement  will  prove  to  be 
a  correct  one.  After  a  study  of  over  thirty  years  on  this  mys- 
terious subject,  we  are  firmly  convinced  that  there  is  but 
one  perfect  pyramidal  structure  now  standing  on  the  face 
of  the  earth,  and  that  is  what  is  now  known  as  the  "Great 
Pyramid  Jeezeh";  the  other  37  are  mere  imitations,  not 
one  of  which  has  been  built  with  a  perfectly  square  base, 
nor  do  they  stand  facing  the  cardinal  points  of  the  compass ; 
further,  no  one  of  the  last  37  pyramids  has  been  built  with 
any  two  of  their  sides  sloping  at  the  same  angle.  Neither 
has  any  one  of  them  been  constructed  entirely  of  stone, 
but  are  filled  in  with  both  brick  and  earth.  One  thing 
may  be  depended  upon,  however,  and  that  is,  that  the  last 
37  pyramids  were  all  built  for  one  and  the  same  purpose, 
viz. — to  be  the  final  resting  place  for  the  remains  of  the 
ruler  (be  they  King,  Queen,  Emperor  or  Empress)  that 
ruled  over  Egyptian  territory  at  or  about  the  dates  as 
mentioned  in  the  statement  in  table  on  next  page. 

We  shall  use  the  names  of  the  different  pyramids 
in  this  work  as  chronicled  by  the  principal  writers  on  this 
subject,  but  at  the  same  time  hold  to  a  belief  within  that 
their  builders  may  have  called  them  by  any  other  name. 
You  will  notice  in  the  preceding  table  that  the  first  nine 
pyramids  are  named  Jeezeh,  and  are  known  numerically; 
the  name  Jeezeh,  as  applied  here,  is  derived  from  the  village 
of  that  name  (Jeezeh  or  Geezeh),  located  in  the  vicinity  of 
Jeezeh  Hill  and  within  a  few  miles  of  the  location  of  the 
first  nine  of  the  Egyptian  pyramids.  The  same  reasoning 
may  be  indulged  in  for  those  pyramids  standing  near 
Abooseir,  Saccara,  Dashoor  and  Biahmoo. 


ALL  OTHER  PYRAMIDS 


89 


TABLE  OF  THE  PYRAMIDS  OF  EGYPT,  all  standing  in  the  Libyan  Des- 
ert, but  bordering  close  on  the  Western  side  of  the  Nile  Valley. 

All  of  which  are  situated  between  29°17'  and  30° 4'  N.  Lat.  and  31°  1'  to  31°50/  E.  Lon. 


Number  .  . 

NAME  OF  PYRAMID. 

Ancient 
Vertical 
Height  in 
English 
Inches. 

Ancient 
Base-side 
Length  in 
English 
Inches. 

AngleofEise 
of  the  Faces 
to  horizon, 
from 
Howard  Vyse 

•Rude  ap 

tion  to  th« 
absolute 
Date  of 
Erection. 

1.. 

2.. 
3 

Great  Pyramid  of  Jeezeh  
Second  Pyramid  of  Jeezeh.  .  .  . 
Third  Pyramid  of  Jeezeli  

5,835.08 
5,451. 
2,616. 

9,165.72 
8,493. 
4,254. 

51°  51'  14" 
52°  20*  0" 
51°  OCK  0" 

Yr'a  B.  C. 
2,170 
2,130 
2,130 

4.. 

5.. 

Fourth  Pyramid  of  Jeezeh  
Fifth  Pyramid  of  Jeezeh.     . 

1,562. 
1  250 

2,562. 
1  718 

in  steps 
52°  iy  0" 

2,130 

6 

1  700 

2  187 

1  562 

2  490 

52°  10*  0" 

8.. 

Eighth  Pyramid  of  Jeezeh.... 

1  562 

2  igo 

52°  lO'  0" 

9.. 
( 

1 

!Jinth  Pyramid  of  Jeezeh  
So-called  Pyramid  of  Aboo  Ko- 
ash,  a  ruined  commencement 
only,  and  never  an  actual  Pyr- 
amid either  in  shape,  mathe- 
matics, or  tombic  use  

1,328. 

1    (ruin  s 
about 
*    625.) 

1,953. 
4,875. 

52°  10*  0" 
no  casing. 

2,100 

X 

11. 

( 

Pyramid  of  Zowyat  El  Arrian  .  . 
Pyramid  of  Reegah,  with  two 

*    860. 

2,109. 

ruins  only 
'  75°  20'  0" 

2,100 

1 

successive  slopes  

J     1,328. 

1,562. 

\  50°  00'  0" 

13 

Northern  Pyramid  of  Abooseir. 

2,031  . 

3  281 

51°  42'  35" 

14.. 

2  056 

3  281 

51°  (') 

15 

2  734. 

4  375 

52P  <?) 

1C.. 
17 

Small  Pyramid  of  Abooseir.  .  . 
Pyramid  1  at  Saccara  

564. 
*    781. 

1,094. 
t2  650 

60°  (?) 

2,050 
2,050 

18.. 

1  875 

2  578 

52°   (') 

19  { 

Great  Pyramid,  or  Pyramid  3  at 
FSaccara   

|    2,405. 

4,875. 

<  73°  30'  0" 

2,050 

?0 

Pyramid  4  at  Saccara  

*    781. 

t2  890 

9,1 

Pyramid  5  at  Saccara  

*    547. 

t2  812. 

ruined 

90 

*    937. 

t3  375 

93 

Pyramid  7  at  Saccara  

*    469. 

t2  187 

9,4 

Pyramid  8  at  Saccara  

*  1,094. 

t3  437. 

ruined 

25.. 
26  | 

Pyramid?  _^Saccara  
Pyramid   base,  or  mere  pyra- 
midal platform,  of  Mustabat 
el  Pharaoon  

*    859 
1        720. 

13,360. 
3,750. 

ruined 
in  steps 

2,000 
1,950 

27  { 

Northern  Brick  Pyramid  of  Da- 
shoor  '.  

1     2,586. 

4,062. 

51°  20/  25" 

1,950 

28  { 

Northern  Stone  Pyramid  of  Da- 

]    4,111. 

7,500. 

43°  36'  11" 

99 

Southern  Stone  Pyramid  of  Da 
shoor,   with  two    successive 

|     4,029. 

7  187. 

(54°  14'  46" 

} 

slopes..   .. 

1  42°  59'  26" 

} 

an 

Small  Pyramid  of  Dashoor  

1  250. 

1  875 

50°  11'  41" 

31  { 

Southern  Brick  Pyramid  of  Da- 
shoor    «  

1    3,208. 

4,062. 

57°  20'  2" 

1,900 

82.. 

33 

Northern  Pyramid  of  Lisht.... 

*  1,093. 
*    937. 

t4,687. 
ffl  250 

ruined 

1,900 

34 

The  False  Pyramid,  or  that  of 
Meydoon,  flat-topped  and  in 
steps;  well  built  as  mere  ma- 
sonry ,but  not  as  a  monument- 
alization  of  angle,  the  casing- 
stones  being  inclined  to  the 
horizon  

1 
I    1,562. 

2,265. 

74°  10'  0" 

1,850 

35 

Pyramid  of  Illahoon  

*1,718 

t4  922 

ruined 

36 

Pyramid  of  Howara  

*2  812 

3  700 

37 

Pyramid  1  of   Biahmoo,  with 
two  successive  slopes  

|       937, 

1,560. 

(63°  30'  0" 
(50°  (?) 

|  

88 

Pyramid  2  of   Biahmoo,  with 
two  successive  slopes  

|       937 

1,560. 

(  63°  30'  0" 
U>0°  (?) 

|    1,805 

*  Present  height  of  ruins,  about. 


t  Prer^nt  length  of  base  line  of  ruins. 


90  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

Pyramid  Number  2  is  located  about  600  feet  (in  a  S. 
W.  direction)  from  the  southwest  corner  of  the  Great 
Pyramid  and  Pyramid  Number  3  is  situated  about  2,300 
feet  away  from  the  Great  Pyramid,  in  the  same  direction. 
The  other  Jeezeh  pyramids  are  located  still  further  away. 

All  modern  Egyptologists  assert  that  the  floor  condi- 
tion of  the  King's  Chamber  in  the  Great  Pyramid  precludes 
the  possibility  that  any  stone  sarcophagus  could  have  ever 
been  decently,  and  in  order,  established  there.  In  the 
second  and  third  Jeezeh  Pyramids,  on  the  contrary,  the 
subterranean  rooms  were  finished,  floors  and  all,  and  sar- 
cophagi were  introduced.  Their  architects,  moreover, 
attempted  to  adorn  those  chambers  with  a  large  amount 
of  complication,  but  it  was  only  useless  and  confusing 
without  any  very  sensible  object;  unless  it  was  to  allow  a 
second  king  to  make  himself  a  burial  chamber  in  the  Pyra- 
mid cellar  already  occupied  by  a  predecessor,  and  then  it 
was  bad.  Gradually,  therefore,  as  the  researches  of  Col. 
Howard  Vyse  have  shown,  on  the  fourth,  fifth,  sixth,  seventh , 
eighth  and  ninth  Jeezeh  Pyramids  (all  these  being,  more- 
over, very  small  ones)  the  native  Egyptians  exhibited  their 
utter  inability  to  imitate  in  any  particular  the  parts  of  the 
Great  Pyramid,  except  the  one  single,  partly  descending 
and  partly  horizontal  passage,  with  a  subterranean  chamber 
at  its  further  end.  This  chamber  they  furnished  with  a 
flat,  smooth  floor,  in  their  own  manner,  and  not  in  the 
Great  Pyramid  manner,  using  thereupon  for  burial  purposes ; 
and  that  use  they  kept  to,  so  long  as  they  practiced  their 
petty  pyramid  building  at  all  (down  to,  perhaps,  1800 
B.  C.)  most  religiously. 

(Sec.  5.)  EARTHQUAKES  AND  CATACLYSMS.- 
As  the  disrupting  of  the  surface  of  the  earth  by  earthquakes 
and  other  causes  have  much  to  do  with  our  theory  regarding 
the  reason  for  placing  the  Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh  in  its 
present  location,  and  not  somewhere  else,  we  now  proceed 
to  discuss  that  subject.  Before  doing  so,  however,  it  might 
be  well  to  define,  or  outline,  our  entire  position.  We  have 


THE    LAST    CATACLYSM  91 

intimated  in  our  "preface"  that  we  believe  and  assert, 
that  it  was  built  by  a  race  of  people  that  preceded  our 
race,  with  knowledge  superior  to  that  of  any  living  human 
being  today;  but  we  have  not  intimated  the  purpose  for 
which  it  was  built,  nor  about  when  it  was  built.  The  last 
cataclysm  of  any  importance,  which  sank  the  continent 
that  connected  Central  and  a  portion  of  South  America 
with  the  land  that  once  occupied  the  surface  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  from  the  Equator  to  the  Arctic  Circle,  occurred  at 
least  50,000  years  ago  and  the  Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh 
was  built  at  least  5,731  years  previous  to  that  date 
for  the  purpose  of  an  "Initiatory  Asylum"  of  the  "Archi- 
tects, Builders  and  Masons,"  who,  in  their  day,  ruled  the 
world  in  every  particular  from  the  moral  to  the  political 
and  educational.  As  a  consequence  it  became  the  depository 
of  National  Weights  and  Measures.  To  lead  up  to  this 
"theory"  we  will  first  take  up  the  "location"  of  the  Pyramid. 
It  is  situated  in  the  center,  and  at  the  same  time  at  the 
border,  of  the  sector-shaped  land  of  Lower  Egypt,  in  the 
geographical  center  of  the  whole  world,  and  about  9  miles 
south  of  west  of  Cairo,  the  present  capital  of  Egypt,  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Nile  river,  in  29°  58'  51"  N.  lat.  and 
31°  10'  i"  E.  long.  Theory  for  placing  this  remarkable 
structure  there  and  not  somewhere  else  is:  That  so  long 
as  the  earth  stands,  does  not  disintegrate,  or  fall  back  into 
the  sun  (which  it  will  do  sometime  in  the  next  10,000,000 
years)  it  will  stand  and  answer  every  physical  question 
that  mathematicians  can  ask  or  mathematics  can  solve, 
and  the  builders  of  this  phenomenal  structure  knew  it  when 
they  placed  it  there  and  why  ( ?)  Because  they  had  lived 
through  and  were  the  result  of  a  civilization  that  had  ex- 
tended back  for  thousands  of  years  and  had  reached  a  state 
of  enlightenment  and  civilization  such  as  we  are  coming  too, 
and  may  possibly  reach,  in  the  next  25,000  years;  progres- 
sing at  the  same  increased  ratio  that  we  have  exhibited 
in  the  past  fifty  years.  It  is  not  strange  that  the  principal 
writers  who  have  investigated  this  remarkable  stone  build- 


92  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

ing  should  have  concluded  that  the  architects  and  builders 
were  deified,  placing  the  date  of  its  erection  when  they  did, 
in  2170  B.  C.,  which  was  about  the  most  primitive  period 
that  "sacred  history"  gives  us  any  account  of.  For  a  100,000 
years  to  have  elapsed  between  the  visit  of  Cain  to  the  land 
of  Nod,  and  Noah  completing  the  Ark,  was  not  dreamed 
of  in  their  researches  and  we  have  lost  the  benefit  of  their 
most  valuable  scientific  investigations  from  their  dwarfed 
biblical  interpretation.  The  scientist  critic  will  smile  and 
query  as  to  what  became  of  all  this  enlightened  race  (?) 
and  where  are  the  relics  of  their  history?  The  answer  is: 
That  they  and  their  history  lie  buried  beneath  five  hundred 
feet  of  chalk  at  the  bottom  of  the  Atlantic  and  adjacent 
waters,  with  the  single  exception  of  the  Great  Pyramid  and 
its  monitor,  the  Sphinx,  that  stand  as  a  sermon  incorporated 
in  stone  to  tell  the  story. 

The  weakness  of  our  imagination  precludes  any  attempt 
on  our  part  to  paint  a  written  picture  of  the  intelligence 
of  this  ancient  race  of  people,  which  (for  the  lack  of  a  more 
appropriate  name)  we  will  call  them  the  " Atlanteans ."  That 
they  had  constructed  other  pyramids,  castles  and  domes 
and  spires,  together  with  the  building  of  great  cities, 
we  feel  confident  of.  That  they  not  only  knew  all  that  we 
now  know,  but  that  they  successfully  navigated  the  air, 
could  temper  copper  harder  than  steel,  knew  the  exact 
circumference  of  a  circle,  the  distance  to  all  the  fixed  planets, 
and  could  overcome  gravitation.  Further,  that  they  had 
solved  the  social  and  political  problems — they  were  all  of 
one  mind. 

They  knew  the  north  pole  and  the  south  pole  as  per- 
fectly as  we  know  the  equatorial  region.  With  such  know- 
ledge and  ability,  they  naturally  posted  themselves  upon 
all  the  geographical  changes  of  the  different  continents  and 
islands.  They  knew  all  it  was  possible  for  human  beings 
to  know  about  earthquakes,  cataclysms,  the  procession 
of-  the  equinoxes,  etc.  With  such  knowledge,  they  must 
have  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that,  as  every  portion  of  the 


THE    LAST    CATACLYSM  93 

earth  above  water  had  some  day  been  beneath  the  waves, 
and  that  possibly  every  portion  then  covered  by  water,  had 
at  some  previous  time  been  dry  land,  the  very  wise  men  of 
those  days  came  together  and  debated  something  after 
this  manner:  "Although  we  are  now  on  dry  land,  and  we 
and  our  fore-fathers  have  been  for  over  25,000  years,  yet 
this  land  beneath  our  feet  will  again  become  the  sea  and 
that  sea  in  time  again  become  a  continent  although  thous- 
ands of  years  may  have  to  elapse  to  accomplish  it.  It  is 
self  evident  that  different  races  of  people  have  preceded 
our  race  but  they  have  left  nothing  behind  them  to  last 
long  enough  for  a  new  race  created  after  them  to  come  up 
and  see  and  know.  Let  us  not  be  so  thoughtless."  They 
further  argued:  "The  principal  land  of  the  whole  earth 
once  surrounded  the  south  pole,  but  that  was  over  750,000 
years  ago,  when  it  sank — leaving  only  a  few  thousand  little 
islands  scattered  south  of  the  equator,  the  principal  con- 
tinents coming  to  the  surface  then,  are  those  we  are  now 
enjoying;  extending  as  they  do  from  a  few  degrees  south 
of  the  Equator  northerly  and  easterly,  reaching  through 
the  North  temperate  and  frigid  zones,  and  surrounding  the 
North-pole.  The  central  or  pivotal  point  of  which,  is 
located  (at  this  time)  near  the  Tropic  of  Cancer,  in  29°  58' 
51"  N.  Lat.  and  31°  10'  i"  E.  Lon.;  and  as  a  consequence 
is  the  center  of  all  the  land  of  the  Earth,  and  will  continue  to 
be  for  the  next  600,000  years;  although  portions  of  it  will 
continue  to  rise  and  fall  at  intervals  of  from  13,000  to  26,000 
years,  the  central  portion  will  not  be  perceptibly  disturbed 
by  any  earth  movement  for  over  600,000  years."  (About 
500,000  years  from  1907  A.  D.)  They  therefore  resolved  to 
immediately  visit  that  spot,  and  erect  thereon  one  of  their 
Initiatory  Asylums  and  General  Depositories  of  Weights 
and  Measures;  this  they  did,  and  it  stands  today,  and  is 
known  to  us  as  the  Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh." 

SUBMERSIONS  AND  EMERSIONS  OF  THE 
EARTH  DURING  THE  CARBONIFEROUS  AGE  AND 
OTHER  PERIODS.— Referring  to  the  cause  of  the  appar- 


94  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

ent  many  submersions  and  emersions  that  parts  of  the  earth 
(dry  land)  have  undergone,  geological  changes,  which  cause 
is  not  absolutely  certain,  it  has  been  supposed  by  some 
scientists,  that  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes  and  the 
motions  of  the  earth's  axis  (or  poles  of  the  earth)  caused  a 
part  of  the  waters  of  the  globe  to  change  places  periodically 
about  the  surface  of  the  earth  (or  once  in  about  each  13,000 
years).  Or  at  least  this  is  the  time  required  for  the  equi- 
noctial points  of  the  earth  to  move  half  way  around  the 
ecliptic.  (See  cut  "Changes  of  the  Seasons.")  The  latitude 
of  places  is  said  not  to  be  changed  or  affected  by  the  preces- 
sion of  the  equinoxes.  Prof.  Pepper  in  his  "Playbook  of 
Metals,"  says  it  is  "stated  that  when  Caesar  invaded  Britain, 
more  than  1900  years  ago,  that  the  site  of  London  was  then 
in  latitude  40°  30',  whereas  now  it  is  in  latitude  51°  28'." 
Mr.  Pepper  further  states  that  "wines  were  formerly  made 
of  the  grapes  grown  in  the  open  fields  of  England,  and  that 
the  remains  of  elephants  are  found  in  abundance  in  Siberia." 
To  which  we  would  say  that  it  is  pretty  certain  that  the 
waters  of  the  earth  have  moved  about  the  globe,  caused  eith- 
er by  the  motion  of  the  earth's  axis  or  by  the  shortening 
and  crimping  of  the  earth's  diameter  from  time  to  time, 
or  by  both  of  these  causes ;  for  much  of  the  dry  land  of  the 
earth  has  been  submerged  periodically,  or  this  operation 
occurred  many  times  all  through  the  period  of  the  deposits 
of  the  carboniferous  age — and  it  is  very  probable  that  it 
has  taken  place  periodically  during  all  time  of  the  earth's 
existence,  and  it  might  have  happened  from  the  cause 
of  the  motion  of  the  earth's  axis  during  the  carboniferous 
age,  and  from  other  causes  since  that  time — or  from  the 
shortening  of  the  earth's  diameter  from  time  to  time  during 
all  ages — as  there  are  few  if  any  persons  who  can  study 
the  subject  of  Geology,  especially  the  carboniferous  period 
and  formation,  without  coming  strongly  to  the  conclusion 
that  much  of  the  dry  land  of  the  earth  has  been  submerged 
at  many  different  times  during  the  deposits  occurring  during 
said  carboniferous  age.  The  very  regularity  with  which 


FORMATION    OF    THE    COAL    MEASURES  95 

the  submergence  occurred  in  many  cases  through  that  age 
and  the  coal  measures,  would  indicate  to  some  extent  that 
the  cause  was  invested  in  the  motion  of  the  earth's  axis 
during  that  period  of  time.  There  is  no  doubt  but  parts 
of  the  dry  lands  of  the  globe  have  been  submerged  from 
time  to  time  by  the  bending  and  partial  doubling  up  of 
the  earth's  crust  and  strata — but  we  must  confess  that  we 
see  no  chance  for  the  apparent  regularity  of  submersions 
and  emersions  to  occur  so  regularly  by  the  shortening  of  the 
earth's  diameter — as  there  is  or  appears  to  be  by  the  earth's 
axis  motion  process.  This  motion  of  the  earth's  axis  is 
such  that  the  north  pole  at  this  time  appears  to  describe 
a  circle  about  the  northern  heavens,  which  has  a  diameter 
of  47°  across  it,  once  in  about  each  26,000  years,  which  is 
about  the  same  length  of  time  that  it  takes  the  equinoxes 
to  fall  back  360  degrees  by  precession.  These  axis  and 
precession  motions  may  have  affected  the  latitudes  of 
places  and  affected  the  submersions  of  dry  land  from  time 
to  time  during  the  carboniferous  and  coal  measure  age  and 
ceased  to  have  such  effects  since  that  period.  In  many 
coal  stratums  there  is  very  distinct  pause — partings 
occurring  every  eighteen  inches  or  two  feet,  or  seldom 
exceeding  thirty  inches  without  such  a  pause  parting 
with  more  or  less  impurities  in  the  seams  between  the  layers 
of  coal,  which  (layers)  are  generally  from  fifteen  to  twenty 
or  twenty-four  inches  thick,  or  a  little  more  or  less,  and 
these  layers  lying  within  the  main  coal  bed  (or  beds) 
itself. 

It  has  been  estimated  that  it  requires  about  40,000 
years  to  grow  vegetation  enough  to  constitute  a  stratum 
of  coal  four  feet  thick,  but  it  appears  to  us  that  in  a  warm 
and  somewhat  moist  or  wet  climate  that  enough  vegetation 
(calamites)  may  grow  up  and  fall  down  each  year  to  com- 
pose a  ton  of  coal  to  the  acre  in  a  coal  stratum  and  this 
would  give  us  a  coal  bed  between  two  and  three  feet  thick 
in  about  5,000  years,  but  if  the  vegetable  accumulations 
occurred  at  only  about  half  this  rate  we  would  have  such 


96 


a  bed  of  coal  in  about  10,000  years.  The  deposits  of  coal 
(beds)  are  numerous  in  some  coal  fields  and  they  are  laid 
down,  together  with  their  coverings,  tolerably  regular  in 
places,  and  appearing  as  though  they  had  been  produced 
or  affected  in  their  positions  by  some  tolerably  regular 
motion  or  movements  of  the  earth. 

The  carboniferous  formation  is  from  nothing  to  a  few 
feet  thick  in  places  and  from  this  ranging  from  hundreds 
of  feet  to  15,000  or  20,000  feet  thick  in  other  parts,  which 
(20,000  feet)  is  possibly  about  one-third  of  the  solid  contents 
of  the  earth's  crust,  and  most  of  this  comprises  a  movable 
mixture  of  mud,  sand,  gravel,  limestone,  magnesia,  clays, 
marls  and  some  primary  and  secondary  rocks  and  animal 
and  vegetable  matter.  There  is  in  this  thickness  in  some 
parts  about  eighty  stratums  of  coal  of  various  thicknesses, 
each  of  which  must  have  been  covered  up  in  its  turn  through 
the  process  of  the  submergence  of  the  earth  through  probab- 
ly some  of  the  causes  named  above.  There  are  some  reasons 
to  suppose  that  the  earth  has  not  been  free  from  submer- 
sions, or  some  other  somewhat  violent  disturbance,  long 
enough  for  vegetation  sufficiently  abundant  to  grow  to 
form  or  compose  a  workable  stratum  of  coal  since  the  close 
of  the  carboniferous  age. 

Much  of  the  silurian  strata  appears  to  have  been  de- 
posited under  water,  as  its  layers  are  found  tolerably  even 
bedded  in  most  places  or  where  it  has  not  been  disturbed 
by  convulsions.  But  on  rising  and  approaching  the  carbon- 
iferous formation  we  come  in  contact  with  great  accumula- 
tions of  movable  matter  or  strata.  It  is  in  and  through 
the  period  from  the  lower  silurian  to  the  top  of  the  carboni- 
ferous or  coal  measures  that  much  of  this  heavy  sedimentary 
matter  was  deposited,  and  it  appears  to  be  during  the  latter 
part  of  this  same  time  that  the  earth's  crust  commenced 
more  forcibly  to  bend  and  yield  to  the  heavy  deposits  of 
this  matter  that  had  accumulated  on  and  about  different 
parts  of  the  earth's  surface  or  in  its  seas  and  valleys.  Prof. 
R.  Man  sill  asserts :  "since  the  inauguration  of  the  coal  meas- 


FORMATION    OF    THE    COAL    MEASUEES  97 

tires  and  carboniferous  formations  the  earth's  crust  has 
grown  greatly  thicker  and  denser  and  the  waters  have  ac- 
cumulated about  the  valleys  and  the  tropics,  and  it  is  the 
volatility  and  activity  of  these  waters  that  maintains  a  higher 
temperature  about  the  tropics  than  there  is  about  the  poles 
of  the  earth.  The  volatile  expansive  force  of  these  waters 
absorbs  currents  of  electricity  from  both  poles  of  the  earth 
and  from  the  sun  to  support  the  expansion  of  these  volatile 
waters  with,  which  waters  are  converted  into  vapors,  and 
this  again  chills  the  poles  of  the  earth,  and  also  increases 
the  elevation  of  temperature  about  the  tropics  while  it 
decreases  it  about  the  poles.  The  increase  of  a  higher 
temperature  about  the  tropics  and  a  decrease  of  tempera- 
ture about  the  poles  commenced  with  the  increased  thick- 
ness and  increased  density  of  the  earth's  crust;  and  this 
process  will  continue  so  long  as  the  earth's  crust  continues  to 
grow  thicker  and  denser.  Therefore  the  difference  of 
temperature  between  the  tropics  and  poles  is  a  local  or 
earthly  cause  and  not  (strictly)  a  solar  cause  at  all.  The 
idea  of  philosophers  attributing  so  much  potency  to  the  sun 
by  saying  that  that  body  radiates  heat  (so-called)  and 
fills  all  solar  space  by  spontaneous  emission,  and  can  raise 
a  temperature  about  the  earth's  equator  EO  high  (80  to  90 
degrees  of  temperature)  at  a  distance  of  91,840,000  miles, 
but  can  not  warm  the  earth's  poles,  which  are  only  about 
6,000  miles  from  its  tropics,  is  rather  degrading,  we  think, 
to  the  present  age  of  scientific  philosophy."  Or  we  may 
add:  why  does  the  snow  not  melt  on  the  tops  of  the  high 
mountains,  even  in  the  tropics  ?  See  explanation  in  another 
part  of  this  work.  It  appears  to  us  that  the  inhabitants  of 
some  parts  of  this  globe  are  in  more  danger  from  a  sinking 
and  crimping  and  submergence  of  the  earth's  crust,  than 
from  a  burning  up  of  the  globe,  which  doubling  of  strata 
would  still  be  apt  to  shorten  the  earth's  diameter  to  some 
extent  and  back  its  ocean  waters  over  valleys  and  low- 
lands, as  it  apparently  has  done  from  time  to  time  since  the 
commencement  of  the  carboniferous  period,  and  these 


98  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

(submerging)  periods  have  apparently  been  growing 
shorter  and  shorter  between  such  convulsions  since  the 
close  of  the  coal  measures  period. 

PERMANENCE  OF  CONTINENTAL  AREAS  — 
Prof.  Lyell,  in  his  "Manual  of  Geology"  speaks  of  the 
permanence  of  continental  and  oceanic  areas  as  being 
somewhat  permanent,  or  that  the  present  configuration  of 
the  earth's  surface  has  been  pretty  well  maintained,  or 
the  present  lands,  mountains  'and  oceans  have  gradually 
come  into  existence  moderately  and  naturally  through 
long  periods  of  time,  or  without  the  whole  mass  being  jum- 
bled and  mixed  up  together  so  that  they  could  not  be  classi- 
fied and  divided  into  sections  and  recognizable  divisions 
and  ages,  as  they  have  been  or  as  they  are  at  this  time. 
There  is  no  doubt  in  our  mind  but  the  quantity  of  oxygen 
in  the  atmosphere  surrounding  the  earth  has  always  been 
limited  during  the  time  of  the  construction  of  the  earth  up 
to  this  date,  and  those  elements,  as  previously  stated, 
having  the  strongest  absorbing  power  for  oxygen  would  take 
possession  of  it  and  unite  with  it  in  about  the  same  order 
as  their  uniting  and  absorbing  forces  take  place  with  that 
element  at  this  time — therefore,  through  the  carboniferous 
age,  carbon  appeared  to  have  the  greatest  absorbing  power 
for  oxygen,  hence  its  very  great  prominence  and  influence 
throughout  that  long  period  of  time.  There  is  no  doubt 
but  some  of  the  upper  silurian,  much  of  the  devonian  and 
carboniferous  limestone  formations,  excepting  those  under 
and  near  to  the  coal  measures,  were  contemporary  in  growth 
with  much  of  the  deposits  of  the  lower  coal  measures,  as 
the  juices  from  the  decaying  vegetation  of  the  early  coal 
epoch  supplied  the  beaches  with  rich  carbonaceous  juices 
that  generated  the  lower  orders  of  animal  types  and  life, 
and  these  juices  and  the  low  orders  of  this  small  animal 
life,  or  such  as  that  which  we  find  in  and  from  the  upper 
silurian  to  the  coal  measures,  or  such  as  the  coccosteus, 
pterichthys,  cephalacpis,  holophychious,  osteolepis,  and  a 


EARTHQUAKES  99 


few  other  species  of  the  devonian  and  mountain  limestone 
formations." 

EARTHQUAKES.— The  regions  that  are  at  present 
comparatively  free  from  sensible  earthquakes  are:  Egypt, 
the  eastern  and  southern  portion  of  Africa,  northern  Europe 
and  Asia,  Australia,  Easter  Island,  eastern  portion  of 
South  America,  Greenland,  and  northern  portion  of  North 
America.  The  least  vibrations,  however,  and  the  lightest 
are  those  experienced  in  and  around  Cairo,  Egypt.  Earth- 
quakes are  recorded,  however,  as  having  occurred  in  Cairo, 
in  1301  A.  D.,  also  in  1856,  and  in  1874  A.  D.,  but  there  is 
no  record  extant  for  the  last  10,000  years  that  a  single 
stone  was  disturbed,  or  an  ounce  of  material  displaced  in 
or  around  the  Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh;  and  this  state  of 
tranquility,  we  predict,  will  continue  in  that  locality  for 
500,000  years  to  come. 

THE  EARTHQUAKE  ZONE  (so  considered)  around 
the  earth  is:  Central  America,  the  West  Indies,  the  Azores, 
Italy,  Syria,  Persia,  Afghanistan ,  Tibet,  Japan  and  Hawaiian 
Islands. 

As  the  theory  expreesed  by  Prof.  David,  of  Sydney, 
regarding  the  inside  formation  of  the  earth,  and  his  views 
on  the  cause  of  earthquakes,  or  some  of  them,  so  nearly 
coincide  with  our  own,  we  with  pleasure  copy  the  following 
article  from  the  San  Francisco  Daily  Chronicle  of  September 
28,  1906: 

"It  is  my  firm  belief  that  the  earth  is  composed  in  the 
manner  of  an  egg,  with  three  different  homogeneous  sub- 
stances. The  outer,  or  the  crust  of  the  earth  corresponds 
to  the  shell  of  the  egg,  then  there  is  a  softer,  perhaps 
gelatinous  substance  which  corresponds  to  the  white  of  an 
egg,  and  in  the  center  of  the  earth  is  still  another  which  is 
like  the  yolk  of  an  egg."  These  are  the  words  of  Professor 
T.  W.  Edgeworth  David,  of  Sydney  University,  Australia, 
one  of  the  world's  great  geologists,  who  is  at  the  St.  Francis. 
Professor  David  has  just  returned  from  attending  the 
National  Congress  of  Geologists  at  Mexico  City.  He  has 


100  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

traveled  around  the  world  and  read  papers  before  the  Royal 
Society  in  London.  While  there  he  came  in  contact  with 
Professor  Milne,  one  of  the  great  earthquake  experts, 
and  was  led  to  believe  the  new  theory  as  expounded  by 
Milne. 

SAYS  PROOF  IS  EASY,— "The  proof  is  easy  and 
simple  and  the  idea  is  a  complete  departure  from  former 
theories  of  the  earth's  interior,"  said  Professor  David, 
his  eyes  shining  with  excitement.  "It  has  come  to  Milne 
as  the  result  of  life  long  experiments  with  earthquakes  and 
motion  of  the  earth.  The  proof  is  adduced  from  the  lines 
of  the  seismograph  during  an  earthquake  shock  which 
results  in  the  destruction  of  buildings,  that  is,  one  of 
extraordinary  violence.  If  the  lines  of  the  seismograph 
during  such  a  shock  are  examined  it  will  be  found  that  they 
are  divided  into  three  sets  of  curves.  The  shock  begins 
with  very  slight  vibrations,  suddenly  these  are  increased 
to  about  twice  the  length  without  any  gradual  transition. 
After  these  have  continued  there  comes  another  equally 
sharp  increase  in  which  the  lines  become  about  twice  the 
length  of  those  preceding.  It  is  during  the  last  period 
of  the  shock  that  buildings  are  wrecked.  It  is  from  the 
study  of  these  lines  that  Milne  has  arrived  at  the  theory 
which  has  astounded  the  scientific  world." 

MILNE  FATHER  OF  THEORY.— "Milne  was  the 
first  man  who  saw  the  value  of  studying  earthquakes, 
and  brought  scientific  treatment  to  the  subject.  He  notic- 
ed at  once  this  similarity  in  all  impressions  of  the  siesmo- 
graph,  and  thought  there  must  be  some  reason  for  the 
three  sets  of  vibrations.  Then  he  investigated.  He  found 
that  the  slight  vibrations  continue  about  10  degrees  from 
the  center  of  the  shock.  Then  the  next  set  begins  and 
continues  about  120  degrees  from  the  center  of  shock, 
then  the  third  set  start  and  are  heaviest  at  that  point  direct- 
ly opposite  the  center  of  shock. 

"If  the  earth  is  represented  by  a  circle  drawn  on  a 
paper,  and  a  point  is  marked  as  the  center  of  shock,  then 


EAETHQUAKES 


if  ten  degrees  are  marked  off  along  the  circumference,  it 
will  be  found  that  the  distance  from  this  arc  to  its  chord 
is  about  thirty  miles.  In  other  words  the  crust  is  thirty 
miles  thick.  Then  as  soon  as  the  vibrations  get  through 
the  crust,  they  strike  the  white  of  the  egg,  and  the  first 
quick  jump  comes.  It  is  found  that  the  substance  under 
the  crust  of  the  earth  takes  up  about  four-tenths  of  the  dia- 
meter on  each  side,  and  the  inside  substance  corresponds  to 
the  yolk  of  the  egg.  It  is  supposed  that  the  substance 
immediately  under  the  crust  of  the  earth  is  softer  than  the 
crust,  and  that  when  the  vibrations  reach  it,  the  crust 
rises  and  falls  on  it  in  much  the  same  manner  of  a  ship  on 
the  water.  This  accounts  for  the  waves  in  the  ground 
familiar  when  earthquake  shocks  are  in  progress.  It  seems 
to  me  beyond  a  doubt  that  the  theory  is  a  true  one  and  will 
have  a  great  effect  on  science,  as  it  will  revolutionize  the 
theory  of  wave  motion.  The  whole  lecture,  in  which  Milne 
expressed  this  great  theory,  took  only  about  six  minutes." 
We  do  not  know  Prof.  Milne's  theory  beyond  that  as 
expressed  above,  so  what  we  may  add  are  our  own  crude 
ideas.  Our  ideas  coincide  with  the  Professor  regarding  the 
three  different  conditions  inside  of  the  crust  of  the  earth, 
but  he  does  not  go  far  enough.  We  would  compare  the 
earth  in  shape  to  that  of  an  average  apple,  being  shortest 
the  long  way.  With  the  earth,  we  believe  the  polar  dia- 
meter to  be  at  least  20  miles  shorter  that  the  equatorial 
diameter,  and  that  this  condition  is  caused  by  the  fluid 
condition  of  the  third,  or  yolk  compartment,  inside  this 
flattened,  egg  shaped  earth  of  ours.  If  the  earth  was 
solid  to  its  center,  no  velocity  given  its  perimeter  would 
flatten  it  at  the  poles,  and  increase  its  equatorial  diameter, 
as  is  the  case  with  the  earth  today.  Conceding  this  point, 
then  of  what  does  this  inner  fluid  consist?  We  believe 
it  consists  of  all  the  heavier  metals — not  only  of  those 
with  which  we  are  familiar  but  metals  with  such  excessive 
specific  gravity  that  they  have  never  been  thrown  to  the 
surface  of  the  earth.  We  firmlv  believe  that  there  is 


102  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

enough  gold  in  a  molten  state,  in  the  center  of  the  earth 
that  would  make  a  globe  the  size  of  our  satellite,  the 
moon.  A  feather  of  proof  to  substantiate  this  theory  is: 
that  gold  is  found  in  greatest  quantities  at  the  extreme 
ends  of  continents;  we  believe  it  was  thrown  there  in  a 
molten  state,  during  a  cataclysm  or  sudden  changing  of 
the  poles  of  the  earth.  Finding  gold  in  large  quantities 
elsewhere,  is  proof  to  us- that  the  ends  of  continents  have 
been  in  different  positions,  in  past  disturbances  of  this 
same  character.  In  future  polar  changes,  continents  may 
be  expected  to  change  accordingly. 

Between  8,000  and  10,000  earthquakes  have  been 
chronicled  by  different  publishers  since  the  year  1606  A.  D., 
as  follows:  "The  Earthquake  Catalogue"  of  the  British 
Association,  contains  between  6,000  and  7,000  earthquakes 
that  occurred  from  the  year  1606  down  to  1842  A.  D.;  the 
"Catalogue  of  Earthquakes"  compiled  by  Perry,  and  pub- 
lished by  the  "Belgian  Royal  Academy"  bring  the  list  from 
1842  down  to  1872;  and  from  1872  down  to  June  30,  1905, 
may  be  found  in  the  different  editions  of  the  Statistician 
and  Economist,  published  between  the  year  1876  and  1905. 

We  believe  that  a  surprise  is  in  store  for  even  the  most 
careful  student  of  seismology,  in  the  following  carefully 
prepared  list  of  all  important  earthquakes  that  have 
occurred  since  the  Christian  Era  to  date. 

(Sec.  6.)  EARTHQUAKES.  —  The  following  is  a 
list  of  some  of  the  principal  earthquakes  and  volcanic 
eruptions  that  have  occurred  since  the  Christian  era,  with 
the  loss  of  life,  no  account  being  taken  of  the  property 
destroyed,  which  is  variously  estimated  at  from  $100,000  to 
Si 0,000, ooo  for  every  100  lives  lost.  Records  exist  of  many 
convulsions  of  nature  having  occurred  in  the  past,  where 
millions  of  dollars  worth  of  property  have  been  destroyed 
and  not  a  life  sacrificed,  viz.,  at  New  Madrid,  Mo.,  on  Decem- 
ber 1 6,  1811,  and  continued  with  more  or  less  vibration  for 
54  days;  portions  of  the  country  sunk,  islands  were  formed 
in  the  Mississippi,  and  $20,000,000  would  not  cover  the 
loss. 


EARTHQUAKES  103 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

17 — (A.    D.)     Ephesus    and   other   cities   over- 
turned     Thousands 

63 — Pompeii    Hundreds 

79 — (Aug.    24)     Total   destruction   of  Pompeii, 
Herculaneum    and    Stabias    (eruption    of 

Vesuvius)    280,000 

105 — Four  cities  in  Asia,  2  in  Greece,  and  2  in 

Galatia  overturned Many  thousands 

1 1 5 — Antioch  destroyed 

126 — Nicomedia,  Caesarea,  and  Nicea,  dest'd.  .Thousands 
157 — In  Asia,  Pontus,  and  Macedonia  150  cities 

and   towns   inj  ured 

358 — Nicomedia  again  destroyed 

543 — Universal;  felt  over  the  whole  earth 

557 — Constantinople,    Turkey,    over 15,000 

560 — In  South  Africa,  many  cities  injured 

742 — In  Syria,  Palestine  and  Asia,  over  500  towns 

destroyed  (estimated)    loss  of  life 400,000 

801 — Heavy  loss  of  life  in   Fran.,  Ger.  and  Italy  

936 — Constantinople  again  overturned,  all  Greece 

shaken 

1089 — Severe  throughout  England 

1114 — Severe  at  Antioch,  many  towns  destroyed    

1137 — Cantania,  Sicily 15,000 

1 158 — In  Syria,  etc 20,000 

1268 — Cilicia,  Asia  Minor 60,000 

1274 — Felt  over  England,  Glastonbury  destroyed   

1318 — (Nov.  14)     In  Eng.,  greatest  known  to  date    

1456 — (Dec.  5.)     At  Naples 40,000 

1509 — (Sept.   14)     At  Constantinople Thousands 

1531 — (Feb.   26)     At  Lisbon,  1500  houses  buried, 

nearby  towns  engulfed,  loss  of  life 30,000 

1580 — (April  6.)     In  London;  part  of  St.  Paul's 

and  Temple  churches  fell 

1596 — (July  2)     In    Japan;    several    cities    made 

ruins,  loss  of  life  over 10,000 


104  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1626 — In  Naples;  30  towns  ruined,  loss  of  life  over     70,000 

1638 — (March  27)     Awful  at  Calabria 

1647 — (May  13)     Santiago,  Chile       -  • 4,000 

1667 — (April  6)     Ragusa  ruined 5,000 

1667 — Also  at  Schamaki,  lasted  3  mos 80,000 

1672 — (April  14)     At  Rimini  over 15.000 

1690 — (Oct.   17)     Severely  felt  in  Dublin 

1692 — Total  destruction  of  Port  Royal,  Jamaica, 

(June  7)  houses  engulfed  40  fathoms  deep       3,000 
1693 — (Sept.)     In  Sicily,  54  cities  and  300  villages 
overturned;  in  Cantaria,  of  18,000  inhabi- 
tants, not  a  trace  could  be  found;  loss.  .    100,000 

1703 — (Feb.   2)     Aquila,  Italy 5,000 

1703 — Jeddo,  Japan  ruined-  • 200,000 

1706 — (Nov.  3)     In  the  Abruzzi- 15,000 

1716 — (May  and  June)     At  Algiers 20,000 

1726 — (Sept.  i)     Palermo,  Sicily,  Italy.  - 6,000 

1731 — (Nov.  30)     Pekin,  China 95,000 

1732 — (Nov.   29)     In  Naples,  Italy. 1,940 

1746 — (Oct.  28)     Lima  and  Callao,  Peru. .......      18,000 

1751 — (Nov.   21)     Port-au-Prince,  St.  Domingo  Thousands 
1 752 — (July  29)     Adrianople,  European  Turkey  Thousands 

1754 — (Sept.)     At  Grand  Cairo 40,000 

1755 — (April)     Quito,    Ecuador,    destroyed,    over     30,000 
J75S — (June  ?)     Kaschan,    N.    Persia,    destroyed     40,000 
1755 — (Nov.   i)     Great    earthquake     at     Lisbon, 
Portugal,  (50,000)  extending  over  5,000 
miles,  from  the  Madeira  Islands  to  Scot- 
land.    Total   loss   of  life  over 70,000 

1759 — (Oct.  30)     In   Syria;   Baalbec   destroyed.  .      20,000 

1767 — (August)     At  Martinico,  W.  I.  . 1,600 

1773 — (June  7)     In  Guatemala,  great  loss; 

Santiago,  Chile  swallowed  up  over     50,000 

1778 — (July  3)   At  Smyrna,  Asia,  very  destructive   

1780 — At  Tauris  (15,000  houses  destroyed)  engulfs     45,000 


EAETHQUAKES  105 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1783 — (Feb.   5)     Messina  and  many  towns  in  Italy 

and    Sicily    destroyed ;    life    loss Thousands 

NOTE. — The  earth  was  not  perfectly  quiet  from 
earthquake  tremors,  in   Calabria,   S.    E.    Italy, 
from  1783 — 1787,  a  period  of  four  years,  during 
which  period  thousands  of  lives  were  sacrificed, 
and  millions  of  dollars  of  property   destroyed. 

1784 — (July  23)     Erzengan,  Armenia. 5,000 

1788— (Oct.   12)     At  St.  Lucia,  W.  I. 900 

1789 — (Sept.  30)  At  Borgo  di  San  Sepolcro..  .  .  1,000 
1794 — (June)  In  Naples;  and  Torre  del  Greco, 

Italy,  overwhelmed,  over 10,000 

1797 — (Feb.  4)     Quito,  Ecuador;  Cuzco,  Peru,  and 

Panama  almost  totally  destroyed 41,000 

1800 — (Sept.   26)     At  Constantinople,  Turkey,  de- 
stroyed  the    Royal   Palace Hundreds 

1805 — (July  26)     At  Frosolone,  Naples- 6,000 

1 8 10 — (August  n)     At  the  Azores;  a  town  of  St. 
Michael's  sunk,  and  a  lake  of  boiling  water 

appeared  in  its  place 

1811 — (Dec.   16)     San  Juan  Capristrano,  Cal. ....  50 

1812 — (March  26)     Caracas,  Venezuela .      12,000 

1819 — (June   16)     District  of  Kutch,  India,  sunk       2,000 

1819 — Throughout  Italy,  thousands  perish 

1822 — (Aug.  10  and  13  and  Sept.  5)  Aleppo,  Syria  22,000 
1822 — (Nov.  19)  Coast  of  Chile  permanently  raised 

from  i  to  1 2  miles  wide 

1828 — (Feb.   2)     Island  of  Ischia,  severe 28 

1829 — (Mar.  21)  Murcia  and  other  towns  in  Spain  6,000 
1830 — (May  26-27)  Canton,  China,  and  vicinity  6,000 
1835 — (Feb.  20)  Concepcion,  Chile,  destroyed,  over  20,000 

1835 — (April  29)     Cosenza,  Calabria;  etc 1,000 

1835— (Oct.   12)     Castiglione,  Calabria.  - 100 

1839 — (Jan.   n)     Port  Royal,  Martinique-  - 700 

1840 — (Feb.  14)  At  Ternate,  total  destruction  Thousands 
1840 — (July  27)  Mt.  Ararat,  Armenia .over  800 


106  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED, 

1842 — (May  7)     At  Cape  Haytien,  St.   Domingo       5,000 
1851 — (Feb.  28  and  March  7)  At  Rhodes  and  Macri          600 

1851 — (April  2)     Valparaiso,  Chile,  400  houses 

1851 — (Aug.  14)  Melfi,  Italy 14,000 

1853 — (Aug.  18)  Thebes,  Greece,  nearly  destroyed   

1854 — (April  1 6)     St.  Salvador,  S.  Am.,  destroyed   

1854 — (Dec.  23)     Anasaca,  Japan,  and  Samoda, 

Niphon ,  destroyed 

1855 — (Feb.   28)   Broussa,  Turkey,  destroyed 

1855 — (Nov.   n)     Jeddo,  Japan,  nearly  destroyed   

1856 — (Mar.  2)     Volcanic  eruption  on  Great  San- 

ger  Island 3,000 

1856 — (Oct.   12)     In  the  Mediterranean ;  at  Candia 

and  Rhodes,  etc 750 

1857 — (Dec.   16)     In  Calabria,*  Montemurro,  and 

other  towns  of  Naples 10,000 

(*From  the  year  17 83  to  1857,  a  period  of 

75  years,  the  Kingdom  of  Naples  lost  over 

111,000     inhabitants     by    earthquakes.) 

1858 — (Feb.  21)     Corinth  nearly  destroyed 

1859 — (Mar.  22)     At  Quito,  Ecuador 5,000 

1859 — (June  2  and  July  17)     At  Ezeroum,  Asia 

Minor,  thousands  perish 

1860 — (Mar.   20)     At  Mendoza,  Argentine 7,000 

1861 — Mendoza,    South   America 12,000 

1862 — (Dec.  19)     Guatemala;   150  buildings  and 

1 4  churches ;  some  lives 

1863 — (April  22)     Rhodes;  13  villages.  .  -  - 300 

1863 — (July  2  and  3)     Manila,  P.  I  •        • 1,000 

1865 — (July  18)     At    Macchia,    Bendinella,    and 

Sicily ;  200  houses  and  life  loss 64 

1867 — (Feb.  4)     Argostoli,  Cephalonia 50 

1867 — (March  8  and  9)     At  Mitylene 1,000 

1867 — (June  10)     Djocja,  Java,;  town  destroyed          400 


EARTHQUAKES  107 


1868 — (Aug.  13-15)  Arequipa,  Iquique,  Tacna,  and 
Chencha,  and  many  towns  of  Peru  and 
Ecuador  destroyed;  loss  $300,000,000  and 

30,000  rendered  homeless;  life  loss 25,000- 

1869 — (Dec.   28)     Santa    Maura,    Ionian    Islands             17 
1870 — (Oct.  9-15)     In  Calabria,  several  towns  de- 
stroyed •  • 

1872 — (March  26-27)  Inyo  County,  Cal.,  1,000 
shocks  in  3  days  and  7,000  to  April  4th, 

life  loss 34. 

1872 — (Dec.   14-15)     At  Lehree,  India 500 

1873 — (Mar.   19)     San  Salvador,  Cen.  America.  .  50 

1873 — (June  29)     At  Feletto,  Northern  Italy,  etc.  75 

1874 — (July  22)     At  Azagra,  Spain,  land  slip.  .  .  .  200 

1874 — Antigua,  etc.,  Guatemala;  great  life  loss 

1875 — (May  3-5)     Kara  Hiscar,  etc.,  Asia  Minor 

great  destruction  of  life .  .  • , 

1875 — (May  12)     At   Smyrna,   Asia   Minor,   over       2,000' 
1875 — (May  16-18)     At  San  Jose  de  Cucuta,  etc., 

Colombia,  South  America 14,000 

1877 — (May  9-10)     Callao,  Peru,  and  other  towns 

destroyed  by  tidal  wave,  life  loss  slight 

1878 — (April  14)  Cua, Venezuela,  nearly  destroyed          300 
1879 — (June  17)     Cantania,  Sicily,  5  villages  de- 
stroyed; loss  of  life  slight 10 

1880 — (July  4-24)     Several  killed  in  Switzerland, 

and   Manila,   P.    I.;   cathedral  destroyed       3,000 
1880 — (Sept.   13)     At  Valparaiso  and  Illapel,  Chile  200 

1880 — (Nov.  9)     At  Agram,  Croatia,  many  lives 

1 88 1 — (Jan.    27    and   Mar.    3)     Much   damage   in 

Switzerland 

1 88 1 — (Mar.  4  and  15)     Severe  in  S.  Italy;  at  Cas- 

amicciola,  Isle  of  Ischia 114 

1 88 1 — (April  3)  Chios  (now  Scio)  Greek  Archipel- 
ago, and  several  other  towns 4,000- 

1882 — (Mar.  13)    In  Costa  Rica,  thousands  of  lives 

lost ;  very  destructive 


108  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1882 — (Sept.  7-10)  Panama  R.  R.  partly  de- 
stroyed  

1883 — (June  14)  During  a  severe  shock  of  earth- 
quake, a  mountain  rose  up  to  an  elevation 
of  6,000  feet,  near  Chernowitz,  Austria 

1883 — (June  15)  On  Ometepe  Island,  Nicaragua, 

volcanic  outbreak ;  over 500 

1883 — (July  28)  At  Casamicciola,  Ischia;  1990 
known  victims  and  estimated  unknown 
loss  of  life  2,000  more;  total 3>99° 

1883 — (Aug.  27)  Beginning  at  midnight,  Aug.  26, 
on  the  I&land  of  Krakatoa,  but  simultane- 
ously extending  to  every  island  and  por- 
tion of  the  sea  for  over  100  miles  in  either 
direction,  30  square  miles  of  the  island 
sank  in  less  than  three  hours ;  tidal  waves 
reached  as  far  as  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope ; 
lowest  estimate  loss  of  life 50,000 

1883 — (Oct.  8)  Eruption  of  Mt.  Augustine  on  the 
Island  of  Chernaboura,  Alaska;  one  half 
of  the  island  and  mountain  sunk  and  in  the 
vicinity  a  new  island  rose 8 

1883 — (Oct.  16)  Anatolia,  coast  of  Asia  Minor, 
Ischesne,  and  30  small  towns  devastated; 
30,000  destitute 1,000 

1884 — (May  19)  Asiatic  shore  of  Sea  of  Marmora, 

and  Island  of  Kishm 220 

1884 — (Dec.  25)     In    Andelusia,    Malaga 266 

1885 — (Jan.  14)  Beginning  Dec.  26,  1884,  in  Al- 
hama,  Grenada,  South  Spain,  including  14 
other  towns,  with  loss  of  20,000  houses, 
value  $100,000,000;  life  loss  alone  was.  .  3,900 

1885 — (Feb.   28)     In  province  of  Grenada 690 

1885 — (April  20)     In  Java. 500 

1885 — (May  13-31)  At  Strinagur,  Cashmere,  7,000 

dwellings  and  life  loss 3>°8i 


EARTHQUAKES  109 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1885 — (June  15-30)     At  Sopar,  India 700 

1885 — (July  31)     In  Asia  Minor 350 

1885 — (Aug.  2)  In  Vemoeand  Tashkend,  Cen- 
tral Asia 54 

1885 — (Dec.  3-5)     In  villages  of  Algeria 30 

1886 — Aug.  27)     In  Greece  and  Ionian  Islands; 

Prygos  destroyed ;  life  loss i  ,300 

1886 — (Aug.  31)  Atlantic  States,  chiefly  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  three-fourths  of  that 

city  destroyed;  17  shocks,  life  loss 96 

1887 — (Jan.   15)     Long  continued  earthquake  at 

Tokio,  Japan t 

1887 — (Feb.  23)  Severe  shocks,  extending  from 
Milan,  Italy,  to  Marseilles,  France;  there 
were  12  deaths  on  French  territory  and 

2,000  in  Italy 2,012 

1887 — (April  7-8)  Mendez  Nunez  and  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cavite,  P.  I.,  terribly  shaken;  life 

loss 170 

1887 — (May  5)     In  Hawaii 167 

1887 — (June  10)     Town   in   Turkistan    destroyed          125 
1887 — (Announced    June    13)     At    Avernoe    and 

Almatensky,  Turkistan,  nearly  destroyed          140 
1887 — (Dec.  4)     Destruction     of  Bisignano     and 
Cosenza,  in  Calabria,   S.   E.   Italy;  very 

destructive  •  •  •  • 25 

1888 — (March)     At  Yunan,  China 4,000 

1888 — (July  15-18)  Destruction  of  the  peak  Sho- 
Bandai-San,  in  Japan.  This  mountain  had 
an  altitude  of  6,000  feet  and  3  miles 
through  its  base ;  but  in  less  than  10  minu- 
tes over  half  of  its  cubic  contents  were 
scattered  over  an  area  of  27  square  miles  400- 
1889 — (Jan.  n)  Earthquake  felt  throughout  the 

State  of  New  York 

1889 — (April  13 — 14)     On   Ishima  Island,  Japan  170- 


110  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1889— (Sept.  8)  Earthquake  at  Florence,  Wis., 

damage  $15 ,000 

1890 — (Dec.   12)     Village  of  Joana,  Java 12 

1891 — (Jan.  15)  At  Gouraya  and  Villebourg, 

Algeria,  villages  nearly  destroyed 40 

1891 — (Same  day)     In  Chihuahua,  Mexico 15 

1891 — (Aug.  18)  Earthquake  and  cyclone  de- 
vastate the  Island  of  Martinique;  life  loss  340 

1891 — (Sept.  8—13)     In  San  Salvador  very  violent  40 

1891 — (Sept.  26)  Shocks  severe  throughout  the 

states  of  Mo.,  111.,  Ky.,  Tenn.,  Ind.  and  la 

1891 — (Oct.  28)  Very  destructive  earthquake  on 
the  Niphon  Islands,  Japan;  1,477  shocks 
followed  within  3  days;  166442  houses  and 
bridges  were  destroyed ;  property  loss  over 
$10,000,000;  life  loss 7.524 

1891 — (Dec.   18)     Violent    earthquake    in    Sicily    

1892 — (Jan.  22) — Severe  earthquake  shocks  in 
Rome,  houses  wrecked  and  lives  lost  in 
the  Italian  provinces 

1892 — (Jan.  27)  Severe  shocks  experienced  in 
New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  and  Tasma- 
nia ;  some  loss  of  life 

1892 — (Feb.  17)  Vesuvius  (Vol.)  again  in  activity 

fears  of  a  new  crater 

1892 — (July  30)  Every  building  destroyed  in  San 

Cristobal,  Mexico  - 

1893 — (Jan.  13)  Earthquake  at  sea  causes  a 
tidal  wave  that  floods  Paumoto  group  of 
islands  near  Tahiti ;  loss  of  life  over i  ,000 

1893 — (Jan.  31)  Zante,  Greece,  suffered  greatly 
by  earthquakes,  from  the  close  of  January 
to  April  21 ;  while  less  than  100  lives  (are 
quoted  as)  lost,  thousands  were  rendered 
homeless,  and  over  $3,000,000  is  reported 
as  the  property  loss 


EARTHQUAKES  111 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1893 — (Feb.  13)  At  Quetta,  Afghanistan,  many 

injured;  killed 2 

1893 — (April  8)  Two  villages  destroyed  in  Servia 
3,000  houses  wrecked  at  Milattia,  Asia 
Minor;  the  killed 130 

1893 — (April  1 8)  Earthquake  and  tidal  wave  at 
Zante,  Greece;  the  ground  opened  2  feet 
wide  and  sank  i  foot;  every  house  ruined, 
200  persons  injured;  killed 30 

1893 — (May  5)  Mt.  ^Etna  active,  repeated  shocks 
throughout  Italy,  extending  to  the  Isle  of 
Man 

1893 — (May  22)  Shocks,  with  ground  opening  at 

Thebes ,  Greece 

1893 — (May  28)  Shocks  cause  the  jail  to  collapse 
and  prisoners  are  crushed  at  Guayaquil, 
Ecuador . :  

1893— (Aug.  n)  Destructive  shocks  with  loss  of 
life  at  Mattinata,  Italy;  Vol.  Stromboli  in 
eruption ;  over i  ,000 

1893 — (Nov.  17)  Terrible  earthquake  at  Kuchan , 
Persia;  50,000  animals  perkh,  human  life 
loss  over  -  -  1 2,000 

1893 — (Nov.  19)  At  Samark  and  Asiatic  Russia, 

severe ;  life  loss  over i  ,000 

1893 — (Nov.  27)  At  Montreal,  Canada;  great  loss 

to  property 

1894 — (Mar.  17)  Earthquakes  on  Isthmus  of  Te- 
huantepec,  Mexico;  very  severe,  and  ex- 
tend to  Europe  and  Asia;  again  on  April 
6  doing  much  damage 

1894 — (April  20)  Earthquakes  in  Greece  destroy 

1 1  towns ;  the  life  loss  over 300 

1894 — (April  28)  Earthquake  destroys  6  cities  in 
Venezuela,  one-half  the  population  killed, 
over 3 ,000 


112  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1894 — (July  10-15)  Shocks  at  Constantinople, 
Turkey,  and  vicinity  cause  a  property  loss 
of  $29,000,000;  life  loss  over 1,000 

^894 — (July  27)  Earthquakes  destroy  many  houses 
in  Servia  and  Bulgaria  and  a  considerable 
number  of  lives 

1894 — (Aug.  8)     Severe  throughout  Sicily,  killed  10 

1894 — (Oct.  1 6)  Volcanic  eruptions  on  Ambrym 

Island,  New  Hebrides ;  life  loss 60 

1894 — (Oct.  21)  Eruption  of  Mt.  Galoongong, 
Java,  causes  the  destruction  of  many 
villages  -  - 

1894 — (Oct.  22)  At  Sakata,  Japan,  3,000  houses 

destroyed;  life  loss  360 

1894 — (Oct.  27)  Earthquakes  throughout  the  Ar- 
gentine Republic.  City  of  San  Juan  al- 
most totally  destroyed;  20,000  persons 
rendered  homeless ;  life  loss 2 ,000 

1894 — (Nov.  7)  Eruption  of  volcano  followed  by 
63  shocks  covers  the  Island  of  Epi,  New 
Hebrides,  with  ashes 

1894 — (Nov.  13)  Ambrym,  New  Hebrides,  nearly 

destroyed;  life  loss 50 

1894 — (Nov.  1 6)     At  Messina,  Italy;  killed 200 

1894 — (Nov.  22)  In  the  City  of  Mexico  much 

property,  and  a  life  loss  of 15 

1894 — (Dec.  5)  Continuous  shocks  since  Nov.  27 
throughout  Ecuador;  many  people  killed 
and  injured 

1894 — (Dec.  29-31)  Throughout  Italy  much  prop- 
erty destroyed 

1895 — (Jan.  17)  Earthquakes  at  Kushan,  Persia, 
127  shocks,  city  completely  levelled, 
thousands  killed;  over 10,000 

1895 — (Feb.  5)  Earthquake  at  Molde  and  Bergen 

Norway;  life  loss.  .  u 


EARTHQUAKES  113 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1895 — (Feb.  22)    Destruction  of  Koutchat,  Persia, 

life   loss  exceeded. 10,000 

1895 — (April  3)     At  Tuscany,  Italy;  killed 27 

1895 — (April  30)     Volcano  Colima,  in  State  of  Co- 

lima,  Mexico,  becomes  active 

1895 — (May  18)  Severe  shock  in  vicinity  of  Flor- 
ence, Italy ;  great  destruction ....;.. 

1895 — (Aug.  i)     At  Krasnovodsk,   Russia 120 

1895 — (Sept.  8)  Earthquakes  and  volcanic  erup- 
tions in  vicinity  of  Metapan,  Honduras; 
property  loss  $600,000;  life  loss 300 

1895 — (Sept.  18)     Lava  flow  from  Mt.  Vesuvius, 

Italy,  blocks  the  roads .  .  .\ 

1895 — (Nov.   i)     Violent    shock    damages    much 

property  in  Rome,  Italy ;....; 

1895 — (Dec.  3)     Volcano  Vesuvius  in  Italy,  active   »-,-.: -.r,j. 

1895 — (Dec.  26)  Earthquakes  in  Samoa  begin- 
ning on  the  25th,  at  Tutuil" ,  for  24  hours 
the  shocks  were  incessant ;  at  Fagolia  Bay 
a  submarine  geyser  was  produced;  no  loss 
of  life .,,..,, 

1895 — (Dec.   29)     Many  houses  wrecked  at  Cic- 

ciano,  Italy,  several  persons  killed 

1896 — (Jan.  2)  Earthquakes  in  Khalkhal  Dis- 
trict, Persia;  life  loss  over 1,100 

1896 — (Jan.  3)  Volcano  Kilauea,  H.  I.,  active;  a 
burning  lake  over  200  feet  square  and  250 
feet  deep  formed  in  6  hours 

1896 — (Feb.   12)     Shock  of  great  severity  at  Colon , 

Colombia 

1896 — (Mar.   2)     Violent  shock  at  Colima,  Mexico; 

very  destructive 

1896 — (April  20)  Eruption  of  the  Volcano  Mauna 
Loa,  Hawaii;  the  glow  is  seen  180  miles 
awav  •  •  • .  . 


114  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1896 — (June  15)  Earthquake  and  tidal  wave  on 
the  Island  of  Yeddo,  Japan;  9,616  houses 
destroyed,  resultant  wave  felt  in  Hawaii ; 
1,244  persons  wounded;  life  loss 37 ,i 50 

1896 — (July  n)     Volcanic   eruption   of   Kilauea, 

Hawaii,  after  one  and  one-half  years  quiet   

1896 — (July  13)     Shock  felt  at  Whitby,  Ontario, 

lasting  20  seconds 

1896 — (July  26)  Earthquake,  causing  tidal  wave, 
devastates  coast  of  Kiangsu  province, 
China ;  property  loss  millions,  life  loss  over  4,000 

1896 — (Aug.  26)     Earthquake  in  Northern  Japan, 

wrecks  6,500  houses;  life  loss 3>5°° 

Recurring  in  the  same  section  (on  Aug.  31) 

1,000  houses  overturned  and  a  life  loss  of          120 

1896 — (Sept.  13)  Severe  shocks  felt  at  Hilo,  Ha- 
waii, the  earth  opened  from  the  sea  in- 
ward for  half  a  mile 

1896 — (Oct.  4)     Earthquakes  in  Iceland,  ruin  150 

farms ;  large  numbers  of  live  stock  killed   

1897 — (Jan.   n)     Earthquake  on   Kishm   Island, 

largest  in  the  Persian  Gulf;  life  loss 2,500 

1897 — (Feb.  14)  Destructive  earthquake  at  Girau, 
Formosa,  and  throughout  the  island; 
injured  120;  killed 56 

1897 — (Mar.  23)  Severe  shock  at  Montreal,  Quebec   

1897 — (April  23)  Severe  shocks  lasting  a  week, 
in  the  Leeward  Islands ;  at  Monserrat  the 
killed  exceeded 700 

1897 — (May  n)  In  S.  Australia  90  shocks  in  3 
days;  much  damage  done  at  San  Gabriel, 
Jalisco,  Mexico 

1897 — (June  4)  Eruption  of  Vesuvius,  lava  flow 
one  and  one-eighth  miles  wide,  greatest 
since  1872. 


EARTHQUAKES  115 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1897 — (June  12)  Earthquake  in  Assam  and  other 
provinces  of  India,  lasted  continuously 
over  5  minutes;  life  loss  over 6,000 

1897 — (June  20)  Shocks  destroy  every  building  in 
Tehuan  tepee,  Mexico;  15,000  people 
homeless 

1897 — (June  22)     Eruption    of   Volcano    Mayou, 

Albayo,  P.  I. ;  life  loss , .  1 20 

1897 — (Sept.  18)     Severe  shocks  are  felt  in  Turk- 

istan,  Asia,  and  throughout  Switzerland   

•1897 — (Nov.  8)     Eruption   of  Vesuvius;  fearful 

flow 

1897 — (Dec.  28)  After  a  great  fire  in  Port-au- 
Prince,  Hayti,  an  earthquake  followed 
leaving  great  fissures  around  the  city 

1898 — (Jan.   13)     Earthquake  on  Dutch  Island  of 

Amboyna,  kills 60 

1898 — (Mar.   28)     Earthquake   in   New  Hebrides 

Islands,  cause  many  gaps  in  the  earth   

1898 — (Aug.  7)  Earthquake  at  sea,  causing  a 
tidal  wave  on  Formosa  Island,  China  Sea; 
2,073  houses  destroyed,  995  damaged;  1.60 
persons  wounded,  and  the  killed  number .  139 

1898 — (Sept.  10)  Earthquake  at  sea,  causing  a 
tidal  wave  in  St.  Vincent  and  Barbados, 
W.  I.,  destroys  Bridgetown  and  Kingston, 
with  a  property  loss  of  $1,000,000  and  a 
life  loss  of 400 

1898 — (Sept.  23)  Vesuvius  eruption  threatening; 
3  lava  streams  descending  equals  5  acres 
in  area,  275  feet  deep 

1898 — (Nov.   27)     Earthquake  in  S.  Austria,  also 

in  Greece;  tidal  wave  at  Triest;  life  loss  28 

1899 — (Jan.    21 )     Shock    lasting    10    seconds   in 

Jamaica,  W.  I.,  severest  in  years 


116  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1899 — (Jan.  27)  Earthquakes  in  Greece  for  4 
days  (continuous) ;  5  villages  destroyed ; 
many  injured,  deaths  unknown 

1899 — (Mar.  7)  Terrible  earthquake  in  the  Nara 

Prefecture,  Japan;  killed 41 

1899 — (April  1 8)  Volcano  Houongo  active,  2 
towns  destroyed;  earthquakes  in  Argen- 
tine  

1899 — (May  17)  45  shocks  in  5  hours  on  Island  of 
Montserrat,  Br.  W.  I.;  houses  and  crops 
destroyed ;  some  lives  lost 

1899 — (July  14)  Earthquake  near  Herne,  West- 
phalia, entombs  60  miners 

1899 — (Aug.  9)  Tidal  wave  at  Valparaiso,  Chile; 
awful  desolation;  loss  $1,000,000.  Also 
violent  shocks  at  Corte,  Corsica 

1899 — (Sept.  20)  Earthquake  at  Aidin,  Asia 

Minor;  life  loss  exceeded 1,500 

1899 — (Oct.  n)  TownofAmhei,  Island  of  Ceram 

destroyed;  injured  500,  life  loss  over.  .  .  .  4,000 

1899 — (Oct.  16)  Volcano  San  Martin,  near  Cata- 

maco,  Mexico,  resumes  activity 

1 900 — (Jan.  i )  Earthquake  in  District  of  Achalk- 

alak,  Russia,  severe;  life  loss 800 

1900 — (Feb.  i)  Unusual  severe  shock  at  Abbots- 
ford,  B.  C 

1900 — (Feb.  15)  Earthquake  of  great  severity  at 

Lima,  Peru;  immense  loss  of  property 

1900 — (Mar.  27)  Eruption  in  Mt.  Baker  district, 
Washington;  a  hill  thrown  up  70  feet 
high  in  a  valley  and  it  changed  the  course 
of  the  Nooksack  River;  report  heard  10 
miles  away :*-» .  -. 

1900 — (April  12)  Earthquake  at  Lindai,  Japan, 

wrecks  70  houses 


EARTHQUAKES  117 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1900 — (July  17)  Eruption  of  Volcano  Mt.  Azuma, 
Japan,  destroys  several  towns;  life  loss 
over.  ..................... 200 

1900 — (Oct.  9)  Shock  of  great  severity  at 
Kadiak,  Alaska;  loss  of  i  life  and  much 
property . . ; 

1900 — (Oct.  1 8)  Earthquake  and  tidal  wave, 
Island  of  Matapi,  South  Pacific,  great  loss 
of  property 

1900 — (Oct.  29)  At  Caracas,  Venezuela,  destroys 

much  property ;  life  loss 15 

1900 — (Oct.  31)  At  Jacksonville,  Fla.,  8  severe 

shocks 

1901 — (Jan.  4)  Heavy  shocks  of  earthquake  in 
Kans.  and  Mo. ;  hundreds  seek  the  streets 
in  terror 

1901 — (Feb.  14)  Severe  shock  of  earthquake  at 

Union  City,  Tenn :  .  .  

1901 — (Feb.  20)  Earthquake  at  Arica,  Chile,  in- 
habitants panic  stricken 

1901 — (Mar.  9)  At  Lima,  Peru,  houses  cracked  in 

every  direction ; 

1901 — (April  2)  Shocks  in  S.  E.  Hungary  cause 

the  destruction  of  many  houses 

1901 — (April  14)     Mt.  Vesuvius  again  active 

1901 — (April  24)  Severe  in  Italy,  the  inhabitants 

panic  stricken 

1901 — (July  26)  Heavy  shocks  over  a  large  area 

of  the  State  of  Nevada 

1901 — (Aug.  16)  Earthquake  causes  the  disap- 
pearance of  a  mountain  500  feet  high  in 
N.  Japan 

1901 — (Oct.  7)  Earthquake  causes  a  tidal  wave 
on  the  Pacific  side  of  Nicaragua;  some 
damage 

1901 — (Oct.  30)  Severe  shock  felt  in  many  Italian 

cities ;  damage  at  Gallarate 


THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED, 

1901  —  (Nov.  8)  Severe  shocks  in  Erzeroum, 

Asiatic  Russia  .......  ................  •  .  ....... 

1901  —  (Nov.  13)  Shock  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah, 

lasts  30  seconds  ;  loss  over  $100,000  ............. 

1901  —  (Nov.  15)  Terrible  earthquakes  visit  Er- 
zeroum, Asiatic  Russia,  50  in  all,  10  very 
violent;  1,000  houses  destroyed;  1,500 
damaged;  15,000  homeless,  the  life  loss.  130 

1901:  —  (Nov.  17)  At  Cheviot,  New  Zealand,  many 
people  injured;  property  loss  over 
$100,000  .....  .  .  ..................  ....  ....... 

1901  —  (Dec.  15)     Shock  lasting  65  seconds  visits 

Manila,  P.  I.  ;  many  injured  ..........  .    ....... 

1902  —  (Jan.  16)     Chilpancingo,  Guerrero,  Mexico 

in  ruins;  number  killed  .  .  .............  300 

1902  —  (Feb.  14)  Shamaka,  Russia,  destroyed;  34 
villages  in  the  Transcaucasia  suffer,  4,000 
houses  destroyed  ;  life  loss  ............  5  ,000 

1902  —  (Mar.  8)     Tchengeri,  Asia  Minor,  destroyed 

...  .  4  persons  killed  and  100  injured  ........  4 

1902  —  (Mar.  10—17)     Constant  vibrations  for  one 
.  ....  week  in  New  Hebrides  Island;  3  volcanos 

active   -  .......  .............  ................ 

1902  —  (Mar.  12)     Kyankari,  Asia  Minor,  destroy- 

ed ;  known  to  be  killed  .................  4 

1902  —  (April  18-20)  Throughout  Guatemala,  6 
large  towns  almost  obliterated;  many  in- 
jured; known  killed  ...................  200 

1902  —  (May  3-7)  Volcano  Mont  Pelee,  near  St. 
Pierre,  Martinique,  first  eruption  started 
on  May  3rd,  and  destroyed  the  Guerin 
factories.  In  four  days  it  destroyed  St. 
Pierre,  Lecarbet,  Le  Precheur  and  La 
Mare  ;  the  loss  of  property  was  $40,000,000 
number  of  lives  ......................  30,000 

1902  —  (May  18)   Violent  shocks  in  Southern  Port- 

ugal, caused  by  upheavals  in  W.  I  .............. 


EARTHQUAKES  119 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1902 — (July  13-30)  Violent  earthquakes  through- 
out Venezuela  on  the  i3th.  Severe  shocks 
in  Kingstown,  St.  Vincent,  on  the  i8th, 
and  again  on  the  2ist,  the  sea  receding. 
On  the  3oth  the  Volcano  Poas,  near  Ala- 
juela,  Costa  Rica,  became  active.  On  the 
same  date  every  building  in  San  Cristobal, 
Mexico,  was  destroyed.  Many  lives  were 
lost 

1902 — (Aug.   14)     Volcano  overwhelms  Island  of 

Torishima,  Japan;  life  loss 150 

1902 — (Aug.  21)  Eruption  of  Mont  Pelee,  Marti- 
nique, very  severe,  total  darkness  for  20 
minutes;  also  12  shocks  at  Zamboanga, 
P.  I.,  several  Moras  killed v 

1902 — (Aug.  22)  Eruption  of  Mont  Allomonte, 
Italy ;  ako  severe  shocks  at  St.  Petersburg 
Russia 

1902 — (Aug.  30)     Volcano  at  Masaya,  Nicaragua, 

becomes  active 

1902 — (Dec.  6)     Daily  shocks,  last  9  days  in  S.  E. 

Iowa 

1902 — (Dec.  16)  Adijan,  Russian  Central  Asia, 
destroyed;  9,130  houses  and  19  cotton 
gins  destroyed;  the  killed  numbered.  .  .  .  4,800 

1902 — (Dec.   27)     Earthquake    at    Hain    Chiang, 

China,  causes  a  life  loss  of 600 

1903 — (Jan.  13)  Earthquake  at  sea  causes  tidal 
wave  that  floods  Paumoto  group  of 
islands  near  Tahiti;  life  loss  over 1,000 

1903 — (Jan.  14)  Earthquakes  do  much  damage 
in  States  of  Tamaulipas  and  Tobasco, 
Mexico 

1903 — (Feb.   7)     Summit  of  Volcano   Mt.    Pelee, 

changes  shape,  Martinique 


120  THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1903 — (Feb.  24)  Violent  eruption  of  Mt.  Colima, 
Mexico;  Mexican  Cen.  R.  R.  extension 
stopped .- 

1903 — (Mar.  3-6)  Mexican  Volcano  Colima  has 
violent  overflows  of  lava;  Tuxpan,  Mex., 
panic  stricken.  .............. 

1903 — (Mar.  9)  Vesuvius  again  active ;  ashes  and 
explosive  incandescent  globes  reach 
Naples 

1903 — (Mar.  15)  Earthquake  in  the  mountainous 

region  of  Montana ;  third  in  i  o  years 

1903 — (Mar.  21)  Volcanos  Mt.  Pelee,  on  Martini- 
que, and  Soufriere,  on  St.  Vincent,  extra- 
ordinarily active -  - 

1903— (April  21)  Earthquake  at  Tuxpan,  Mexi- 
co, cause  cave  in  a  mine;  killed 10 

1903 — (June  8)  Severe  shock  at  Alusi,  Ecuador; 

ashes  fall  there  from  Volcano  Sangai 

1903 — (June  22)  Vesuvius  in  full  eruption,  spec- 
tacular sight  from  Naples,  Italy 

1903 — (Aug.  n)  Earthquakes  destroy  3  villages 

on  Isle  of  Cinthera 

1903 — (Aug.  12)  Shocks  at  Mendoza,  Argentine, 

destroys  many  houses;  the  killed  number  5 

1903 — (Sept.  19)  Most  violent  shake  at  Santiago 

de  Cuba,  since  1895 ;  .  .  . 

1903 — (Oct.  19)  Earthquake  at  Turshez,  Persia, 

destroys  13  villages;  life  loss  was 250 

1903 — (Nov.  3)  Again  at  Turshez,  Persia;  the 
town  almost  totally  destroyed;  life  loss 
was  over 350 

1903 — (Nov.  29)  Tidal  waves  sweep  coasts  of 

Hawaiian  Islands ;  much  damage  done 

1904 — (Mar.  10)  Earthquakes  destroy  6  Italian 

villages ;  no  lives  lost 


EAETHQUAKES  121 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1904 — (Mar.  20)  Earthquake  felt  from  St.  Johns, 
N.  B.,  to  Boston  Mass.,  causes  much  dam- 
age, and  Bald  Mt.,  in  Maine,  disappears  

1904 — (April  4)  Earthquakes  in  Macedonia  de- 
stroy 1,500  houses;  life  loss  was.  .......  24 

1904 — (June  n)  Volcano  of  Mt.  Wrangel,  in 

Alaska,  in  violent  eruption 

1904 — (Nov.  6)  Earthquake  on  Island  of  Formo^ 

sa,  destroys  150  houses;  life  loss 78 

1904 — (Dec.  1-14)  Slight  shocks  felt  at  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  and  near  vicinity;  14 
since  Dec.  ist .  .  : 

1905 — (Jan.  16)  Volcano  of  Momotombo,  Central 

America,  active,  much  damage  done 

1905 — (Jan.  1 8)  At  Shemakha,  Russia,  destroys 

bridges  and  kills  many  people 

1905 — (April  4)  Earthquakes  in  India  destroy 
much  property;  at  Dharmsala,  470  sol- 
diers were  buried  alive;  total  loss  over  2,000 

1905 — (April  25)  Severe  earthquake  at  Bender, 
Abbas,  Persia;  200  yards  of  Mt.  Kuhgan- 
do  collapsed,  50  persons  buried  in  a  land- 
slide; shocks  continued  for  a  week,  the 
inhabitants  camped  in  the  open 50 

1905 — (May  3)  Severe  shock  felt  on  Island  of 

Hilo,  Hawaii 

1905 — (May  9)  Very  severe  shocks  felt  in  City  of 

Mexico ;  some  damage. 

1905 — (June  i)  Earthquakes  occur  in  Central 
Japan;  great  loss  of  property  at  Scutari 
and  Albania  where  200  persons  were 
killed  and  wounded;  over  500  houses 
collapsed;  life  loss  over 2,000 

1905 — (June  n)  Volcano  Mt.  Pelee,  Island  of 

Martinique,  again  active 


122  THE    GKEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH ^^ 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

[NOTE. — Our  record  of  the  earthquakes 
from  June  n,  1905  to  April  17,  1906, 
were  lost  in  the  great  fire  that  followed 
the  great  earthquake  of  April  18,  1906 
at  San  Francisco,  Calif.,  and  vicinity.] 
1906 — (April  18)  The  "Great  Earthquake"  of 
1906;  central  at  San  Francisco,  Col., 
although  extending  (traceable)  for  over 
2,500  miles;  and  extending  from  the 
Aleutian  Group  of  islands  in  Alaska,  to 
Lower  California;  must  have  started  in 
the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  extended  to  the 
equator  in  mid-Pacific. 
At  San  Francisco  the  first  shock  occurred  at 
5:14.58  a.m.,  by  Mt.  Hamilton  time,  and 
lasted  one  minute  and  five  seconds.  The 
damage  wrought  in  that  short  time  was 
immense,  throwing  down  many  buildings, 
and  damaging  (more  or  less)  thousands; 
but  the  most  disastrous  results  were: 
the  great  loss  of  life,  which  it  is  conceded 
exceeded  (exact  number  unknown)  480, 
and  the  destruction  of  the  water  mains  of 
the  Spring  Valley  Water  Co.;  which  left 
the  fire  department  helpless  to  cope  with 
the  fires  started  by  the  breaking  of  gas 
mains,  electrical  connections,  etc.  The 
result  was  the  almost  total  destruction  of 
the  city.  The  area  burned  over  exceeded 

y 

2,593  acres,  or  4.05  square  miles;  with  a 
destruction  of  over  $350,000,000  of  prop- 
erty; insurance  of  about  $235,000,000, 
of  which  some  80%  has  since  been  paid. 
[Comparative  destruction  between  the  San 
Francisco ,  Chicago  and  Baltimore  big  fires : 
i st.  San  Francisco;  area  burned,  2,593 


EAETHQUAKES  123 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

acres;  25,000  buildings;  loss  $350,000,000. 
Date,  April  18-21,  1906;  known  killed  480 

2nd.  Chicago ;  area  burned,  2,1-24  acres; 
1 7,4 50 buildings;  loss  $206,000,000.  Date, 
October  8-9,  1871. 

3rd.  Baltimore;  area  burned,  640  acres; 
2,500  buildings;  loss  $80,000,000.  Date, 
February  7-8,  1904.] 

1906 — (April  1 8)  By  volcanic  action,  an  island 
arose  from  the  sea  in  the  Aleutian  group, 
Alaska,  on  the  morning  of  the  above  date. 
This  latest  accession  to  the  U.  S.  territory 
is  called  "Perry  Island" ;  it  contains  about 
17  acres;  its  highest  point  is  about  700 
feet  elevation.  Four  months  later,  it 

was  still  piping  hot 

1906 — (May  26)  Fifty-seven  shocks  of  earth- 
quake occurred  at  Houghton,  Mich.,  and 
vicinity,  during  the  day;  buildings  rocked 
like  cradles;  in  several  places  the  earth 
opened  from  2  to  6  inches.  The  "Atlan- 
tic mine"  had  to  close  down  for  the  day 

on  account  of  the  disturbance 

1906 — (May  29)  A  severe  earthquake  shock  was 
experienced  at  Fort  de  France,  Martini- 
que; which  completely  stopped  political 
disturbances  that  were  in  progress 

throughout  the  island 

1906 — (June  5-6)  Three  slight  earthquake  shocks 
on  the  5th  and  a  severe  shock  on  the  6th, 
were  felt  in  Manila,  P.  I.  and  very  severe 
on  the  Island  of  Samar;  no  loss  of  life 

reported 

1906 — (June  15)  Between  the  hotirs  of  9:40  and 
10:35  p-Tn-,  4  slight  shocks  of  earthquake 
were  felt  at  San  Francisco  and  Oakland, 
Cal.  and  vicinity;  no  damage 


124  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1906 — (June  22)  Two  severe  earthquake  shocks 
(half  an  hour  apart)  occurred  in  the  early 
morning  at  Santiago,  Cuba.  While  no 
material  damage  was  done,  it  started 
thousands  of  people  into  the  streets  for 
the  balance  of  the  night 

1906 — (June  27)  Violent  earthquake  shocks  were 
experienced  throughout  the  southern  por- 
tion of  Wales;  hundreds  of  chimneys  fell, 
and  some  buildings.  Also  felt  at  Bristol, 
England.  No  life  loss . 

1906 — (June  27)  A  slight  shock  of  earthquake  was 
felt  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  along  the 
southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  for  over  TOO 
miles,  or  from  Pinesville  to  Marblehead. 
Local  scientists  place  the  seat  of  this 
disturbance  beneath  the  bed  of  Lake  Erie  

1906 — (July  17)  Eruption  of  Volcano  Stromboli, 
in  Sicily;  incandescent  material  thrown 
to  enormous  heights,  causing  many  fires; 
the  phenomenon  was  similar  to  that 
which  preceded  the  disastrous  earth- 
quake at  Calabria  last  autumn 

1906 — (July  15-18)  Severe  earthquake  shocks, 
(54  in  3  days)  destroyed  two-thirds  of  So- 
corro,  New  Mexico;  San  Marcia  and  Mag- 
dalena  suffer  also  but  no  life  loss 

1906 — (Aug.  2)  Four  violent  shocks  at  Fort  de 
France,  Martinique,  terrorize  the  inhabi- 
tants •  •  •  • 

1906 — (Aug.  16)  At  the  John  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity, Baltimore,  Md.,  the  seismograph  was 
broken  after  registering  51  shocks,  the 
needle  jumped  3  1-2  inches  sideways. 
(For  the  cause  see  what  follows.) 


EARTHQUAKES  125 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1906 — (Aug.  1 6)  The  most  severe  earthquake 
(as  to  vibration)  that  has  occurred  for 
over  100  years,  is  recorded  at  Valparaiso, 
Chile,  and  other  cities  of  that  Republic. 
The  shock  began  at  8  p.m.  The  first 
shock  lasted  4  1-2  minutes;  2nd  shock,  2 
minutes;  over  100  shocks  followed  within 
24  hours ;  the  estimated  damage  to  prop- 
erty in  Valparaiso,  including  fire  was 
$40,000,000;  at  Santiago,  $6,000,000;  in 
the  other  eight  large  towns  nearly  de- 
stroyed, $7,000,000  and  $5,000,000  more 
for  the  interior.  The  loss  of  life  at  Val- 
paraiso was  over  2,000;  at  Santiago,  55; 

other  towns  about  100;  total 2»I55 

[Over  300  looters  were  shot  by  the  authori- 
ties orders.] 

1906 — (Aug.  18)  Tidal  wave  visits  the  islands  of 
Hawaii,  (attributed  to  the  earthquake  at 
Valparaiso)  it  carried  away  a  wharf  in 
Malacca  Bay,  Island  of  Maui 

1906 — (Aug.  22)  Violent  trembler  visits  Seahorse 
and  other  towns  in  upper  Silecia;  over- 
turning nearly  everything  movable 

1906 — (Aug.  30)  Violent  shocks  continue  through- 
out Chile  at  intervals  of  from  12  to  24 
hours,  and  have  for  the  last  10  days;  5 
shocks  today  at  Tacna 

1906 — (Sept.  5)  Two  severe  shocks  felt  at  Hilo, 
Hawaii,  and  on  no  other  island  of  the 
Hawaiian  group ;  caused  hundreds  of  dead 
fish  to  be  thrown  up  on  the  beaches; 
apparently  they  had  been  scalded 

1906 — (Sept.  9)  The  German  government  operator 
at  Apia,  Samoa,  reported  that  he  recorded 
both  the  San  Francisco  and  the  Valparaiso 


126  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

earthquakes  on  his  seismograph,  but  that 
on  the  above  date  (Sept.  9)  he  recorded 
one  more  severe  and  of  longer  duration. 
As  it  has  never  been  heard  from,  it  must 
have  been  at  sea 

1906 — (Sept.  10)  Volcanic  eruption  of  a  moun- 
tain near  Kwareli,  Asiatic  Russia;  the 
mountain  emitted  a  sea  of  semi-liquid 

sand  and  stones,  burying  human  beings   

alive  to  the  number  of 255 

1906 — (Sept.  27)  Severe  shock  of  earthquake 
lasting  30  seconds,  visited  Porto  Rico, 
and  was  general  throughout  the  island; 
some  damage ..-..-.....- 

1906 — (Oct.  i)  Great  earthquake  at  sea.  An 
earthquake  (located  by  seismographs  in 
different  parts  of  the  world)  as  occurring 
in  the  Indian  Ocean ;  must  have  continu- 
ed for  over  three  hours 

1906 — (Oct.  1 6)     Two    violent    shocks     felt    at 

Manila,  P.  I..  . -    

1906 — (Oct.  1 8)     Sharp    shock    felt    throughout 

Idaho  and  Wyoming 

1906 — (Nov.  10)  Mount  Vesuvius  and  the  vil- 
lages surrounding  it,  were  severely  shaken 
at  noon ;  accompanied  by  a  fall  of  ashes ; 
three  more  slight  shocks  followed  during 
the  afternoon.  Ottajano,  that  was  almost 
entirely  destroyed  in  April  last  by  the 
eruption  of  Mt.  Vesuvius,  was  the  most 
severely  shaken  today 

1906 — (Nov.  15)  Severe  shocks  of  earthquake  were 
general  throughout  New  Mexico,  between 
2  and  4  a.m.  today,  extending  south  to  El 
Paso,  Texas.  Although  houses  were 
rocked  to  and  fro,  no  material  damage 
was  done . 


EARTHQUAKES  127 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1906 — (Dec.  i)  Earthquakes,  slight  in  character, 
but  frequent,  occurring  at  Valparaiso, 
Chile 

1906 — (Dec.  2)  The  north  coast  of  the  Island  of 

Sicily  thoroughly  shaken 

1906 — (Dec.  4)  KINGSTON,  Island  of  St.  Vincent. 
A  prolonged  earthquake  was  felt  here 
tonight.  It  lasted  fully  eight  seconds. 
The  vibrations  were  slow.  The  people  of 
Kingston  were  thrown  into  a  panic.  No 
other  shocks  felt  here  have  ever  lasted  so 
long.  The  Island  of  Barbados,  about  100 
miles  to  the  east,  and  the  island  of  St. 
Lucia,  about  250  miles  to  the  northwest, 
also  felt  the  shock.  It  was  most  severe  at 
St.  Lucia.  There  has  been  a  continuation 
of  earthquake  shocks  here  at  irregular 
intervals  of  varying  severity  since  last 
February 

1906 — (Dec.  5)  TUTUILA,  Samoa.— Fresh  out- 
breaks have  occurred  in  the  volcano  in 
Savaii,  and  the  field  of  lava  now  sur- 
rounding the  volcano  is  thirty  square 
miles  in  extent 

1906 — (Dec.  9)  At  San  Francisco,  Oakland  and 
Berkeley,  California;  a  shock  of  six 
seconds  duration  occurred  at  3:20-40 
a.m.  This  shock  was  third  in  intensity 
at  the  two  former  places;  and  4  or  5  at 
Berkeley.  No  damage  done,  but  every 
sleeper  felt  it 

1906 — (Dec.  20)  Another  portion  of  the  crater  of 
Mount  Vesuvius  fell  today  and  caused  a 
great  eruption  of  ashes,  cinders  and  sand. 
No  detonations  or  earth  shocks  followed. 
But  sand  and  ashes  continued  to  fall  for 


128  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

hours   afterward  as   far  as   Naples   and 

Pompeii . 

1906 — (Dec.  22-23)  WASHINGTON,  D.  C.-A  special 
bulletin  issued  by  the  Weather  Bureau 
says :  "The  seismographs  of  the  Weather 
Bureau  recorded  two  earthquakes  of  con- 
siderable magnitude,  the  first  shortly  after 
noon  of  the  22d  and  the  second  about 
twenty -three  hours  later,  namely,  after- 
noon of  December  23.  From  the  appear- 
ance of  the  records  we  are  led  to  conclude 
that  the  earthquakes  originated  at  widely 
separated  localities,  but  this  cannot  be 
definitely  told.  The  first  tremors  were  re- 
corded at  i  .'51 :5op.  m.of  the  2  2d,  and  the 
maximum  motion,  of  short  duration,  oc- 
curred at  2 :22 :4o  p.  m.  The  record  ended 
about  3  o'clock.  The  strongest  action 
was  recorded  in  a  north-south  direction 
and  amounted  to  i .  7  millimeter  displace- 
ment of  the  ground.  The  displacement 
in  the  east-west  direction  was  only  .3 
millimeters.  The  second  disturbance  was 
recorded  just  after  12  o'clock,  December 
2  3 ,  an  d  the  motion  in  both  north-south  an  d 
east-west  directions  was  greater  in  both 
components  and  lasted  longer  than  in  the 
first  earthquake.  The  first  preliminary 
tremor  began  at  12:37:33  p.  m.,  the 
strongest  motion  beginning  at  1 2  :49  and 
lasting  from  three  to  four  minutes.  The 
maximum  displacement  in  the  east- 
west  direction  was  1.7  millimeters  and  1.9 
millimeters  for  the  north-south  compo- 
nent. The  end  of  the  record  occurred  at 
1:11:21.  As  far  as  can  be  judged  from 


EAKTHQUAKES 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

the  records,  the  second  disturbance  was 
not  at  such  a  great  distance  as  the  first, 
but  both  disturbances  must  have  been 
several  thousand  miles  from  Washing- 
ton . ' ' 

1906 — (Dec.  23)  BERKELEY,  Cal. — The  Omori 
seismograph  at  the  students'  observatory 
of  the  University  of  California  recorded 
earthquake  waves  today  at  9  hours  26 
minutes  and  35  seconds,  Pacific  Standard 
time,  which  indicate  that  a  severe  earth- 
quake has  occurred  at  a  distant  point. 
Careful  measurements  of  the  seismograph 
gave  the  following:  Time  of  commence- 
ment, 9  hours  20  minutes  35  seconds, 
Pacific  Standard  time;  duration  of  pre- 
liminary tremor,  i  minute  29  seconds; 
duration  of  second  stage  of  preliminary 
tremor,  6  minutes  16  seconds;  duration 
strong  motion,  n  minutes  38  seconds. 
The  motion  is  shown  in  the  east  and  west 
component  only.  The  average  period  of 
the  waves  was  16  seconds.  Owing  to  the 
fact  that  the  Omori  seismograph  is  design- 
ed for  recording  slight  shocks  of  nearby 
origin  rather  than  heavy  ones  of  distant 
origin,  it  is  difficult  to  apply  the  ordinary 
rules  to  determine  the  exact  distance  of 
the  origin  of  the  shock.  But  it  is  safe  to 
say  that  the  origin  was  not  less  than  2300 
miles  nor  more  than  4000  miles  distant. 
The  record  is  very  like  the  Valparaiso 
record,  only  not  so  intense.  The  shock 
occurred  in  the  north  or  south,  probably 
the  south,  close  to  the  shore  or  in  the 
ocean. 


130  THE    GKEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED, 

1906 — (Dec.  23)  LONDON. — An  earthquake  shock 
of  nearly  three  hours  duration  was  re- 
corded on  the  seismographs  on  the  Island 
of  Wight  and  at  Florence.  A  dispatch 
from  Kopal,  in  the  province  of  Semir- 
yetchonsk,  Russian  Turkistan,  brings 
news  of  an  extremely  violent  shock  there 
at  11:20  p.  m.  Dec.  22,  lasting  ninety 
minutes.  No  details  are  given. 

1906 — (Dec.  26)  A  great  earthquake  has  just 
visited  the  sea  coast  of  Chile;  extending 
over  the  entire  province  of  Tacna,  and 
destroying  over  one-half  of  the  city  of 
Arica.  The  port  of  Iquique,  120  miles 
further  south,  however,  was  not  dam- 
aged. 

1906 — (Dec.  27)  VALPARAISO,  Chile. — A  violent 
earthquake  visited  this  place  today,  fol- 
lowed by  two  slight  shocks  in  the  evening 
and  at  Arica,  the  scene  of  the  recent 
severe  earthquake,  caused  landslides  and 
wide  fissures,  but  there  were  no  deaths. 

1907 — (Jan.  9)  HONOLULU,  T.  H. — At  midnight 
the  people  of  nearly  all  parts  of  Hawaii 
awoke  to  the  realization  that  the  splendid 
spectacle  of  an  outbreak  of  Mauna  Loa 
was  before  them.  In  Hawaii  volcanic 
activity  is  never  dreaded;  it  is  always 
welcomed.  It  means  a  spectacle  as  long 
as  it  lasts,  incomparable,  magnificent — 
and  so  far  as  the  experience  of  a  hundred 
years  goes,  Without  danger  to  life — al- 
most without  danger  to  property.  From 
the  summit  of  Mauna  Loa,  a  vast  dome 
which  rears  itself  from  a  base  fifty  miles 
in  diameter  and  includes  almost  half  of 


EAETHQUAKES  131 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

the  Island  of  Hawaii,  to  a  height  of  13,675 
feet  above  sea  level,  a  great  glow  began 
to  be  seen.  It  rose  in  an  immense  column 
of  light,  reflecting  from  the  overhanging 
clouds,  and  seeming  to  spread  out  over  a 
large  area  of  the  zenith.  Where  the 
column  left  the  mountain  it  seemed  al- 
most white  in  the  intensity  of  light.  To 
those  who  have  seen  eruptions  of  Mauna 
Loa,  it  told  its  own  story.  Somewhere 
near  the  summit  of  the  great  mountain 
the  molten  lava  had  broken  out  in  a  fiery 
stream,  forming  first  a  cone,  and  then, 
bursting  through  the  side  of  this,  had 
started  as  a  river  of  fire  and  lava  down 
the  gently  sloping  side  of  the  mountain. 
This  wonderful  spectacle  was  visible,  as  it 
has  now  been  ascertained,  for  a  distance 
of  one  hundred  miles  in  every  direction, 
except  where  great  cloud  banks  piled  by 
the  trade  winds  on  some  parts  of  the 
mountain's  shoulder,  intercepted  the 
view. 

1907 — (Jan.  10)  A  tidal  wave,  caused  by  volcanic 
action,  has  devastated  some  of  the  Dutch 
East  Indies  south  of  Achim.  The  loss  is 
very  great.  It  is  known  that  300  persons 
perished  on  the  Island  of  Tana,  and  40 
were  drowned  on  the  Island  of  Simalu. 
As  the  latter  named  island  has  almost 
disappeared,  it  is  probable  that  over 
1500  persons  were  drowned 1,500 

1907 — (Jan.  14)  A  slight  conception  may  be  had 
of  the  magnitude  of  the  eruption  of  the 
Volcano  of  "Mauna  Loa,"  that  began  on 
Jan.  9th,  at  midnight,  from  the  following 


132  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

report,  5  days  later,  from  Honolulu: — 
"Lava  from  Mauna  Loa  volcano  is  flowing 
down  the  western  side  at  the  rate  of  seven 
miles  an  hour  in  uhree  streams.  One 
stream  has  crossed  the  Government  road 
and  reached  the  sea,  thirty  miles  from  its 
source.  Some  slight  damage  has  been 
done  to  grazing  lands,  but  neither  life  nor 
property  has  been  endangered.  The 
eruption  has  attracted  many  sightseers." 
The  second  flow  of  lava  at  the  end  of  the 
first  week  was  half  a  mile  wide  and  mov- 
ing 720  feet  a  day. 

1907 — (Jan.  14)  Destructive  earthquake  almost 
entirely  destroying  the  City  of  Kingston, 
Jamaica;  following  in  its  wake  by  a  fire 
which  consumed  over  half  of  the  city. 
The  most  conservative  estimate  of  the  loss 
of  life  is  i  ,000  persons.  The  financial  loss 

exceeded  $25,000,000 1,000 

In  sympathy  with  the  above,  Mt.  Vesu- 
vius, in  Naples,  became  more  active;  and 
Manila,  P.  I.,  was  badly  shaken  up,  and 
a  tidal  wave  broke  over  the  harbor  works. 

1907 — (Jan.  18) — Two  violent  earthquake  shocks 
were  experienced  at  Kuba,  Government 
of  Baku,  European  Russia,  at  5  .-30  a.  m. 
today.  Damage  light.  At  the  same 
hour,  a  severe  shock  occurred  at  Tolmezzo 
at  the  foot  of  the  ' '  Carnic  Alps , ' '  Italy ;  the 
inhabitants  were  panic  stricken.  And 
in  sympathy,  a  tidal  wave  of  considerable 
proportions  occurred  at  the  entrance  to 
Tokio  Bay,  Japan. 

1907 — (Jan.  19)  Severe  shocks  (without  material 
damage)  felt  at  Alexandrousk,  Sahkhalia 
and  Elizabethpol,  Russia. 


EARTHQUAKES  133 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1907 — (Jan.  22)  Two  more  severe  earthquake 
shocks,  and  the  heaviest  since  the  "great 
trembler"  of  the  i4th  inst.,  at  Kingston, 
Jamaica;  several  more  buildings  were 
thrown  down,  but  no  one  injured. 

1907 — (Jan.  24)  Three  shocks  of  earthquake 
occurred  at  the  village  of  Prospect,  19 
miles  from  Utica,  N.  Y.,  thoroughly 
alarming  the  entire  population. 

1907 — (Jan.  30)  Several  severe  earthquake  shocks 
felt  at  Highland  and  Greenville,  Illinois, 
at  11:30  p.  m.;  some  dishes  broken,  loss 
trivial. 

1907 — (Feb.  22)  A  very  severe  earthquake  shock 
occurred  at  Unalaska,  Alaska;  in  sympa- 
thy at  the  same  hour,  the  inactive  vol- 
cano of  Akutan,  on  Akutan  Island,  of  the 
Aleutian  Archipelago,  started  into  activ- 
ity. It  has  been  inactive  for  several  years. 

1907 — (Feb.  28)  A  strong  shock  of  earthquake 
was  experienced  in  the  southern  portion 
of  Carbon  Co.,  Wyoming,  on  the  evening 
of  the  above  date.  The  seismic  disturb- 
ance extended  as  far  south  as  Hahn's  Peak 
and  was  so  severe  that  the  inhabitants 
were  thrown  into  a  panic.  At  Slater,  one 
building  was  twisted  a  foot  out  of  plumb. 

1907 — (Mar.  29)  The  worst  earthquake  experi- 
enced in  over  40  years,  in  the  Erzeroum 
volcanic  regions  occurred  at  10  a.  m.  on 
the  above  date  at  Billis,  Asiatic  Turkey. 
Over  2,000  houses  were  damaged,  from 
$50  to  $500  each;  300  houses  entirely  de- 
molished, and  eight  lives  were  lost.  Sur- 
rounding villages  suffered  proportionately 
but  as  it  occurred  in  the  davtime  the  loss 


134  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

of  life  was  light,  although  many  were 
injured. 

1907 — (April  2)  An  earthquake  of  extraordinary 
severity  visited  Can  by,  (and  vicinity) 
Modoc  Co.,  Cal. ;  the  result  was  the  open- 
ing of  a  gash  of  four  feet  in  width,  over  a 
mile  long.  This  crack  seems  to  be  bottom- 
less. 

1907 — (April  14)  The  City  of  Mexico,  and  the  en- 
tire coast  on  the  Pacific,  between  Acapul- 
co,  Mexico,  and  the  Isthmus  of  Panama, 
was  the  scene  of  the  most  destructive 
earthquake — in  that  section — known  for 
many  years.  The  following  places  were 
almost  completely  wiped  out,  viz. — 
Chilpmcingo,  Chilapa,  Tixtea,  Ayutla, 
and  Ometepec.  On  the  height  of  the  first 
shock,  the  harbor  of  Acapulco,  took  on 
the  appearance  of  a  typhoon-swept  ocean, 
and  a  tidal  wave  submerged  one  portion  of 
the  city  of  Acapulco.  The  whole  coast 
from  Acapulco  to  Salinas  Cruz  has  been 
damaged.  Incomplete  returns  show  a 
death  list  of  98  persons  and  300  injured 
from  various  points  in  Southern  Mexico. 
Although  the  first  shock  in  the  City  of 
Mexico  lasted  for  41-2  minutes,  no  loss  of 
life  is  reported  there.  The  property  loss 
throughout  the  Republic  of  Mexico  will 
run  into  millions  of  dollars. 

The  seismographs  located  all  over  the 
world,  including  the  "Weather  Bureau" 
at  Washington,  D.  C.,  designate  this  par- 
ticular earthquake  as  a  "record  breaker." 
The  disturbance  lasted  for  over  two  hours, 
and  indicated  that  it  was  central  some- 
where in  the  Pacific  Ocean 98 


EARTHQUAKES  135 


YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

1907 — (April  16-17)  The  "Atlantic  Liner"  steamer 
La  Provence,  which  arrived  at  the  port  of 
New  York,  April  19,  1907,  reported: 
"That  from  midnight  April  i6th  until  5  p. 
m.  April  i7th,  she  passed  through  a  storm 
which,  the  officers  of  the  ship  say,  has 
rarely  been  exceeded  in  violence  on  the 
Atlantic.  At  dinner  time,  the  i6th,  the 
barometer  began  to  fall  rapidly  and  as 
midnight  approached  the  ship  reached 
an  area  where  the  air  was  so  heavily 
charged  with  electricity  that  the  compass 
became  worse  than  useless.  Suddenly  a 
terrific  storm  swept  down  on  the  ship. 
Great  waves  broke  over  the  liner's  decks, 
but  no  rain  fell,  the  night  being  perfectly 
clear.  After  five  hours,  the  storm  abated 
as  suddenly  as  it  had  come.  No  one  was 
injured,  but  the  passengers  were  badly 
frightened.  Captain  Aliax,  of  the  liner, 
believes  the  strange  storm  was  the  result 
of  the  same  forces  which  caused  the  earth- 
quake shocks  in  Mexico." 

1907 — (April  19)  Earthquakes  are  reported  for 
this  date,  from  widely  separated  sections, 
viz. — a  severe  shock  felt  at  9:40  p.  m.  in 
the  region  surrounding  Mostagalea,  in 
Bulgaria ;  no  mention  is  made  of  causali- 
ties or  damage.  A  slight  shock  was  felt  at 
Charleston  and  Summerville,  S.  C.,  at  3 :23 
a.  m.;  three  slight  waving  movements 
from  north  to  west,  lasting  8  seconds. 
Also  a  destructive  shock  experienced  at 
Nueva  Caceres,  Southern  Luzon;  many 
buildings  destroyed,  but  no  loss  of  life 
reported.  And  from  Manila,  P.  I.,  inter- 


136  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

YEAR.  PLACE.  PERSONS    KILLED. 

mittant  shocks  for  over  three  hours  in  the 
morning;  three  of  the  shocks  were  severe. 
To  complete  the  list  for  this  date,  the 
volcano  Puyehue,  now  in  activity,  in  the 
the  province  of  Valdivia,  Chile,  developed 
several  new  craters. 

1907 — (April  24)  The  volcano  Stromboli,  in 
Sicily,  became  suddenly  active,  with  a 
series  of  loud  explosions ;  after  throwing 
out  a  large  quantity  of  incandescent 
stones,  almost  immediately  afterwards, 
returned  to  its  normal  state. 

The  foregoing  extended  tables  of  all  the  important, 
destructive  earthquakes,  that  have  occurred  in  the  last 
1900  years,  have  not  been  introduced  here  to  satisfy  idle 
curiosity,  nor  to  awe  the  reader  by  the  magnitude  of  the 
destruction  of  life ;  but  to  show,  that  the  seismic  phenomena 
is  universal  over  the  face  of  the  earth,  and  least  or  nil 
where  our  predecessors  placed  the  Great  Pyramid.  If 
we  have  made  this  point  clear,  we  will  now  introduce 
another  side  issue,  to  assist  us  in  the  further  elucidation 
of  our  theory,  as  to  the  extraordinary  intelligence  of  the 
builders  of  that  "first  great  wonder  of  the  world,"  and  of 
the  impossibility  of  such  a  race  of  people  to  have  existed 
at  any  period  between  2,000  and  10,000  B.  C. 

(Sec.  7)  USEFUL  ELEMENTS  OF  ASTRONOMY, 
AND  THE  SOLAR  SYSTEM.— THE  Sux— Q— The  solar 
system  consists  of  a  great  luminous  center,  the  sun,  and 
the  planets  and  comets  which  revolve  around  that  body. 
The  sun's  diameter  is  computed  to  be  about  850,000  miles. 
Its  mean  distance  from  the  earth  is  about  92,000,000 
miles.  (Exactly  91,840,000  miles,  as  determined  by 
Prof.  Howard  Vyse,  in  the  measurement  of  the  Great 
Pyramid  Jeezeh.)  The  sun's  volume  is  1,400,000  times 
that  of  the  earth.  Its  mass  is  said  to  be  about  350,000 
times  that  of  our  globe.  The  sun  revolves  upon  its  axis 


THE   SOLAR   SYSTEM— ASTRONOMY  137 

once  in  about  25  1-4  days.  (Does  the  sun's  heat  reach 
the  earth  as  is  supposed?  We  say,  no.  See  article  at  the 
close  of  this  chapter.) 

THE  ECLIPTIC  SYSTEM. 

The  ecliptic  circle  or  earth's  orbit,  is  divided  into 
12  equal  parts  or  30  degrees  each.  The  zodiac  is  also 
divided  into  12  equal  parts  of  30  degrees  each;  the  zodiac 
is  also  divided  into  1 2  parts  called  signs  of  the  zodiac  of 
30  degrees  each,  and  includes  9  degrees  on  each  side  of  the 
ecliptic;  these  12  signs  of  30  degrees  each  constitute  the 
360  degrees  of  all  celestial  circles,  and  we  may  say  at  all 
distances  from  the  center  of  the  sun.  The  planets  traverse 
around  this  circle  in  various  periods  of  time,  and  each  one 
at  various  distances  from  the  sun,  and  at  irregular  motions. 
All  planets  move  from  west  to  east;  longitude  is  reckoned 
from  the  first  point  in  Aries  in  the  same  direction;  celestial 
latitude,  or  declination,  is  reckoned  from  ecliptic  north 
and  south.  The  word  "opposition"  means  when  the 
earth  comes  between  any  of  the  superior  planets  (which 
have  their  orbits  outside  the  earth's  orbit)  and  the  sun; 
and  when  these  planets  are  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
sun  to  the  earth,  they  are  said  to  be  in  conjunction  with 
the  sun.  When  Mercury  or  Venus  are  in  line  between  the 
sun  and  the  earth,  they  are  said  to  be  in  inferior  conjunc- 
tion with  the  sun;  when  they  are  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  sun  to  the  earth,  they  are  said  to  be  in  superior  con- 
junction with  the  sun — their  orbits  are  located  inside  the 
earth's  orbit. 

THE  PLANETS. 

The  principal  planets  are  Mercury,  Venus,  the  Earth, 
Mars,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  Uranus  and  Neptune,  each  member 
having  its  own  peculiarities.  Mercury  possesses  a  rapid 
motion  on  an  elongated  orbit,  that  varies  from  the  plane 
of  the  ecliptic  more  than  seven  degrees.  Mercury  passes 
through  about  as  much  ellipticity  in  the  same  length  of 
time  as  all  the  other  principal  planets  together,  and  moves 
over  more  than  double  the  number  of  degrees  of  longitude 


138  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

ill  a  day  at  about  its  perihelion,  than  what  it  does  when 
about  its  aphelion — while  Venus,  the  next  planet  to  Mer- 
cury, moves  upon  an  orbit  nearer  to  a  circle  than  any  other 
planet  in  our  system ;  therefore  Venus  is  the  most  perfect 
planet  among  the  solar  members .  The  earth ,  the  next  planet 
to  Venus  from  the  sun, has  from  three  to  four  times  as  much 
ellipticity  in  its  orbit  as  Venus ;  it  is  also  attended  by  a  sat- 
ellite of  a  large  size  for  the  magnitude  of  the  earth.  The 
earth  is  the  first  planet  from  the  sun  known  to  be  attended 
by  a  moon.  Mars  is  the  next  planet  from  the  earth,  and 
fourth  from  the  sun;  it  is  rather  small  for  its  location; 
its  orbit  is  long,  (and  it  possesses  two  tiny,  and  perhaps 
recently  acquired,  asteroid  moons).  There  is  a  belt  of 
very  small  planets,  the  Asteroids,  located  between  the 
orbits  of  Mars  and  great  Jupiter.  Jupiter,  the  fifth  and 
largest  planet  in  the  solar  system,  is  attended  by  four 
satellites,  and  possessed,  apparently,  with  bands  about 
the  body  of  the  planet.  Saturn,  the  sixth  planet,  has 
eight  moons,  and  two  great  rings.  Uranus,  the  seventh 
planet  from  the  sun,  possesses  four  satellites.  Neptune, 
the  eighth  and  last  planet  known  from  the  sun,  has  one 
moon. 

MERCURY — AN  INFERIOR  PLANET.  $ 
Mercury's  mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  35,000,000 
miles;  its  shortest  distance  is  28,000,000  miles;  its  greatest 
distance  is  42,500,000  miles;  its  eccentricity  is  about 
14,500,000  miles;  its  diameter  2,962  miles.  Its  time  of 
axial  rotation,  24  hours  5  minutes  and  30  seconds;  its  mean 
orbital  velocity  is  about  106,000  miles  an  hour.  Its 
variation  from  the  ecliptic  is  7°  6'.  Its  orbital  periodic 
time  about  the  sun  is;  siderial,  87.96  days;  synodical, 
115.8  days.  Mercury,  Vciu.?  and  our  moon  come  in  transit 
(apparently  crossing  the  sun's  disk),  or  in  a  direct  line 
between  the  sun  and  earth,  at  periodic  times.  These 
bodies  cannot  withstand  the  undulating  electric  currents 
that  they  are  subjected  to  in  this  position,  therefore,  they 
are,  as  it  were,  driven  across  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic  at 


THE   SOLAE   SYSTEM— ASTRONOMY  139 

various  angles,  as  though  this  electric  force  was  a  repulsion 
upon  them  or  the  matter  composing  them.  This  is  the 
case  with  all  bodies  when  placed  in  this  position.  The 
body  of  matter  in  the  middle,  or  the  body  coming  between 
two  other  bodies,  absorbs  the  electricity  from  the  two 
outside  ones  with  great  force,  and  by  this  force  it  expands 
and  leaves  this  position  by  moving  to  one  side  or  the  other 
of  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic,  or  rather  crosses  the  plane  at 
some  angle  that  does  not  place  it  between  two  bodies  so 
frequently.  Mercury's  rapid  motion,  its  great  density, 
and  necessarily  the  remarkable  change  of  this  motion  and 
density  at  about  perihelion  and  aphelion  passages,  agitate 
the  whole  solar  system  upon  many  of  these  occasions. 
The  great  changes  of  motion,  density,  and  electric  currents 
account  for  the  rugged,  rough  mountains,,  (supposed  to 
be  50,000  feet  high) ;  also  luminous  points  as  seen  upon 
Mercury's  obscure  disk — which  are  supposed  to  be  volcanos 
in  a  state  of  activity,  and  which  would  seem  to  be  a  very 
reasonable  suggestion  of  facts.  (As  the  elements  com- 
posing our  moon  must  be  in  about  some  such  a  state 
of  agitated  changes,  the  bright  illuminated  points  and 
lines  upon  the  moon  must  be  the  illuminated  gases  escaping 
to  the  dark  surface  of  the  moon  as  they  move  from  the 
illuminated  to  the  dark  side  of  the  satellite.) 
VENUS — AN  INFERIOR  PLANET. —  $ 

Venus,  alternately  the  bright  morning  and  evening 
star,  moves  on  an  orbit  nearly  circular,  at  about  the  mean 
distance  from  the  sun  of  66,000,000  miles.  Its  diameter  is 
7,500  miles.  Its  orbital  velocity  is  about  77,000  miles  an 
hour.  It  revolves  on  its  axis  in  23  hours  and  21  minutes. 
Its  siderial  periodic  time  about  the  sun  is  224.7  days; 
its  synodical  time  is  583.9  days.  Venus  varies  from  the 
ecliptic  3°  23'. 

THE  EARTH.   ® 

Its  mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  about  91,840,000 
miles.  Its  orbital  velocity  is  about  67,000  miles  an  hour. 
Its  diameter,  near  7,925  miles  (7,924.9111).  Its  time  of 


140  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

axial  rotation,  23  hours  56  minutes  and  4  seconds.  It 
revolvs  around  the  sun  in  365  1-4  days. 

The  axis  of  the  earth  is  inclined  23  1-2  degrees  from 
the  perpendicular  to  its  orbit.  The  axis  of  the  earth  is 
•constantly  (or  nearly  so)  pointing  to  the  north  star.  At 
the  equinoxes  one-half  of  the  earth's  surface  is  illuminated 
from  pole  to  pole,  hence  the  days  and  nights  are  of  equal 
length.  The  earth  passes  its  vernal  equinox  March  2oth 
and  its  autumnal  equinox  September  22nd.  By  the  2ist 
of  June  the  earth's  orbital  motion  brings  the  earth's  posi- 
tion so  that  the  sun  is  verticle  23  1-2  degrees  north  of  its 
equinoctial  point.  This  produces  the  summer  solstice  in 
the  northern  hemisphere,  and  winter  in  the  southern 
hemisphere.  The  earth's  orbital  motion  brings  the  earth's 
position  so  that  the  sun  is  verticle  over  its  equator  again 
September  22d,  or  at  the  autumnal  equinox.  The  earth's 
orbital  motion  brings  the  sun  vertical  23  1-2  degrees  south 
of  the  earth's  equinoctial  point,  on  the  2tst  of  December, 
or  to  the  winter  solstice  in  the  northern  hemisphere  and 
.summer  in  the  southern  hemisphere.  The  earth's  orbital 
motion  brings  the  earth's  equinoctial  point  to  the  sun's 
vertical  line  and  earth's  equator  again,  March  2oth,  and  by 
this  illuminating  one  half  of  the  earth's  surface  from  pole 
to  pole. 

The  extent  of  declination  of  the  sun's  verticle  from  the 
equinoctial  is  23  1-2  degrees  north  or  south,  or  on  each 
side  of  the  equator.  At  the  summer  solstice  the  sun  is 
verticle  23  1-2  degrees  north  of  the  equator,  and  at  the 
winter  solstice  it  is  verticle  23  1-2  degrees  south  of  the 
earth's  equator.  This  is  called  the  obliquity  of  the  ecliptic. 
'These  various  (seasons  or)  periodic  positions  of  certain 
parts  of  the  earth's  surface  are  brought  to  the  sun's  verticle 
T^y  a  sort  of  a  spiral  motion  of  the  earth  on  its  orbit — which 
orbital  motion  brings  these  certiaii  parts  of  the  earth's 
surface  under  the  sun's  verticle  at  these  certain  seasons  of 
the  (year  or  by  the)  earth's  annual  revolution  about  the 
sun,  as  described  above — or  at  spring,  summer,  autumn 
and  winter  seasons  and  positions. 


THE  SOLAR  SYSTEM— ASTRONOMY 


141 


The  earth  is  in  perihelion  about  December  3ist,  and  in 
aphelion  about  the  ist  of  July.  Its  perihelion  is  in  lon- 
gitude 100°  21',  and  its  aphelion  is  280°  21'.  The  earth's 
volume,  according  to  Airy,  is  only  one  part  out  of  i  ,400,000 
volumes  of  that  of  the  t>un.  Its  mass  is  one  part  out  of 
about  352,000  parts  of  the  sun. 

THE  CHANGES  OF  THE  SEASONS. 

The  following  cut  exhibits  the  earth  in  its  various 
positions  as  it  moves,  in  its  orbital  motion,  through  the 
season  constellations — its  spring  equinox,  its  summer 
solstice,  its  autumnal  equinox,  and  its  winter  solstice,  etc. 


The  equinoxes  move  westward  about  50"  annually. 
The  Birth's  perihelion  point  moves  eastward  about  12"  a 
year.  By  this  movement  of  the  vernal  equinox  westward 
50",  and  the  perihelion  eastward  12",  these  two  points 
become  further  apart  each  year  (for  a  long  time)  by  62",  or 
i'  2".  A  revolution  of  360  degrees,  (of  procession,  or  fall- 
ing back  of  the  equinoxes)  would  require  about  26,000 
years — while  the  advance  of  the  perihelion,  or  apside, 
eastward  through  360  degrees,  or  a  revolution,  would 
require  about  110,000  years. 


142 


THE  MOON — OUR  EARTH'S  SATELLITE.  © 
The  moon  is  our  nearest  planetary  neighbor.  It  is  a 
body  of  matter  revolving  about  our  globe,  and  apparently 
exercising  considerable  influence  upon  our  sphere.  The 
moon's  mean  distance  from  the  earth  is  238,800  miles. 
Its  least  distance  is  225,700  miles,  and  the  greatest  distance 
is  251,900  miles.  It  is  26,000  miles  nearer  the  earth  at 
perigee  than  it  is  at  apogee.  It  revolves  on  its  axis  to  the 
sun,  in  27  days  7  hours  and  43  minutes,  which  is  about 
the  same  period  of  time  as  that  of  its  sideral  revolution. 
Its  synodical  period  is  29  1-2  days.  It  possesses  no  axial 
rotation  to  the  earth,  therefore  it  always  turns  about  the 
same  side  towards  our  globe.  It  appears  to  move  around 
the  earth  at  about  the  rate  of  2,273  miles  an  hour.  Its 
variation,  or  the  inclination  of  its  orbit  to  the  plane  of 
the  ecliptic,  is  5°  8'.  The  moon's  orbit  revolves  around 
the  earth,  as  well  as  the  moon  itself — that  is,  its  nearest 
and  farthest  orbital  points  make  a  revolution  around  the 
earth  once  in  each  8  years  and  310  1-2  days.  This  is 
termed  the  progression  of  the  apsides.  The  line  of  the 
moon's  nodes  is  also  in  motion,  moving  around  the  earth 
and  ecliptic  in  a  retrograde  direction,  or  from  east  to  west, 
in  a  period  of  about  18  1-2  years.  The  moon's  nodes  are 
the  two  points  where  the  moon  touches  or  crosses  the  plane 
of  the  ecliptic  or  earth's  orbit,  on  its  passages  going  from 
north  to  south,  or  from  south  to  north  declinations,  etc. 

MARS — A  SUPERIOR  PLANET.    <S 

Mars  is  the  fourth  planet  from  the  sun.  It  is  a  small 
body,  with  a  long  orbit.  Its  mean  distance  is  152,000,000 
miles;  its  least  or  perihelion  distance  is  126,300,000  miles. 
Its  diameter  is  4,920  miles.  It  revolves  around  the  sun 
in  686.97  days.  Its  axial  rotation  takes  24  hours  37 
minutes  and  23  seconds.  Its  variation  from  the  plane  of 
the  ecliptic  is  i°  and  about  51'.  Mars  is  about  26,000,000 
miles  nearer  the  sun  at  perihelion  than  at  its  aphelion. 
Mars  has  two  small  satellites.  They  were  discovered  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  in  1877,  by  Prof.  A.  Hall.  The  inner 


THE   SOLAR   SYSTEM— ASTRONOMY  143 

moon  is  about  4,000  miles  from  the  planet;  its  orbital 
revolution  is  7  hours  and  39  minutes.  The  outer  one 
revolves  about  the  planet  in  30  hours  and  17  minutes. 

Mars  is  an  oblate  planet — according  to  William  Her- 
schel,  its  equatorial  diameter  is  272  miles  greater  than  its 
polar  diameter;  but  Mr.  G.  R.  Hind  makes  its  equatorial 
diameter  85  miles  greater  than  its  polar  diameter.  But 
Mars  possesses  26,000,000  miles  of  elipticity  in  its  orbit, 
and  the  length  of  a  planet's  orbit  governs  the  axial  rotation 
of  the  planet,  and  the  axial  rotation  controls  the  quantity 
of  the  ellipticity  in  a  planetary  path,  and  the  length  of  the 
ellipticity  in  an  orbit  must  regulate  the  shape  of  the  planet's 
body  or  matter,  itself — or  the  ellipiticity  in  a  planetary 
orbit  regulates  the  amount  of  change  that  it  goes  through 
each  orbital  revolution;  and  those  with  the  longest  orbits 
go  through  the  greatest  amount  of  change,  each  orbital 
revolution.  A  mass  of  matter  having  no  axial  rotation 
to  the  body  that  it  revolves  about  is  a  perfect  comet  to  that 
central  body.  A  planet  or  body  of  matter,  having  a  perfect 
axial  rotation  possesses  no  ellipticity  in  its  orbit,  therefore 
goes  through  none,  or  but  little  change  of  density  or  motion 
in  its  orbital  revolutions.  Venus  is  nearly  in  this  condi- 
tion. Mars  possesses  26,000,000,  and  the  earth  3,000,000 
miles  of  ellipticity,  in  their  orbits — therefore  Mars  contains 
82-3  times  as  much  ellipticity,  in  its  orbit,  as  the  earth — 
consequently,  in  the  same  proportion,  if  Mars  has  (in  round 
numbers)  160  miles  of  oblateness  in  its  conformation, 
the  earth  should  have  20  miles,  or  160-^-8=20  miles;  this 
making  the  earth's  equatorial  diameter  20  miles  greater 
than  its  polar  diameter.  Prof.  Richard  Mansill's  theory 
is,  "that  the  remarkable  illumination  and  brightness  about 
Mars,  and  its  bright  spots,  are  caused  by  and  through 
the  illuminated  gases  that  are  about  the  planet,  and 
needed  to  enable  the  body  to  go  through  the  great  amount 
of  change  of  motion  xnd  density  that  it  must  pass  through , 
to  adjust  itself  to  the  great  quantity  of  ellipticity  that 
is  in  its  orbit."  This  planet  possesses  about  20  percent. 


144  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

of  the  element,  or  nature  of  a  comet,  in  its  ellipticity.  This 
is  possibly  the  cause  of  this  planet  appearing  to  vary  so 
much,  at  times,  as  it  is  said  to  do. 

THE  ASTEROIDS,  OR  PLANETOIDS,  MINOR  PLANETS. 

This  belt  of  numerous  ^mall  planets  is  located  in  the 
spaca  between  Mars  and  Jupiter.  Their  orbits  are  included 
in  a  wide  ring  at  an  average  distance  of  about  255,000,000 
miles  from  the  sun.  Their  orbits  incline  at  various  angles 
to  the  ecliptic,  and  their  paths  possess  considerable  eccen- 
tricity. These  bodies  are  so  small  that  little  is  known 
about  the  elements  composing  them. 

JUPITER,  A  SUPERIOR  PLANET.   7/ 

Jupiter  is  the  fifth  principal  planet  from  the  sun ;  it  is 
the  largest  of  the  planets.  Its  equatorial  diameter  is  about 
88,000  miles.  Its  mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  about 
475,600,000  miles;  its  least,  452,000,000,  and  its  greatest, 
498,000,000  miles  from  that  body.  The  time  of  axial 
rotation  is  supposed  to  be  9  hours  and  55  minutes. 
Its  orbital  motion  is  28,700  miles  an  hour.  Its  orbit il 
periodic  time  is  4,332.58  days.  Jupiter's  equatorial  dia- 
meter is  supposed  to  be  about  5,000  miles  more  than  its 
polar  diameter.  Jupiter  is  about  45,000,000  miles  nearer 
the  sun  at  its  perihelion  than  at  its  aphelion  passages.  The 
volume  of  Jupiter  is  about  1,244  times  that  of  the  earth. 
The  inclination  of  Jupiter's  axis  to  its  orbit  is  about  3 
degrees.  The  inclination  of  its  orbit  to  the  plane  of  the 
ecliptic  is  i°  18'.  Its  synodic  period  is  398.8  days.  (Its 
mass  is  said  to  be  about  301  times  that  of  the  earth.)  Jupi- 
ter has  four  moons,  at  the  following  distances  from  the 
planet:  264,000;  423,000;  678,000;  and  1,1 18,000  miles. 
SATURN,  A  SUPERIOR  PLANET.  T? 

Saturn,  the  sixth  principal  planet  from  the  sun,  revolves 
around  that  body  in  10,759.  22  days,  or  about  29  1-2  years, 
at  a  mean  distance  of  872,000,000  miles.  (Its  synodic 
period  is  378  days.)  Its  least  distance  is  823,000,000  miles, 
and  its  greatest  distance  is  921,000,000  miles.  Saturn  is 
supposed  to  revolve  on  its  axis  once  in  10  hours  and  20 


THE   SOLAE   SYSTEM— ASTEONOMY  145 

minutes.  Its  equatorial  diameter  is  77,900  miles.  Its 
oblateness  is  greater  than  any  other  planet.  The  planet's 
pol  ir  diameter  is  considered  to  be  7,800  miles  shorter  than 
its  equatorial  diameter.  The  inclination  of  its  orbit  to  the 
plane  of  the  ecliptic  is  about  21-2  degrees.  Saturn  is  about 
98,000,000  miles  nearer  the  sun  at  perihelion  than  at  aphe- 
lion. Its  velocity  in  its  orbit  is  about  21,221  miles  an  hour. 
The  inclination  of  its  axis  to  the  plane  of  its  orbit  is  about 
27  degrees.  This  planet  is  encompassed  by  three  rings, 
and  accompanied  by  eight  satellites.  (The  astronomers  at 
large  are  as  much  at  sea  over  the  rings  of  Saturn,  as  the 
architects  are  over  the  building  of  the  Great  Pyramid.) 
URANUS,  A  SUPERIOR  PLANET,  l^t 

Uranus  is  the  seventh  principal  planet  from  the  sun, 
and  revolves  around  that  body  at  a  mean  distance  of 
1,753,000,000  miles,  in  a  period  of  30,686.82  days,  or  about 
84  years.  Its  least  distance  is  1,672,000,000  miles,  arid 
greatest  distance  is  1,835,000,000  miles.  Uranus  is  about 
163,000,000  miles  nearer  the  sun  at  perihelion  than  at 
aphelion.  The  inclination  of  its  orbit  is  46  1-2  minutes. 
Its  synodic  period  is  369.65  days.  Uranus'  diameter  is 
33,000  miles.  Its  equatorial  diameter,  like  Jupiter  and 
Saturn,  is  greater  than  its  polar  diameter,  but  the  difference 
is  not  exactly  known.  The  volume  of  Uranus  is  about  72 
1-2  times  that  that  of  the  earth.  Uranus  is  attended  by 
four  moons,  that  revolve  about  the  planet  in  the  opposite 
direction  to  that  of  the  motions  of  other  satellites  about 
their  primaries.  Its  velocity  in  its  orbit  is  14,963  miles  an 
hour. 

NEPTUNE,  A  SUPERIOR  PLANET.  tJJ 

Neptune  is  the  eighth  princip.il  planet  from  the  sun, 
around  which  body  it  revolves  in  60,126  days,  or  about 
164  1-4  years,  at  a  mean  distance  of  2,746,000,000  miles. 
Its  least  distance  is  2,722,000,000  miles,  md  greatest  dis- 
tance is,  2,770,000,000  miles.  Neptune  is  about  48,000,000 
miles  nearer  the  sun  at  its  perihelion  passage  than  it  is  at 
its  aphelion  passage.  The  inclination  of  its  orbit  to  the 

10 


146  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

plane  of  the  ecliptic  is  about  13-4  degrees.  Its  diameter 
is  36,600  miles.  Its  synodic  period  is  about  367  1-2  days. 
Neptune  is  attended  by  one  satellite  that  revolves  around 
the  planet  in  a  retrograde  motion,  or  from  east  to  west  like 
the  moons  of  Uranus. 

ECCENTRICITIES  OF  THE  PLANETS. 
The  eccentricities  of  the  planets,  as  considered  by  one- 
half  their  major  axis,  are  approximately:     Mercury,  1-5; 
Venus,    1-145;   Earth,    1-60;   Mars,    i-io;  Jupiter,    1-21; 
Saturn,  1-18;  Uranus,  1-22;  Neptune,  i-iii. 

THE  EARTH  AND  WORLD  BUILDING. 

(Sec.  8.)  The  above  subject  should  have  preceded 
this  work  in  a  full  quarto  volume;  (as  we  stated  in  our 
preface)  but  a  short  chapter  introduced  at  this  point  of  our 
discussion,  on  the  above  subject,  will  relieve  us  of  further 
explanation  when  we  come  to  the  subject  of  the  material 
used  in  the  building  of  the  Great  Pyramid. 

THE  CREATION  AND  THE  CREATOR.— In  refer- 
ence to  the  creation  and  the  Creator,  we  are  led  to  suppose 
that  an  all- wise  and  an  all-powerful  and  an  almighty  Omnip- 
otent or  Being,  who  might  govern  all  the  matter  of  this 
universe  with  his  wisdom  and  will,  but  whom,  we  think, 
would  start  the  universal  elements  in  their  motions,  changes 
and  combining  conditions  in  such  a  manner  as  he  intended 
them  to  go  in,  in  the  start.  Such  a  system  as  this  appeals 
to  us,  but  we  can  hardly  think  that  he  would  be  patching 
and  mending  the  job  or  any  personal  parts  of  it  on  its  way 
as  it  moved  along.  There  are  no  known  exceptions  allowed 
to  any  reasoning  individuals  by  way  of  emollients  exempt- 
ing them  from  the  vital  natural  laws  and  forces,  as  they 
all  must  eat  (to  live),  drink,  sleep  and  grow  (and  decay), 
just  like  and  as  the  wild  brute  or  animal  creation  has  to  do. 
Therefore,  if  reasoning  persons  seek  pleasure  to  an  extent 
of  violating  natural  laws  and  their  requirements,  the  human 
flesh  or  rubstance  suffers  for  it  to  an  equal  extent  of  the 
violation  of  such  laws  committed.  Therefore,  there  is  no 


FIEST   GEEMS  OF  LIFE   APPEAR  147 

need  of  a  Supreme  or  an  All-Wise  Being  interfering  with 
the  petty  affairs  of  human  beings.  This  theory  may  appear 
to  indicate  to  some  extent  that  (cultivated  mind)  reasoning 
human  individuals,  as  being  somewhat  as  free  agents,  but 
who  at  the  same  time  (we  think)  must  piy  the  penalties 
of  their  own  follies  and  crimes  with  the  pangs  and  pains 
in  their  own  living  flesh. 

The  whole  system  is  a  grand  one,  and  we  are  simply 
trying  to  learn  what  elements  our  mass  (the  earth)  is  com- 
posed of,  and  about  when  and  how  it  commenced  to  grow 
or  condense,  and  at  about  what  stage  or  age  animal  and 
vegetable  life  commenced  upon  our  globe,  and  what  is 
likely  to  be  the  final  results  of  the  earth.  As  the  masses 
are  not  ready  for  such  a  solution  (or  theory),  our  reward 
will  be,  simply  the  love  we  have  for  this  beautiful  scheme. 
APPEARANCE  OF  THE  FIRST  GERMS  OF  LIFE  UPON  THE 

EARTH. 

No  life  could  have  existed  upon  the  earth  until  the 
primary  or  crystalized  rock  formation  had  condensed  and 
become  solid  enough  and  sufficiently  steady  and  quiet 
long  enough  to  support  animal  life.  And,  life  even  then, 
and  that  of  the  lowest  kind,  could  not  have  commenced 
upon  the  globe  until  dry  land  hid  appeared,  and  the  carbon 
existed  in  a  state  of  solution,  and  this  being  washed  about 
the  silicated  shores  where  this  element  (carbon)  could  ex- 
pand and  unite  with  the  oxygen  of  the  air. 

At  or  about  this  time  the  first  life  on  this  globe  could 
have  commenced,  or  as  soon  as  a  single  organic  cell  could 
be  formed,  and  this  would  occur  coinciding  with  the  first 
formation  of  carbonic  acid  gas,  and  which  would  generate 
at  the  same  time  a  little  alcohol  and  spirits,  and  as  the  car- 
bon expanded  upon  the  shore  it  is  probable  that  a  portion  of 
the  atmosphere  would  be  absorbed  and  condensed — they 
would  constitute  the  the  organization  of  the  organic  ele- 
ments, or  such  as  the  hydrogen  and  oxygen  composing  the 
water — the  carbon  in  solution  and  the  nitrogen  of  the  atmos- 
phere, and  until  these  conditions  existed  no  life  could  have 


148  THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

taken  place  on  this  globe.  But  as  soon  as  these  conditions 
did  exist,  nothing  could  prevent  these  elements  from  going 
into  animal  and  vegetable  life;  (the  lower  orders)  of  life 
spread  rapidly  all  over  the  dry  part  of  the  earth.  Nothing 
up  to  this  day  has  or  could  prevent  animal  growth  or  decay, 
nor  is  anything  likely  to  put  a  stop  to  its  progress  for  a  long 
time  in  the  future.  Two-thirds  of  the  (dry)  earth  is  covered 
by  a  scum  of  life  that  cannot  be  suppressed  as  long  as  there 
is  carbon  in  water  in  solution  and  nitrogen  gas  in  the  air, 
but  as  it  is  at  this  time  and  as  it  has  been  since  the  first 
dawn  of  life  upon  our  sphere.  Those  who  contend  that  the 
spontaneous  generation  of  low  orders  of  animals  are  going 
on  today  are  probably  correct ;  and  those  who  contend  that 
life  started  from  a  secret  or  unexplainable  germ  and  that 
life  is  the  continuation  of  a  germ  that  no  one  knows  any- 
thing about,  may  hold  their  own  for  a  time,  for  the  reason 
that  natural  life  cannot  germinate  or  develop  without  a 
free  access  of  moisture,  or  water  and  atmosphere  and  carbon 
and  nitrogen.  They  are  all  contained  in  the  germs  of  life 
when  compounded  in  suitable  (solutions  and)  quantities, 
but  when  put  under  an  influence  that  produces  death  or 
something  that  prevents  chemical  action,  then,  of  course, 
there  is  no  development  of  life.  But  when  the  organic 
elements,  as  referred  to  above,  are  left  free  to  mingle,  then 
life  is  the  result,  and  it  cannot  be  repressed  from  developing 
and  making  itself  manifest  in  the  shape  of  the  lower  orders 
or  forms  of  life.  The  first  organic  matter  collected  on  the 
earth  would  likely  be  a  corruption  of  organic  elements — 
water  and  carbon  in  solution,  and  other  earthy  and  slimy 
matter  and  the  atmosphere.  From  such  a  mass  fermen- 
tation and  decomposition  would  be  inaugurated,  from 
which  a  little  hydrogen  would  escape,  and  where  carbonic 
acid  would  be  developed  by  the  expanding  carbon  and 
condensing  oxygen,  and  they  united,  and  at  the  same  time 
a  portion  of  nitrogen  may  be  absorbed  and  condensed — 
and  here  would  be  the  germ  or  development  of  the  cell. 
The  carbonic  acid  would  hang  about  the  land  or  shore, 


AGE    OF    THE    EARTH  149 

uniting  with  other  matter,  and  under  the  sun's  influence 
would  commence  to  develop  a  low  order  of  vegetable  matter 
or  such  matter  as  the  naturalists  have  been  unable  to 
decide  whether  it  belongs  to  the  animal  or  vegetable  king- 
doms. We  now  reach  the  lichens,  mosses,  fungus,  algae  or 
sea-weeds  and  other  low  orders,  of  a  near  compound  of 
animal  and  vegetable  matter — from  the  decomposition  of 
this  class  of  infusoria,  animalculae,  monads,  etc.,  would 
appear.  The  fermentation  of  this  matter  would  develop 
carbonic  acid  to  feed  and  support  the  growing  of  vegetation. 
The  decaying  vegetation  would  furnish  the  juices  about 
the  shores  to  support  fermentation  and  the  low  orders  of 
animal  life  about  the  shores  which  would  result  therefrom. 
Therefore,  after  life  had  reached  this  stage  of  progress,  the 
advance  would  likely  be  very  rapid,  both  in  quantity  and 
quality  of  animal  and  vegetable  types. 

THE  AGE  OF  THE  EARTH. 

If  we  assume  that  it  requires  a  year  to  grow  vegetation 
enough  to  form  one  ton  of  merchantable  coal  to  the  acre 
when  converted  into  that  element,  and  there  are  about  an 
average  of  i  ,000  tons  of  coal  to  the  acre  in  a  vein  one  foot 
thick  or  4,000  tons  in  a  bed  four  feet  thick,  and  8,000  in  an 
eight  foot  stratum — or  say  it  would  require  100,000  years 
at  this  rate  to  supply  100  feet  of  combined  coal  beds,  or  at 
the  same  rate  of  building  the  earth's  crust  up  by  chemical 
condensations  it  would  need  or  require  1,000,000  years  for 
each  1,000  feet,  or  100,000,000  years  for  each  100,000  feet  of 
the  earth's  crust.  Therefore,  it  has  been  perhaps  possible  to 
build  up  parts  of  the  earth's  crust  at  about  the  rate  of  one 
foot  in  1,000  years — but,  as  there  were  always  parts  of  the 
earth  covered  by  water,  nothing  like  this  much  (under  the 
water)  could  be  accomplished.  Therefore,  this  time  may 
be  multiplied  by  five,  or  say  it  would  take  500,000,000  years 
to  build  up  the  first  100,000  feet  of  the  earth's  crust —  or 
about  this  same  proportion  of  time,  let  it  (the  thickness) 
be  more  or  less,  to  produce  the  same  amount  of  the  earth's 
crust  or  strata.  As  it  is  possible  that  this  contains  most 


150  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

of  the  earth's  crust  (and  perhaps  more),  as  the  temperature 
increases  one  degree  for  every  60  feet  of  descent,  and  as  this 
would  fuse  everything  known  to  us  before  reaching  100,000 
feet  from  the  earth's  surface,  there  is  no  doubt  but  the  earth 
has  been  principally  built  up  by  chemical  condensations, 
even  from  the  first  condensations  (of  oxygen  and  hydrogen) 
of  the  primary  crystalline  rocks,  when  oxygen  and  silicium, 
oxygen  and  aluminium,  oxygen  and  magnesium,  and  after- 
wards oxygen  and  calcium,  were  condensed  together  (also 
oxygen  and  carbon).  This  is  the  manner  and  way  in  which 
the  crust  of  the  earth  has  been  condensed  and  built  up  to 
its  present  condition — and  not  by  the  spontaneous  radiation 
of  heat  (from  it)  so-called,  and  which  is  generally  supposed 
to  have  been  the  case  or  cause  of  the  cooling  and  condensing 
and  building  up  of  the  earth's  crust.  All  the  primary  rocks 
were  formed  and  condensed  in  regular  order  by  chemical 
combinations.  The  primary  crystalline  rock  formation 
went  on,  followed  by  the  Silurian  measures ;  then  the  Carbon 
age  appeared  with  its  fermentations,  and  by  this  furnishing 
food  and  substance  for  vegetable  growth,  and  this  vegeta- 
tion became  food  again  for  animal  live  of  both  marine  and 
land  species.  We  quote  the  following  from  "A  New  System 
of  Universal  Natural  Science,"  by  Mansill:  "Therefore, 
to  sum  the  progress  of  our  globe  up  to  this  time,  in  short 
it  is  this:  The  earth's  crust  is  constantly  being  worked 
over  and  over  again  by  internal  and  external  corrosians, 
and  by  this  it  is  made  thicker  and  harder  through  the 
absorption  of  oxygen  from  the  air  and  space  to  supply  the 
chemical  processes  that  are  performed  through  the  long 
progress  of  the  construction  of  the  earth's  crust. 

The  consumption  of  oxygen  from  the  air  for  each  indi- 
vidual amounts  to  about  two  pounds  a  day,  and  for  every 
6  pounds  of  pure  carbon  consumed  in  combustion,  the  world 
over,  consumes  16  pounds  of  oxygen  to  convert  it  into  car- 
bonic acid  gas,  much  of  which  gas  is  absorbed  by  the  waters 
of  the  globe,  and  therein  forming  chemical  compounds 
with  the  earth v  elements  within  the  water  and  therebv 


AGE    OF    THE    EARTH  151 

building  up  the  strata  of  the  earth.  All  the  processes  of 
fermentation  and  decompositions  absorb  oxygen  from  the 
atmosphere  in  this  manner  to  support  their  operations. 
Therefore  the  total  consumption  of  oxygen  extracted  from 
the  air  each  day  to  support  the  chemical  actions  cannot  be 
much  less  than  from  10,000,000  to  20,000,000  tons  per  day. 
For  every  81bs  of  hydrogen  gas  burnt  there  must  64lbs  of 
oxygen  condense  and  contract  its  volume  to  form  72fbs.  of 
water.  Just  think  of  the  quantity  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen 
stored  in  all  the  waters  of  the  globe !  If  this  fluid  averaged 
21-4  miles  thick  all  over  the  globe  we  should  have  two 
miles  deep  of  a  belt  of  oxygen  and  one-fourth  of  a  mile 
thick  of  hydrogen — that  is,  if  these  two  elements  were 
separated  into  their  component  parts. 

We  therefore,  find  our  earth,  at  this  time,  existing  as  a 
globe  of  matter  composed  (chemically  speaking)  of  several 
kinds  and  various  densities,  and  possessing  a  diameter  of 
about  8,000  miles  and  a  circumference  of  about  25,000  miles 
and  an  area,  of  about  200,000,000  miles,  and  moving 
through  space  at  the  rate  of  about  66,000  miles  an  hour, 
and  at  a  supposed  distance  from  the  sun  of  92,000,000 
(pyramidal  measure  91,840,000)  miles.  The  contents  of  its 
volume  is  computed  to  be  about  260,000,000,000  cubic  miles. 
The  number  of  tons  of  matter  it  contains  is  computed  to  be 
about  3,510,000,000,000,000,000,000  tons  (this  is  compu- 
ting the  earth  as  being  solid  and  three  times  the  weight  of 
water).  Therefore,  if  the  earth  was  composed  totally  of 
oxygen  it  could  have  absorbed  and  condensed  about  1 1 ,000,- 
ooo  tons  of  oxygen  a  day,  or  about  four  billion  tons  a  year 
for  a  period  of  875,000,000,000  years  in  order  to  reach  ito 
present  condition.  But  allowing  half  of  this  time  for  the 
first  accumulation  of  matter — as  a  mass  of  gas — in  the  shape 
of  a  globe  or  comet,  and  then  take  one-half  of  the  other 
half  for  the  other  matter  contained  in  the  composition  of 
the  earth,  then  there  could  have  been  condensed  by  the 
earth  11,000,000  tons  of  oxygen  each  day  for  more  than 
200  billions  of  years  in  bringing  the  earth  to  its  present 


152  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

condition,  and  even  if  our  earth  consisted  of  only  a  shell 
of  dense  matter  not  exceeding  one  hundred  miles  in  thick- 
ness it  could  have  consumed  11,000,000  tons  of  oxygen  a 
day  for  many  millions  of  years.  Therefore,  such  is  the 
supply  of  nature's  resources." 

ROCKS  AND  STRATA  AND  THEIR  COMPOSITION. 

GRANITE. — It  has  been  considered  that  granite 
was  the  foundation  and  oldest  rock  of  the  earth's  crust. 
It  may  be  the  oldest  compounded  consolidated  rock,  but 
it  can  hardly  be  the  oldest  rock  making  substone,  for  it  is 
composed  of  quartz,  mica  and  felspar. 

QUARTZ. — Composed  principally  of  silica  and  silex 
is  composed  of  51  parts  of  oxygen  and  49  parts  of  the  base. 
Felspar  is  composed  of  67  parts  of  silica,  18  of  alumina, 
2  of  lime,  12  of  potass  and  one  part  of  the  oixde  of  iron. 
Mica  is  composed  of  47  parts  of  silica,  22  of  alumina,  14  of 
potass,  15  of  the  oxide  of  iron  and  2  parts  of  the  oxide  of 
manganese.  Therefore,  when  we  reach  the  structure  and 
composition  of  granite  in  the  building  up  of  the  earth's 
crust,  we  have  silicium  and  oxygen  united,  forming  silica ; 
and  this  united  with  alumina,  potass,  oxide  of  iron,  a  little 
lime  and  a  small  quantity  of  oxide  of  manganese;  conse- 
quently the  earth  must  have  been  a  long  way  advanced  in 
the  progress  of  condensing  and  constructing  its  crust  when 
granite  was  compounded. 

THE  ELEMENTS  CONDENSED  TOWARDS  FORM- 
ING THE  EARTH'S  CRUST.— The  first  elements  to  con- 
dense in  forming  the  earth's  solid  crust  would  appear  to  be 
silicium,  which  appears  to  have  the  strongest  absorbing 
or  uniting  power  for  oxygen  (excepting,  perhaps,  hydrogen 
— which  probably  had  the  strongest  absorbing  power  for 
oxygen,  and  claimed  it  to  form  the  waters  and  vapors  about 
the  globe) — and  by  this  forming  silex  and  silica.  Potassi- 
um would  likely  be  the  next  element  claiming  oxygen  with 
the  strongest  force  to  condense  with;  and  iron  the  next  in 
force  and  in  order  as  uniting  with  the  oxygen,  and  these 
elements  would  probably  unite  with  the  alumina,  together 


FORMATION   OF  MINERAL   SUBSTANCES 


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c3 

154 


THE  FIRST  ROCK.— From  these  compounds  or  com- 
binations— silex,  silica,  sand,  sandstone — pure  silica  sand- 
stone would  appear  to  be  the  first  rock  formation  condensed 
in  the  earth's  crust.  This  would  seem  to  be  the  case  from 
the  strong  power  that  silicium  has  to  unite  with  oxygen, 
and  it  being  found  §b  abundant  in  the  earth's  crust  from 
first  to  last. 

THE  FIRST  CONDENSED  CARBON.— The  very 
first  carbon  that  condensed  on  the  earth  into  a  solid  must 
have  contracted  its  volume  mechanically,  for  it  could  not 
have  condensed  chemically  into  the  diamond  or  graphite,  as 
these  elements  are  not  compounds,  therefore  it  could  not 
even  unite  with  oxygen  (to  form  carbonic  acid),  for  when 
carbon  does  unite  with  oxygen  to  form  carbonic  acid  gas, 
the  carbon  expands  its  volume  to  unite  with  it  about  as 
much  as  the  oxygen  contracts  in  volume — and  when  it 
unites  with  oxygen  to  help  to  form  a  solid,  it  does  so  in- 
directly, as  it  does  in  the  case  of  forming  carbonate  of  lime, 
it  first  absorbs  oxygen  enough  to  enable  it  to  expand  into 
carbonic  acid  gas — it  then  becomes  absorbed  (itself)  by  the 
water — water  having  a  very  forcible  absorbing  power  for 
carbonic  acid — water  takes  up  about  an  equal  volume  of 
this  gas.  The  mechanical  process  of  forming  the  diamond 
(condensed  pure  carbon)  by  the  action  of  the  earth,  could 
have  been  accomplished  during  any  great  upheaval,  or 
sudden  changing  of  the  earth's  polarity. 

LIME. — The  metallic  base  of  lime  is  calcium,  combined 
with  oxygen  like  the  other  earths.  Most  limestone  con- 
tains 57  per  cent,  of  lime  and  43  of  carbonic  acid.  When 
burned  in  kilns  the  moisture  and  much  carbonic  acid  is 
driven  off,  but  the  caustic  lime  soon  absorbs  moisture  and 
carbonic  acid  from  the  air  again. 

HYDROGEN  AND  OXYGEN.— It  is,  perhaps,  harder 
to  tell  or  learn  when  hydrogen  was  first  condensed  (with 
oxygen  into  water)  than  it  is  with  any  of  the  other  elements 
there  were  probably  watery  vapors  mingled  in  the  mass  of 
expanded  gases  that  composed  the  earth  the  day  that  it 


FORMATION  OF  MINERAL  SUBSTANCES  155 

assumed  its  axial  rotation  and  became  a  planet.  Pure 
hydrogen  gas  appears  to  be  more  naturally  united  with 
oxygen  gas  in  process  of  explosions  than  in  any  other  way, 
and  by  this  forming  water — one  pound  of  hydrogen  gas 
(which  is  two  volumes)  unites  with  eight  pounds  of  oxygen 
gas  (which  is  one  volume)  to  form  nine  pounds  of  water, 
or  the  hydrogen  as  a  gas  is  194  1-2  feet,  and  the  oxygen  as  a 
gas  is  96  1-2  feet,  the  water  after  the  collapse  is  about  one- 
sixth  of  a  foot  and  can  produce  a  motion  through  space  of 
20,000  miles  an  hour,  while  the  hydrogen  could  only  support 
a  motion  of  i  2-3  miles  an  hour  and  the  oxygen  produce  a 
motion  of  26  1-3  miles  an  hour — such  are  the  conditions 
wrought  among  elements  by  chemical  combinations. 

[A  more  complete  epitome  of  the  planets,  and  the  new 
theory  regarding  the  (supposed)  heat  of  the  sun,  will  be 
found  in  the  later  chapters  of  this  work.] 

We  have  now  to  deal  directly  with  the  Great  Pyramid 
Jeezeh. 


156 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


MEASURE   OF   THE   CIRCLE. 

The  Circle   Squared. 


o; 
«! 

°c 


'  /.' 
PY    I  M.S.,  OR    .-US.2*3 


[Grrat  Pyramid's  square  base,  and  circle  with  radius---- Pjramid's  Vertical  height] 

The  above  diagram  shows,  approximately,  the  proportions  of  the  "Great  Pyra- 
mid Jeezeh,"  of  Egypt.  NOTE.— The  Pyramid  inch=1.001  inch  English,  and  the 
sacred  cubit-=25  Pyr.  ins. 

.First— We  will  present  the  closest  approximation  to  the  above  assertion,  in 
medieval  and  modern  times,  through  the  key  of -what  is  termed  pure  mathematics. 
Mathematicians  and  philosophers  have  asserted  that  the  nearest  approximation 
possible  to  the — TT,  or  the  value  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle  in  terms  of  its 
diameter,  =8.  MliliB«»793MS4(;>:MSJV32;9r,0*sM19;i6939937;iO:iS209;4944»9230711«4fl6286!08- 
HMMMttiMtli;iiaai4mKllttaNiniNMMIKMH8ll7BIMMMtMM>+,  &c.,  &c.,  &c. 

S«'fond — The  next  nearest  approximation  is  of  applied  mathematics,  or  of  as- 
tronomical and  physical  science,  as  furnir-hed  by  all  the  first-class  nations  of  the 
world,  who  have  been  working  publicly  for  centuries,  and  at  a  cost  of  millions  of 
money,  and  have  attained,  or  are  on  the  point  of  attaining,  an  accuracy,  some- 
times only  in  the  second  figme.  sometimes  in  the  third,  fourth,  fifth,  or  even 
lower  figures,  according  to  the  greater  or  less  difficulty  in  the  nature  of  the 
•  question  concerned.  As  thus: — Polar  diameter  of  the  earth  =between  500,378,000 
and  500,560,000  English  inches. 

Mean  equatorial  diameter  of  the  earth  bet.  502.0SO.OOO  and  502,230,000  Eng.  ins. 

Mean  density  of  the  earth  bet.  5.3  and  6.5;  the  two  latest  determinations  by 
powerful  government  institutions. 

Mean  distance  of  the  earth  from  the  sun  bet.  91  and  93  millions  of  miles,  Eng. 

Obliquity  of  the  elliptic  in  1S77  A.  D.=23°  27'  17".9  to  23°  27'  19".0. 

Length  of  the  solar  tropical  year  in  mean  solar  days=365.24222  to  365.24224. 

Precession  of  Equinoxes  in  years=25,816  to  25,870. 

Third— To  claim  to  have  found  anything  that  is  new,  or  revive  &  problem  that 
la  lost  in  the  mist  of  antiquity,  requires  a  courage  in  this  day  of  enlightenment 
and  u  jderetanding— to  be  willing  to  stand  alone  to  act,  to  think,  to  do 


Til  I.    «.UI.AT    PYRAMID   OF   JJBEZEH. 

Situated  In  the  centre,  and  at  the  same  time  at  tue  border,  of  the  sector-shaped, 
land  of  Lower  Egypt,  in  the  Geographical  Centre  of  the  land  surface  of 
the  whole  world,  and  about  9  miles  S.  of  W.  of  Cairo,  the  present  capitol  of 
Egypt,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Nile,  in  29°  58'  51"  N.  Lat.  and  31°  10'  1"  E.  Lon. 
is  the  Great  Pyramid  of  Jeezeh,  in  Egypt. 

Egyptologists  referred  to  for  the  following  notes  on  the  Pyramids  of  Egypt,  arer 
Piazzi  Smyth;  Howard  Yyse;  Win.  Osborn;  Dr.  Lepsius;  Lane;  Wilkinson;  Raw- 
liusou,  &c. 

The  Xame  of  the  Great  Pyramid.  Varieties  of  orthography  by  dif- 
ferent authors,  which  may  lead  to  the  correct  pronunciation,  are  as  follows: 
D;iza,  D*chiseh,  Dsjise,  Dzireth,  El-Geezeh,  Geezeh,  Gheezeh,  Ghizeh,  Gizeh, 
Gyzeh,  Jeezeh,  Jizeh,  &c. 

Dr.  J.  A.  S.  Grant,  writes  from  his  Sanatorium,  Palais  Mantatia,  in  Cairo,  in 
March,  1877,  that  Jeezeh,  or  Geezeh,  is  the  proper  way  of  spelling  this  word  in 
English. 

Names  of  the  Builders  of  the  Three  Largest  Pyramids  of  Jeeceh,. 
According  to  Various  Authorities. 


AUTHORITIES. 

Builder  of  the  Great 
Pyramid. 

Builder  of  the  Sec- 
ond Pyramid. 

Builder  of  the  Third 
Pyramid. 

Cheops. 
Suphis  I. 
(  Saophis.               1 
j  Comastes,  or 
(  Chemati  stea.      ) 
Chembres. 
(  Shofo. 
]  Shufu. 
(  Koufou. 

Chephren. 
Suphis  II. 

Saophis  II. 

Cephren. 
Nou-'Shofo. 
Noum-Shufu. 
Shafre. 

Mycerinus. 
Mencheres. 

(  Mescheres  Helio- 
(     dotus. 

Mycerinus. 
Menkere. 
Menkerre. 
Men-kaw-ra. 

Eratosthenes  

Diodorus  Siculus.  .  . 

Modern      Egyptolo- 
gists   

Date  of  the  building  of  the  Great  Pyramid. 

The  most  satisfactory  estimate,  of  any  Egyptologist  who  has  attempted  to  fix 
the  date  of  the  building  of  this  «•  First  Great  Wonder  of  the  World," 

is  by  Piazzi  Smyth ;  who  has  by  a  series  of  actual  measurements  and  obnerva- 
tions,  mathematical,  astronomical  and  geographical,  extending  over  some  fifteen 
years,  fixed  the  date  about  5J.17O  B.  C.  (Other  authorities,  without  naming 
them,  place  the  date  varying  from  150,000  to  1,950  B.  C.)  Any  one  who  wilf 
closely  examine  all  that  has  been  written  upon  this  subject,  during  the  present 
century,  will  come  to  the  remarkable  conclusion — that,  it  was  either  built 
thousands  of  years  prior  to  the  assumed  date  of  man's  existence  on  the  earth,  by 
a  race  vastly  wiser;  or,  that  it  was  designed  by  the  "  Great  Architect,"  who  rules 
all  things. 

Prof.  H.  L.  Smith,  of  Hobart  College,  Geneva,  N.  Y.  (in  a  private  letter)  speak. 
Ing  of  the  Queen's  Chamber,  in  the  Great  Pyramid,  remarks,  "  Either  there  ia 
proof  in  that  chamber  of  supernatural  inspiration  granted  to  the  architect;"  or— . 
"  That  primeval  official  possessed,  without  inspiration,  in  an  age  of  absolute  sci- 
entific ignorance.  4,000  years  ago,  scientific  knowledge  equal  to,  if  not  surpassing, 
that  of  the  present  highly  developed  state  of  science  in  the  modern  world." 

Position,  Size,  Area,  Height,  etc.,  of  the  Great  Pyramid. 

The  Great  Pyramid  is  built  upon,  and  near  the  edge  of  an  elevated  rocky  steppe, 
•bout  130  feet  above  the  fertile  plains  of  the  Nile,  and  about  125  feet  above  the 
neighboring  alluvial  plains  as  now  covered  with  sand,  upon  a  solid  ledge  of  lime- 
stone and  porphyry,  the  strata  of  which  lay  horizontal.  The  structure  at  its  base 
is  supposed  to  be  a  perfect  square,  and  its  height,  the  proportion  of  the  square 
of  such  base,  as  the  value  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle  is  to  the  diameter  of  the 
same,  thus:  Diameter  1.  Circumference is=3.  1415926535897932384r>2<>433832795028 
841971<>939937510582097494459230781<;-tOr,28(>208998628034825342ll70G798214808G51328230& 
6470938446095505822317253594081284802+ . 

With  this  exception,  the  belief  exists,  that  the  circle  has  actually  been 
squared  by  the  Pyramid  measurements,  if  we  can  correctly  measure  them  to  their 
ancient  positions.  This  Pyramid  faces  exactly  North,  South,  East  and  West, 
and  the  only  one  that  does,  of  all  the  Pyramids  in  Egypt. 

For  the  equivalents  of  the  "Pyramid  Inch,"  and  "Sacred  Cubit, "used  in  the 
calculations  which  follow — see  table  of  Pyramid  Weights  and  Measures  below. 
It  will  be  observed  that  in  nearly  every  weight  or  measurement  in  the  construe* 
tion  of  this  Pyramid,  the  figure  5  is  conspicuously  present. 


158 


THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


l-y  ram  id  We  igti  ts  and  Measures. 

The  basis  by  which  the  following  results  were  obtained,  are  viz:  For  Lineal 
or  Surface  Measure,  the  one  500-millionth  of  the  Earth's  Axis  of  Rotation, 
•which  is=l  Pyramid  Inch,  and  equivalent  to  1.001  Inch  English.  "Weight 
Measure,  is  based  on  the  Earth's  Size  and  Density.  Capacity  and  Dry 
Measure,  on  the  Cubic  Contents  of  the  Coffer  in  the  King's  Chamber.  Heat 
and  Pressure,  Angle  and  Time,  on  Cosmical,  Geographical  and  Pyrami- 
dal  measures. 

The  Standard  of  Length  employed  in  laying  out  the  Great  Pyramid,  viz:  The 
Sacred  Cubit=25  Pyramid  Inches,  in  the  measurement  of  the  perimeter  of  the 
building,  found  to  represent  a  theoretical  circle,  brings  out  the  true  length  of  a 
solar  year,  viz:  365.242  days. 

Measures  of  Length. 


NAME. 

Length. 

Eng.  Equivalent. 

Basis. 

Pyramid  Inch  
Pyramid  Sacred  Cubit. 

1. 

25. 

1.001  Inches 
25.025  Inches 

^1-500-Millionth,  Earth's  Axis 
Rotation. 
=1.20-Millionth,    Earth's  Axis 
Rotation. 

Weights  and  Measures. 


Division,    or 
number,    of 
each       part 
contained  in 
weight 
•tandard. 

Interme- 
diate di- 
visions. 

Weight     of 
the  part  so 
divided  in 
P  yr  a  m  i  d 
Ibs. 

Capacity      of 
the  parts  in 
Pyramid  cu- 
bical inches 
of       Earth's 
Mean     Den- 

Capacity of     the 
parts    in     Pyra- 
mid cubical  in- 
ches of  distilled 
water.      (T.    60° 
B.   30.  of    Pyra- 

Name     now 
proposed  to 
be  given  to 
each     kind 
of  part. 

sity. 

mid.) 

1 

0 

2,500. 

12,500. 

71,250. 

Ton. 

4 

4. 

625. 

3,125. 

17,815. 

Quarter. 

10 

2.5 

250. 

1,250. 

7,125. 

Wey. 

25 

2.5 

100. 

500. 

2,850. 

Cwt. 

250 

10. 

10. 

50. 

285. 

Stone. 

2,500 

10. 

1. 

5. 

28.5 

Pound. 

25,000 

10. 

0.1 

0.5 

2.85 

Ounce. 

250,000 

10. 

0.01 

0.05 

0.285 

Dram. 

25,000,000 

10. 

0.0001 

0.0005 

0.00285 

Grain. 

Capacity  Measure. 

1  Coffer=4Quarters=10Sacks=25Bushels=  250 Gallons,  and  is=71,250  cubicins., 
the  capacity  of  the  Coffer  in  the  King's  Chambers.  Fluid  Measure— 28.5  Pry- 
amid  cubic  inches=l.  Pyramid  pound=l.  pint,  &c. 

Thermometers  in  different  countries,  compared  by  placing  the  0°  at  freezing  in 
each,  you  have  the  same  absolute  temperatures  in  terms  of  five  different  thermo- 
metric  scales. 


Fahrenheit. 

Modified    Fahr- 
enheit. 

Centigrade. 

Re'aumur. 

*  Pyramid. 

122° 
104° 

90° 

72° 

50J 
403 

40° 
32'J 

]25° 
100° 

*The  Pyramid  Thermometer  consists  of  250°  between  the  boiling  and  freezing 
point;  one-fifth  above  the  freezing  point,  or  50°  the  average  temperature  of  all 
lands,  and=the  Mean  temperature  at  the  level  of  the  King's  Chamber  in  the 
Great  Pyramid;  which  is  situated  on  the  50th  layer  of  stone  from  the  pavement  of 
the  same;  and  upon  the  otn  layer  of  stone  that  is  30  inches  in  thickness.  The 
former  corresponding  to  the  Mean  temperature,  viz:  50°;  the  latter  to  the  baro- 
metric pressure  of  30  inches  at  the  level  of  the  sea. 


SYSTEM  or  ANGLE  MEASURES. 


I'YBAMID  .fEATURE. 

Babylonian. 

French. 

Vulgar. 

Pyramid. 

A  whole  circumf  erance  

360U 

400'J 

32'-> 

1  ,000° 

Angle  of  side  with  horizon  
Angle  of  passages  

50°  51'  14" 
26°  18'  10" 

57°.  62 
29°.  23 

4<\61 
2°.  34 

144°.  05 

73°.  08 

The  casing  stones  of  the  Great  Pyramid  have  an  external  slope  of  51°  51'  14"  .3 
as  affected  by  its  horizontal  masonry  courses.  For  every  ten  units  which  ita 
structure  advances  inward  on  tho  diagonal  of  the  base  to  central,  nocturnal 


159 


darkness  (of  the  Great  Pyramid) ,  it  practically  rises  iipwards,  or  points  to  sun. 
shine,  daylight  and  sky,  by  nine*  It  is  claimed  by  Mr.  Wm.  Petrie,  C.  E.,  that 
the  radius  of  the  earth's  mean  orbit  round  the  sun,  however  far  away  that  may 
be,  is  in  this  same  proportion  of  10:9.  By  this  measurement  the  sun  is  estimated 
to  be  about  91,500,000  miles  distant  from  the  earth. 

Number  of  sides  of  the  whole  building,  1  square,  and  4  triangular =5 

Number  of  corners — 4  on  the  ground  and  1  anciently  aloft =5 


Pyramid 
Inches. 


Sacred 
Cubits. 


Aucient  and  present  base-side  socket  length 

Ancient  and  present  base-diagonal  socket  length 

Present  dilapidated  base-aide  length,  about 

Sum  of  the  two  base-diagonals,  to  the  nearest  inch 

Area  of  the  base  in  square  Pyr.  inches,  3,376,074.1025=5,- 
401.718564  Sacred  Oubits=  13. 292  Pyramid  Acres. 

Ancient  area  of  the  square  pavement,  about  16.  Pyr.  Acres. 

Ancient  vertical  height  of  apex  completed,  above  pavem't 

Present  dilapidated  height,  vertical,  about 

Ancient  inclined  height  at  middle  of  sides,  from  pavement 
to  completed  apex 

Ancient  inclined  height  at  the  corners,  pavement  to  apex.. 

Ancient  vertical  height  of  apex  above  the  lowest  subterra- 
near  chamber 

Elevation  of  pavement  base,  above  the  average  water  level . 

Elevation  of  pavement  base,  above  the  Mediterranean  Sea.. 

Elevation  of  the  lowest  subterranean  excavated  chamber 
above  the  average  water  level  of  the  country 

Length  of  side  of  present  platform  on  top  of  Great  Pyra- 
mid (it  is  flat,  except  in  so  far  as  it  has  four  or  five  large 
stones  upon  it,  the  remains  of  a  once  higher  course  of 
masonry),  roughly 


9,131.05 
12,913.26 

8,950. 
25,827. 


5,813.01 
5,450. 

7,391.55 
8,687.87 

7,015. 
1,750. 
2,580. 

250. 


400. 


=  365.242 
=  516.5304 
=  358. 
=1033.08 


232.5204 
218. 

295.662 
347.5148 

280.6 

70. 
103.2 

=  10. 


16. 


Measurement  and  Quality  of  Material. 

The  pavement  in  front,  and  around  the  base  of  the  Great  Pyramid  is  formed  of 
stones  21  inches  thick  by  402  inches  in  breadth,  their  length  is  not  known  (as  they 
extend  under  the  Pyramid).  A  chasm  or  crack  in  both  pavement  and  rock  be- 
neath,  near  the  North  front,  extends  to  the  depth  of  about  570  inches.  The  whole 
building  from  very  base  to  apex  is  not  solid  masonry;  but  as  clearly  shown  by 
the  N.  East  basal  corner,  and  indicated  more  or  less  at  a  point  or  two  in  the  wall, 
and  the  descending  entrance  passage,  includes  some  portions  of  the  live-rock  of 
the  hill.  Such  portion  having  been,  however,  trimmed  rectangularly,  and  made 
to  conform  in  height  and  level  with  the  nearest  true  masonry  course.  The  supposed 
complete  mumber  of  masonry  courses,  including  the  original  topmost  corner- 
stone is  211;  of  which  202  are  still  in  place,  and  a  portion  of  2  in  fragment;  and  7 
courses  are  wanting  entirely.  These  courses  of  squared  and  cemented  blocks  of 
stone  in  horizontal  sheets,  one  above  the  other,  form  the  mass  of  the  building  of 
the  Great  Pyramid;  they  vary  in  height  from  19  to  79  inches,  the  first  course  be- 
ing the  thickest,  (viz:  79  inches  roughly;  and  the  courses  are  laid  without  any  re- 
gard as  to  thickness;  to  illustrate:  the  first  five  courses  (in  rotation)  are  79,  56,  48 
40 and  40  inches  in  thickness,  the  35th  to  the  39th  courses  run  24,  50,  41,  39  and  38; 
while  the  last  five  courses,  that  are  still  in  position,  are  22  each  in  thickness. 
Material  used.  The  casing-stone  material — compact  white  lime-stone  from 
the  Mokattam  Mountain  quarries  on  the  east  side  of  the  Nile,  with  a  density 
=0.367  (earth's  Mean  density=l).  General  structure  material  of  all  the  ruder 
part  of  the  masonry — nummulitic  lime-stone  of  the  Pyramid's  own  hill,  with  a 
density=0.412.  The  inside  finishing  stone  of  the  King's  and  Queen's  Chambers, 
the  Coffer,  the  main  entrance  and  the  grand  gallery,  are  numerous,  the  principal 
of  which  are  Red  Granite,  Black  Granite,  Gray  Granite,  Black  Marble,  Thebaic 
Marble,  Porphyry  and  Lime-stone;  the  granite  of  which,  is  supposed  to  have 
been  brought  from  the  quarries  of  Syene,  550  miles  up  the  Nile,  as  there  is  none 
nearer,  on  the  river. 

/  Principal  Measurements  within  the  Great  Pyramid. 
Entrance  to  Pyramid.  This  is.  at  present,  only  a  hole,  or  doorway,  or 
upper  end  of  a  hollow  passage-way,  inclining  thence  downwards  and  inwards. 
It  is  situated  on  the  Northern  flank  of  the  Pyramid,  in  a  very  broken  part  of  the 
masonry  now,  at  a  height  above  the  ground,  rudely  and  imperfectly  considered, 
about=58S  Pyr.  ins.  Distance  of  the  centre  of  that  doorway— hole  Eastward  of 
center  of  the  Pyramid's  Northern  flank,  as  between  its  E.  and  W.  ends=58d4  ins. ; 
height  of  said  doorway,  transversely  to  length  of  passage  way=47.S8-4  ins.; 


160  THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


breadth  of  same=41.56  ins.  Entrance  Passage.— Angle  of  descent  of 
floor  of  the  passage,  Southward,  is=jJB-  sW;  length  downward  and  Southward 
to  the  junction  of  the  first  ascending  passage  iu&ide  the  buildings=O&£  ins.; 
thence  to  Caliph  Al  Maruoun's  broken  entrance-way=5J14  ins;  thence  by  the 
game  incline,  to  the  Well's  lower  mouth  =2,58:4  ins.;  thence  to  the  end  of  the 
inclined  passage=;JOG  ins.;  thence  in  a  horizontal  direction  to  the  North  wall 
of  the  Subterranean  Chamber— 3*4  ins.;  whole  length  of  descending  Entrance 
Passag3=4,4O4  ins.^Bore,  in  horizontal  subterranean  region,  for  heigut=3tt 
ins.,  and  breadth=33  ins.  Subterranean  unfinished  Chamber,  length 
E.  to  W.  552  ins.,  breadth  N.  to  S,  325  ins.  Flat  finished  Ceiling,  floor  not 
yet  cut  out  of  the  rock,  and  walls  not  full  depth.  Ascending  .Passage, 
I  (Lime-stone)  starts  in  an  upward  and  Southward  direction,  from  a  point  on  the 
'descending  entrance-passage, 988  inches  inside  the  Pyramid;  and  the  first  180 
(inches  of  its  length  is  still  filled  up  with  fast-jammed  granite  plugs.  The  whole 
(length,  from  the  descending  passage,  up  to  the  junction  with,  and  entrance  into 
the  Grand  Gallery  is  1,542.4  inches.  Angle  of  the  floor's  ascent,  Southward= 
26°  8'.  Height  and  breadth,  the  same  as  entrance  passage,  anciently  ;  now,  in 
broken  state,  somewhat  larger.  &rand  CJallery;  (Lime-stone). — Length  of 
inclined  floor  line,  from  N.  to  South  wall  is=1882ins.  Measured  angle  of  ascent, 
Southwards=26°  17'.  Vertical  height,  at  any  one  average  point=339.5  inches. 
There  are  36  overlappingsof  thereof,  and  7  of  the  walls;  the  ramps,  are  21  inches 
in  height  by  20  in  breadth.  The  floor  between  the  ramps  is  42  ins.,  and  the 
breadth  of  Gallery  above  the  ramps,  is  82  ins.  At  the  Southern  end  of  Gallery, 
there  is  a  great  step,  36  ins.  in  vertical  height,  by  61  ins.  on  the  flat  top  from  N. 
to  South.  Length  horizontally  from  G.  G.  to  ante-chamber  52.5  ins.  Upper  exit, 
at  top  of  Eastern  wall  at  its  Southern  end,  is  33  ins.  in  height  by  20  in  breadth, 
nearlyand  roughly.  Ante-Chamber  ;  (Lime-stone  and  Granite). — Length,  N. 
to  S.  116.2S;  breadth  at  top,  E.  to  W.  63.2;  and  height,  149.3  ins.  Eastern  wain- 
scot, granite,  103.03  and  Western  wainscot,  granite,  111.80  ins.  in  height.  Granite 
(density=0.479,  earth's  density=l)  begins  to  be  employed  in  the  course  of  the 
length  of  this  room,  and  in  the  C^rauite-Leaf  which  crosses  it,  at  various  dis- 
tances, as  8  to  24  ins.  from  North  wall,  in  floor,  and  side  walls.  Exit  passage,  hor- 
izontal, from  ante-chamber,  Southward  to  King's  Chamber,  in  granite  all  the  way; 
length  100.2  ins.;  height  at  North  end,  43.7,  and  South  end  42.0  ins.;  breadth  41.4 
ins.  There  are  4  grooves  on  the  South  wall,  that  are  each  107.4  ins.  in  length. 
King's  Chamber  (Granite) .  Structure  entirely  in  granite,  form  rectangular, 
length  412.132;  breadth  206.066  ins.;  height,  floor  to  ceiling,  230.389:  base  of  walls 
to  ceiling,  235.350  inches.  The  walls  are  in  5  equal  height  courses,  and  composed 
of  100  blocks.  Within  the  dark  King's  Chamber  is  a  Coffer,  and  termed,  accord- 
ing to  various  writers,  stone  box,  granite  chest,  lidless  vessel,  porphyry  vase, 
black  marble  sarcophagus  and  coffer.  It  is  composed  of  a  darkish  variety  of  red, 
and  possibly  syenitic  granite;  now,  much  broken,  and  over  one-third  of  which  has 
been  carried  away.  The  following  are  the  (supposed*  ancient  measurements,  by 
Piazzi  Smyth. 

Measures  of  the  Coffer  in  Pyramid  Inches. 

Length  outside,  from  89.92  to  89.62,  corrected  for  concavity  of  sides ;  breadth 
outside,  38.68  to  38.61;  height  outside.  41. 23  to  4113.  Inside  measures:  length, 
77.85;  breadth,  26.70;  depth,  34.31.  Thickness  of  bottom,  6.91;  thickness  of  sides, 
6.98.  Exterior  cubic  size=142.316;  interior  cubic  contents  71.317,  with  a  possible 
error  of  .159  of  a  cubic  inch  in  the  measurement ;  if  so,  the  exterior  is  just  double  the 
interior  cubic  contents.  The  cubic  capacity  of  the  King's  Chamber,  is  just  50  times 
that  of  the  Coffer;  the  floor  of  which  stands  upon  the  50th  course  of  masonry  of 
the  whole  building,  and  1.686  inches  vertical  above  the  pavement,  upon  which 
the  Pyramid  stands.  In  addition  to  the  above,  regarding  the  King's  Chamber,  it 
is  shut  out  from  the  light  of  day  by  walls  nearly  180  feet  in  thickness,  with  a  tern, 
perature  almost  unvarying  the  year  round;  as  a  depository  of  weights  and  meas- 
ures, it  is  the  best  on  the  face  of  theearth.  Queen's  Chamber, (Lime-stone). 
Length  of  the  horizontal  passage,  to  the  Queen's  Chamber,  from  the  North  end  of 
the  Grand  Gallery,  Southward,  to  the  beginning  of  low  part  of  the  passage  under 
G.  G.  floor=217.8ins.,  thence  to  low  portion  of  floor=l, 085.5  ins.,  thence  to  North 
wall  of  Queen's  Chamber=216.1  ins.  Average  height  of  longest  part=46.34;  of 
Southern  deep  part=C7.5;  and  breadth  41.15  inches.  Length  of  Queen's  Chamber, 
from  E.  to  W.=226.7;  breadth.  N.  to  S.=20.>.8;  height  of  ceiling  at  N.  and  S.  walls 
=  182.4;  height  in  centre  of  gable  ridge  of  ceiling=244.4  ins.  Height  of  Grand 
Niche  in  the  East  wall=183.0;  breadth,  greatest,  below=61.30  inches;  it  contains 
4  overlaps,  varying  in  breadth  from  19.50  at  the  4th  to  52.25  inches  at  the  first ;  and 
is  removed  Southward  from  the  central  vertical  line  of  the  wall  just  one  Pyr. 
cubit,  or  25  Pyr.  inches.  The  Well :  (Lime-stone) ,  enters  near  Northwest  cor. 
ner  of  Grand  Gallery,  the  shaft  is  square  bore,  length  of  side  of  bore  28  inchrs. 
Vertical  depth  to  grotto  in  the  rock,  under  masonry  of  Pyramid=702;  thence  verti- 
cal, with  some  horizontal  distance,  to  lower  part  of  entrance  passage  near  Subter- 
ranean Chamber=l,596.  inches. 


THE   ONLY  EEAL   PYRAMID  161 

(Sec.  10.)  Among  the  Jeezeh  Pyramids,  there  is  one 
that  transcends  in  intellectual  value  all  the  rest;  one  that 
has  been  involuntarily  by  all  the  world  named  for  ages  past 
the  "Great  Pyramid";  and  which  stands  out  the  more  it  is 
examined  into,  distinct  and  distinguished  from  all  the  rest 
by  its  particular  size,  and  wonderful  internal  structure, 
superior  age,  and  more  frequent  historical  notice  by  men  of 
various  nations.  The  greatest  of  the  "seven  wonders  of  the 
world"  in  the  days  of  the  Greeks,  and  the  only  one  of  them 
all,  which  is  still  in  existence  on  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

We  quote  from  "Our  Inheritance  in  The  Great  Pyra- 
mid," by  Piazzi  Smyth. — "But  as  we  approach,  ascending 
the  stream  of  ancient  time,  in  any  careful  chronological 
survey  of  pyramidal  structures,  to  the  "Great  Pyramid," 
Egyptian  emblems  are  gradually  left  behind;  and  in  and 
throughout,  that  mighty  builded  mass,  which  all  history 
and  all  tradition,  both  ancient  and  modern,  agree  in  repre- 
senting as  first  in  point  of  date  of  the  whole  Jeezeh,  and 
even  the  whole  Egyptian  group,  the  earliest  stone  building 
also  positively  known  to  have  been  erected  in  any  country, — 
we  find  in  all  its  finished  parts  not  a  vestige  of  heathenism 
nor  the  smallest  indulgence  in  anything  approaching  to 
idolatry;  nor  even  the  most  distant  allusion  to  Sabianism, 
and  its  elemental  worship  of  sun,  or  moon,  or  any  of  the 
starry  host." 

In  certain  unfinished,  internal  portions  of  the  construc- 
tive masonry  of  the  Great  Pyramid  broken  into  by  Col. 
Howard  Vyse  in  1837,  there  are  some  (said  to  be  rude 
Egyptian  markings]  daubs  of  red  paint,  evidently  numbers 
for  temporary  mechanical  purposes  only;  which,  if  under- 
stood, might  give  a  key  to  the  language  of  the  race  of  people 
that  preceded  our  race ;  it  is  not  Egyptain.  (Further  on  we 
will  quote  from  the  "Source  of  Measures"  by  Skinner,  to 
show  that  the  origin  of  language  was  number). 

We  also  except,  as  a  matter  of  course,  any  inscriptions 
inflicted  on  the  same  pyramid  by  modern  travelers,  even 
though  they  have  attempted,  like  the  Prussian  savants  of 

11 


162  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

1843  A.  D.,  to  cut  their  names  in  their  own  happily  shallow 
ideas  of  the  ancient  hieroglyphics  of  the  old,  thorough- 
paced, Egyptian  idolaters  elsewhere.  But  with  these 
simple  exceptions  we  can  most  positively  say,  that  both  ex- 
terior, and  interior  are  absolutely  free  from  all  engraved  or 
sculptured  work,  as  well  as  from  everything  relating  to  any 
known  form  of  idolatry  or  erring  man's  theotechnic  devices. 
From  all  those  hieratic  emblems,  therefore,  which  from  first 
to  last  have  utterly  overlaid  every  Eygptian  temple  proper, 
as  well  as  all  Egypt's  obelisks,  sphinxes,  statues,  tombs,  and 
whatever  other  monuments  they,  the  Egyptians,  did  build 
up  at  any  certain  historical  and  Pharaonic  epoch  in  connec- 
tion with  their  peculiar  belief." 

Was  the  Great  Pyramid,  then,  erected  before  the 
invention  of  hieroglyphics,  and  previous  to  the  birth  of 
the  different  Egyptian  religions?  It  most  certainly  was. 

To  quote  and  comment  on  the  thousand  and  one 
publications  that  have  been  published  from  time  to  time 
on  this  great  structure,  would  require  hundreds  of  pages, 
and  months  of  time,  to  combat  the  absurd  theories  that  are 
extant.  But  the  following  extract  from  Col.  Howard 
Vyse's  "Pyramids  of  Gizeh, "published  in  London  in  1840, 
will  not  be  out  of  place  here.  Both  he  and  Piazzi  Smyth 
concluded  as  self-evident,  that  the  early  Egyptians  did 
build  the  great  pyramid  (with  the  aid  of  a  Deific  Architect) 
because  of  the  red  paint  marks  being  in  some  kind  of  an 
(or  supposed)  Egyptian  language.  There  is  no  Egyptian 
tongue,  in  hieroglyphics  or  otherwise  yet  discovered,  but 
what  has  been  interpreted;  (this  in  red  paint  has  not). 

"This  very  important  conclusion  results  from  the  quarry  marks  of  the  workmen 
being  found  in  red  paint  on  concealed  parts  of  the  stones  and  in  interior  places  of  the 
structural  mass  of  masonry  never  intended  to  be  seen.  The  marks  arc  superficial 
and  rude  in  the  extreme,  but  are  evidently  in  the  Egyptian  hincnairc  or  manner 
freely  handled;  and  in  so  far  prove  that  they  were  put  in  by  Egyptians,  and  of  the 
age  or  under  the  reign  of  that  Kgyptian  king  variously  called  Bhofo,  Khufu  and 
Cheops.  They  are  excessively  rough,  no  doubt,  but  quite  suficient  for  their  alleged 
purpose,  viz.,  checks  for  workmen,  whereby  to  recognize  a  stone  duly  prepared 
according  to  orders  at  the  quarry,  miles  away  and  to  see  it  properly  placed  in  its 
intended  position  in  the  building.  Still  further,  that  these  marks  were  not  meant 
as  ornaments  in  the  structure,  or  put  on  after  th»  stones  were  built  into  it,  isaboun- 
dantly  evidenced  by  some  of  them  being  upside  down,  and  some  having  been 
partly  pared  away  in  ad  just  ing  the  block  into  its  posit  ion  :and,  finally,  by  the  learned 
Dr.  Birch's  interpretation  of  a  number  of  the  marks,  which  seem  from  thence  to  be 
mostly  short  dates,  and  directions  to  the  workmen  as  to  which  stones  were  for  the 


THE   ONLY  REAL   PYRAMID  163 

south,  and  which  for  the  north,  wall.  These  marks,  moreover,  have  only  been  dis- 
covered in  those  dark  holes  or  hollows,  the  so-called  'chambers,'  but  much  rather 
'hollows  of  construction'  broken  into  by  Col.  Howard  Vyse  above  the  'King's  Cham- 
ber' of  the  Great  Pyramid.  There,  also,  you  see  other  traces  of  the  steps  of  mere 
practical  work,  such  as  the  'bat-holes'  in  the  stones,  by  which  the  heavy  blocks  were 
doubtless  lifted  to  their  places,  and  everything  is  left  perfectly  rough.  Nor  was 
there  the  least  occasion  for  finishing  it  up,  rubbing  out  the  marks,  or  polishing  off 
the  holes,  for  these  void  spaces  were  sealed  up,  or  have  been  built  up  outside  in  solid 
masonry  (excepting  only  the  lowest  one,  known  for  a  century  as  'Davidson's  Cham- 
ber,' and  having  its  own  small  passage  of  approach  from  the  southeast  corner  of 
the  Grand  Gallery)  and  were  never  intended  to  be  used  as  chambers  for  *human 
visitation  or  living  purposes.  In  all  the  other  chambers  and  passages,  on  the  con- 
trary, intended  to  be  visited,  and  approached  by  admirably  constructed  white  stone 
passages,  the  masonry  was  finished  off  with  the  skill  and  polish  almost  of  a  jeweler 
and  in  them  neither  quarry  marks  nor  'bat  holes'  nor  painted  marks,  nor  hierogly- 
phics of  any  sort  or  kind  are  to  be  seen ;  excepting  always  those  modern  hierogylphics 
which  Dr.  Lepsius  put  up  over  the  entrance  into  the  Great  Pyramid  'on  a  space  of 
five  feet  in  breadth  by  four  feet  in  height.'  in  praise  of  the  then  sovereign  o_f  Prussia 
and  which  recently  (1870)  misled  a  learned  Chinese  envoy,  by  name  Pin-chi-un,  into 
most  absurdly  claiming  a  connection  between  the  Great  Pyramid  and  the  early 
monuments  of  his  own  country." 

*  How  should  he  know?     He  had  never  taken  a  degree  in  any  secret  order  in 
his  life,  up  to  that  period.     THE  AUTHOR. 

Piazzi  Smyth's  4th  edition  (in  1880)  reads:  "The 
numerous  <7wcm'-copies,  for  sepulchral  purposes,  of  the 
Great  Pyramid,  which  are  now,  in  the  shape  of  other 
pyramids,  to  be  observed  further  south,  along  that  western 
side  of  Egypt;  always  betraying,  though,  on  close  examina- 
tion the  most  profound  ignorance  of  their  noble  model's 
chiefest  internal  features,  as  well  as  of  all  its  niceties  of  angle 
and  cosmic  harmonies  of  linear  measurement.  And  such 
mere  failures,  as  those  later  tonibic  pyramids,  and  never 
found,  even  then,  at  any  very  great  number  of  miles  away 
from  the  sight,  nor  any  great  number  of  years  behind  the 
date,  of  the  colossal  parent  work  on  Jeezeh  hill.  The 
ostensible  architectural  idea,  indeed,  of  that  one  grand 
primeval  monument,  though  expensively  copied  during 
a  few  centuries,  yet  never  wholly  or  permanently  took  the 
fancy  of  the  ancient  Egyptians.  It  had,  or  rather  simulated 
before  them  to  have,  some  one  or  two  suitabilities  to  their 
favorite  employment  of  lasting  sepulchure,  and  its  accom- 
panying rites;  so  they  tried  what  they  knew  of  it,  for 
such  purpose.  But  they  soon  found  that  it  did  not 
admit  of  their  troops  of  priests,  nor  the  easy  introduction 
of  their  unwieldy  'sacred'  animals.  Nor  bulls,  nor  croco- 
diles, nor  the  multitude  of  object  worshippers,  could  enter 
a  pyramid  with  the  facility  of  their  own  temples;  and  so, 
on  the  whole,  mature  Egypt  preferred  them.  Those 


164  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

accordingly  more  open  and  columned,  as  well  as  symboli- 
cally sculptured  and  multitudinously  inscribed  structures, 
of  their  own  entire  elaboration,  are  the  only  ones  which 
we  now  find  to  have  held,  from  their  first  invention,  an 
uninterrupted  reign  through  all  the  course  of  ancient  and 
mediaeval  Egyptian  history,  or  that  period  when  Egypt 
was  most  rich,  most  powerful,  most  wicked;  and  to  reflect 
themselves  continuously  in  the  placid,  natural  Nile,  from 
one  end  of  the  long-drawn  Hamitic  land  to  the  other. 
They,  therefore,  those  Karnac  and  Philoe  temples,  with  all 
their  sins  of  idolatry  on  their  heads,  are  architecturally, 
Egypt.  Thebes,  too,  with  its  hundred  adorned  Pylon 
temple  gates,  and  statues,  and  basso-relievos,  and  incised 
outlines  of  false  gods,  must  be  confessed  to  be  intensely 
Egypt.  But  the  Great  Pyramid  is,  in  its  origin  and  nature 
something  pure  and  perfectly  different. 

Under  whose  direction  then,  and  for  what  purpose, 
was  the  Great  Pyramid  built;  whence  did  so  foreign,  and 
really  untasteful,  an  idea  to  Egypt  come;  who  was  the 
mysterious  carrier  of  it  to  that  land;  and  under  what  sort 
of  special  compulsion  was  it  that,  in  his  day,  to  his  command 
though  he  was  not  their  king,  the  Egyptians,  King  and 
people  all  alike,  labored  for  years  in  a  cause  which  they 
appreciated  not ;  and  gave,  in  that  primeval  age  of  generally 
sparse,  and  pastoral  population  only,  their  unrivalled  me- 
chanical skill  and  compacted  numerical  strength  for  an  end 
which  they  did  not  at  the  time  understand,  and  which  they 
never  even  came  to  understand,  much  less  to  like,  in  all 
their  subsequent  national  ages  ? 

This  has  been  indeed  a  mystery  of  mysteries,  but  may 
yet  prove  fruitful  in  the  present  advancing  age  of  knowledge 
of  all  kinds  to  inquire  into  further;  for  though  theories 
without  number  have  been  tried  and  failed  in  by  ancient 
Greeks  and  mediaeval  Arabians,  by  French,  English,  Ger- 
mans, and  Americans,  their  failures  partly  pave,  and  render 
so  much  the  safer,  for  us  the  road  by  which  we  must  set  out. 
Pave  it  poorly,  perhaps,  or  not  very  far;  for  their  whole 


THE   ONLY  EEAL   PYEAMID  165 

result  has,  up  to  the  present  time,  been  little  more  than  this, 
that  the  authors  of  those  attempts  are  either  found  to  be 
repeating  idle  tales,  told  them  by  those  who  knew  no  more 
about  the  subject  than  themselves ;  or  skipping  all  the  really 
crucial  points  of  application  for  their  theories  which  they 
should  have  attended  to ;  or  finally,  like  some  of  the  best  and 
ablest  men  who  have  given  themselves  to  the  question, 
fairly  admitting  that  they  were  entirely  beaten.  Hence  the 
exclusive  notion  of  temples  the  sun  and  moon,  or  for  sacred 
fire,  or  holy  water,  or  burial  places,  and  nothing  but  burial 
places  of  kings,  or  granaries  for  Joseph,  or  astronomical 
observatories,  or  defenses  to  Egypt  against  being  invaded 
by  the  sands  of  the  African  desert,  or  places  of  resort  for 
mankind  in  a  second  deluge,  or  of  safety  when  the  heavens 
should  fall,  have  been  for  a  long  time  past  proved  untenable ; 
and  the  Great  Pyramid  stands  out  now,  far  more  clearly 
than  it  did  in  the  time  of  Herodotus  (no  less  than  2,440 
years  ago),  as  both  a  prehistoric  monument,  and  yet, 
rivaling  some  of  the  best  things  of  modern  times,  not  only 
in  practical  execution  and  workmanship,  but  in  its  eminent- 
ly grand  design  and  pure  conception ;  or  in  forming  a  testi- 
mony which,  though  in  Egypt,  is  yet  not  at  all  of,  nor 
according  to,  historical  Egypt,  and  whose  true  and  full  ex- 
planation must  be  still  to  come." 

Piazzi  Smyth  was  not  the  first  writer  on  Egyptology 
and  pyramidal  building  to  suggest  the  interposition  of  God 
in  the  construction  of  the  Great  Pyramid  by  Deifying  its 
Architect;  that  credit  (if  any)  is  due  to  Mr.  John  Taylor, 
of  London,  who  in  his  work  entitled  "The  Great  Pyramid: 
Why  Was  It  Built  and  Who  Built  It?"  published  in  1859, 
gave  the  first  publicity  to  that  theory.  It  would  take  at 
least  a  dozen  pages  of  this  work  to  even  epitomize  his  theory ; 
he  was  not  only  a  devoted  student  regarding  all  that  was 
said  or  written  on  the  subject  of  the  pyramids,  but  a  devout 
and  over-zealous  Christian ;  he  looked  upon  all  the  ancient 
Egyptians  (or  what  he  termed  ancient,  within  the  last 
5,000  years)  as  a  race  of  idolaters,  and  as  such,  totally  unfit 


166  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

to  erect  a  structure  that  would  harmonize  with  anything 
as  great  and  good,  as  he  had  traced  in  the  construction  of 
the"Great  Pyramid."  His  carefull  investigation  of  the  differ- 
ent theories  (and  they  were  "legion")  placed  him  in  the 
front  rank  to  suggest  something  new.  As  nearly  every 
theory  under  the  sun  had  already  been  suggested  (in  a 
secular  way)  he  saw  nothing  left  but  a  miracle  to  harmonize 
its  different  parts,  so,  interposing  the  mathematics  of  the 
Scriptures,  regarding  time  (past  and  future  dates),  height, 
dip,  angle,  weight  and  measure,  and  from  the  squaring  of 
the  circle,  to  the  distance  to  the  sun ;  he  had  also  the  second 
coming  of  the  Saviour  fixed  for  the  year  1881.  Also,  the 
harmonious  measurement  of  the  Garden  of  Eden,  Noah's 
Ark,  King  Solomon's  Temple,  etc.  Piazzi  Smyth  came  on 
the  scene  before  the  demise  of  Mr.  Taylor,  who  died  July  5, 
1864;  they  had  many  pleasant  audiences,  and  the  Royal 
Scottish  Astronomer  (Smyth)  was  thoroughly  converted 
over  to  the  theories  of  Mr.  Taylor,  and  he  kept  the  world 
interested,  and  guessing  for  nearly  twenty  years  more. 
He  lived,  however,  to  see  the  year  1881  pass,  without  the 
second  visitation  of  the  Saviour.  During  his  life  he  spent 
over  six  months  at  the  Pyramid  Jeezeh  and  vicinity,  in 
scientifically  measuring  the  same;  we  firmly  believe  that 
his  final  comparisons  of  his  own  (previous)  measures,  and 
all  the  engineers,  astronomers,  and  mathematicians  that 
preceded  him  are  more  nearly  correct  than  any  other  yet 
published.  His  "Life  and  Work"  published  in  three 
volumes,  about  the  year  1869,  and  his  last  work  "Our 
Inheritance  in  the  Great  Pyramid,"  which  reached  its 
4th  edition  in  the  year  1880,  show  great  painstaking,  and 
a  desire  to  be  correct  (in  his  measurements  at  least),  in  all 
that  he  gave  publicity  to  in  his  different  issues.  While  we 
do  not  agree  with  him,  in  any  particular,  regarding  his 
theory  of  the  building  of  the  great  structure,  or  the  date 
of  its  erection,  and  who  its  builders  were,  we  shall  quote  his 
last  verified  measurements,  believing  that  a  just  criticism 
will  acquiesce  in  his  conclusions. 


GEOMETRICAL  PROPORTIONS  OF  THE  OUTER 

SURFACES  OF  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID. 
(Sec.  n.)  The  first  discovered  mathematical  propor- 
tions, with  regard  to  the  Great  Pyramid's  shape,  was  by 
Mr.  John  Taylor.  That  is,  as  derived  from  modern 
measures  and  calculations,  which  is  that  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid's height,  in  the  original  condition  of  the  monument, 
when  each  one  of  its  four  sloping  triangular  sides  was  made 
into  a  perfect  plane  by  means  of  the  polished  outer  sloping 
surface  of  the  bevelled  casing  stones,  and  when  those  sides, 
being  continued  up  to  their  mutual  intersections,  terminated 
at,  and  formed  the  summit  in,  a  point, — that  its  central, 
vertical  height  then  was,  to  twice  the  breadth  of  its  square 
base,  as  nearly  as  can  be  expressed  by  good  monumental 
work,  as  the  diameter  to  the  circumference  of  a  circle.  Or 
that  the  vertical  height  of  that  Pyramid  was  to  the  length 
of  one  side  of  its  base,  when  multiplied  by  2,  as  the 
diameter  to  the  circumference  of  a  circle;  i.  e.  as 
1:3.14159 — etc.  Or  as  shown  later  by  Mr.  St.  John  Day, 
the  area  of  the  Great  Pyramid's  right  section  (i.  e.  a  vertical, 
central  section  parallel  to  one  of  the  sides  of  the  horizontal 
base)  is  to  the  area  of  the  base,  as  i  to  the  same  3.14159 — 
etc.  Or  as  the  same  fact  admits  again  of  being  differently 
expressed,  the  vertical  height  of  the  Great  Pyramid  is 
the  radius  of  a  theoretical  circle,  the  length  of  whose  curved 
circumference  is  equal  to  the  sum  of  the  lengths  of  the  four 
straight  sides  of  the  actual  and  practical  square  base  of  the 
building.  Which  is  neither  more  nor  less  than  that  cele- 
brated practical  problem  of  the  modern  ages,  of  "the  squar- 
ing of  the  circle";  and  the  thing  was  thus  practically  done, 
at  the  Great  Pyramid,  thousands  of  years  before  the 
mediaeval  days  of  our  forefathers.  And  we  venture  the 
opinion,  that  if  we  had  the  ability  to  measure  the  outer 
surfaces  of  that  great  "first  wonder  of  the  world"  with 
exactness,  that  are  stated  above,  that  such  measurement 
would  be  found  to  exactly  square  the  circle  without  any 
remainder.  (See  index  for  squaring  of  the  circle  in  another 
portion  of  this  work.) 


168  THE    fJREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

For  it  was  so  accomplished  by  the  architect  who  <h 
signed  that  pyramid,  when, — over  and  above  deciding  that 
the  building  was  to  be  a  square-based  pyramid, — with,  of 
course,  all  the  necessary  mathematical  innate  relations 
which  every  square-based  pyramid  must  have, — he  also 
ordained  that  its  height,  which  otherwise  might  have  been 
anything,  was  to  bear  such  a  particular  proportion  to  its 
breadth  of  base,  as  should  bring  out  the  nearest  possible 
value  of  pi  as  above  mentioned ;  and  which  proportion  not 
one  out  of  any  number  of  square-based  pyramids  would 
be  otherwise  necessarily  endowed  with;  not  one  out  of  all 
the  thirty-seven  other  measured  pyramids  in  Egypt  has 
been  proved  to  be  endowed  with  even  approximately. 

If,  therefore,  the  quantity  is  really  found  built  into 
the  Great  Pyramid  with  exactness,  as  well  as  magnitude, 
characterizing  and  utilizing  the  whole  of  that  vast  mass,  it 
not  only  discriminates  that  building  at  once  from  all  the 
other  pyramids  of  Egypt,  but  proves  that  such  a  distinguish- 
ing feature  must  have  been  the  result  either  of  some  most 
marvelous  accident,  or  of  some  deep  wisdom  and  settled, 
determined  purpose;  in  this  case,  too,  not  less  than  30,000 
years  ago.  The  royal  Scottish  astronomer,  Piazzi  Smyth, 
placed  the  date  of  the  building  of  the  Great  Pyramid  in 
the  autumn  of  2170  B.  C. ;  because  that  was  the  time  that  a 
Draconis  was  crossing  below  the  Pole,  and  at  the  particular 
distance  from  the  Pole  indicated  by  tlte  (supposed  north  side) 
entrance-passage,  in  the  autumn  season  of  the  Northern 
hemisphere  of  that  year;  when  the  meridian  of  the  equinoc- 
tial point  of  the  heavens  coincided  with  the  Pleiades.  This 
was  only  about  4,076  years  ago.  Prof.  H.  L.  Smith  has 
shown  that  the  circuit  of  the  Pyramid,  at  the  level  of  the 
King's  Chamber,  measures  25,827  Pyramid  inches,  which  is 
the  exact  number  of  years  that  it  takes  the  procession  of  the 
equinoxes  to  repeat  itself.  Therefore,  27,997  B.  C.  is  the 
latest  date  that  we  place  the  completion  of  that  "Great 
First  Wonder  of  the  World";  and  it  may  have  been  a 
multiple  of  that  procession  and  carried  the  date  back  to 
51,654  B.  C.,  (of  this,  more  hereafter). 


DEPOSITORY   OF   WEIGHTS   AND   MEASURES          169 

The  wisdom  of  the  Great  Pyramid's  founders  is  so 
well  exemplified,  in  its  mathematical  proportions,  that  it 
is  conclusive  evidence  of  the  double  intent  of  its  purpose; 
in  addition  to  the  schooling  of  its  Initiates,  it  was  intended 
as  an  International  depository  of  "Weights  and  Measures." 
And,  evidently,  intended  to  last  for  the  inspection  of  a  most 
distant  posterity ;  knowing  well  that  a  fundamental  mathe- 
matical truth  like  pi,  would  infallibly  come  to  be  under- 
stood both  in  and  by  itself  alone,  and  be  appreciated  in  the 
fact  without  any  written  inscription,  in  that  then  distant 
day  when  mathematics  (or  numbers)  should  again  be  the 
language  of  all  mankind.  (See  quotation  from  the  "Source 
of  Measures"  in  another  portion  of  this  work.) 

Our  own  experience  teaches  us,  that  neither  mathe- 
matics nor  mechanics  can  progress  in  any  country  without 
knowing  well  the  numerical  value  and  calculational  value 
of^'.  On  the  subject  of  pi,  the  respective  authors  are  not 
only  numerous,  but  their  accounts  of  mensurations,  as  a 
rule,  are  most  strangely  contradictory.  Colonel  Howard 
Vyse,  in  Volume  II.  of  his  important  work,  "The  Pyramids 
of  Gizeh,"  published  in  1840,  gives  extracts  from  no  less 
than  71  European  and  2  Asiatic  authors,  and  as  many  more 
have  been  added  since  that  date,  on  this  momentous  ques- 
tion. Unless  a  very  great  number  be  read,  no  sufficient 
idea  can  be  formed  as  to  how  little  faith  is  often  to  be  placed 
in  the  narratives  of  even  highly,  though  too  exclusively 
mentally,  educated  men  of  modern  university,  and  competi- 
tive examination,  on  a  very  simple  practical  matter. 

Successive  travellers  (each  of  whom  had  published 
a  book),  could  with  ease,  string  together  a  series  of  so-called 
measures,  on  the  same  parts  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  which 
would  show  its  blocks  of  solid  stone  expanding  and  con- 
tracting between  different  visits  to  it,  like  elastic  india- 
rubber  air-bags.  But  it  will  suffice  for  the  present  to  indi- 
cate the  necessity  of  weighing  the  evidence  in  every  case 
most  scrupulously;  to  have  a  large  quantity  of  evidence, 
a  great  variety  of  observers,  and  to  place  in  the  first  rank 


170  THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

of  authors  to  be  studied  in  the  original,  closely  in  every 

word  they  have  written,  but  not  necessarily  to  be  always 

followed  therein ;  they  are : 

^_      PROFESSOR  JOHN   GREAYES,  the   Oxford  astronomer 

f.  r  in  1638. 

i  w     The  French,  or  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  Expedition  in 

•  .i   -         1799- 

COLONEL  HOWARD  VYSE,  in  1837. 
IH--J    SIR  GARDNER  WILKINSON,  from  1840  to  1858. 
t        MR.  JOHN  TAYLOR,  1859  to  1863. 
>  ;      PIAZZI  SMYTH,  noted  astronomer,  from  1867  to  1880. 

The  Great  Pyramid,  at  this  writing,  inspected  extern- 
ally, is  a  rough,  huge  mass,  about  454  feet  (English)  high; 
the  angle  stones  having  been  carried  away,  it  looks  like 
(from  its  four  sides)  so  many  steps.  On  close  examination, 
these  steps  are  represented  by  the  different  layers  of  stone, 
varying  in  height  from  21  to  59  inches.  As  all  the  material 
above  the  202  layer  of  stone  has  (like  the  original  casing 
stones)  been  carried  away,  the  top,  with  some  irregularities, 
represents  a  floor  of  about  32x32  feet  square.  The  whole 
structure  is  regularly  and  masterly  built  of  worked  and 
cemented  limestone  blocks,  in  horizontal  sheets,  or  courses 
of  masonry.  (To  what  extent  these  sheets  of  masonry  are 
absolutely  continuous  throughout  the  mass  can  never  be 
known  unless  the  whole  structure  is  taken  to  pieces.  Each 
stratum,  however,  records  itself  similarly  on  each  of  the 
four  sides,  excepting  only  the  small  interruption  of  a  por- 
tion of  rock  at  the  northeast  corner,  and  also  a  small  hole 
filled  with  rubble  work  which  is  reported  by  Dr.  J.  A.  S. 
Grant,  as  located  about  a  third  of  the  way  up  one  of  the 
sides.)  The  flattened  top  gives  the  pyramid  at  a  distance 
an  abnormally  blunted-looking  summit — mediaeval  dilapi- 
dations and  forcible  removal  of  the  Pyramid's  once  polished 
white  stone  casing,  with  its  outer  surface  bevelled  smoothly 
to  the  general  slope,  (see  plate)  which  has  stood  at  least 
30,000  years,  and  had  in  its  day  given  to  the  structure  al- 
most mathematical  truth  and  perfection.  This  state  of 


171 


things  was  that  described  by  Greek,  Roman,  and  early 
Arabian  writers;  and  it  existed  until  the  Caliphs  of  Egypt, 
about  the  year  1,000  A.  D.,  began  methodically  to  strip  off 
the  polished  and  bevelled  casing  stone  blocks;  they  built 
two  bridges  to  convey  them  more  easily  to  the  river,  after 
chipping  off  the  prismoidal  angles  and  edges;  and  then 
employed  them  in  building  mosques  and  palaces;  for  the 
lining  of  the  great  "Joseph"  well,  and  for  other  public 
structures  which  still  adorn  their  favorite  city,  El  Kahireh, 
or  the  victorious — the  Cairo  of  vulgar  English.  (During 
the  year  1879,  Dr.  J.  A.  S.  Grant  and  Mr.  Waynman  Dixon 
visited  the  celebrated  Mosque  of  Sooltan  Hassan,  in  Cairo, 
to  see  if  any  of  the  component  blocks  forming  its  walls 
could  be  identified  as  having  belonged  to  the  Great  Pyramid ; 
they  found  them  to  be  undoubtedly  of  the  same  Mokattam 
stone,  but  too  well  squared  to  retain  any  of  the  outside 
bevelled  surface.  The  inquiry  was,  however,  put  a  rude 
stop  to,  by  the  Mohammedan  janitors,  before  it  had  reached 
some  of  the  more  likely  places  near  the  top  of  the  mosque, 
wherein  to  meet  with  an  accidentally  or  carelessly  left 
oblique  surface  of  the  other  far  older  building. 

The  original,  and  not  the  present  size  and  shape,  is 
what  we  require  and  must  have  for  testing  Mr.  John  Tay- 
lor's measurements;  and  for  approximating,  by  whatever 
degree  of  exactitude  may  be  reached,  to  whether  it  was 
accident  or  intention  which  decided  the  shape  of  the  Great 
Pyramid;  and  he  has  well  pointed  out  that  no  one  had  any 
pretence  to  have  obtained  the  old  base  side  length  until  the 
French  academicians,  in  1799,  cleared  away  the  hills  of  sand 
and  debris  at  the  northeast  and  northwest  corners,  and 
reached  beneath  them  the  levelled  surface  of  the  living 
rock  itself  on  which  the  Pyramid  was  originally  founded. 
There,  discovering  two  rectangular  hollows  carefully  and 
truly  cut  into  the  rock,  as  if  for  'sockets'  for  the  basal 
corner  stones,  the  said  academicians  measured  the  distance 
between  those  sockets  with  much  geodesic  accuracy,  and 
found  it  to  be  equal  to  763.62  English  feet.  The  same 


172  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

distance  being  measured  thirty-seven  years  afterwards 
by  Colonel  Howard  Vyse,  guided  by  another  equally  sure 
direction  of  the  original  building,  as  764.0  English  feet — 
the  mean  of  which,  or  763.81  feet,  is  close  enough  for  a 
first  approximation  to  the  ancient  base-breadth. 

But  the  ancient  height  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  which 
we  also  need  to  have  for  instituting  the  calculation,  is  not 
at  all  easy  to  measure  directly  with  any  sufficient  approach 
to  exactness;  chiefly  because  so  very  much  of  the  original 
top  has  actually  been  knocked  away  during  the  middle  ages 
so  as  to  leave  a  platform  described  by  the  Arabs  as  "large 
enough  for  eleven  camels  to  lie  down,"  several  feet  there- 
fore beneath  the  apex,  where  once  the  four  sloping  sides,  or 
external  flanks,  of  the  building  were  continued  up  to,  and 
terminated  in,  a  sharp  point.  Colonel  Howard  Vyse's 
providential  rinding  of  two  of  the  ancient  "casing-stones" 
in  their  original  situation,  with  their  sloping  faces,  at  the  foot 
of  the  Pyramid,  was  the  keystone  to  John  Taylor's  first 
efforts  in  obtaining  the  ancient  height  of  this  great  structure, 
for  they  enabled  the  problem  to  be  attacked  in  a  different 
manner,  and  without  any  dependence  on  the  missing  por- 
tion at  the  top;  or  by  angular,  as  contrasted  to,  but  after- 
wards made  to  furnish  an  idea  of,  linear,  measure.  For 
iuch  angle  can  give  forth  by  computation  a  complete  verticle 
height,  to  be  used  with  the  already  obtained,  by  measure, 
complete  base-breadth. 

(Sec.  12.)  OBJECTORS  TO  THE  MEASURE- 
MENTS AND  CONDITION  OF  THE  GREAT  PYRA- 
MID, loom  up,  and  assert  their  opinions  in  all  parts  of  the 
earth;  some  of  them  filling  the  highest  positions  in  their 
several  countries.  Two  prominent  members  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh,  in  1867,  after  listening  to  a  lecture 
on  the  exterior  of  the  Pyramid,  remarked:  First  objector, 
an  engineer,  said  "that  he  had  twice  passed  through 
Egypt,  been  to  the  Pyramids,  saw  no  symptoms  of  casing 
stones,  and  therefore  would  not  believe  in  anything  about 
them;"  Second  objector, an  Indian  naval  officer,  had  also 


OBJECTORS    TO    MEASUREMENTS    ANSWERED          173 


been  to  the  Pyramids  on  a  visit,  and  "found  such  heaps  of 
rubbish  about  the  great  one,  that  he  could  not  see  how  any 
man  could  measure  even  its  base  side  length  with  any  degree 
of  correctness,  much  less  the  angle  of  casing  stones  which 
he  also  could  not  see." 

Both  speeches,  although  uttered  by  men  of  rank,  are 
only  too  faithful  examples  of  the  small  extent  of  information 
on  which  many  persons  of  commanding  social  rank,  will 
even  yet  persist  in  speaking  most  authoritatively  on  both  the 
present  and  past  state  of  the  Great  Pyramid.  The  engineer 
above  referred  to,  questioning  the  existence  of  the  casing 
stones,  should  at  least  have  read  the  accounts  of  Herodotus, 
Strabo,  Pliny,  and  many  of  the  early  Arabian  authors  too, 
who  described  what  they  saw  with  their  own  eyes,  when  the 
casing  was  still  complete,  eminently  smooth,  and  by  all 
men,  who  had  seen  them,  called  beautiful.  Next  he  should 
have  taken  up  Colonel  Howard  Vyse's  book,  describing  in 
detail  how  he  succeeded,  after  immense  labor  with  hundreds 
of  workmen,  in  digging  down  to,  rinding,  and  measuring 
probably  the  last  two  of  the  northern  side's  bevelled  blocks ; 
(still  were  they  in  their  original  situation,  and  adhering 
closely  by  their  original  cement  to  the  pavement  base  of  the 
btiilding)  and  then  how  he  failed,  though  he  covered  them 
up  again  with  a  mound  of  rubbish,  pending  an  application 
to  the  English  Government  to  remove  them  to  the  British 
Museum — how  he  failed  to  save  them  from  the  hammers 
of  Mohammedan  prowlers  by  night;  deadly  jealous  as  they 
were  of  Christians  obtaining  anything  really  valuable  from 
the  country  they  ruled  over.  Besides  which,  the  large 
amount  of  casing  stones,  bevelled  externally  to  the  slope, 
still  existing  upon  other  pyramids,  as  on  the  two  large  ones 
of  Dashoor;  the  well  preserved  ones  of  second  Jeezeh 
Pyramid,  conspicuous  near  its  summit,  and  on  a  bright 
day  "shining  resplendently  afar,"  as  says  M.  Jomard;  and 
the  granite  ones  of  the  third  pyramid,  so  excessively  hard 
that  modern  workmen  have  not  cared  to  have  much  to  do 
with  them— all  this,  which  has  long  been  known,  should 


174  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

effect  much  in  convincing  unwilling  minds  as  to  what  was 
the  original  state  of  the  outside  of  the  Great  Pyramid, 
previous  to  the  year  840  A.  D.  About  forty  years  ago  a 
similar  case  of  spoilation  was  perpetrated,  on  the  south 
stone  pyramid  of  Dashoor,  by  Defterdar  Mohammed  Bey  in 
order  to  procure  blocks  of  ready  cut  stones  of  extra  white- 
ness wherewith  to  build  himself  a  palace  near  Cairo.  The 
foregoing  historic  recorded  facts  should  have  convinced 
Objector  No.  One,  as  far  back  as  the  year  1864. 

Replying  to  (the  Indian  Naval  Officer)  Objector  No. 
Two,  about  the  possibility  of  other  men  succeeding  in 
measuring  what  would  have  puzzled  him  as  he  looked 
idly,  and  never  held  a  measuring  rod  of  any  kind  in  his 
hand,  should  have  read  the  whole  account  of  the  active  and 
hard  working  French  Academicians  in  Egypt ;  of  which  the 
following  from  "Antiquities,  Description,"  Vol.  II.,  is 
worthy  of  being  more  generally  known  than  it  seems  to  be : 
W2.,that  after  digging  down  through  the  rubbish  heaped 
up  about  the  lower  part  of  the  Pyramid,  "They  recognized 
perfectly  the  esplanade  upon  which  the  Great  Pyramid 
had  been  originally  established;  and  discovered  happily,  at 
the  northeast  angle,  a  large  hollow  socket  (encastrement) 
worked  in  the  rock,  cut  rectangularly  and  uninjured,  where 
the  cornerstone  (of  that  one  basal  angle)  had  been  placed ; 
it  is  an  irregular  square,  which  is  9  feet  10  inches  broad 
English  measure,  in  one  direction,  and  n  feet  5.8  inches  in 
another,  and  7.9  inches  deep"  all  over  its  floor  (measures 
since  then  were  tested  by  Piazzi  Smyth,  but  only  after 
several  days  spent  in  digging  and  clearing  the  locality  over 
again  by  a  civil  engineer  with  a  party  of  Arabs).  The 
French  savants  made  the  "same  research  at  the  northwest 
angle,  and  there  also  discovered  a  hollow  socket  (encastre- 
nicnt}  similar  to  the  former;  the  two  were  on  the  same  level. 
It  was  between  the  two  exterior  points  of  these  hollows 
and  with  much  care  and  precaution,  that  they  measured 
the  base  side  length.  They  found  it  763.62  English  feet." 
The  'encastrement'  so  brought  to  light  in  the  basal  rock 


CASING  STONES  FOUND  175 

at  the  northwest  angle,  is  duly  figured  in  the  plan  amongst 
the  large  French  plates;  and  since  verified  by  Piazzi  Smyth, 
has  the  inner  corner  curiously  pared  away,  evidently  in- 
dicating the  well-shaped  rectangular  outer  corner  to  be  its 
true  starting  point  for  measure;  and  because,  also,  it  was 
originally  the  terminal  point  of  the  Pyramid's  material  at 
that  lower  angle  or  foot.  From  the  outer  corner  of  the 
northeast  to  the  outer  corner  of  the  northwest  'encastre- 
ments'  of  their  happy  discovery  it  therefore  was,  that  the 
skillful  French  surveyors  extended  their  measuring  bars,  and 
with  the  result  given  above.  They  also  triangulated  the 
ground  round  about,  and  from  thence  measured  the  altitude 
of  the  present  depressed  and  flat  topped  summit  of  the  Great 
Pyramid  with  an  accuracy  which  would  have  been  quite 
enough  for  any  ordinary  remnant  of  archaeological  structure. 
The  Great  Pyramid,  however,  has  to  undergo  severer  tests; 
as  there  has  been  no  ancient  trustworthy  mark  at  the  apex 
of  this  building  since  about  the  year  1,000  A.  D.  to  enable 
savants  to  supply  the  exact  quantity  of  the  now  missing 
portion  of  the  original  summit,  we  have,  after  all,  for  re- 
storing that,  to  return  to  the  angular  inclined  plane  of  the 
two  original  casing  stones  below,  so  happily  uncovered 
by  Colonel  Howard  Vyse  in  1837,  and  proved  by  him  to  have 
been  the  very  beginning  of  the  northern  upward  sloping  side 
of  the  building. 

THE  CASING  STONES  found  by  Howard  Vyse,  were 
of  extreme  value.  These  angular  relics  were  of  the  original 
number  of  the  casing  stones,  and  actually  in  situ  and  un- 
disturbed, and  therefore  showing  what  was  once  the  real 
outside  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  viz.,  smooth,  polkhed,  dense, 
white  limestone,  almost  like  marble,  in  a  sloping  plane;  not 
because  they  exhibited  such  matchless  workmanship,  more 
correct  and  true  than  the  work  of  a  modern  optical  instru- 
ment maker,  but  performed  in  this  instance  on  blocks  of  a 
height  of  nearly  5  feet,  a  breadth  of  8  feet,  and  a  length, 
perhaps,  of  12  feet;  with  the  finest  of  joints,  said  to  be  no 
thicker,  even  including  a  film  of  white  cement,  than  "silver- 


176  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

paper."  The  angle  of  the  bevelled  or  inclined  outer  surface, 
measured  very  carefully  by  Mr.  Brettel,  a  civil  engineer, 
for  the  Colonel,  came  out  51  °  50';  and  being  computed  from 
linear  measures  of  the  sides,  made  for  him  by  another  en- 
gineer, came  out  51°  52'  15  . 5".  The  results  are  not  identi- 
cal, and  might  have  been  made  better,  with  more  care  at 
the  time;  but  yet  extremely  close  with  one  another,  as 
compared  with  the  French  angular  determination  (before 
there  was  anything  on  which  to  determine  accurately,  other 
than  the  present  ruined  and  dilapidated  sides  of  the  edifice) 
of  51°  19'  4"',  or  of  previous  modern  observers,  who  are 
actually  found  anywhere,  between  40°  and  60°. 

JOHN  TAYLOR'S  THEORY  IS  SUPPORTED  BY 
HOWARD  VYSE'S  CASING  STONE  ANGLE.— Taking 
everything  into  fair  consideration,  the  ancient  angle  of  the 
Great  Pyramid's  slope  may  be  considered  to  be  somewhere 
between  the  two  measured  quantities  of  51°  50'  and  51° 
52'  15.5";  there  are  many  other  reasons  for  believing  that  it 
must  have  been  5 1  °  5 1'  and  some  seconds.  How  many  mere 
seconds,  modern  mathematicians  are  not  competent  to 
decide;  and  a  second  of  space  is  an  exceedingly  small 
quantity  even  in  the  most  refined  astronomical  observa- 
tions. If  we  assume  for  the  time  14.3"  and  employ  the 
whole  angle,  viz.,  51°  51'  14.3",  with  the  base-side  as  al- 
ready given  from  linear  measure  =  7 63  .81  feet  (English), 
to  compute  the  original  height  quantity  which  we  have  been 
aiming  at  so  long,  we  have  for  that  element  486 .2567  (feet) 
of  the  same  linear  units.  And  from  the  values  for  the 
ancient  height  and  base-breadth,  computing  the  propor- 
tion of  diameter  to  circumference,  there  appears  486 .  2567  : 
763.81  x  2::i  13 . 14159,  etc.  (John  Taylor's  figures  for 
the  vertical  height  and  the  base-breadth  of  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid were  486.764  feet;  evidently  the  nearest  possible 
approximation  by  whole  feet.  Further,  we  should  men- 
tion that  the  height  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  trigonometri- 
cally  measured  by  the  French  scientists,  is  perfectly  agree- 
able to  the  above  computed  result;  for  when  it  is  increased 


JOHN    TAYLOR'S    THEOEY    CONFIEMED  177 

by  something  more  than  30  feet,  to  allow  for  the  evidently 
missing  portion  at  the  summit,  it  amounts  to  the  same 
thing.)  This  result  so  far  shows,  that  the  Great  Pyramid 
does  represent  as  closely  as  the  very  best  modern  measures 
can  be  trusted,  the  true  value  of  pi;  a  quantity  which  men 
in  general,  and  all  human  science  too,  did  not  begin  to 
trouble  themselves  about  until  long,  long  ages;  languages, 
and  nations  had  passed  away  after  the  building  up  of  the 
Great  Pyramid;  and  after  the  sealing  up  too,  of  that  grand 
primeval  and  prehistoric  monument,  of  an  age,  which  no 
one  living  today,  can  (exactly)  determine. 

CONFIRMATION  OF  JOHN  TAYLOR'S  THEORY 
BY  PIAZZI  SMYTH.— From  the  4th  edition  of  "Our 
Inheritance  in  the  Great  Pyramid:"  "Hence  the  first 
stage  of  our  trial  terminates  itself  with  as  eminent  a  con- 
firmation as  the  case  can  possibly  admit  of,  touching  the 
truth  of  John  Taylor's  theory,  proposition,  or  statement; 
and  now  begins  the  second  stage,  wherein  I  can  add  the 
absolute  weight  of  direct  personal  examination,  as  well  as 
of  practical  researches  carried  on  at  the  place  by  myself 
for  a  longer  time  and  with  better  measuring  instruments 
than  any  of  my  predecessors  had  at  their  command.  I  was 
not,  indeed,  so  fortunate  as  Colonel  Howard  Vyce  in  finding 
anything  like  such  large,  entire,  unmoved,  and  well  pre- 
served casing  stones  as  he  did;  but  was  enabled  to  prove 
that  the  enormous  rubbish  mounds  now  formed  on  each 
of  the  four  sides  of  the  Pyramid  consist  mainly  of  innumer- 
able fragments  of  the  old  casing  stones,  distinguishable 
both  by  the  superior  quality  of  their  component  stone  and 
their  prepared  angle  of  slope  always  conformable,  within 
very  narrow  limits,  to  Colonel  Howard  Vyse's  determina- 
tion. And  a  number  of  there  almost  'vocal'  fragments 
were  deposited  by  me,  on  my  return,  in  the  museum  of 
the  Royal  Society,  Edinburgh. 

"Also,  by  careful  measures  of  the  angle  of  the  whole 
Pyramid  along  all  four  of  its  corner  or  arris  lines  from 
top  to  bottom,  observed  with  a  powerful  astronomical 

12 


178  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

circle  and  telescope,  as  more  particularly  described  in  my 
larger  book,  in  1865,  the  same  result  came  out.  For  that 
corner  angle  so  measured  (see  Plate)  was  found  to  be 
41°  59'  45"  nearly;  and  that  gives  by  computation  (accord- 
ing to  the  necessary  innate  relations  of  the  parts  of  a  square- 
based  pyramid)  for  the  side  slope  of  this  'Great'  one,  5 1  °  5 1' 
and  some  seconds ;  or  without  any  doubt  the  representative 
of  the  angle  Colonel  Howard  Vyse  did  observe  on  the  side 
directly;  and  the  one  which,  if  it  is  there,  necessarily  makes 
the  Great  Pyramid,  in  and  by  its  whole  figure,  express  the 
value  of  that  most  scientific  desideratum, -pi. 

"Nor  has  the  proving  of  the  matter  stopped  with  me. 
For  other  explorers  have  now  been  induced  to  search  the 
rubbish  mounds  about  the  Pyramid,  and  have  seldom  left 
without  carrying  off  some  fragment,  wherein  two  evidently 
anciently  worked  sides  met,  not  at  a  right  angle,  but  at 
the  angle  of  either  51°  51'  or  128°  9',  nearly ;  one  being  the 
angle  at  the  foot,  the  other  at  the  head,  of  every  casing 
stone  of  a  pi  pyramid,  if  built  as  the  Great  Pyramid  is, 
but  some  other  Pyramids  are  not,  in  accurately  horizontal 
courses  of  masonry. 

"I  learn,  too,  from  an  American  book  of  travel,  that  my 
former  Arab  assistant  in  measuring  the  Great  Pyramid, 
Alee  Dobree  by  name,  and  who  was  very  quick  in  seizing 
the  idea  of  angle  expressed  in  numerical  amount  when  I 
first  explained  it  to  him  in  1865 — that  he  is  now  driving 
quite  a  trade,  almost  exclusively,  with  the  travelers 
who  visit  the  Monument,  by  selling  them  'casing  stone 
fragments  with  the  angle';  which  fragments  he  is  able,  by 
the  gift  of  a  sharp  and  appreciative  eye,  to  pick  out  of  the 
very  same  hills  of  rubbish  they  walk  carelessly  over. 

"Yet  even  all  his  feats  in  that  way  have  been  far  trans- 
cended by  my  friend,  Mr.  Waynman  Dixon,  C.  E.,  who, 
taking  advantage  of  an  extensive  cutting  into  the  Great 
Pyramid  rubbish  mounds  by  the  Egyptian  Government 
merely  for  material  wherewith  to  make  the  road  by  which 
the  Empress  of  Fraace  visited  the  Monument  in  1869, 


CASING    STONES  179 


discovered  almost  a  whole  casing  stone.  Not  a  very  large, 
one,  indeed,  and  a  loose  block  only,  but  with  portions 
more  or  less  of  all  six  original  worked  sides ;  or  a  completer 
example  than  is  known  at  the  present  moment  to  exist 
anywhere  else  all  the  world  over.  This  most  unique  speci- 
men, Mr.  Waynman  Dixon  graciously  sent  from  Egypt  as  a 
present  to  me,  and  I  have  deposited  it  under  a  glass  case 
in  the  official  residence  of  the  Astronomer-Royal  for  Scot- 
land, where  it  has  been  closely  measured,  and  its  ascending 
angle  found  to  be  certainly  between  51°  53'  15"  and  51° 
49'  S5"'»  or  as  close  as  could  be  expected,  from  the  block's 
size  and  fractured  condition,  to  be  that  typical  51°  51'  14" 
about  which  all  the  fragments  of  the  Great  Pyramid  are 
found  to  collect.  But  none  of  the  fragments  of  the  other 
pyramids  of  Egypt  do  so.  Their  casing  stones  were  some- 
times worked  with  equal  hand  skill,  so  as  to  preserve  one 
particular  angle  very  closely  over  the  whole  surface  of 
a  large  building,  but  it  is  always  a  wrong  angle.  The 
ability  of  head  was  wanting  there,  and  meaningless  angles 
of  43°,  50°,  57°,  63°,  and  even  73°  occupied,  and  wasted 
the  time  of  their  workmen,  if  a  mathematical  demonstration 
and  not  a  mere  architectural  adornment,  was  really  their 
object.  Closer  up  in  the  very  neighborhood  of  the  Great 
Pyramid,  as  on  the  hill  of  Jeezeh  itself,  some  of  the  sub- 
sequent smaller  imitation  pyramids  could  hardly  fail  to 
be  nearer  their  original,  and  were  in  fact,  within  half,  or 
three-quarters  of  a  degree  of  its  particular  angle.  But 
they  are  constant  all  over  their  surfaces,  and  on  every  side 
at  that  deviation;  and  that  so  very  large  a  one,  as  to  throw 
their  numerical  value  of  pi  into  utter  error;  and  leave  the 
Great  Pyramid  the  sole  example  throughout  all  Egypt  of  any 
building  whatever,  giving,  by  its  whole  proportions,  or 
entire  geometry,  and  within  the  closest  limits  of  the  best 
modern  measures  of  it,  the  one,  and  only  true  practical 
expression  for  pi  which  modern  science  admits." 


180  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

STANDARD  OF  LENGTH  EMPLOYED  IN  LAYING 
OUT  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID. 

(Sec.  13.)  Conceding  the  results  arrived  at  by  the 
most  noted  savants  of  the  past,  regarding  the  standard 
of  length  used  in  the  architectural  construction  of  the 
Great  Pyramid,  viz.,  the  "pyramid  cubit  of  25  inches" 
equal  to  25.001  inches  English;  and  that  the  said  measure 
expresses  exact  pi  in  the  different  triangulations  and 
measurements  of  that  structure;  and  further,  that  the  12 
inch  rule,  or  foot  measure,  does  not  so  express  itself,  we  will 
proceed  to  the  array  of  proofs  that  they  jointly  employ. 
Recomputing  Mr.  Taylor's  circumferential  analogy  of  that 
most  notable  of  buildings,  after  his  own  manner,  by  linear 
vertical  height  and  linear  horizontal  base-breadth,  the 
quantities  named  on  a  previous  page,  were  expressed  in 
English  feet,  viz.,  verticle  height  486.  2567  feet,  and  length 
of  one  side  of  base,  763.81  feet;  but  it  is  not  therefore 
intended  to  imply  that  they,  or  indeed  any  foot  measures, 
were  employed  by  the  ancient  builders.  Certainly  the 
length,  want  of  meaning,  and  inconvenience  of  the  fractions 
obliged  to  be  introduced  (by  us)  in  order  to  represent  the 
(closest  approximate),  or  pi,  proportion  of  the  one  pyramid 
element  to  the  other,  in  these  particular,  absolute,  linear 
terms,  tend  to  forbid  the  idea:  (We,  nevertheless,  believe 
that  architect  and  builders  of  the  Great  Pyramid  knew  the 
exact  proportion,  or  the  ratio  of  the  diameter  to  the  cir- 
cumference of  a  circle  without  any  decimal.  One  of  the 
proofs  offered  for  this  is:  that  no  two  mathematicians  or 
engineers,  in  our  day  and  age,  obtain  exactly  the  same  re- 
sults in  the  measure  of  any  part  of  this  "First  Great  "Wonder 
of  the  World.")  As  a  foot  measure  was  not  likely,  and  the 
Egyptian  cubit  whose  length  was  close  to  20.7  English 
inches,  gave  similarly  inconvenient  fractions,  what  sort 
of  standard  of  linear  measure  ivas  likely  to  have  been  em- 
ployed at  the  building,  or  rather  by  the  actual  builder  and 
architect  of  the  whole  design  of  the  Great  Pyramid  ? 


PI   MEASURE    VALUES  181 

WHAT  STANDARD  WOULD  SUIT  PI  ON  THE  SCALE 
OF  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID? 

Our  first  step  of  inquiry  will  be,  to  see  if  an  equally 
exact  proportion  between  linear  height  and  twice  base- 
breadth,  to  what  our  long  fractions  of  feet  gave,  cannot  be 
obtained  from  some  simpler  numbers.  Take  for  instance 
116.5  :  366.0.  These  do  not  give  the  value  of  pi  exactly 
(and  as  far  as  we  know)  no  simple  numbers  can,  when  the 
proportion  itself  (is  considered,  and)  belongs  to  the  in- 
commensurables ;  but  it  is  an  astonishingly  close  approach 
and  an  admirable  clearing  away  of  fractional  troubles  in  all 
approximate  work,  for  such  plain  and  small  numbers  to 
make;  and  the  exceedingly  trifling  fraction  (either  116.- 
5014  1366.0000,  or  116.5000  -'365.9956,  would  be  closer, 
but  not  so  convenient  in  multiplication  and  division)  and 
by  which  the  one  should  be  increased  and  the  other  de- 
creased, does  not,  in  the  existing  state  of  our  pyramidal 
knowledge  thus  far,  make  much  practical  difference  upon 
most  of  the  questions  which  we  shall  have  presently  to  take 
up.  Are  there,  however,  any  other  reasons  that  such  of 
mere  arithmetical  convenience,  why  we  should  attach  much 
significance,  in  the  design  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  to  these 
particular  numbers?  There  are  some  reasons  of  really 
grand  suggestions.  In  the  first  place,  366,  which  repre- 
sents here  (for  our  arbitrary  diameter  of  a  circle  116.5) 
the  pi  circumferential  analogy  of  that  circle,  is  also  the 
nearest  even  number  of  days  in  a  year;  or  more  precisely, 
of  mean  solar  days  in  a  mean  tropical  solar  year  (of  the 
earth) ;  or  again,  of  day-steps  in  the  circle  of  the  earth's  year, 
which  year  is  the  most  important  of  all  circles  to  the  physi- 
cal life  of  man.  We  now  know,  by  modern  science,  that 
the  exact  number  of  these  day-steps  in  such  terrestrial  year 
is,  at  this  present  time  in  the  history  of  man  upon  the  earth 
365.  2422  + an  almost  endless  fraction  of  unascertained 
length.  So  that  the  proportion  of  the  day  to  the  year  is  in 
a.  manner  another  incommensurable;  in  practice,  though 
not  in  theory,  as  interminable  as  pi  itself;  and  yet  for  the 


182  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

ordinary  purposes  of  life,  all  civilized  nations  now  use 
365  even;  except  in  leap  year,  when  they  do,  evenly  also, 
make  their  year  to  consist  of  366  days. 

In  the  second  place,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  portion 
of  the  Pyramid  employed  as  the  chief  datum  of  linear 
measure  in  the  problem  under  discussion,  viz.,  the  length 
of  each  side  of  its  square  base  as  determined  by  the  'socket' 
measurements,  both  of  the  French  savants  and  Colonel 
Howard  Vyse,  when  it  comes  to  be  divided  into  366  parts 
seems  to.  give  each  of  them  a  length  approaching  to  one 
round  and  even  ten-millionth  of  the  earth's  semi-axis  of 
rotation,  or  nearly  25  English  inches.  Equivalent,  there- 
fore, if  further  and  independent  confirmation  shall  be  ob- 
tained, to  the  architect  having  laid  out  the  size  of  the  Great 
Pyramid's  base  with  a  measuring  rod  25  inches  long,  sym- 
bolical in  modeiii  science  of  the  earth's  diurnal  rotation  on 
its  axis,  in  his. hand— and  in  his  head,  the  number  of  days 
and  parts  of  a  day  so  produced  in  a  year  of  the  earth's 
revolution  round  the  sun;  coupled  with  the  intellectual 
and  instructive  intention  to  represent  that  number  of  days 
in  terms  of  that  rod,  on  each  base  side  of  the  building. 

A  DAY  AND  YEAR  STANDARD  INDICATED 
WITH  REMARKABLE  AND  HARMONIOUS  EARTH 
COMMENSURABILITY— Piazzi  Smyth  says:  "Now  this 
is  a  feature,  in  all  sober  truth,  if  that  quantity  of  length 
was  really  used  intentionally  as  a  standard  of  measure 
of  the  most  extraordinary  importance;  for  it  is  only  since 
Newton's  time  that  men  knew  anything  exact  about,  or 
have  attributed  anything  peculiar  in  its  size  to,  the  earth's 
axis  of  rotation  as  different  from  any  other  diameter  thereof. 
It  is  therefore,  to  man  evidently  a  result  of  modern,  very 
modern  science  alone;  and  every  modern  civilized  nation 
has,  during  the  nineteenth  century,  been  obliged  to  per- 
form gigantic  trigonometrical  operations  and  "degree 
measurings,"  in  order  to  arrive  at  any  approach  to  accurate 
knowledge  of  the  true  length  of  that  Polar  earth-line,  or 
rotation  axis  of  the  earth ;  and  they  are  still  pursuing  the 


DAY    AND    YEAR    STANDARD 


inquiry  with  most  extensive  establishments  of  well  trained 
surveyors  and  scientific  calculators.  Their  best  results 
hitherto  oscillate  generally  about  500,500,000  English 
inches  within  very  narrow  limits,  though  some  of  the  results, 
from  unavoidable  errors  of  even  the  most  advanced  modern 
scientific  mensurations,  are  as  great  as  500,560,000,  and 
others  as  small  as  500,378,000.  Such  then  is  the  range  of 
uncertainty  in  which  England,  France,  Germany,  America, 
and  Russia  are  placed  at  this  moment  with  regard  to  the  size 
of  the  world  they  live  on.  And  yet  they  are  immensely 
closer  in  accord,  and  nearer  to  the  truth,  than  they  were 
only  fifty  years  ago;  while  1,000,  2,000,  or  3,000  years 
since,  even  the  most  scientific  of  men  knew  nothing  but 
what  was  childish  about  the  size  of  that  earth-ball  or;  which 
it  had  pleased  God  to  place  His  last  and  most  wondrous 
act  of  creation — Man — to  dwell,  and  play  his  part,  for,  who 
knows,  how  short  a  season. 

"It  is  possible,  then,  that  at  a  much  earlier  date  still 
than  3,000  years  ago,  or  on  the  primeval  occasion  of  the 
founding  of  the  Great  Pyramid  in  2,170  B.  C.  (which  date 
we  consider  an  impossibility,  owing  to  the  lack  of  intelli- 
gence at  that  period;  27,970  B.  C.  would  come  nearer)  the 
author  of  the  design  of  that  building  could  have  known  both 
the  size,  shape  and  motions  of  the  earth  exactly,  and  have 
intentionally  chosen  the  unique  diameter  of  its  axis  of 
rotation  as  a  physically  significant  reference  for  the  stan- 
dard of  measure  to  be  employed  in  that  building  ?  Human- 
ly, or  by  human  science  finding  it  out  then,  and  in  that  age, 
o.f  course  was  utterly  impossible.  But  if  the  thing  was 
inserted  there  in  grandly  monumental  fact — -too  grand,  too 
often  repeated  arid  too  methodic  to  be  owing  to  accident — 
there  was  something  of  supernatural  in  its  origination. 
And  if  traces  of  the  supernatural  in  goodness  and  truth  are 
attributable  only  to  God  and  to  his  Divine  inspiration, 
then  this  most  ancient,  yet  still  existing  monumentalization 
of  superhuman  contemporary  cosmical  knov/ledge  of  that  time 
must  be  one  of  the  most  remarkable  facts  that  occurred  at 


184  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID   JEEZEH 

the  beginning  of  the  post-diluvial  career  of  man,  outside 
of  Scripture  history;  and  stands  next  in  importance  to 
Scripture  itself  for  all  intellectual  and  religious  mankind  to 
inquire  into,  as  to  how,  and  foe  what  end,  it  was  allowed  or 
aided  by  the  Almighty  both  to  take  place,  and  in  a  manner 
which  has  enabled  it  to  last  down  to  these  days." 

The  above  quotation  from  Piazzi  Smyth's  4th  edition 
of  "Our  Inheritance  in  the  Great  Pyramid"  is  significant  of 
the  man;  his  religious  fever  knew  no  bounds,  so  much  so, 
that  everything  he  found  or  discovered  in  science,  not 
immediately  explainable,  he  attributed  to  Deity.  I  am 
sorry  that  he  is  not  now  in  the  body  to  defend  his  pet 
theory.  As  he  has  passed  to  the  beyond,  let  me  address 
his  friends  and  followers,  (and  they  are  legion),  viz.,  if  a 
special  Dispensation  has  protected  this  great  stone  edifice 
for  (even  as  he  suggests — 4,000  years)  all  the  time  that  the 
present  race  has  been  making  history,  then  why  should  not 
that  same  Divine  influence  have  been  extended  to  the 
churches  throughout  Christendom?  and  if  not  as  a  whole 
to  some  isolated  sect?  that  was  better  than  the  rest?  The 
fact  is — no  building  on  the  face  of  the  earth  (outside  of  the 
Great  Pyramid)  has  withstood  the  ravages  of  time,  the 
earthquake  and  the  flood,  one-half  the  number  of  years 
that  this  great  stone  building  is  known  to  have  done 
(not  counting  the  thousands  of  years  that  history  does  not 
record) .  We  will  try  and  answer  both  sides  of  this  question . 
It  is  purely  a  physical  reason ;  viz.,  during  the  great  seismic 
disturbances  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  in  April,  1906,  and 
Valparaiso,  Chile,  in  July  of  the  same  year  will  do  to 
illustrate;  it  is  a  noted  fact:  that  the  different  churches 
(regardless  of  denomination)  suffered  more  proportionately 
than  the  buildings  occupied  by  the  lowest  callings  on  earth. 
And  why  (?)  not  because  they  were  churches,  but  because 
that  class  of  buildings  are  tall,  and  most  of  them  have 
spires  that  are  not  earthquake  proof,  built  of  wood  or  brick 
that  will  not  stand  a  two  minute  seismic  vibration.  The 
lightning  plays  similar  pranks,  and  is  no  respector  of  persons 
aiming  as  it  does  at  the  highest  points. 


TIME   IIAS   NOT  AFFECTED   THE   PYRAMID  185 

The  other  side  of  this  question:  Why  has  the  "Great 
Pyramid"  stood  all  these  thousands  of  years,  although 
taller  than  any  church  edifice  in  the  world?  And  only 
three  other  buildings  of  any  character  excel  it  in  height,  viz., 
the  "Eiffel  Tower,"  at  Paris;  the  "Washington  Monument," 
at  Washington;  and  the  "City  Hall"  at  Philadelphia. 
All  of  which  are  built  practically  earthquake  proof,  and 
each  contain  conductors  for  directing  the  lightning  peace- 
fully to  the  earth.  But  why  has  the  Great  Pyramid  stood? 
Nothing  miraculous  about  it.  The  extraordinary  intelli- 
gence of  the  race  of  mankind  that  flourished  from  50,000 
to  100,000  years  ago,  led  them  to  knoiv,  that  there  was  but 
one  spot  (and  that  of  limited  area)  on  the  face  of  the  earth 
(on  land)  but  what  had  changed  places  with  the  waters  of 
the  earth,  some  of  it  several  times,  and  would  do  so  again 
at  different  (long)  intervals.  That  spot  is  located  in  the 
geographical  center  of  the  land  of  the  earth:  in  29°  58'  51" 
N.  Lat.  and  31°  10'  i"  E.  Long.;  where  they  erected  the 
greatest  stone  structure  that  ever  existed,  or  is  in  place 
today,  viz.,  the  "Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh."  And  when  they 
did  so  they  had  scientific  physical  reasons  for  believing  that 
it  would  stand  until  the  earth  should  cease  to  obey  its 
polarity  and  the  orb  itself  disintegrate.  And  why?  Be- 
cause the  earth,  being  unequally  balanced  (the  water  area 
containing  about  three-fifths  and  the  land  area  about  two- 
fifths),  the  land  portion,  or  that  portion  of  the  land  above 
water,  is  principally  located  north  of  the  equator,  the 
geographical  center  of  which  (or  weight  center)  is  located 
between  the  following  extreme  points:  N.  W.  Alaska,  and 
S.  E.  Australia;  and  N.  E.  Asiatic  Siberia,  and  Cape  Horn, 
South  America,  in  the  S.  W. ;  or  as  above  described,  the 
spot  whereon  stands  the  "Great  Pyramid."  If  you  have 
followed  carefully  what  we  have  stated  in  our  chapter  on 
earthquakes,  tidal  waves,  and  other  seismic  disturbances, 
you  will  grasp  at  our  opinion,  in  the  belief — that  the  earth 
is  never  perfectly  quiet — no  more  so,  than  a  human  being. 
This  state  of  inquietude  ranges  from  the  slightest  sensation 


186  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

noted  on  the  seismograph,  to  the  sinking  of  a  continent. 
During  all  such  disturbances,  great  or  small,  there  is  a 
point  within  the  earth  (the  center  of  its  weight)  that  is  al- 
most perfectly  quiet;  that  point  being  nearer  the  surface 
on  one  side  of  the  earth  than  the  other  (owing  to  the  in- 
equalities of  the  weight  on  the  surface)  causes  that  same 
quietude  to  exist  on  the  surface  nearest  that  point.  The 
strongest  circumstantial  evidence  exists  that  that  point 
is  located  9  miles  S.  of  W.  of  Cairo,  in  Egypt,  where  stands 
the  "Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh."  This  building  was  there, 
arrayed  in  all  its  beauty,  with  its  white  limestone  casing 
stones,  from  base  to  apex,  when  the  second  Pyramid  of 
Jeezeh  was  built  (or  so  reported)  in  the  year  2,130  B.  C.; 
the  Great  Pyramid  was  then  so  old  that  no  human  being 
then  living  knew  when  it  was  built.  All  history  regarding 
the  date  of  which  is  pure  guess-work  and  totally  unreliable. 
The  fact  that  this  building  still  stands,  without  the  least 
crack  in  the  whole  structure,  except  those  known  to  have 
been  made  by  vandals,  marauders,  etc.,  since  the  advent 
of  the  present  race  of  men,  is  sufficient  evidence  that  the 
locality  surrounding  the  Great  Pyramid  is  the  most  quiet 
spot  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  We  do  not  know  what  in- 
fluence is  brought  to  bear  on  our  frail  orb,  the  earth,  to 
cause  it  to  change  its  polarity,  or  swing  out  of  place  and  come 
back  again ;  nor  will  we  attempt  to  ascribe  a  theory  for  this 
freak  of  nature.  For  our  present  purpose,  it  will  be  suffi- 
ciently satisfactory  to  say  that  such  phenomena  have 
occxirred  (explained  somewhat  at  length  in  a  previous 
chapter).  Our  theory  of  the  difference  between  a  severe 
earthquake  and  a  cataclysm,  or  its  effects  on  the  surface 
of  the  earth  is:  that  the  earthquake  is  caused  by  a  force 
from  within  the  earth,  while  a  cataclysm  is  caused  by  «i  force 
without,. or  on  the  surface  of  the  earth;  and  this  occurs 
when  the  earth  suddenly  disobeys  her  polar  attraction. 
The  result  of  which  is,  to  cause  some  continents  to  sink, 
with  a  corresponding  amount  of  land  to  rise  from  the  depths 
of  the  oceans.  During  such  ordeal,  the  earth  behaves  in 


BASE-SIDE    LENGTH    OF    PYRAMID  187 

a  similar  manner  that  she  does  during  an  earthquake, 
except,  that  she  revolves  around  the  point  of  least  resistance 
(having  changed  her  course)  with  greatly  accelerated  speed. 
That  pivotal  point,  we  claim,  must  be  where  the  Great 
Pyramid  is  located;  for  we  believe  that  it  has  passed  through 
several  such  ordeals.  We  deem  no  explanation  necessary 
to  prove  that  the  Great  Pyramid  (or  any  other  structure) 
would  stand  and  remain  unmoved,  during  such  a  calamity, 
if  the  disturbing  matter  moved  evenly  around  the  point 
on  which  the  said  structure  stood. 

INQUIRY  OF  A  MORE   RIGID   CHARACTER  INTO 
THE  ABSOLUTE  LENGTH  OF  THE  BASE-SIDE 
OF    THE  GREAT  PYRAMID. 

(Sec.  14.)  We  desire  to  ascertain  if  the  alleged  fact 
is  there;  or  to  what  degree  of  accuracy  it  is  there.  Prof. 
Smyth  says :  "For  in  all  practical  work  of  physical  science 
and  nicety  of  measurement,  good  scientific  men  know  that 
nothing  whatever  can  be  ascertained  absolutely,  but  only 
within  certain  limits  of  error ;  those  limits  becoming  smaller 
as  observation  improves,  but  never  entirely  vanishing.  Is 
then,  the  ten-millionth  part  of  the  earth's  semi-axis  of 
rotation,  or  25.025  English  inches  (according  to  the  best 
modern  estimate  of  that  axis,  which  in  a  manner,  and  with 
the  shining  of  the  sun  to  help,  makes  the  days,  of  the  earth, 
being  500,500,000  English  inches  long)  multiplied  by  365.- 
2422  (the  now  known  number  of  solar  days  in  a  year), 
the  true  length  of  a  side  of  the  square  base  of  the  ancient 
Great  Pyramid;  and  if  it  is  not,  by  how  much  does  it  differ? 

"The  foregoing  theoretically  proposed  quantity,  or 
inches  25.025x365.2422,  evidently  amounts  to  9,140 
English  inches,  nearly.  *  *  *  The  only  admissible, 
because  the  only  socket-bounded^  determinations  of  the  base- 
side  lengths  that  I  was  acquainted  with  were,  ist,  the  French 
one  =  763. 6 2  English  feet  =  9, 163  .44  English  inches;  and, 
2nd,  Colonel  Howard  Vyse's  of  764  English  feet  =  9,i68 
English  inches;  and  both  of  them  are  far  too  large.  This 


188  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID   JEEZEH 

error  did  not  iffect  our  determination  in  a  previous  chapter 
for  the  pi  shape  of  the  Great  Pyramid ;  because  we  computed 
the  height,  in  terms  of  this  same  base-breadth,  by  reference 
to  an  angle  observed  quite  independently  of  any  linear  meas- 
ure. But  now  we  require  to  icnow  more  positively  whether 
the  numerical  length  then  used  was  real,  or  figurative  only; 
and  when  I  was  actually  at  the  Great  Pyramid  in  1865, 
Messrs.  Aiton  and  Inglis,  engineers,  succeeded  in  uncover- 
ing all  four  of  the  Great  Pyramid's  corner  sockets,  and  then 
proceeded  to  measure  from  socket  to  socket  every  one  of 
the  four  sides  of  the  base;  and  with  what  result?  They 
made  them  all  shorter,  far  shorter;  to  me  it  was  at  first 
incredibly  shorter  than  both  the  French  and  Howard 
Vyse  determinations;  for  it  was  equal  only  9,110  English 
inches  on  the  mean  of  the  4  sides.  Either  their  measures 
then  must  have  been  very  bad  and  too  short;  or  those  of 
the  French  and  Colonel  Howard  Vyse  were  also  bad,  but 
too  long.  And  why  was  there  so  much  badness  amongst 
them?  M.iinly  because  the  ground  to  be  measured  over 
is  covered,  and  heaped,  and  thrown  into  horrible  confusion 
of  ups  and  downs  by  those  hills  of  rubbish,  formed  by  the 
fragments  of  casing  stones  (of  which  we  treated  at  some 
length  a  few  pages  back).  Very  useful  were  they  then, 
for  the  angular  fragments  they  yielded,  on  being  dug  into 
and  turned  inside  out;  but  dreadfully  obstructive  are  they 
now,  when  an  accurate  linear  measure  over  a  long  distance 
is  wanted;  and  when  like  all  distance  measuring  in  surveying 
work,  it  must  be  in  a  straight  and  level  line  only,  for  ulti- 
mate use  or  reference.  Each  measurer  hoped  that  he  had 
cleverly  corrected  his  really  up  and  down  measures  over 
the  hills  and  down  into  the  hollows  of  rubbish,  to  what  they 
would  have  been  if  the  ground  had  been  level — but  when 
their  severally  independent  measurements  are  brought 
together,  behold  how  they  differ!  And  this,  remember,  is 
modern  science,  so  critical  of  the  antique  ages  of  the  world. 
"After  much  consideration  I  was  inclined  to  divide 
the  errors  very  nearly  evenly  between  the  several  parties, 


INACCURACY  OF  DIFFERENT  MEASUREMENTS       189 

in  1867;  adopting  therefore,  neither  the  9,168  or  9,163 
on  one  side,  nor  the  9,110  on  the  other,  but  9,142.  And  in 
1869,  when  the  Royal  Engineer  surveyors  (of  Great  Britain) , 
returning  from  the  Sinai  survey,  went  (according  to  orders) 
to  the  Great  Pyramid,  and  announced,  through  their 
colonel  at  home,  that  the  mean  length  of  a  side  of  its  square 
base  from  socket  to  socket,  was  9,130  British  inches,  they 
were  nearer  to  the  theoretical  9,140  than  to  any  of  the  other 
measured  results.  But  as  there  are  internal  features  of 
evidence  showing  that  none  of  the  measures,  not  even  the 
last,  were  accurate  enough  to  be  depended  upon  to  the 
third  place  of  figures  (whether  measured  upon  only  one 
side,  or  all  four  sides,  of  the  base  considered  square  by  every- 
body) all  men  are  at  this  very  moment  left  by  the  last 
Pyramid  base-side  measurers  of  modern  times  in  this 
predicament — viz.,  the  theoretical  length  of  9,140  inches 
which  would  imply  such  almost  unutterable  wisdom,  or 
such  inconceivably  happy  accident,  for  that  primeval  time 
on  the  part  of  the  designer  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  is  really 
found  amongst,  or  as  though  it  were  the  thing  really  and 
centrally  certified  to,  by  the  best  conclusions  of  modern 
measure.  It  is,  indeed,  notably  confirmed  by  them;  or 
may  be  asserted  upon  and  by  means  of  them,  within  such 
limits  as  they  can  confirm  anything;  and  if  those  limits  are 
coarse,  that  coarseness  is  entirely  the  fault  of  the  modern 
measurers,  not  of  the  ancient  building;  which,  founded  on 
a  rock  (and  an  admirably  firm  and  nearly  unfissured  hill 
of  dense  rock  of  nummulitic  limestone,  in  nearly  horizon- 
tal strata)  could  not  possibly  have  expanded  and  contracted 
between  the  successive  modern  dates  of  1799,  1837,  1865, 
and  1869  A.  D.,  as  the  recent  measurers  seem  at  first, 
most  absurdly,  to  imply.  The  variations,  therefore,  first 
from  9,163  to  9,168,  then  to  9,110  and  then  to  9,130,  must 
be  merely  the  plus  and  minus  errors  of  the  modern  measures, 
or  of  men  intending  honestly  to  do  well  if  they  could,  but 
erring  involuntarily,  sometimes  to  one  side  and  sometimes 
to  the  other  of  absolute  exactitude." 


190  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

THE  EARTH-AXIS  AND  YEAR-COMMENSUR- 
ABLE, RESULT  FURTHER  INDICATED.— "Of  course 
better  measures  than  all  that  have  been  yet  taken,  might 
be  made  in  the  present  age  of  science,  and  should  be  in- 
stituted forthwith,  to  clear  up  so  notable  a  point  in  the 
primeval  history  of  man;  but  the  expense  to  be  incurred 
in  the  preliminary  clearing  of  the  ground  from  those  ob- 
structing rubbish  heaps  of  broken  stones,  to  allow  of  accu- 
rate measuring  apparatus  being  brought  to  bear  effectually, 
is  beyond  the  means  of  any  private  and  poor  scientific  man 
and  the  Great  Pyramid  is  not  a  favorite  subject  either  with 
rich  men  or  the  powerful  governments  of  wealthy  nations ; 
while  the  invaluable  corner  sockets,  never  properly  covered 
up  since  1865,  are  daily  being  trodden  and  cruelly  broken 
down  at  their  edges  out  of  shape  and  out  of  size,  so  that  we 
are  not  likely  to  see  speedily,  if  ever,  any  better  measurers 
of  the  Great  Pyramid's  base-side  length  than  those  already 
obtained.  But  as  they,  when  considered  by  any  experienced 
computer  fully,  honestly,  and  fairly,  do  include  the  theore- 
tical 9,140  English  inches,  we  are  already  justified  so  far 
(and  we  shall  have  in  a  future  chapter  signal  confirmation 
from  the  interior  of  the  Pyr  imid)  in  upholding  the  high 
degree  of  probability  that  the  reason  why  the  Great  Pyramid 
(made  already  of  a  particular  shape  to  enunciate  the  value 
of  the  mathematical  term  pi)  had  ako  been  made  of  a 
particular  size,  was,  in  part,  to  set  forth  the  essence  of  all 
true  chronology  for  man  in  recording  the  order  of  his  works, 
and  in  understanding  the  chief  physical  basis  on  which  alone 
he  is  ordained  to  prosecute  them,  upon  this  earth.  For 
evidently  this  was  accomplished  there,  by  showing  that 
the  number  of  times  that  the  Pyramid's  standard  of  linear 
measure  would  go  into  the  length  of  a  side  of  its  square 
base,  was  equal  to  the  number  of  days  and  parts  of  a  day  in 
the  course  of  a  year.  That  standard  of  linear  measure 
being,  moreover,  with  a  marvelously  complete  appropri- 
ateness of  symbology,  the  ten-millionth  (or,  in  mathemati- 
cal expression,  the  io7th  part)  of  the  length  of  the  earth's 


WHAT  DID  THE  BUILDERS  DO  WITH  THEIR  CHIPS  191 

semi-axis  of  rotation:  or  of  half  of  that  axis,  by  the  earth's 
rotating  upon  which  before  the  sun,  that  particular  number 
of  days  for  work  and  nights  for  rest  is  constantly  being 
produced  for  all  humanity  in  the  course  of  the  earth's 
annual  revolution  around  the  sun.  Hence,  there  is  here 
wheel  within  wheel  of  appropriate  and  wise  meaning,  far 
above  all  the  then  contemporary  knowledge  of  man,  and  in- 
eating  far  more  than  any  mere  single  case  of  simple  co- 
incidence of  numbers.  A  grouping,  indeed  it  is,  implying 
something  vastly  beyond  mechanical  accident  on  the  part 
of  the  unknown  ancient  architect.  The  affair  was,  more- 
over, perfectly  open,  because  it  was  on  the  surface,  during 
all  antiquity;  and  especially  open  during  the  days  of  the 
Greek  philosophers  in  Alexandria,  when  the  Great  Pyramid 
was  still  complete  in  size  and  finish,  with  its  be  veiled  casing 
stones  forming  the  then  outside  finished  surface  of  the  whole 
and  the  ground  round  about  so  eminently  free  from  both 
the  present  obstructions,  and  all  others,  too,  accompanying 
ordinary  mason's  work,  that  Strabo  declared  the  building 
looked  as  if  it  had  descended  upon  its  site  ready  formed 
from  Heaven,  and  had  not  been  erected  by  man's  laborious 
toil  at  all.  The  question  which  chiefly  troubled  Strabo  was 
— "What  have  the  builders  done  with  their  chips 1  Here  is 
the  most  enormous  building  in  the  world,  constructed  al- 
most entirely  of  stones  squared  by  man's  hand,  so  that  the 
involuntary  production  of  chips  must  have  been  immense; 
but  none  of  them  are  to  be  seen ;  all  around  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid is  a  level  area  swept  as  clean  as  if  no  stones  at  all  had 
ever  been  chipped  or  squared  upon  it."  Yet  what  he  could 
not  discover,  time  and  the  weather  of  over  1,800  years  since 
his  day  have  abundantly  revealed;  for  the  said  primeval 
chippings  by  the  original  masons  (a  totally  different  affair 
from,  and  on  an  enormously  larger  scale  than  the  hills  of 
rubbish  of  the  casing  stone  fragments  of  Mohammedan 
time  now  to  be  seen  about  the  building)  were  all  thrown 
over  the  northern  edge  of  the  Pyramid  hill,  or  firmly  banked 
up  against  the  natural  cliff  on  that  side,  and  levelled  on  the 


192  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

top  so  as  to  extend  the  esplanade  on  the  northern  front  of 
the  monument.  And  there,  a  good  photograph  from  the 
northeast  sand-plain  shows  them  still  to  be;  discriminating 
admirably  between  the  natural  hill,  and  this  adventitious 
addition  to  it."  (See  Plate.) 

REFERENCE  TO  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID'S 
NUMBERS. 

(Sec.  15.)  And  the  affair  grows  in  wonder  the  further 
we  inquire  into  it.  For  Mr.  Taylor,  led  by  the  numbers 
of  British  inches  which  measure  the  earth's  polar  axis  length 
— and  other  men,  ako  led  by  the  dominance  of  fives  in  the 
Pyramid's  construction  (as  that  it  has  five  angles  and  five 
sides,  including  the  lower  plane  of  the  bace  mathematically 
as  one) — ventured  the  suggestion,  that  the  author  of  the 
Great  Pyramid's  design  both  employed  decimal  and  quinary 
arithmetic ;  and  had,  and  used,  as  his  smaller  unit  of  measure 
one-fifth  of  a  fifth  part  of  his  particular  cubit,  forming  there- 
by, let  us  say  in  English,  an  inch.  An  inch,  larger  indeed 
than  a  British  inch,  but  only  by  a  thousandth  part,  i.  e., 
about  half  a  hair's  breadth;  an  apparently  unimportant 
quantity,  and  yet  it  is  that  which  enables  the  round,  and 
at  the  same  time  grand,  Pyramid  number  of  five  hundred 
millions  of  them,  viz.,  Pyramid,  not  British,  inches,  even 
to  measure  the  length  of  the  earth's  polar  diameter  with 
exactitude. 

With  these  truly  earth-commensurable  inches,  the 
day  standard  of  linear  measure  for  the  side  of  the  base  of 
the  Great  Pyramid  is  5x5,  or  just  25  of  them;  and  that 
length  we  shall  call  the  cubit  of  the  Great  Pyramid's 
scientific  design.  But  in  its  own  inches,  the  side  of  the 
Great  Pyramid's  base,  we  must  remember,  will  no  longer 
now  measure  9,140,  but  9,131.05  inches.  Next,  as  there 
are  four  sides  to  the  Pyramid's  base,  the  united  length  of 
all  of  them  evidently  equals  36,524.  2  of  the  same  Pyramid 
inches;  or,  at  the  rate  of  a  round  hundred  of  those  inches 
to  a  day,  the  whole  perimeter  of  the  building  (already 


NOTED    PYRAMIDAL    NUMBERS  193 

shown  to  represent  the  theoretical  pi  circle)  is  here  found 
to  symbolize  once  again,  in  day  lengths,  365.242,  or  the 
practical  day  and  night  circle  of  the  year. 

It  is  not  ominously  significant,  that  the  ancient  cubit 
of  Pharaonic  Egypt,  20.7  British  inches  long  nearly,  if 
applied  either  to  the  Great  Pyramid's  base-side,  or  base- 
diagonals,  or  vertical  height,  or  arris  lines,  or  any  other 
known  radical  length  of  the  building,  brings  out  no  notable 
physical  fact,  no  mathematical  truth.  While  the  other 
length  of  25.025  British  inches,  brings  out  in  this  and  other 
cases  so  many  of  the  most  important  coincidences  of  this 
earth  we  inhabit,  as  make  the  ancient  monument,  at  once, 
speak  both  intelligibly  and  intellectually  to  the  scientific 
understanding  of  all  intelligent  men  of  the  present  day, 
"withersoever  scattered  around  the  world." 

No  other  pyramid  in  Egypt  can  presume  for  a  moment 
to  compete  with  the  Great  Pyramid  in  this  all-important 
earth-axial  25  inch  standard,  and  365.242  day  matter. 
That  is,  none  of  their  base-side  lengths,  when  divided  by 
the  number  of  days  in  a  year,  are  able  to  show  that  crucial 
IO7th  of  the  earth's  axis  quantity,  or  anything  near  it,  or 
anything  else  of  cosmical  importance.  The  general  in- 
stinct, therefore,  of  the  whole  human  race  through  all  ages, 
in  so  readily  and  universally  allowing,  as  it  did,  to  the  first 
Pyramid  the  surname  of  'Great,'  has  been  borne  out 
beyond  all  that  had  been  expected,  by  the  application  of 
modern  measure  and  scientific  research. 

While  the  ancient  base-side  length  of  the  Great  Monu- 
ment has  been  quoted  so  low  as  9,110,  it  has  also  been 
quoted  as  high  as  9,168  British  inches,  and  in  a  manner  to 
lead  to  the  inference  that  9,140  of  those  inches  must  be 
very  nearly  the  true  quantity. 

Note  the  measures  of  the  base-side  lengths  of  the 
greatest  of  the  other  Pyramids  of  Egypt,  taken  in  the  same 
terms.  When  measured  by  Colonel  Howard  Vyse  and  his 
assistant  Mr.  Perring  (the  authors  of  the  9,168  inch  measure 
for  the  Great  Pyramid,  and  therefore  rather  liable  to  err 

13 


194 


in  excess  than  defect) — they,  that  is,  the  respective  ancient 
base-side  lengths  of  those  other  pyramids,  are  reported 
thus : — 

British  Inches. 

Second   Pyramid   of  Jeezeh 8,493 

North  Stone  Pyramid  of  Dashoor 8,633 

South  Stone  Pyramid  of  Dashoor 7,400 

The  Chief,  or  'Great'  Pyramid   of    Saccara 4,727 

Third  Pyramid  of  Jeezeh 4,254 

The  Chief  Pyramid  of  Aboosier 4,317 

Northern  Brick  Pyramid  of  Dashoor 4,200 

Southern  Brick  Pyramid  of  Dashoor 4, no 

Pyramid  Base  of  Mustabat  el  Pharaoon 3,708 

Foundation  for  a  Pyramid  at  Aboo-Roash 3,840 

We  might  go  on  through  all  the  thirty-seven,  continu- 
ally diminishing,  until  the  last  of  them.  One  of  the  pyra- 
mids of  Aboosier  has  a  base-side  length  of  only  905  English 
inches. 

(Sec.  16.)  THE  PYRAMID'S  LINEAR  STAN- 
DARD.— The  nations  of  the  world  from  the  dawn  of  written 
history,  down  to,  less  than  one  hundred  and -fifty  years 
ago,  of  their  "own  selves  and  by  their  own  knowledge,  cared 
little  about  their  national  measures  beyond  their  daily, 
social  use  as  such;  and  knew  nothing  but  what  was  childish 
with  regard  to  the  size  of  the  earth ;  so  that  all  our  present 
exact  acquaintance  with  it,  as  a  reference  for  standards  of 
length,  is  confined  within  the  history  (as  above  stated)  of 
the  last  one  hundred  and  fifty  years.  The  French  philoso- 
phers in  the  early  portion  of  the  last  century,  in  fixing  on 
the  Meridonal  quadrant  of  surface  for  their  metre's  deriva- 
tion, did  not  take  into  consideration  the  fact,  that  the  pro- 
gress of  geodesy  would  within  the  century  reveal  that  the 
earth's  equator  was  not  a  circle,  but  a  rather  irregular 
curvilinear  figure,  perhaps  ellipsoidal  on  the  whole,  so  that 
it  has  many  different  lengths  of  equatorial  diameters,  and 
therefore  also  different  lengths  of  quadrants  of  the  Meridian 
in  different  longitudes.  Although  a  majority  of  the  coun- 


VARIATION  OF  THE  GRAMME  IN  GRAINS  195 

tries  of  the  earth  have  adopted  a  "Metric  System,"  it  is 
noted,  that  at  least  fourteen  different  nations  have  each  a 
different  length  for  their  'Metre.'  This,  as  a  matter  of 
course  varies  the  weight  of  the  'gramme';  the  following 
table  will  illustrate : — 

WEIGHT  OF  THE  GRAMME  IN  GRAINS  by  differ- 
ent communities ;  the  second  in  the  list  is  the  one  generally 
adopted. 

I5-432  15.4323488   15.433159       15.438395    15.44242 

15.4323487^  15.432349     15.434  15-44  15-44402 

i5-43234875   15-4327         15-43402344   15.4402 

When  the  system  was  adopted  by  France  the  metre 
was  assumed  to  be  the  ten  millionth  part  of  the  quadrant  of 
the  meridian  passing  through  Barcelona  and  Dunkirk.  For 
the  reason  of  the  above  named  contention,  we  claim  that 
the  system  as  originally  promulgated,  can  never  become 
universal.  Again,  the  French  shipbuilder  himself  uses 
the  fractional  system  to  lay  out  a  vessel's  keel.  And  yet 
these  things  were  all  taken  into  account,  or  provided  for 
by  the  great,  and  as  yet,  mysterious  architect  that  directed 
the  building  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  probably  over  30,000 
years  ago. 

For  a  series  of  "Weights  and  Measures"  based  on  the 
capacity  of  the  'coffer,'  and  other  measurements  in  the 
Great  Pyramid,  see  another  portion  of  this  work.  We 
think  they  should  be  universally  adopted.  The  ruling 
standard,  the  io7th,  or  ten -millionth  part  of  the  earth's 
polar  semi-axis,  shown  to  have  been  adopted  by  the  archi- 
tect of  the  Great  Pyramid,  by  the  general  progress  of  all 
learning,  to  be  the  only  sound  and  truly  scientific  reference 
which  the  earth  itself  possesses.  Through  the  long  mediae- 
val periods  of  darkness,  confusion,  and  war,  not  even  the 
most  progressive  nation  thought  of  such  things  as  mathema- 
tics, geodesy,  and  linear  standards;  if  not  the  same  master 
mind,  very  much  like  Providence,  prevented  our  hereditary 
and  <?wcm-Pyramid,  smaller  unit  of  measure,  the  inch,  from 
losing  more  than  the  thousandth  part  of  itself.  We  believe 


196  THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

that  the  Great  Pyramid  is  the  one  necessarily  material 
and  memorial  center  from  which  those  practical  things, 
weights  and  measures,  sometime  in  the  misty  past,  were 
distributed.  To  whom,  and  when,  is  as  yet  unwritten  history. 
Sir  John  Herschel,  after  careful  examinations  of  the 
subject  of  Earth-size  and  Sun-distance,  stated  "that  a 
band  encircling  the  earth,  of  the  breadth  of  the  base  of  the 
Great  Pyramid,  contains  one  hundred  thousand  million 
square  feet."  The  built  size  of  the  Great  Pyramid  is  here 
stated  to  bear  such  a  remarkably  round  and  even  number, 
as  its  proportion  to  the  created  size  of  the  natural  earth, 
that  an  argument  for  intention  rather  than  accident  may 
spring  therefrom,  if  it  hold  closely  in  fact  and  in  sequence 
to  other  coincidences  independently  ascertained.  The 
feet  to  be  used  on  such  an  occasion  can  hardly  be  any  other 
than  Pyramid  feet,  or  12  Pyramid  inches  set  in  a  line; 
and  the  part  of  the  earth  for  the  colossal  band  to  encircle, 
what  should  that  be?  Though  it  is  allowable  in  approxi- 
mate work,  to  speak  of  the  earth  as  a  sphere,  whose  every 
great  circle,  or  section  through  its  center,  will  have  the 
same  length  of  circumference — early  investigation  at  the 
Pyramid  indicated  to  the  contrary;  and  that  its  design 
successfully  discriminated  between  the  axis  of  rotation 
diameter,  and  any  and  every  other  possible  diameter 
through  the  really  spheroidal,  or  ellipsoidal,  or  chiefly 
flattened-at-the-poles  figure,  of  the  great  mass  of  the  earth. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  EARTH'S  POLAR  AXIS. 

(Sec.  17.)  Expressed  in  Pyramid  inches,  (o .  ooi  of  an 
inch  longer  than  the  English  inch)  the  polar  diameter, 
or  axis  of  rotation  of  the  earth,  has  been  stated  by  different 
observers  of  the  best  modern  schools  of  the  present  time 
to  be  either  499,878,000  or  500,060,000  Pyramid  inches 
in  length,  or  any  and  almost  every  quantity  between  those 
limits.  The  matter  cannot,  in  fact,  be  determined  much 
closer  by  the  best  measures  of  the  best  men  in  the  present 
day ;  and  although  one  nation  publishes  its  own  results  to  an 


LENGTH  OF  THE  EARTH'S  POLAR  AXIS 


197 


arithmetical  refinement  of  nine  places  of  figures,  that  is 
not  physical  exactness;  and  it  cannot  convince  any  other 
nation  of  its  correctness  beyond  the  first  three  places  of 
figures.  Some  of  them  may  agree  to  four  places,  few  or 
none  of  them  to  five  or  six  or  more  places.  Therefore,  in 
this  case  and  all  other  similar  ones  throughout  this  work, 
we  shall  try  to  simplyfy  all  numerical  statements  of  meas- 
ures by  only  entering  the  significant  numbers  as  far  as  they 
can  be  depended  upon.  Hence  the  three  ooo  with  which 
the  above  statements  terminate  are  merely  to  give  the 
proper  value  to  the  preceding  figures,  and  not  to  indicate 
that  any  one  man's  measures  of  the  earth  gave  forth  an  even 
number  of  inches  in  units,  tens,  hundreds,  or  thousands. 

Colonel  Clarke,  R.  E.,  chief  mathematician  of  the 
Ordinance  Survey  of  Great  Britain,  in  one  of  his  reports 
issued  some  40  years  ago,  gave  two  different  statements, 
arrived  at  by  different  modes  of  computation  (reduced 
here  from  British  into  Pyramid  inches)  first  as  499,982,000 
and  lastly  as  500,022,000 ;  leaving  the  reader  to  chose  which 
he  likes,  or  any  mean  between  the  two.  The  extremes  of 
Prof.  Smyth  and  Col.  Clarke  are  represented  in  the  accom- 
panying table,  without  attempting  to  decide  the  correctness 
of  either  one. 

TABLE  OF  THE  EARTH'S  SEVERAL  DIAMETERS  IN 
PYRAMID  INCHES. 


Parts  of  the  Earth 
Referred  to 

Res  u  1  1    with 
Clarke's  Small- 
est   Equatorial 
Diam.    1866 

Result    Adopt- 
ed by  Piazzi 
Smyth  1864 

Result  wi'th 
Clarke's    Larg- 
est Equatorial 
Diam.   1866 

Polar  Diameter 

5OO,OOO,OOO 

COO.OOO.OOO 

5OO,OOO,OOO 

Diameter  in  Lat.  60°  .  . 
Diameter  in  Lat.  45°.  . 
Diameter  in  Lat.  30°  .  . 
Diameter  at  Equator  •  • 

500,396,000 
5OO,792,OOO 
5OI,l86,OOO 
501,577,000 

v            .     * 

50O,42O,OOO 
5OO,84O,OOO 
501,257,000 
501,672,000 

500,435,000 
500,869,000 
501,301,000 
501,730,000 

198 


TESTING  OF  JOHN  TAYLOR'S  ANALOGY. 

Having  the  data  at  our  command,  let  us  return  to  the 
Taylor-Herschel  Pyramid  analogy,  which  asserts  that  a 
"band  of  the  width  of  the  Great  Pyramid's  base-breadth 
encircling  the  earth,  contains  100,000,000,000  square  feet." 
An  equatorial  band  is  the  only  one  which  could  encircle 
the  earth  in  a  great  circle,  and  at  the  same  time  in  one  and 
the  same  parallel  of  latitude.  We  proceed,  therefore, 
thus:  from  the  equatorial  diameter  given  above,  we  com- 
pute the  equatorial  circumferences  by  multiplying  them 
by  that  almost  magic  number  to  work  calculations  with, 
the  pi  of  the  Great  Pyramid  and  modern  mathematics 
or  3 . 14159,  etc.  Reduce  them  to  Pyramid  feet  by  dividing 
by  12,  and  next  multiply  by  the  already  determined  Pyra- 

9131.05 

mid  base-breadth  in  Pyramid  feet,  viz.,    '•          -  =760.921 ; 

12 

the  following  results  then  come  out,  viz: — They  all  give 
smaller  figures  than  the  required  100,000,000,000;  for  the 
smaller  equatorial  diameter  gives  99,919,000,000,  and  the 
largest  equatorial  diameter  gives  99,949,000,000.  Not 
absolutely  true,  therefore,  with  any  allowable  equatorial 
diameter,  further  than  the  first  three  places. 

PYRAMID  AND  SOLAR  ANALOGY. 

(Sec.  18.)  Something  then  further  than  earth-size 
reference  had  been  deemed  possible  in  the  Great  Pyramid; 
but  it  was  at  last  obtained  by  Mr.  William  Petrie,  C.  E.,  in 
October,  1867,  when  he  deduced  the  mean  distance  of 
the  sun  from  the  earth;  in  fact,  the  "Sun -distance,"  to  be 
the  quantity  hitherto  vaguely  expected  only.  An  enormous 
length  of  line,  is  this  sun-distance;  and  before  which  the 
mere  size  of  the  earth  vanishes  into  almost  nothingness. 
Mr.  Petrie  had  remarked,  and  naturally  enough,  that  the 
circle  typified  by  the  base  of  the  Great  Pyramid  has  al- 
ready been  proved  to  symbolize  a  year,  or  the  earth's 
annual  revolution  around  the  sun;  and  the  radius  of  that 


DISTANCE  TO  THE  SUN  199 

typical  circle  had  also  been  shown  to  be  the  ancient  vertical 
height  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  the  most  important  and 
unique  line  which  can  be  drawn  within  the  whole  edifice. 

Then  that  line,  said  he  further,  must  represent  also 
the  radius  of  the  earth's  mean  orbit  round  the  sun,  however 
far  away  that  may  be;  and  in  the  proposition  of  10.9,  or 
i  to  1,000,000,000;  because,  amongst  other  reasons  10:9 
is  practically,  in  one  mode  of  viewing  it,  the  shape  of 
the  Great  Pyramid.  For  this  building,  notwithstand- 
ing, or  rather  by  virtue  of,  its  pi  angle  at  the  sides, 
has  practically  and  necessarily,  and  closer  than  any  of  the 
modern  scientific  measures  have  come  to  each  other,  just 
such  another  angle  at  the  corners  (see  Fig.  i  and  2 ,  in  Plate 
1 8)  that  for  every  ten  units  which  its  structure  advances  in- 
ward on  the  diagonal  of  the  base  to  central,  nocturnal 
darkness,  it  practically  rises  upward,  or  points  to  sunshine, 
daylight  and  sky,  by  nine.  Nine,  too,  out  of  the  ten  charac- 
teristic five  angles  and  five  sides  being  the  number  of 
those  ten  parts  which  the  bun  shines  on  in  such  a  shaped 
Pyramid,  and  in  such  a  latitude,  at  noon,  through  the 
greater  part  of  a  year;  when  the  sun  "sits  on  the  Pyramid 
with  all  its  rays,"  and  the  building  is  then  said,  as  it  throws 
no  shadow  at  all,  "to  devour  it."  Further,  when  the  sun 
enters  Libra,  on  March  aoth  of  each  year,  at  12  o'clock 
noon;  and  again  when  the  orb  enters  Aries,  on  September 
22nd,  the  sun  stands  poised  directly  over  the  apex  of  the 
Great  Pyramid. 

THE  PYRAMID  SUN-DISTANCE.— Mr.  Petrie  in- 
stantly proceeded  to  computation,  reducing  the  5,813 
Pyramid  inches  of  the  Great  Pyramid's  height  to  English 
inches,  multiplying  them  by  10.9,  and  reducing  those  inches 
to  English  miles — when  he  worked  out  the  quantity 
91,840,000  (nearly)  of  those  miles.  "Alas!"  sighed  he, 
"the  analogy  does  not  hold  even  in  the  second  place  of 
figures,  for  the  real  sun-distance  by  modern  astronomy 
has  been  held  during  the  last  half  century  (this  was  40 
years  ago)  to  be  95,233,055  miles."  So  he  threw  his  papers 


200  THE    GBEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

on  one  side  thinking  he  had  erred  altogether  in  the  very 
conception,  and  then  attended  to  other  matters;  until  one 
fine  morning  he  chanced  to  hear,  that  although  the  above 
number  of  ninety-five  millions  and  odd  miles,  had  been 
held  so  long  by  all  the  modern  world — mainly  because  it 
had  been  produced  by  the  calculations  of  the  then  last 
transit  of  Venus  across  the  sun's  disc,  by  a  late  first  rate 
German  astronomer  (calculations  so  vast,  so  difficult,  and 
with  such  a  prestige  of  accuracy  and  power  about  them, 
that  no  living  man  cared  to  dispute  their  results)  yet  the 
astronomical  world  had  been  forced  to  awaken  during  the 
last  few  years  to  a  new  responsibility,  and  not  only  admit 
that  the  number  might  possibly  be  erroreous,  even  very 
erroneous  (or  actually  in  the  second  place  of  figures)  but 
to  institute  many  series  of  difficult  observations  on  either 
side  of  the  world  at  the  same  time,  for  endeavoring  to 
determine  what  the  correction  should  be.  One  group  of 
astronomers  of  several  nations  declared  the  true  mean 
sun-distance  to  be  about  91,500,000  miles;  and  another 
group  of  the  same  and  other  nations  declared  it  to  be  from 
92,500,000  to  93,000,000  of  miles.  Mr.  Petrie  steps  in  and 
shows  that  the  Great  Pyramid  results,  which  he  had  form- 
erly allowed  to  drop  from  his  hands,  out  of  his  exceeding 
respect  to  all  modern  science  from  the  beginning  of  learning 
up  to  the  year  1855  A.  D.,  is  between  these  two  latest,  and 
supposed  best,  of  all  the  conclusions  or  so-called  determina- 
tions; indeed,  it  is  almost  exactly  the  mean  between  the 
contending  parties,  and  forms  therefore  in  itself,  in  simpli- 
city and  antiquity  a  single  representation  of  the  whole  of 
the  numerous,  laborious,  and  most  costly  sun-distance 
results  of  all  humankind  even  up  to  the  present  age;  and 
it  is  now  safe  to  assert,  that  the  investigations  of  all  nations 
(since  the  above  dates)  have  gradually  come  a  little  closer 
to  Mr.  Petrie's  figures,  as  shown  by  his  measurements  of 
the  Great  Pyramid.  And  further,  that  in  the  near  future, 
the  principal  nations  of  the  earth  will  be  led  to  acknowledge 
and  adopt  as  a  "key  to  the  universe  of  measures"  those  to 


MORE   ABOUT   THE   DEIFIED   ARCHITECT  201 

be  obtained,  from  the  Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh.  Our  advance 
in  astronomical  science  in  the  last  3 ,000  years  (not  generally 
known)  reads  curiously,  viz.  "In  the  age  of  the  Greeks,  the 
distance  attributed  to  the  sun  from  the  earth  began  with 
the  infantine  quantity  of  about  ten  miles;  it  increased 
slowly  to  10,000;  still  more  slowly  to  2,500,000;  then  after 
a  long  delay,  increased  to  36,000,000,  under  German  Keplar; 
to  78,000,000  in  the  days  of  Louis  XIV.,  through  means  of 
the  South  African  or  trans -equatorial  observations  of  the 
Abbe  La  Caille ;  and  only  at  length  reached  the  full  quantity, 
and  then  clumsily  overpassed  it,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
last  century,  under  the  leadership  of  German  mathematical 
astronomy." 

Quoting  from  "Our  Inheritance  in  the  Great  Pyramid," 
4th  edition :  "Modern  astronomers  are  involuntarily  proving 
that  Man,  unaided  by  supernatural  Divine  Power,  could  not 
possibly  have  measured  the  Sun-distance  accurately  in  the  Age 
of  the  Great  Pyramid;  and  yet  it  is  recorded  there  with  ex- 
ceeding accuracy."  The  author,  Prof.  Smyth,  should  have 
added:  that  no  living  astronomer  in  this  age,  at  this  late 
day,  can  state  the  exact  sun-distance;  nor  solve  a  much 
easier  problem:  "Give  us  the  exact  measurements  of  the 
Great  Pyramid." 

If  the  reader  has  noted  our  argument  in  the  early  part 
of  this  work,  he  should  know  what  our  answer  would  be 
to  the  above  quotation;  viz.,  that  a  "Deified  Architect"  is 
out  of  the  question  at  any  period;  and  secondly,  that  as 
we  do  not  place  the  date  of  the  building  of  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid in  2,170  B.  C.,  we  escape  the  criticism  of  our  ideal 
architect,  living  in  an  age  of  (almost)  absolute  mathematical 
and  astronomical  ignorance.  While  we  do  not  claim  suffi- 
cient inspiration  to  assume  any  fixed  period  for  the  erection 
of  this  "First  Great  Wonder,"  we  are  deeply  impressed, 
that  it  was  at  some  one  of  the  dates  in  the  misty  past, 
when  "a  Draconis"  (the  pole  star)  was  on  the  exact  meridian 
either  above  or  below  the  pole  in  the  North.  And  those 
dates  were:  2,170  B.  C.;  27,969  B.  C.;  53,767  B.  C. ;  and 


202  THE    GREAT    PYBAMID 


79,564  B.  C.,  etc.  As  geology  and  astronomy  have  proved 
our  orb  to  have  been  many  millions  of  years  in  existence,  it 
is  safe  to  assume  that  it  has  been  inhabited  at  least  a  half 
of  million  years.  Also,  that  it  has  been  depeopled  a  number 
of  times.  As  the  first  date  mentioned  above  occurred  at  a 
time  within  our  recorded  history,  and  that  history  records 
that  no  one  living  at  that  time  and  age  had  the  architectu- 
ral ability  to  direct  such  a  structure;  we  assume  that  the 
very  earliest  date  that  it  could  have  been  erected -was  in 
27,969  B.  C.;  and  it  might  have  been  either  of  the  previous 
dates  mentioned.  Before  the  people  of  the  earth  will  be  able 
to  duplicate  the  Great  Pyramid,  they  will  have  to  re-dis- 
cover (at  least)  the  following  "  Lost  Arts:"  viz.,  "perfectly 
hardened  copper;"  "overcoming  gravitation ;"  "navigating 
the  air;"  "communicating  (through  the  language  of  num- 
ber) with  the  inhabited  planets;"  "a  telescope  with  from 
1,000,000  to  2,000,000  power;"  also,  more  perfect  math- 
ematics; and  measuring  apparatus  sufficiently  correct,  at 
least,  to  survey  or  measure  the  same  object  twice  with  the 
same  result.  The  builders  of  the  Great  Pyramid  knew  all 
those  things,  to  be  able  to  accomplish  what  they  did. 
This  is  why  all  those  writers  of  the  past,  that  have  delved 
deeply  into  the  mystery  of  that  structure,  "have  Deified 
the  architect,"  to  be  able  to  give  an  apparent  answer. 
Of  this,  more  hereafter. 

IN  REGARD  TO  THE  HEIGHTS  of  the  different 
stone  structures  of  the  world  (see  table  of  Pyramids  in 
another  part  of  this  work) ,  it  will  be  noted  that  no  other 
pyramid  in  all  Egypt  approaches  nearer  than  32  feet  of 
the  height  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  and  only  three  other 
structures  in  the  world,  at  this  date,  exceed  it  in  height; 
viz.,  "the  Eiffel  Tower,  of  Paris,  France,  984  feet,  built  of 
steel;  the  City  Hall  and  tower  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  537  1-3 
feet,  the  last  200  feet  of  which  is  steel;  and  the  Washington 
Monument,  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  555  feet,  all  stone." 
But  no  one  of  the  latter  named  structures  have  any  claim 
to  mathematical  proportions  in  their  construction. 


THE    PYRAMID'S    PEBFECT    OEIENTATION  203 

ORIENTATION    OF    THE    SIDES    OF    THE    GREAT 
PYRAMID. 

The  square  base  of  the  Great  Pyramid  is  perfectly 
oriented,  or  placed  with  its  sides  facing  astronomically 
due  north,  south,  east  and  west;  this  fact  abolishes  certain 
theories  to  the  effect  that  all  phenomena  of  that  Pyramid 
have  to  do  with  pure  geometry  alone;  for,  to  pure  geometry 
as  well  as  to  algebra  and  arithmetic,  all  azimuths  or  orien- 
tations are  alike;  whereas,  one  most  particular  astronomical 
azimuth  or  direction  was  picked  out  for  the  sides  of  the 
base  of  the  Great  Pyramid. 

This  point  of  perfect  orientation  may  be  possible  in 
this  our  day  and  age  but  the  fact  that  in  all  the  wide  world 
over,  no  other  building  large  or  small,  can  be  said  to  possess 
this  peculiar  characteristic,  hints  at  the  fact  that  it  is  also 
to  be  classed  as  one  of  the  "lost  arts."  The  nearest  ap- 
proach to  the  Great  Pyramid's  orientation  with  which  we 
are  familiar,  is  the  Mormon  Temple,  at  Salt  Lake  City, 
Utah,  which  was  engineered  by  the  celebrated  mathema- 
tician and  astronomer,  Orsen  Pratt,  in  his  day.  Our  belief 
in  the  fact  that  the  Great  Pyramid  is  perfectly  adjusted  to 
the  four  cardinal  points  of  the  earth  is  strengthened  every 
time  a  new  set  of  engineers  attempt  to  solve  this  mystery ; 
as  no  two  of  them  agree  within  several  minutes.  Prof. 
Smyth  states  in  his  "Life  and  Work"  that  it  only  varies 
4'  and  30";  the  French  engineer,  Nouet  (in  1878)  placed 
the  measurement  to  vary  19'  and  58".  And  others  too 
numerous  to  mention  cause  it  to  vary  in  opposite  directions. 

Prof.  Smyth  adds,  "The  more  an  astronomer  looks  into 
the  pointings  of  a  magnetic  needle,  the  more  full  of  serious 
uncertanities  and  vagaries  he  finds  it.  But  the  more  he 
examines,  by  mechanical  instruments  and  astronomical 
observations  into  the  north  and  south  of  the  axis  of  the 
world  or  the  polar  point  of  the  heavens,  the  more  admirably 
certain  does  he  find  it  and  its  laws,  even  to  any  amount  of 
microscopic  refinement.  No  astronomer,  therefore,  in  a 
fixed  observatory  ever  thinks  of  referring  to  a  magnetic 


204  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

needle  for  the  direction  of  the  north.  The  very  idea,  by 
whomsoever  brought  up,  is  simply  an  absurdity.  And  of 
course  in  my  own  observations  at  the  Great  Pyramid  in 
1865,  I  had  nothing  to  do  with  occult  magnetism  and  its 
rude,  uncertain  pointings,  but  employed  exclusively,  for 
the  polar  direction,  an  astronomical  alt -azimuth  instrument 
of  very  solid  construction,  and  reading  to  seconds.  In  that 
way  comparing  the  socket  defined  sides  of  the  base,  and 
also  the  signal  defined  axis  of  the  entrance  passage,  with  the 
azimuth  of  Alpha  Ursa  Minor  is,  the  Pole  Star,  at  the  time 
of  its  greatest  elongation  west;  and  after  reducing  that  ob- 
served place,  by  the  proper  methods  of  calculation,  to  the 
verticle  of  the  pole  itself,  the  cynosure  was  reached." 

GEOGRAPHICAL   POSITION— FURTHER  TEST   BY 
LATITUDE. 

(Sec.  19.)  "Another  test  of  nearly  the  same  thing,  not 
by  angl°,  but  by  distance  on  the  surface;  and  further,  that 
the  architect  did  propose  to  place  the  Great  Pyramid  in  the 
astronomical  latitude  of  30°  north,  whether  that  exact 
quantity  was  to  be  practical  or  theoretical;  while  my  own 
astronomical  observations  in  1865  have  proved,  from  the 
results  of  several  nights  work,  that  it  stands  so  near  to  30° 
as  to  be  in  the  latitude  parallel  29°  58'  51". 

"A  sensible  defalcation  this,  from  30°  it  is  true,  but  not 
all  of  it  necessarily  error ;  for  if  the  original  designer  had 
wished  that  men  should  see  with  their  bodily,  rather  than 
their  mental  eyes,  the  pole  of  the  sky,  from  the  foot  of  the 
Great  Pyramid,  at  an  altitude  before  them  of  30°,  he  would 
have  had  to  take  account  of  the  refraction  of  the  atmos- 
phere ;  and  that  would  have  necessitated  the  building  stand- 
ing not  in  30°,  but  in  29°  58'  22".  Whence  we  are  entitled 
to  say,  that  the  latitude  of  the  Great  Pyramid  is  actually 
by  observation  between  the  two  very  limits  assignable,  but 
not  to  be  discriminated  by  theory  as  it  is  at  present.  The 
precise  middle  point,  however,  between  the  two  theoretical 
latitudes  being  29°  59'  n"  and  the  observed  place  being 


CHANGE   OF   LATITUDE   AT   GEEENWICH  205 

29°  58'  51"  there  is  a  difference  of  20"  which  may  have  to 
be  accounted  for.  Though  Dr.  Hooke's  question  upon  it 
would  pretty  certainly  have  been,  can  the  earth's  axis 
have  shifted  so  little  in  4,000  years  with  regard  to  its  crust 
that  the  latitudes  of  places  hav  altered  no  more  in  that 
length  of  time  than  a  miserable  20"  of  space.  Unfortunate- 
ly none  of  the  Greek,  Roman,  Indian,  Alexandrian,  or  any 
of  the  older  observatories  of  the  world,  had  their  latitudes 
determined  in  their  day  closely  enough  to  furnish  additional 
illustrations  for  this  purpose. 

"At  Greenwich,  the  oldest  and  best  supported  of  mod- 
ern European  observatories,  there  has  been  a  continued  de- 
crease in  its  observed  latitude,  with  the  increase  of  time. 
In  the  large  volumes  of  its  published  observations,  I  find 
the  latitude  successively  stated  as:  In  1876,  51°  28'  40" '; 
1834,  51*  28'  39";  1856,  51°  28'  38.2".  This  change  of 
i'  8"  in  eighty  years,  implies  a  quicker  rate  of  decrease  than 
the  20"  at  the  Great  Pyramid  in  4,000  years — if  the  obser- 
vations were  perfect;  but  they  are  not,  and  it  is  said,  I 
believe,  that  small  errors  in  both  the  instruments  and  the 
tables  of  refraction  employed  may  be  found  eventually  to 
explain  away  the  apparent  latitude  change.  Hence,  all 
the  known  practical  astronomy  of  the  modern  world  cannot 
help  us  in  this  matter ;  and  if  we  apply  to  physical  astronomy 
some  of  its  great  mathematicians  of  the  day  who  are 
supposed  to  be  able  to  compute  anything,  and  have  an- 
nounced long  since  how  many  millions  of  millions  of  millions 
of  years  the  solar  system  is  going  to  last,  these  great  com- 
puters also  announced  a  few  years  ago  that  they  had  found 
the  interior  of  the  earth  to  be  solid,  and  as  stiff  as  hammered 
steel;  so  that  no  change  of  latitude  could  take  place.  But 
within  the  last  few  years,  they  have  concluded  again  that 
the  interior  of  the  earth  is  fluid,  and  steadied  only  by  vortex 
motion  of  that  fluid;  also,  that  in  the  earlier  geological  ages, 
long  before  man  appeared  on  the  scene,  great  changes  of 
latitude  did  take  place  in  those  almost  infinitely  long  periods 
and  that,  therefore,  some  small  change  of  the  same  tort  may 


206  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

•have  been  experienced  within  human  history;  but  it  can 
only  be  a  very  small  change,  even  as  the  Great  Pyramid 
has  already  indicated." 

GEOGRAPHICAL     APTITUDES     OF     THE     GREAT 

PYRAMID. 

(Sec.  20.)  The  engineers  and  geographers  under 
Napoleon  Bonaparte,  during  his  visit  to  Egypt,  in  1799, 
were  not  slow  to  perceive  how  grand,  truthful,  and  effective 
a  trigonometrical  surveying  signal  the  pointed  shape  of  the 
Great  Pyramid  gratuitously  presented  them  with ;  and  they 
not  only  used  it  for  that  purpose,  as  it  loomed  far  and  wide 
over  the  country,  but  they  employed  it  as  a  grander  order 
of  signal,  also,  to  mark  the  zero  meridian  of  longitude  for  all 
Egypt. 

It  is  plain  to  see  that,  in  coming  to  this  conclusion, 
they  could  hardly  but  have  perceived  something  of  the 
peculiar  position  of  the  Great  Pyramid  at  the  southern 
apex  of  the  Delta  land  of  Egypt,  and  recognized  that  the 
verticle  plane  of  the  pyramid's  passages  produced  north- 
ward, passed  through  the  northermost  point  of  Egypt's 
Mediterranean  coast,  besides  forming  the  country's  cen- 
tral and  most  commanding  meridian  line;  while  the  N.  E. 
and  N.  W.  diagonals  of  the  building  similarly  produced, 
enclosed  the  fertile  Delta's  either  side  in  a  symmetrical 
and  well  balanced  manner.  (See  Plate  II.)  But  the  first 
very  particular  publication  on  this  branch  of  the  subject 
was  by  Mr.  Henry  Mitchell,  Chief  Hydrographer  to  the 
United  States  Coast  Survey.  He,  having  been  sent  by 
the  U.  S.  Government,  in  1868,  to  report  on  the  progress 
of  the  Suez  canal,  was  much  struck  with  the  regularity 
of  a  certain  convex  curvature  along  the  whole  of  Egypt's 
("Lower  Egypt's")  northern  coast.  To  his  mind,  and  by 
the  light  of  his  science,  it  was  a  splendid  example,  on  that 
very  account,  of  a  growing  and  advancing  coast  line,  de- 
veloping in  successive  curves  all  struck  one  after  and  beyond 
the  other,  from  a  certain  central  point  of  physical  origina- 


MORE  EARTH  AND  LESS  SEA  IN  THAT  MERIDIAN     207 

tion  in  the  interior.  And  where?  With  the  curvature 
of  the  northern  coast,  really  the  Delta  land  of  the  Nile,  on 
a  good  map  before  him  (see  in  a  small  way,  Fig.  i,  Plate  II.) 
Mr.  Mitchell  sought,  with  variations  of  direction  and  radius 
carried  southward,  until  he  got  all  the  prominent  coast 
points  to  be  evenly  swept  by  his  arc;  and  then  looking  to 
see  where  his  southern  center  was,  found  it  upon  the  great 
Pyramid;  he  immediately  decided  in  his  mind  that  "that 
monument  stands  in  a  more  important  physical  situation 
than  any  other  building  yet  erected  by  man."  And  the 
importance  of  its  position  does  not  end  there.  For  pro- 
ceeding along  the  globe  due  north  and  due  south  of  the 
Great  Pyramid,  it  has  been  found  by  a  good  physical 
geographer  as  well  as  engineer,  Mr.  William  Petrie,  that 
there  is  more  earth  and  less  sea  in  that  meridian  than  in  any 
other  meridian  all  the  equator  around.  For  this  reason, 
the  Great  Pyramid's  meridian  is  caused  to  be  as  essentially 
marked  by  nature,  in  a  general  manner  across  the  world 
from  Pol?  to  Pole,  or  rather  from  the  North  Cape  of  Norway 
to  the  diamond  fields  and  Zululand  of  South  Africa,  as  a 
prime  meridian  for  all  nations  measuring  their  longitude 
from,  or,  "the  unification  of  longitude." 

Again,  taking  the  distribution  of  land  and  sea  in 
parallels  of  latitude,  there  is  more  land  surface  in  the  Great 
Pyramid's  general  parallel  of  30°  than  in  any  other  degree; 
so  that  the  two  grand,  solid,  man -inhabited  earth  lines, 
the  one,  of  most  land  in  any  meridian,  and  the  other,  of 
most  land  in  any  other  latitude,  cross  on  the  Great  Pyramid. 
Finally,  on  a  careful  summing  up  of  the  areas  of  all  the  dry 
land  habitable  by  man  all  the  wide  world  over,  the  center 
of  the  whole  falls  within  the  Great  Pyramid's  special  terri- 
tory of  Lower  Egypt. 

Commodore  Whiting,  of  the  U.  S.  Navy,  is  quoted  as 
saying  (in  1879)  that  the  chief  claim  in  his  eyes  to  the 
Great  Pyramid  as  a  Zero  of  all  nations'  longitude  "is 
not  merely  that  it  is  so  eminently  set  in  the  midst  among 
all  busier  haunts  of  men,  on  its  own  side  of  the  earth,  but 


208  THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

that  its  Nether  meridian,  or  the  continuation  of  its  Egyptian 
meridian  round  the  opposite  side  of  the  world,  forms  the 
most  suitable  possible  line  of  locality  for  circumnavigators 
of  the  globe  to  change  their  day  of  reckoning,  as  they  pass 
it,  accordingly  as  they  are  proceeding  from  East  to  West, 
or  from  West  to  East ;  because  that  Nether  meridian  of  the 
Great  Pyramid  ranges  its  whole  length  from  South  to 
North  Pole,  excepting  only  near  Behring's  frozen  straits, 
through  foaming,  tossing  sea ;  realizing,  therefore,  almost 
exactly  the  precise  Nether  meridian  long  desired  by  the  late 
most  eminent  Captain  Maury,  in  his  grand  and  world- 
wide facilitations  of  the  navigation  of  all  nations." 

There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  dry  land  sur- 
face spot,  which  was  central  when  the  Great  Pyramid  was 
built,  is  central  still,  and  will  continue  to  be  so  until  the  end 
of  the  present  races  of  men  on  the  earth.  We  expect  to  be 
further  enabled  to  illustrate,  before  closing  this  work,  that 
the  directors  of  the  building  of  the  Great  Pyramid  were  not 
natives  of  Egypt,  but  came  into  Egypt  out  of  a  country 
having  a  different  latitude  and  longitude,  and  went  back 
again  into  that  country  of  theirs  immediately  after  they 
had  completed  the  Great  Pyramid  in  all  its  beauty  and 
perfection;  and  that  there,  in  their  own  country,  though 
they  were  at  the  head  of  their  calling  as  architects;  yet 
they  built  no  more  Pyramids  (although  they  had  built 
many  before).  This  will  go  far  to  indicate  that  they  had 
been  taught,  and  well  knew  of  early  time,  that  there  was 
only  one  proper  and  fully  appropriate  and  safe  spot,  all 
the  wide  and  round  world  over,  whereon  to  found  that 
most  deeply  significant  structure  that  they  had  been  com- 
missioned to  build,  with  every  detail  of  which  they  were 
perfectly  familiar,  but  entirely  unknown  to  the  then  wander- 
ing nomads  of  that  vicinity. 

The  exterior  of  that  great  central  building  of  the  whole 
earth,  the  Great  Pyramid,  has  furnished  us  much  food  for 
thought  up  to  this  stage  of  our  theory;  notwithstanding 
the  almost  ruinous  continuous  attacks  of  twentv  nations 


EXTEEIOE  MEASUEES  209 

upon  its  exterior  there  is  still  proof,  when  carefully  studied 
and  scientifically  measured,  in  spits  of  all  those  dilapidations 
to  prove  (at  least)  its  size  and  location — the  like  of  which 
were  never  made  out  in  all  past  time  for  any  other  building 
on  the  face  of  the  globe,  not  even  for  a  single  one  of. the 
other  Pyramids  of  Egypt,  all  of  which  err  utterly  in  angle, 
size,  and  position.  What  may  we  not  expect  from  the 
building's  better  preserved  interior? 

We  will  conclude  this  earliest  division  of  our  work 
with  a  complete  epitome  of  the  outside  measurements, 
including  the  "Geography  and  Masonry  Courses"  of  the 
Great  Pyramid;  from  the  average  prevailing  testimony  of 
those  who  have  measured  and  thoroughly  investigated  the 
subject  scientifically. 

PRINCIPAL   MEASURES    CONNECTED    WITH   THE 

GEOGRAPHY  OF  THE  EXTERIOR  OF  THE 

GREAT  PYRAMID. 

(Sec.  21.)  POSITION.— N.  Latitude,  29°  58'  51"; 
E.  Longitude,  31°  10'  i".  Pyramid 

ELEVATION  OF  PAVEMENT  BASE:  Feet  Inches. 

Above  the  neighboring  plain  as  now  covered  by 

sand , 125       o 

Above  the  average  water  level.  .  . 145     10 

Above  the  Mediterranean  Sea  level.  . 215       o 

Elevation  of  the  lowest  subterranean  con- 
struction or  subterranean  excavated  cham- 
ber above  the  average  water  level  of  the 

country 20     i  o 

HEIGHT- SIZE; — Present  dilapidated  height 

verticle *454       2 

Ancient   verticle    height   of   apex    completed, 

above  pavement 484        5  JL 

Ancient  inclined  height,  at  middle  of  sides, 

from  pavement  to  completed  apex t^iS     u/^ 

Ancient  inclined  height  at  corners,  pavement 

to  apex. t724       ° 

14 


210  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

Ancient  verticle  height  of  apex  above  the  low- 
est subterranean  chamber 584  7 

BREADTH  SIZE: — Present  dilapidated  base 

side  length *745     I0 

Ancient  and  present  base  side  socket  length    760     n^£ 

Ancient  and  present  base  diagonal  socket 

length i  ,076       i  y^ 

Sum  of  the  two  base  diagonals 2,152       2  */£ 

Present  platform  on  top  of  Great  Pyramid, 

in  length  of  side,  roughly 33       4 

(It  is  flat,  except  in  so  far  as  it  has  four  or  five 
large  stones  upon  it,  the  remains  of  a  once 
higher  course  of  masonry.) 

Ancient  length  of  side  of  Great  Pyramid, 
with  casing  stone  thickness  complete,  at 
the  level  of  the  present  truncated  summit 
platform,  roughly 48  4 

Pavement  in  front,  and  round  the  base  of  the 
Great  Pyramid,  formed  of  stones  21  inches 
thick,  at  center  of  North  front 33  6 

A  chasm  or  crack  in  both  pavement  and  rock 
beneath,  near  the  North  front,  extends  to 

a  depth  of,  more  or  less 47       6 

SHAPE  AND  MATERIAL: 

Ancient  angle  of  rise  of  the  casing  stones 
and  the  whole  Great  Pyramid,  when 
measured  at  the  side- 51°  51'  14-3" 

Ancient  angle  of  rise  of  the  whole  Great 
Pyramid,  when  measured  at  the  cor- 
ners or  arris  lines- 41°  59'  18.7" 

Ancient  angle  of  the   Great   Pyramid, 

at  the  summit,  sideways  •  • 76°  17'  31 .4" 

Ancient  angle  of  the  Great  Pyramid  at 
the  summit,  diagonally,  or  corner- 
ways--- 96°  i'  22-6" 


EXTERIOR  MEASURES  211 

CASING    STONE    MATERIALS: — Compact 

white  limestone  from  the  Mokattam 

Mountain  quarries  on  the  east  side 

of  the  Nile,  with  a  density  equal  to 

0.367  (earth's  mean  density  equals  i). 
*     About      t  Nearly 

GENERAL  STRUCTURAL  MATERIAL  OF  ALL  THE  RUDER 
PART  OF  THE  MASONRY: — Nummulitic  limestone  of  the 
Pyramid's  own  hill,  with  a  density  equal  to  0.412. 

Number  of  sides  of  the  whole  building,  including  the 
square  base  as  one — 4  triangular  and  one  square 5 

Number  of  corners  of  the  whole  building — 4  on  the 

ground  and  one  anciently  aloft 5 

AREA,  WEIGHT,  ETC.:  Pyramid  Acres. 

Ancient  area  of  square  base  of  Great  Pyramid     13.340 
Ancient  area  of  the  square  pavement,  on  which 

the  Great  Pyramid  is  supposed  to  stand,  but 

which  has  only  been  tested  as  yet  on  the 

Northern  side,  probably 16 .  oo 

If  the  pavement  extends  the  same  width  on  the 

east,  south  and  west  sides,  as  it  does  on  the 

north  ( ?)  then  it  is 1 7  .  7  5 

The  whole  building  from  very  base  to  apex  is  not  solid 
masonry;  but  as  clearly  shown  by  the  N.  E.  basal  corner 
and  indicated  more  or  less  at  a  point  or  two  in  the  wall, 
and  the-  descending  entrance  passage,  includes  some  por- 
tions of  the  live  rock  of  the  hill.  Such  portion  having 
been,  however,  trimmed  rectangularly,  and  made  to  con- 
form in  height  and  level  with  the  nearest  true  masonry 
course. 

Solid  cubits  of  masonry  contained  in  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid's whole  equals  10,340,000. 

Tons  (P}Tamid)  of  squared,  cemented  building  ma- 
terial equals  5,274,000. 


212  THE    GBEAT    PYBAMID   JEEZEH 

UNITS  OP  MEASURE  REFERRED  TO. 

i  Pyramid  inch .',. . i.ooi  English^  inch. 

i  Pyramid  foot 12.012  English  inches. 

i  Pyramid  cubit.  . .25.025  English  inches. 

i  Pyramid  cubit.   ........  .25.000  Pyramid  inches. 

i  Pyramid  acre 0.9992  English  acre 

i  Pyramid  ton.  .  .  ...  .  .1-1499  English  avoirdupois  ton. 

See  also  Plates  III.  to  XX.  inclusive. 


ONE  INCH  OF  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID 

subdivided  into  tenths,  equal  in  length  to  one  5oo-millionth 

of  the  earth's  axis  of  rotation. 

N.  B. — The  above  pictorial  representation  must  be 
considered  approximate  only,  on  account  of  the  expansions 
and  contractions  of  the  paper  it  is  printed  on,  from  moisture. 

.-.•;Iy  :.o  •  - 


MASONRY   COURSES   OF   THE    GREAT   PYRAMID. 


Table  of  the  courses  of  squared  and  cemented  blocks 
of  stone  in  horizontal  sheets,  one  above  the  otjier,  which 
form  the  mass  of  the  building.  They  vary  from  20  to 
79  inches  in  height. 


Number  of 
Course  in 
Ascending 

Height  of  Each 
Course  in 
Inches,  Roughly 

Whole  Height 
from  Pavement, 
Ascending 

Number  of 
Course  in 
Ascending 

Height  of  Each 
Course  in 
Inches,  Roughly 

M  £ 
'3  4>  M 

Number  of 
Course  in 
Ascending 

Height  of  Each 
Course  in 
Inches,  Roughly 

I|| 

Pave- 
ment 

O 

0 

26 

26 

933 

52 

26 

1770 

I 

79 

79 

27 

28 

961 

53 

27 

1797 

2 

56 

135 

28 

31 

992 

54 

24 

1821 

3 

48 

183 

29 

30 

IO22 

55 

26 

1847 

4 

40 

223 

3° 

26 

1048 

56 

22 

1869 

5 

40 

263 

31 

28 

1076 

57 

26 

1895 

6 

38 

301 

i  32 

28 

IIO4 

58 

27 

1922 

7 

39 

340 

33 

24 

1128 

59 

3° 

I.952 

8 

38 

378 

34 

24 

IIS2 

60 

28 

1980 

9 

36 

414 

35 

5° 

I2O2 

61 

26 

2006 

10 

34 

448 

36 

41 

1243 

62 

26 

2032 

ii 

33 

481 

37 

39 

1282 

63 

26 

2058 

12 

3° 

511 

38 

38 

1320 

64 

28 

2086 

J3 

3° 

54i 

39 

34 

1354 

65 

26 

2112 

14 

28 

569 

40 

32 

1386 

66 

26 

2138 

15 

30 

599 

4i 

32 

I4l8 

67 

34 

2172 

16 

28 

627 

42 

28 

1446 

68 

33 

2205 

17 

26 

653 

43 

32 

1478 

69 

31 

2236 

18 

32 

685 

44 

42 

1520 

70 

28 

2264 

19 

38 

723 

45 

37 

*557 

71 

28 

2292 

20 

24 

747 

46 

28 

1585 

72 

27 

2319 

21 

22 

770 

47 

35 

1620 

73 

26 

2345 

22 

35 

805 

48 

36 

1656 

74 

31 

2376 

23 

33 

838 

49 

30 

1686 

75 

28 

2404 

24 

3i 

869 

5° 

28 

1714 

76 

26 

2430 

25 

38 

907 

51 

30 

1744 

77 

24 

2454 

214 


THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 


Number  of 
Course  in 
Ascending 

Height  of  Erch 
Course  in 
Inches,  Roughly 

Whole  Height 
from  Basement, 
Ascending 

Number  of 
Course  in 
Ascending 

Height  of  Each 
Course  in 
laches,  Roughly 

Whole  Height 
from  Basement, 
Ascending 

Number  of 
Course  in 
Ascending 

Height  of  Each 
Course  in 
Inches,  Roughly 

Whole  Height 
from  Basement, 
Ascending 

78 

24 

2478 

110 

24 

3359 

142 

22 

4144 

79 

24 

2502 

III 

24 

3383 

143 

22 

4166 

80 

22 

2524 

112 

24 

34<>7 

144 

28 

4194 

81 

24 

2548 

H3 

23 

3430 

145 

27 

4221 

82 

24 

2572 

114 

23 

3453 

146 

24 

4245 

83 

26 

2598 

«3 

23 

3476 

147 

22 

4267 

84 

26 

2624 

116 

25 

35°J 

148 

22 

4289 

85 

25 

2649 

117 

23 

3524 

149 

21 

4310 

86 

25 

2674 

118 

35 

3559 

15° 

26 

433^ 

87 

24 

2698 

119 

3i 

3590 

151 

26 

4362 

88 

24 

2722 

120 

29 

3619 

IS2 

25 

4387 

89 

25 

2747 

121 

28 

3647 

153 

22 

4409 

90 

36 

2783 

122 

26 

3673 

154 

21 

443° 

9i 

33 

28l6 

123 

26 

3699 

155 

21 

4451 

92 

3i 

2847 

124 

24 

3723 

156 

21 

4472 

93 

28 

2875 

125 

24 

3747 

157 

21 

4493 

94 

26 

2901 

126 

23 

3770 

158 

21 

45*4 

95 

25 

2926 

127 

23 

3793 

159 

22 

4536 

96 

24 

2950 

128 

23 

3816 

160 

21 

4557 

97 

98 

24 
4i 

2974 

3OI5 

129 

130 

23 

27 

3839 
3866 

161 
162 

21 
24 

4578 
4602 

99 

37 

3052 

131 

25 

3891 

163 

23 

4625 

IOO 

34 

3086 

132 

23 

39M 

164 

25 

4650 

IO1 

32 

3118 

133 

22 

3936 

165 

22 

4672 

IO2 

3° 

3U8 

134 

22 

3958 

166 

22 

4694 

103 

28 

3176 

J35 

22 

3980 

167 

21 

47i5 

IO4 

27 

3203 

136 

25 

4005 

168 

21 

4736 

105 

27 

3230 

137 

23 

4028 

169 

20 

4756 

106 

26 

3256 

138 

25 

4053 

170 

21 

4777 

107 

25 

3281 

i39 

25 

4078 

171 

2O 

4797 

i  08 

29 

331° 

140 

22 

4100 

172 

21 

4818 

109 

25 

3335 

141 

22 

4122 

173 

21 

4839 

MASONEY  COURSES— Concluded. 


215 


-°  «  c 
igl 

Height  of  Each 
Course  in 
Inches,  Roughly 

Whole  Height 
from  Basement, 
Ascending 

Number  of 
Course  in 
Ascending 

Height  of  Each 
Course  in 
Inches,  Roughly 

Whole  Height 
from  Basement, 
Ascending 

111 

a  fix  o 

Height  of  Each 
Course  in 
Inches,  Roughly 

Whole  Height 
from  Basement, 
Ascending 

174 

20 

4859 

189 

21 

5185 

204 

*2I 

5507 

I75 

21 

4880 

190 

21 

5206 

205 

*2I 

5528 

176 

20 

4900 

191 

21 

5227 

206 

*2I 

5549 

177 

20 

4920 

192 

21 

5248 

207 

*2I 

557«> 

178 

21 

4941 

193 

2O 

5268 

208 

*2I 

5591 

179 

2O 

4961 

194 

21 

5289 

209 

*22 

56l3 

1  80 

26 

4987 

195 

22 

53ii 

210 

*24 

5637 

181 

25 

5012 

196 

24 

5335 

f  211 

*22 

5659 

182 

23 

5°3S 

197 

22 

5357 

212 

*22 

5681 

183 

24 

5059 

198 

22 

5379 

213 

*22 

5703 

184 

22 

5081 

199 

22 

5401 

214 

*22 

5725 

185 

21 

5102 

2OO 

22 

5423 

215 

*22 

5747 

186 

21 

5I23 

2OI 

22 

5445 

216 

*2I 

5768 

187 

20 

5*43 

2O2 

*2I 

5466 

217 

*2O 

5788 

188 

21 

5l64 

203 

*2O 

5486 

218 

*25 

5813 

*  Estimated,  f  Number  of  courses  estimated  by  Prof. 
Smyth. 

Supposed  complete  number  of  courses,  including  the 
original  topmost  corner-stone,  218;  whole  height,  5,813 
Pyramid  inches,  or  484  feet  5  inches  (or  486  English  feet). 

NOTE :  —  We  think  Prof.  Smyth  erred  in  placing  his 
first  layer  of  stone  (in  his  table  of  "Masonry  Courses") 
opposite  "Course"  (marked)  number  2.  And  again,  in 
placing  (his  estimate)  211  for  the  complete  number  of 
courses  of  Masonry  in  the  Great  Pyramid,  when  it  was 
complete  with  30.6  feet  greater  elevation.  For  if  so,  each 
course  now  displaced  must  have  averaged  36.8  inches  in 
thickness,  which  would  seem  to  be  inconsistent  from  the 
average  thickness  of  the  last  100  layers  that  precede  it. 


216  THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 


THE  SOURCE  OF  MEASURES. 

PART  II. 
BY  J.   RALSTON   SKINNER,   Cincinnjati,  Ohio,  1875. 

T 

(Sec.  22.)  The  following  copious  notes  from  the 
"Source  of  Measures"  are  by  permission  of  the  author  when 
he  lived: 

"The  following,  in  place  of  a  work,  strictly  speak- 
ing, is  rather  an  essay  or  study.  It  is  like  the  study  of  an 
artist,  where  it  comprehends  many  details  in  outline  going 
to  make  up  a  whole,  yet  unfinished  and  subject  to  change, 
here  and  there  as  the  blending  of  details  may  prove  in- 
harmonious or  incongruous  to  the  general  scope  of  the 
design.  Unlike  such  a  study,  however,  others  can  join  in 
the  labor  of  completing  the  task ;  and  it  is  hoped  that  it  may 
prove  an  incentive  to  that  end. 

3^ 'The  whole  constitutes  a  series  of  developments,  based 
upon  the  use  of  geometrical  elements,  giving  expression  in 
a  numerical  value.  These  elements  are  found  in  the  work 
of  the  late  John  A.  Parker,  of  the  City  of  New  York,  setting 
forth  his  discovery  (but  in  fact,  the  re-discovery)  of  a 
quadrature  value  of  the  circle.  Upon  this  one,  that  of 
Peter  Metius,  of  the  sixteenth  century,  seems  to  be  a  varia- 
tion. 

"Mr.  Parker  makes  use  of  an  element  of  measure  of  the 
equilateral  triangle,  by  which,  as  a  least  unit  of  measure, 
to  express  the  measure  of  the  elements  of  a  circle  in  terms 
of  the  numerical  value  of  a  square:  so  that,  as  a  conclusion, 
a  square  of  81  to  the  side,  or  6561  in  area,  shall  contain  a 
circle  whose^area  equals  5153;  or,  rectifying  the  circum- 
ference, a  diameter  of  6561  shall  have  a  circumference  of 
5153X4=20612. 

#j|"Let  it  be  understood  that  the  question  of  value  of  that 
quadrature,  whether  by  Mr.  Parker,  or  by  Metius,  as  to 
whether  it  is  the  expression  of  exactitude  of  relation,  does 
not  arise;  nor  is  it,  save  incidentally,  pertinent  to  the  sub- 


QUADEATURE  OF  THE  CIECLE  BY  PARKER  217 

ject  matter  in  hand.  While  this  work  thus  is  relieved  of  any 
necessity  of  examination  into  the  question  of  the  possibility 
of  what  is  called  'the  quadrature'  or  'the  squaring  of  the 
circle,'  nevertheless,  it  is  necessary  to  a  proper  under- 
standing of  the  whole  that  some,  to  many  persons  very 
dry,  details  of  Mr.  Parker's  construction  of  his  quadrature 
should  be  set  forth  in  the  very  commencement.  Incident- 
ally, however,  it  is  thought  that  the  matters  established 
herein,  as  having  a  direct  relation  to  the  holy  things  of  God, 
as  laid  down  in  Scripture,  will  force  an  inquiry  on  the  part 
of  devout  people,  into  the  abstract  question  of  'the  quad- 
rature,' both  as  received  and  as  set  forth  by  Parker  and  by 
Metius ;  and  also  into  the  very  question  of  any  special  value 
of  the  quadrature  by  Parker,  as  related  to  the  generally 
accepted  one. 

"One  development  is  as  follows:  The  numerical  value 
20,612  of  a  circumference  is  made  use  of  to  derive  from  it  a 
unit  of  measure  for  linear,  superficial,  and  solid  measure. 
Thus,  as  a  common  unit  of  measure  is  the  edge  of  one  of  the 
faces  of  a  cube,  and  as  there  are  12  edges  to  the  cube,  the 
division  of  20,61 2  by  1 2  is  the  distribution  of  this  value  onto 
these  12  edges;  so  that  the  quotient,  which  is  1717.66+, 
is  that  unit  of  measure  which  is,  however  it  may  be  used, 
convertible  into  circular,  and  again,  back  into  the  geome- 
trical elements  whence  derived.  And  this  is  obtained  by 
the  special  numerical  value,  i7i7.66+the  one-twelfth  of 
20,612,  whether,  as  a  fact,  it  be  used  as  a  whole  or  as  a  part, 
as  1.71766  +  .  Now  as  a  fact,  i .  71766+  of  the  British 
foot  is  the  ancient  cubit  value;  hence,  the  whole  scheme  thus 
far  displayed  has  been  practically  utilized,  inasmuch  as 
20,612  is  thus  seen  to  be  the  value  of  British  inches,  while 
its  derivative  of  171766  + ,  so  divided  or  scaled  as  to  repre- 
sent 1.71766  +  ,  is  the  ancient  cubit. 

"This  is  confirmed  from  the  fact  of  restoration,  by 
means  of  these  numerical  values,  of  the  Great  Pyramid  of 
Egypt,  in  terms  of  the  British  measures  thereof  made  of 
late  years.  Another  development  is  that,  by  a  variation 

.  J 


218  THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

of  the  use  of  these  numerical  values,  taken  systematically, 
not  empirically,  a  diameter  value  to  a  circumference  value 
of  6  is  found,  which  is  discovered  to  be  the  basis  of  the 
Hindu  method  for  the  calculation  of  tables  of  sines  and 
cosines,  tangents  and  cotangents,  and  the  orbits  of  planetary 
bodies;  which  variation,  as  an  enlargement  of  the  above 
values,  on  application,  is  found  to  give  the  exactitude 
of  the  pyramid  measures,  agreeably  to  the  design  of  the 
architect,  thus  again  coupling  a  modern  with  an  ancient  use. 

"Another  development  is  that  the  British  system  of 
long  and  land  measures  is  discovered  to  contain  an  occult 
or  obscure  system  of  time  calculations,  based  on  the  factor  6, 
by  which  it  is  seen  that  the  entirety  of  the  British  measures 
rests  upon  these  anciently  developed  elements,  and  thus 
it  is  in  fact,  but  a  phase  of  the  Hindu  system.  The  factor 
6  is  the  basis  of  the  acre  and  mile  measure,  running  up  from 
the  inch  and  foot,  and  the  equivalent  of  the  base  side  of  the 
pyramid  (which  is  a  diameter  value  to  a  circumference  of 
24)  is  the  side  of  a  square,  divided  into  four  equal  parts  of 
6x6  each,  in  terms  of  the  British  foot,  and  necessarily  the 
inch;  hence  the  advanced  measures  as  far  as  the  mile,  are 
thus  involved.  But  while  this  is  so,  the  means  of  obtaining 
this  pyramid  measure  is  through  use  of  the  Parker  elements ; 
hence  the  Parker  elements  are  thus  connected  with  the 
whole  range  of  British  measures. 

"But  the  greatest  development  is  that  the  entire  system 
seems  to  have  been  anciently  regarded  as  one  resting  in 
nature,  and  one  which  was  adopted  by  nature  or  God,  as 
the  basis  or  law  of  the  exertion  practically  of  creative  power 
— i.  e.,  it  was  the  creative  design,  of  which  creation  was 
practically  the  application.  This  seems  to  be  established 
by  the  fact  that,  under  the  system  set  forth,  measures  of 
planetary  times  serve  co-ordinately  as  measures  of  the  size 
of  planets,  and  the  peculiarity  of  their  shapes — i.  e.,  in 
the  extension  of  their  equatorial  and  polar  diameters,  in 
terms  of  the  British  measures,  or  the  cubit  measures  arising 
as  stated,  from  the  forms  of  Mr.  Parker.  The  true  study 


QUADRATURE  OF  THE  CIRCLE  BY  PARKER  219 

of  the  Deity  by  man  being  in  the  observation  of  his  works, 
the  discovery  of  a  fundamental  creative  law  (in  numbers  and 
measures)  as  regards  His  works,  of  as  wide  and  compre- 
hensive grasp  as  shown ,  would  locate  the  substance  of  such 
a  discovery  as  the  practical  real  tangible  link  between  God 
and  man,  as  that  by  which  man  can  in  a  measure  realize 
the  actually  existing  working  qualities  of  God,  just,  speak- 
ing most  reverentially,  as  he  would  those  of  a  fellow-man — 
as,  say,  of  a  mason,  or  of  a  carpenter;  thus  revealing  tan- 
gible existence,  likeness,  relationship,  and,  remotely, 
companionship.  Such  a  link,  once  found,  would  constitute 
a  base  for  superstructures  of  recognition,  praise,  worship, 
and  copy.  As  a  fact,  this  system  seems  to  underlie  the 
whole  Biblical  structure,  as  a  foundation  for  its  ritualism, 
and  for  its  display  of  the  works  of  the  Deity  in  the  way  of 
architecture,  by  use  of  the  sacred  unit  of  measure  in  the 
Garden  of  Eden,  the  Ark  of  Noah,  the  Tabernacle,  and  the 
Temple  of  Solomon. 

"Such  seem  to  be  the  characteristics  of  development 
from  the  elements  of  quadrature  of  the  late  Mr.  Parker. 
The  extent  to  which  the  development  is  made  so  as  to 
compel  a  mental  assent,  must  be  tested,  of  course,  through 
the  contents  of  this  work.  There  is  no  disposition  on  the 
part  of  the  author  to  make  any  assertion  as  to  the  strength 
of  his  work.  What  he  has  done  has  been  done  to  the  best 
of  his  ability,  and  he  believes  that  a  studious  careful  reading 
of  the  work  done,  will  be  that,  and  alone  that,  upon  which 
any  fair  criticism  can  be  based.  Since,  after  all,  all  matters 
of  science  subordinate  themselves  to  anyone  by  which  man 
can  arrive  at  a  realizable  knowledge  of  God,  all  things  in 
this  book  are  of  poor  value  in  every  other  regard,  compara- 
tively, save  as  they  lead  up  just  to  this  kind  or  condition  of 
knowledge.  Such  being  the  case  the  following  statements 
may  be  made  as  introductory. 

"(i.)  The  'Quadrature  of  the  Circle,'  by  John  A.  Parker 
sets  forth  the  integral  relation  of  diameter  to  circumference 
of  a  circle  as  65 6 1  to  20612,  derived  from  area  computations, 


220  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

viz.:  area  of  square  being  6561,  area  of  inscribed  circle  is 
5153;  and  diameter  being  6561,  rectification  of  circum- 
ference is  5153x4=20612. 

"(2.)  It  appears  that  nature  was  regarded  as  making 
use  of  this  numerical  relation,  as  a  law  or  application  of 
numbers  to  measures,  by  which  to  construct  the  mechanical 
properties  of  the  universe ;  so  regulating  the  times  of  the 
planets  that  they  should  move  by  a  numerical  system  such 
that  by  the  measure  of  their  shapes  was  to  be  obtained 
in  a  definite  class  or  scale  of  mesures  adapted  to  the  same 
system:  so  that  movement  should  co-ordinate  with  size 
under  the  same  system. 

"(3.)  However  man  obtained  knowledge  of  the  prac- 
ticle  measure,  ike  British  inch,  by  which  nature  was  thought 
to  adjust  the  planets  in  size  to  harmonize  with  the  notation 
of  their  movements,  it  seems  he  did  obtain  it,  and  esteemed 
its  possession  as  the  means  of  his  realization  of  the  Deity — 
that  is,  he  approached  so  nearly  to  a  conception  of  a  Being 
having  a  mind  like  his  own,  only  infinitely  more  powerful, 
as  to  be  able  to  realize  a  law  of  creation  established  by  that 
being,  which  must  have  existed  prior  to  any  creation 
(kabbalistically  called  the  Word)..  The  knowledge  thus 
gained  was  simply  that  of  the  measure  spoken  of  with  its 
uses,  in  connection  with  the  geometrical  elements  from 
whence  it  sprang. 

"(4.)  This  knowledge  as  to  its  origin,  interpretation, 
and  use,  became  somehow  that  of  a  caste  condition.  As 
such  it  was  most  sedulously  concealed,  and  when  set  forth 
it  was  only  in  a  secret  or  very  obscure  way.  One  way  of 
setting  it  forth  was  by  hieroglyphic  writing.  This  method 
is  the  burden  of  the  Hebrew  Bible.  Another  was  by 
architectural  display.  The  greatest  ever  made  was  in  the 
Great  Pyramid  of  Egypt;  the  next  greatest  seems  to  have 
been  in  the  Temple  of  Solomon. 

"(5.)  It  is  thought  the  restoration  of  this  pyramid 
agreeably  to  the  design  of  the  architect,  will  afford  the 
means  of  translation  of  the  hieroglyphic  meanings  of  the 


THE  HEBREW  ALPHABET  221 

Hebrew  Bible,  as,  on  hypothesis,  the  one  was  written  and  the 
other  built  to  set  forth  the  same  natural  problems. 

"The  first  step,  therefore,  necessary  to  the  deciphering 
of  the  hieroglyphic  or  symbolic  meanings  of  the  Hebrew 
Bible,  is  the  restoration  of  the  Great  Pyramid  after  its 
architectural  conception.  This  is  the  chief  burden  of 
this  work,  and  it  is  thought  that  the  intent  of  the 
architect  has  been  so  far  recovered  as  to  justify 
publication.  Secondarily,  it  is  to  be  shown  that  the  Temple 
was  but  another  architectural  style  of  setting  forth  the  same 
measures  with  the  pyramid.  The  balance  of  the  matters, 
condensed  as  much  as  possible  into  brief  outline,  chiefly 
serves  to  exemplify  the  method  of  Biblical  application  of 
the  pyramid  system.  This  balance  is  noted  here  and  there 
in  the  text,  and  is  contained  in  the  appendices.  It  serves 
to  relieve  the  dry  details  of  figures  and  calculations,  to 
hhow  related  connections,  and  is  hoped  to  excite  interest  in 
the  whole  subject,  and  to  stimulate  those  who  may  read, 
to  an  earnest  effort  in  the  further  prosecution  of  this  subject 
so  fascinating  in  its  elucidations." 

The  relation  of  6561  :  20612  is  both  in  the  pyramid 
structure  and  in  the  Bible  coupled  with  the  form  113  .'355- 
Some  connections  between  the  two  will  be  shown,  but 
what  the  exact  basis  relations  between  them  were,  as 
anciently  recognized,  remains  to  be  discovered. 

THE  HEBREW  ALPHABET. 

(Sec.  23.)  For  the  general  reader  to  understand  how 
a  numerical  or  mathematical  system  may  lie  closed  up  in 
the  Hebrew  Bible,  it  may  be  well  to  state  that  the  Hebrews, 
so  far  as  has  come  down  to  us,  have  no  numerical  system 
apart  from  their  literal  one — i.  e.,  their  alphabet  held  their 
numerals,  just  as  if,  in  English,  our  a,  b,  c,  stood  for  1,2,3, 
and  so  on,  in  lack  of  the  Arabic  system  of  numerals,  borrow- 
ed by  us,  and  now  of  exclusive  use  (although  it  would  seem 
that  they  were  in  possession  of  this  system  also).  The 
following  is  a  table  for  reference,  giving  the  Hebrew  alpha- 


222 


THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


bet,  the  power  of  the  letters,  their  symbols  to  some  extent, 
with  the  numerical  value  fixed  to  each  letter.  The  laws 
of  symbolic  use  of  words  as  numbers  in  the  narrative  of 
the  Bible  are  not  known,  and  the  real  uses  are  only  to  be 
accepted  or  received  to  the  extent  for  which  there  is  in- 
trinsic proof.  Otherwise,  it  is  to  be  observed  that  where 
the  letter  values  rise  above  units  to  tens  and  to  hundreds 
while  the  letter  character  may  stand  for,  say,  20  or  200, 
very  frequently  the  characteristic  value  is  used  as  giving 
the  expression  of  the  unit  value  of  2  alone.  These  subjects 
can  be  but  touched  on  in  this  work.  It  must  suffice  to 
close  with  the  alphabet  table  (English  pronunciation) 
without  the  characters. 


NO.        NAME. 

1.  Aleph. 

2.  Beth. 

3.  Gi'mel 

4.  Da'  leth. 
5-  He. 

6.  Vau. 

7.  Zayin. 

8.  Cheth. 


9.     Teth. 


FORM  AND  POWER. 

A  scarcely  audible 

breathing. 
b,  bh,  or  bv. 

d,dh. 

h;  Latin  e. 

v  or  w. 
z. 

ch,  kh,  hh 
Latin  h;  rough 
breathing. 


10.     Yodh. 


y,  i,  or  ;. 


SYMBOL. 

Ox  or  Bull 

House. 

Camel  serpent  erect. 

Door,  hinge ^ 

Window  opening, 
womb  (Kabbala) 

Nail,  hook,  crook. 

Weapon,  scepter. 

Fence,  Venus. 

Affinity  with  He,  as 
the  womb. 

Snake,  basket,  figur- 
ed in  Eleusinian 
mysteries  in  wor- 
ship by  women. 
Love  apples,  etc. 

Hand,  bent  forefin- 
ger, membrum  vir- 
ile with  testes. 
The  perfect  num- 
ber, or  one. 


THE  HEBEEW  ALPHABET— Concluded 


223 


NO.      NAME. 
20.      Caph. 


FORM  AND   POWER. 
C,  C'h,  k,  kk 


30.     La'  medh.   /. 


40.     Mem. 
50.     Nun. 


60.     Sa'  mech. 


70.     Ayin 

80.     Pe. 

90.     Tsa'-dhe 


m. 
n. 


no  power 
P,  ph. 
ts,  tz. 


100.     Koph.          k. 


200.     Resh.  r. 

300.     Shin,  Sin.   sh,  s. 
400.     Tau.  t,  th. 


SYMBOL. 

The    hollow    of   the 
bent  hand;  meas- 
ure of  hollow 
sphere. 

Ox-goad;  sign  of  a 
form  of  the  god 
Mars. 

Water. 

Fish,  symbol  of  Yoni 
O,  woman,  or 
woinb. 

A  prop,  a  pillar;  tes- 
tes,  hence,  egg. 
Divisions  of  the 
circle,  perhaps  in- 
dicating a  square. 
Divisions  of  Para- 
dise. 

Eye. 

Mouth. 

Fish-hook,  hunter's 
dart. 

Back  of  head  from 
the  ears ;  hence  sig- 
nificentoibalances. 
Ancient  pillow  to 
rest  the  back  of  the 
head  on.  Skull? 
Eye  of  needle. 

Head,  sphere,  circle. 

Tooth. 

Cross,  +  Founda- 
tion framework  of 
construction. 


224  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

QUADRATURE  OF  THE  CIRCLE. 
BY  JOHN  A.  PARKER. 

(Sec.  24.)  Kabbala  was  a  species  of  symbolic  writing 
among  the  initiated,  setting  forth  the  secret  teachings  of 
the  Bible;  and  a  key  of  Kabbala  is  thought  to  be  in  the 
geometrical  relation  of  the  area  of  the  circle  inscribed  in  the 
square,  or  of  the  cube  to  the  sphere,  giving  rise  to  the  rela- 
tion of  diameter  to  circumference  of  a  circle,  with  the  nume- 
rical value  of  this  relation  expressed  in  integrals.  The  rela- 
tion of  diameter  to  circumference  being  a  supreme  one  con- 
nected with  the  god-names  Elohim  and  Jehova  (which 
terms  are  expressions  numerically  of  these  relations, 
respectively— the  first  being  of  circumference,  the  latter  of 
diameter),  embraces  all  other  subordinations  under  it. 
Two  expressions  of  circumference  to  diameter  in  integrals 
are  used  in  the  Bible:  (i.)  The  perfect;  and,  (2.)  The 
imperfect.  One  of  the  relations  between  these  is  such  that 
(2)  substracted  from  (i)  will  leave  a  unit  of  diameter  value 
in  terms,  or  in  the  denomination,  of  the  circumference 
value  of  the  perfect  circle,  or  a  unit  straight  line  having  a 
perfect  circular  value,  or  a  factor  of  circular  value. 

Of  course  as  to  the  fact  of  these  expressions  residing  in 
the  Bible,  it  remains  to  be  seen  whether  this  is,  or  is  not,  so. 
It  will  be  sufficient  if  it  is  so;  but  if  it  shall  so  appear, 
beyond  contradiction,  it  will  afford  much  food  for  thought, 
as  to  whether  so  sublime  a  work  as  the  Holy  Record  can  be 
a  refuge  for  that  much  oppressed  and  bedeviled  idea 
"squaring  the  circle,"  unless  the  actuality  of  such  relation 
exists,  or  unless  an  approximate  of  a  certain  nature  and 
value  was  found  to  be  of  some  natural  use. 

(Sec.  25.)  It  is  very  remarkable:  One  of  the  values 
thus  used  in  the  Bible  was  rediscovered  in  about  A.  D. 
1585,  by  Peter  Metius,  as  113  for  diameter  to  355  circum- 
ference, which,  in  the  sacred  record,  is  the  imperfect  value; 
the  other  was  rediscovered  by  the  late  John  A.  Parker,  of 
the  City  of  New  York,  6561  for  diameter  to  20612  for  cir- 


QUADRATUEE  OF  PAEKEE— Continued  225 

cumference,  which,  in  the  Sacred  Record,  is  the  perfect 
value.  What  the  means  of  discovery  by  Metius  were,  is 
not  known.  The  "Quadrature"  of  Mr.  Parker  is  in  print, 
and  therein  the  steps  are  fully  set  forth.  As  to  these,  as 
they  contain  the  geometrical  key  for  the  proper  understand- 
ing of  Kabbala,  it  is  necessary  to  set  them  forth  somewhat 
at  large,  premising  that  his  value  is  obtained  through  the 
value  of  areas  of  shapes.  His  leading  propositions  (each 
proposition,  in  the  text  being  followed  by  its  demonstra- 
tion are  as  follows : 

PROPOSITION  I.  "One  of  the  relative  properties 
between  straight  lines  and  a  perfect  curve  or  circle  is  such 
that  all  regular  shapes  formed  of  straight  lines  and  equal 
sides,  have  their  areas  equal  to  half  the  circumference 
multiplied  by  the  least  radius  which  the  shape  contains 
(which  is  always  the  radius  of  an  inscribed  circle),  than 
which  every  other  radius  contained  in  the  shape  is 
greater,  and  the  circle  has  its  area  equal  to  half  the  cir- 
cumference multiplied  by  the  radius,  to  which  every  other 
radius  contained  in  the  circle  is  equal." 

PROPOSITION  II  "The  circumference  of  any  circle 
being  given,  if  that  circumference  be  brought  into  the  form 
of  a  square,  the  area  of  that  square  is  equal  to  the  area  of 
another  circle,  the  circumscribed  square  of  which  is  equal 
in  area  to  the  area  of  the  circle  whose  circumference  is  first 
given . ' ' 

PROPOSITION  III.  "The  circle  is  the  natural  basis  or 
beginning  of  all  area,  and  the  square  being  made  so  in 
mathematical  science,  is  artificial  and  arbitrary." 

PROPOSITION  IV.  "The  circumference  of  any  circle 
being  given,  if  that  circumference  be  brought  into  any  other 
shape  formed  of  straight  lines  and  of  equal  sides  and  angles, 
the  area  of  that  shape  is  equal  to  the  area  of  another  circle, 
which  circle  being  circumscribed  by  another  and  similar 
shape,  the  area  of  such  shape  circumscribing  the  last-named 
circle  is  equal  to  the  area  of  the  circle  whose  circumference 
is  given." 

15 


226  THE    GREAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

PROPOSITION  V.  "The  circumference  of  a  circle  by 
the  measure  of  which  the  circle  and  the  square  are  made 
equal,  and  by  which  the  properties  of  straight  lines  and 
curved  lines  are  made  equal,  is  a  line  outside  of  the  circle 
wholly  circumscribing  it,  and  thoroughly  inclosing  the 
whole  area  of  the  circle,  and  hence,  whether  it  shall  have 
breadth  or  not,  forms  no  part  of  the  circle." 

PROPOSITION  VI.  "The  circumference  of  a  circle, 
such  that  its  half  being  multiplied  by  radius,  to  which  all 
other  radii  are  equal,  shall  express  the  whole  area  of  the 
circle,  by  the  properties  of  straight  lines,  is  greater  in  value 
in  the  sixth  decimal  place  of  figures  than  the  same  circum- 
ference in  any  polygon  of  6144  sides,  and  greater  also  than 
the  approximation  of  geometers  at  the  same  decimal  place 
in  any  line  of  figures." 

Under  this  proposition  after  his  demonstration,  he 
states:  "And  it  is  evident  that  if  a  circle,  and  a  polygon 
of  6144  sides  (the  number  to  which  Play  fair  carries  his 
bisection) ,  shall  have  the  same  circumference,  the  area  of  the 
circle  is  greater  than  the  area  of  the  polygon  in  the  sixth 
decimal  place;  and  because  the  circumference  of  one  dia- 
meter must  be  four  times  the  area  of  the  circle,  therefore, 
by  the  transition  of  shape  to  a  circle,  the  true  value  of 
circumference  is  greater  in  the  sixth  place  than  any  approxi- 
mation which  can  be  obtained  from  a  polygon  of  6144  sides, 
whether  inscribed  or  circumscribed." 

PROPOSITION  VII.  "Because  the  circle  is  the  primary 
shape  in  nature,  and  hence  the  basis  of  area;  and  because 
the  circle  is  measured  by,  and  is  equal  to  the  square  only 
in  ratio  of  half  its  circumference  by  the  radius,  therefore, 
circumference  and  radius,  and  not  the  square  of  diameter, 
are  the  only  natural  and  legitimate  elements  of  area, 
by  which  all  regular  shapes  are  made  equal  to  the  square 
and  equal  to  the  circle." 

PROPOSITION  VIII.  "The  equilateral  triangle  is  the 
primary  of  all  shapes  in  nature  formed  of  straight  lines, 
and  of  equal  sides  and  angles,  and  it  has  the  least  radius, 


QUADRATURE  OF  PARKER— Continued 


227 


the  least  area,  and  the  greatest  circumference  of  any  possible 
shape  of  equal  sides  and  angles." 

PROPOSITION  IX.  "The  circle  and  the  equilateral 
triangle  are  opposite  to  one  another  in  all  the  elements  of 
their  construction,  and  hence  the  fractional  diameter  of 
one  circle,  which  is  equal  to  the  diameter  of  one  square,  is 
in  the  opposite  duplicate  ratio  to  the  diameter  of  an  equi- 
lateral triangle  whose  area  is  one. 

"By  diameter  of  the  triangle,  the  perpendicular  is  here 
meant,  as  explained  in  the  introduction  to  Section  I., 
or  a  line  passing  through  the  center  of  the  triangle,  and 
perpendicular  to  either  side. 

"Let  it  be  supposed  that  the  areas  of  the  equilateral 
triangle  A  and  the  square  C  each  equals  one. 

"It  has  been  shown  (Proposition  VIII.)  that  the  tri- 
angle has  the  least  number  of  sides  of  any  possible  shape 
in  nature  formed  of  straight  lines ;  and  the  circle  is  the  ulti- 
matum of  nature  in  extension  of  the  number  of  sides. 
In  this  particular,  therefore,  they  are  opposite  to  one  an- 
other in  the  elements  of  their  construction.  By  Proposition 


PLATE  I 


PLATZJL. 


VII.,  it  is  shown  that  circumference  and  radius  are  the  only 
natural  and  legitimate  elements  of  area  by  which  different 
shapes  may  be  measured  alike,  and  are  made  equal  to  one 
another.  By  Proposition  VIII.,  it  is  shown  that  the 
triangle  has  the  least  radius  of  any  shape  formed  of  straight 
lines  of  equal  sides  and  of  the  same  circumference,  and  by 
Propositions  II.  and  IV,  Section  I.,  it  is  seen  that  the  circle 


228  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

has  the  greatest  radius  of  any  possible  shape  of  the  same 
circumference.  By  the  same  propositions,  the  triangle  is 
shown  to  have  the  greatest  circumference  and  the  least  area 
of  any  shape  formed  of  straight  lines  and  equal  sides,  and 
the  circle  is  shown  to  have  the  least  circumference  and  the 
greatest  area  of  any  shape.  By  a  well  known  law  of  numbers 
and  geometry,  by  which  the  greatest  product  which  any  num- 
ber or  any  line  can  give,  is,  to  multiply  half  by  half,  it  will  be 
seen  that  if  we  take  the  aggregate  of  circumference  and 
radius  in  each  shape,  it  is  most  equally  divided  in  the  circle, 
and  the  most  unequally  divided  in  the  triangle  of  any 
possible  shape.  In  every  case,  that  which  is  greatest  in 
the  triangle  is  least  in  the  circle,  and  that  which  is  least 
in  the  triangle  is  greatest  in  the  circle ;  and  in  every  particular 
the  two  shapes  are  at  the  extreme  and  opposite  boundaries 
of  nature,  being  the  greatest  and  the  least  that  is  possible. 
They  are,  therefore,  opposite  to  one  another  in  all  the 
elements  of  their  construction.  Therefore,  the  square 
being  made  the  artificial  basis  of  area  (Proposition  VII.), 
if  the  diameter  of  the  circle  B  (Plate  II.)  shall  equal  the 
diameter  of  the  square  C,  then,  in  the  fraactional  relations 
of  B  and  C  such  diameter  shall  be  in  the  opposite  duplicate 
ratio  to  the  diameter  of  A  correspondingly  situated.  The 
diameter  of  A  correspondingly  situated  with  the  diameter 
of  B  to  C,  it  will  be  seen,  is  a  line  drawn  across  the  center 
of  A  perpendicular  to  either  side;  therefore,  the  diameter  of 
B,  in  its  fractional  relation  to  C,  is  the  opposite  duplicate 
ratio  to  the  perpendicular  or  diameter  of  A,  and  no  other 
result  is  possible  in  the  nature  of  things.  The  proposition 
is  therefore  demonstrated." 

PROPOSITION  X.  "The  fractional  diameter  of  one 
circle  which  is  equal  to  the  diameter  of  one  square,  being  in 
the  opposite  ratio  to  the  diameter  of  the  equilateral  tri- 
angle whose  area  is  one,  equals  81. 


THE  SOUECE  OF  MEASURES 


229 


"Let  the  area  of  the  equilateral  triangle  A  (Plate  III) 
equal  one,  and  let  the  area  of  the  square  B  (Plate  IV)  also 
equal  one,  then  the  diameter  of  the  circle  C,  which  is  equal 


JZ. 


to  the  diameter  of  the  square  B,  also  equals  one.  And  it 
has  been  demonstrated  that  in  their  fractional  relations 
to  the  square,  the  diameter  of  A  and  C  are  in  opposite 
ratio  to  one  another.  By  the  diameter  in  the  triangle  it 
is  known  that  the  perpendicular  is  here  meant  (as  in  Propo- 
sition IX).  Now  if  the  area  of  the  equilateral  triangle  A 
shall  equal  one,  then  the  diameter  of  A  is  found  to  be_  equal 
to  the  square  root  of  three  twice  extracted,  or  1/1/3. 
Hence  the  fractional  diameter  of  C,  being  in  the  opposite 
duplicate  ratio  (which  is  the  squares  of  diameter),  shall 
equal  three  twice  squared,  or  32  x  32,  and  3  x  3  —  9,  and 
9x9  =  81.  The  proposition  is  therefore  demonstrated." 

The  opposite  duplicate  ratio  of  Mr.  Parker  has  relation 
to  the  numerical  values.  The  shapes  being  opposite  to 
each  other,  he  desires  to  get  an  integral  number  to  co- 
ordinate with  the  shapes.  When  the  area  of  A=i,  then 
the  diameter  is  found  to  be  1.316074  +  .  But  this  will 
not  do,  for,  if  possible,  it  must  assume  the  form  of  a  least 
integral  number.  Square  this  value,  and  it  equals 
i .  7320508  + .  This  will  not  do.  Square  it  again,  however, 
and  it  equals  three,  which  is  just  that  to  be  desired.  Having, 
however,  obtained  this,  the  value  in  the  opposite  ratio 
must  suffer  the  same  process,  and  32=9,  and  92=8i. 


230 


THE    GKEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


PROPOSITION  XI.  "The  fractional  area  of  one  square, 
which  is  equal  to  the  area  of  one  circle,  equals  6561 ;  and 
the  area  of  the  circle  inscribed  in  one  square  equals  5153." 

"It  has  been  proved  (Proposition  X.)  that  the  fraction- 
al diameter  of  the  circle  C,  which  is  equal  to  the  diameter 
of  one  square  (B),  whose  area  is  one,  being  in  the  opposite 
ratio  to  a  b  (Fig.  8),  equals  81 ;  hence  the  area  of  B  equals 
8 1  x  81  =  6561 ;  therefore,  B  equals  one  of  6561  equal  frac- 
tional parts.  Now  let  B  equal  H  in  area.  It  has  been 
proved  (Proposition  II)  that  H  equals  E  in  area;  and  if 
H=i,  then  E  =  i ;  and  if  11  =  6561,  then  £  =  6561.  It  has 
also  been  proved  (Proposition  II)  that  if  the  circumference 
of  F  equals  the  circumference  of  E ,  then  F  and  G  are  also 
equal  in  area.  And  because  one  circle  which  is  equal  to 
one  square  (the  area  of  the  square  being  one),  is  in  6561 
equal  fractional  parts,  therefore,  an y  circle  which  is  equal 
to  any  square  (the  diameter  of  the  circle  being  a  whole 
number)  shall  be  in  some  definite  and  certain  number  of 
6561  parts.  Hence  the  areas  of  the  circles  C  and  G  (their 
diameters  being  each  81)  are  some  definite  and  certain 


F1C.  8. 


F/G.  9. 


number  of  6561  parts  of  B  and  H.     It  is  proved  by  the 
approximations  of  geometry,  obtained  by    the    properties 


231 


of  straight  lines,  that  C  and   G  are    each    greater  (much 


less)  than     --  ;  therefore  (Reductio  ad   absurdum)    they 
6561 

shall  be  each  because  they  can  be  nothing  else,  there 

6561 

being  no  other  6561  part  between  5152  and  5154. 

"The  proposition  is  therefore  demonstrated;  and  the 
fractional  area  of  one  square,  which  is  equal  to  one  circle 
(the  area  of  each  being  one),  is  6561,  and  the  fractional 
area  of  one  circle  inscribed  in  such  square  is  5153." 

The  expression,  "It  is  proved  by  the  approximations 
of  geometry  obtained  by  the  properties  of  straight  lines," 
contains  a  very  subtle  allusion  and  meaning.  Mr.  Parker 
approves  the  approximate  value,  as  obtained  by  Play  fair, 
after  the  method  of  its  obtainment,  viz.,  by  the  properties 
of  straight  lines,  where  such  lines  are  defined  as  being 
without  breadth  or  thickness.  Assuming  the  property  of 
breadth  to  a  line  or  unit  of  measure,  or  obtaining  the  value 
of  it  by  means  of  area  computation,  works  a  change  on  the 
Playfair  result  necessarily.  Now  if  Mr.  Parker  is  correct 
in  his  taken  relation  between  triangle  and  circle  to  obtain 
a  least  integral  unit  of  measure — i.  e.,  the  number  3 — then, 
without  at  all  conflicting  with  the  Playfair  results,  his  own 
are  right  if  Play  fair's  are  so. 

PROPOSITION  XII.  "The  true  ratio  of  circumference 
to  diameter  of  all  circles  is  four  times  the  area  of  one  in- 
scribed in  one  square  for  the  ratio  of  circumference,  to  the 
area  of  the  circumscribed  square  for  the  ratio  of  diameter. 
And  hence  the  true  and  primary  ratio  of  circumference  to 
diameter  of  all  circles  is  20612  parts  of  circumference  to  6561 
parts  of  diameter." 

"It  will  be  known  that  if  the  diameter  of  the  circle 
G  inscribed  in  H  =  i ,  then  the  area  of  H  also  =  i .  It  will  be 
known  also,  that  the  area  of  G  equals  half  the  circumference 


232  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

multiplied  by  half  the  diameter,  and  ^x  M=M;  hence, 
the  diameter  of  G  being  one,  then  the  area  of  G  equals  %  its 
circumference,  and,  vice  versa,  the  circumference  of  G 
equals  four  times  its  area.  And  the  diameter  of  G  being 
one,  it  therefore  equals  the  area  of  H,  because  the  area  of 
H~— i.  Therefore,  the  first  part  of  the  proposition  is 
demonstrated,  four  times  the  area  of  any  inscribed  circle 
for  a  ratio  of  circumference,  to  the  area  of  the  circumscribed 
square  for  a  ratio  of  diameter,  is  seen  to  be  a  true  ratio  of 
circumference  to  diameter  of  all  circles. 

"It  has  been  proved  (Proposition  XI)  that  the  pri- 
mary relations  existing  between  straight  lines  and  curved 
lines  as  developed  by  the  opposite  ratio  of  the  equilateral 
triangle  and  the  circle,  the  fractional  area  of  11  =  6561,  and 
the  area  of  G=5i$3;  therefore,  the  true  and  primary  ratio 
of  circumference  to  diameter  of  all  circles  =  4G,  for  the 
ratio  of  circumference  to  the  area  of  H  for  the  ratio  of 
diameter;  and  since  G=5i53,  and  11  =  6561,  therefore  the 
true  and  primary  ratio  of  circumference  to  diameter  of  all 
circles  =  5153  x  4  =  20612  parts  of  circumference  to  6561 
parts  of  diameter." 

"The  proposition  is  therefore  demonstrated,  and  the 
quadrature  of  the  circle  is  demonstrated,"  Mr.  Parker 
should  have  added,  to  be  explicit,  and  exceptional  to  the 
Playfair  method,  "by  way  of  area  computation." 

QUADRATURE. 
BY  PETER  METIUS. 

(Sec.  26.)  Some  years  ago  while  examining  into  the 
reasoning  of  Mr.  Parker,  the  author  found  notice  of  the 
ratio  of  Metius.  He  wrote  Mr.  Parker,  asking  him  if  he 
was  acquainted  with  the  grounds  on  which  Metius  obtained 
it.  He  replied  that  he  was  not;  but,  upon  testing  the  ratio 
sent,  by  his  own,  he  found  some  very  curious  numerical 
relations  of  difference.  Subsequently,  in  a  proposed  second 
edition  of  his  work  (published  after  his  death)  he  notices 
this  ratio  and  these  relations  as  follows: 


THE  SOUECE  OF  MEASUEES  233 

"The  ratio  of  Metius,  known  for  more  than  a  century 
past  (113  to  355),  is  the  nearest  approximation  to  the  truth 
ever  made  in  whole  numbers,  but  it  does  not  answer  the 
imperative  law  contained  in  our  twelfth  proposition,  and 
therefore  it  cannot  be  true.  The  circumference  cannot  be 
divided  by  four,  without  a  fraction  or  remainder.  By  whatever 
means  Metius  may  have  obtained  his  ratio,  its  examination 
shows  it  to  be  of  the  same  composition  as  mine,  but  im- 
properly divided.  For  example,  if  113  shall  be  the  diameter 
of  a  circle,  then  circumference  (355)  is  1-20612  part  too 
little.  But  if  355  shall  be  the  circumference  of  a  circle, 
then  diameter  (113)  is  1-6561  too  big.  It  thus  affords  a 
very  perfect  evidence  that  my  ratio  20612  to  6561  is  the 
true  one,  as  we  have  fully  proved  it  to  be." 

The  conclusion  thus  drawn  does  not  seem  to  be  so 
manifest  as  stated.  The  relation  between  the  two  ratios 
is,  however,  very,  yes,  exceedingly  remarkable,  as  the  state- 
ment will  show: 

20611 
20612   :  355   ::  6561   :  112 


6561    :  113  ::  20612  :  355 


20612 
i 


6561 

(Mr."  Parker  has  confused  the  results.)  The  relation 
seems  to  be  one  which  has,  at  some  time,  been  found  as  a 
variant  on  the  Parker  forms,  because  of  showing  the  same 
composition,  as  he  says.  The  reverse  of  the  case  will  not 
hold;  for,  if  the  Parker  forms  be  tested  by  those  of  Metius 
no  similar  relation  will  be  found  to  exist ;  therefore  it  would 
seem  that  those  of  Metius  were  derived  from  those  of  Mr. 
Parker. 

REFLECTIONS  ON  THE  QUADRATURE. 

BY  Mr.  PARKER. 

(Sec.  27.)  It  is  averred  that  the  quadrature  by  Mr. 
Parker  is  of  great  value.  It  is  not,  however,  because  of 
the  intrinsic  value  of  his  work  that  it  is  so  largely  set  forth ; 


234 


nor  is  it  from  any  immediate  motive  to  advocate  or  sustain 
it.  It  is  (i)  because  his  can  be  shown  to  be  that  identical 
measure  which  was  uced  anciently,  as  the  perfect  measure, 
in  the  construction  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  which  was  built 
to  monument  -it  and  its  uses',  (2)  because,  from  it,  the  sacred 
cubit  value  was  derived,  which  was  the  cubit  value  used  in 
construction  of  the  Temple  of  Solomon,  the  Ark  of  Noah, 
and  the  Ark  of  the  Covenant — the  value  of  all  which  con- 
sisted in  the  value  of  the  measures  used;  (3)  because  it 
affords  that  Kabbalistic  value  which  before  all  others ,  conveys 
in  the  Bible  the  idea  of  God,  the  meaning  of  the  term,  and 
the  values  of  his  works  in  the  Cosmos ;  (4)  because  the 
geometrical  symbols  out  of  which  it  is  seen  to  spring,  with 
their  primary  numbers,  are  seen  to  have  a  kind  of  elemental 
relation  to  each  other,  and  were  made  use  of  in  the  mysteries 
to  convey  the  esoteric  teachings;  and  finally,  (5)  because 
it  appears  bound  up  in,  and  as  making  a  fundamental 
part  of  the  English  system  of  long  and  land  and  time  meas- 
ures. If  these  statements  are  true,  there  will  admittedly 
be  no  use  to  assert  that  it  is  well  worthy  of  being  set  forth. 
All  who  appreciate  the  intense  labor  of  research  for  light 
upon  these  matters  will  attach  a  value  to  this  work  of  Mr. 
Parker  far  beyond  that  of  the  standard  method,  even  though 
it  should  be  defective,  because  its  value  will  consist  in 
its  being  a  literary  key  such  as  has  never  yet,  it  is  thought, 
rewarded  the  generations  upon  generations  of  searchers 
in  the  Bible,  in  mythology,  and  in  the  antiquarian  fields. 
In  this  view,  the  question  simply  of  its  mathematical  value 
is  one  of  the  least  possible  importance  as  a  primary  one; 
although  once  recognized  to  have  been  used  as  stated,  there 
is  no  doubt  but  that  it  would  cause  the  foundations  of  the 
standard  methods  to  be  reviewed  with  an  intensity  of 
thought,  which  might,  perhaps,  in  the  end,  establish  Mr. 
Parker's  method  as  the  one  giving  a  more  useful  result — i.e., 
perhaps,  such  an  integral  one,  in  area  computation,  as 
could  be  followed  or  copied  after  in  material  construction ; 
albeit,  it  might,  just  as  the  Play  fair  method,  be,  after  all, 


THE  SOURCE  OF  MEASURES  235 

but  an  approximation.  With  this  apology  it  may  be  well 
to  suggest  some  thoughts  in  relation  to  this  quadrature 
value,  which,  to  some  extent,  are  worthy  of  attention,  and, 
to  some  extent  are  curious. 

MR.  PARKER'S  QUADRATURE  VALUES  OBTAINED 
BY  AREA  COMPUTATIONS. 

(Sec.  28.)  It  seems  to  be  of  importance,  and  it  will  be 
observed,  that,  from  beginning  to  end,  Mr.  Parker  seeks  the 
quadrature  through  area  measure,  in  terms  of  area,  and 
finally  obtains  his  numerical  value  of  rectification  by  an  area 
computation.  His  numerical  values  are  all  area  values  to 
correspond  with  his  geometrical  figures;  and  even  so  in  this 
final  value,  for  it  is  in  area  terms  where  it  exhibits  a  neces- 
sary value  of  linear  measure  of  circumference.  This  being 
the  case,  it  is  evident  that  his  computations  are  susceptible 
of  material  realizations,  as  in  object  building  or  copying. 
If  his  process  is  correct,  then,  under  his  Proposition  XL, 
he  has  raised  a  test  by  which  to  work  a  change  on  the 
standard  method  to  make  it  conform  to  area  conditions  and 
requirements.  The  fact  that  independently  he  has  re- 
produced exactly  the  same  formulae  which  the  ancients 
had,  which  formulae  had  with  them  application  to  the  same 
end,  viz.,  relation  of  diameter  to  circumference,  goes  far 
to  prove  that  his  steps  of  ascertainment  must  have  been  the 
same  as  with  them,  though  they  may  have  had  other  and 
more  satisfactory  methods  of  illustrating  and  enforcing  the 
result.  His  process  seems  to  depend  for  its  correctness 
upon  the  Tightness  of  his  ground  of  the  opposite  qualities 
of  the  triangle  and  circle.  If  this  is  rightly  taken,  his 
numerical  integral  relation  founded  on  the  number  3  must 
be  right.  His  final  step  for  obtaining  the  area  5153  of  the 
inscribed  circle  depends  upon  the  question  whether  the 
Legendre,  or  Playfair  approximate,  is  right  as  a  transcen- 
dental one. 


236  THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID   JEEZEH 

CURIOUS  FEATURES  OBSERVABLE  IN  THE  DE- 
TAILS OF  THE  PLAYFAIR  METHOD. 

(Sec.  29.)  It  must  be  known  that  the  results  as  to  the 
value  of  pi,  by  Legendre  and  Playfair,  were  not  of  universal 
acceptation.  They  were,  for  instance,  criticised  as  being 
incorrect,  by  Torelli,  in  the  preface  of  an  edition  of  the 
works  of  Archimedes,  printed  at  Oxford.  Reference  is 
made  to  this  preface,  and  also  to  Playfair's  comments  on 
the  same,  as  they  are  to  be  found  in  the  supplement  to 
Playfair's  Euclid.  Torelli  held,  according  to  Playfair: 

"That  it  is  impossible,  from  the  relation  which  the 
rectilineal  figures  inscribed  in,  and  circumscribed  about,  a 
given  curve  have  to  one  another,  to  conclude  anything  con- 
cerning the  properties  of  the  curvilineal  space  itself,  except 
in  certain  circumstances,  which  he  has  not  precisely  des- 
cribed." 

The  following  practical  truths  seem  to  the  author  to  be 
exceedingly  remarkable  as  looking,  in  this  specialized  way, 
toward  the  support  of  Torelli's  assertion,  though  no  as- 
sertion must  be  considered  as  made  that  it  affects  the 
truth  of  the  general  results  of  the  Legendre  method.  The 
burden  of  the  effort  of  Legendre  is  to  show  that  by  the 
growing  diminution  and  equality  between  the  circum- 
scribed C'  B'  and  the  inscribed  C  B,  the  curved  line  penned 
up  between  them  becomes  measureable ;  which  curved  line 
at  any  stage  of  bisection,  being  an  even  and  known  part 
of  the  whole  circle,  from  it  the  length  of  the  entire  cir- 
cumference, and  consequently  th^  area  of  the  curved  space, 
is  to  be  had.  The  measure  of  this  growing  equality  is  al- 
ways to  be  tested  by  the  difference  of  value,  at  any  stage 
of  bisection,  between  C  B  and  C'  B'.  In  the  diagram, 
which  may  stand  for  any  stage  of  bisection  C  B'  is  the  chord 
of  half  the  arc,  and  therefore  E  E'  is  B  B'  for  every  suc- 
ceeding bisection.  Now,  from  B',  as  a  center,  with  C  B'  as 
a  radius,  describe  the  arc  C  D.  Then  C'  D  will  be  the 
quantity  which,  vanishing  by  diminution,  the  triangle 


THE  SOUECE  OF  MEASUEES 


237 


C  B'  C'  will  eventually  become  C 
B' D,  and  isosceles ;  when  the  curve 
lying  between  C  B'  and  D  B'  must, 
by  hypothesis,  become  equal  to  C  B', 
or  to  D  B',  as  a  straight  line.  Now, 
as  a  fact,  taking  the  value  C'  D  (the 
difference  between  C  B  and  C'  B') 
and  E  E',  for  a  number  of  bisec- 
tions, and  it  will  seem  to  show  that, 
with  relation  to  the  diminution  of  C' 
D,  E  E7  is  increasing,  and  by  an  in- 
creasing ratio.  It  becomes  a  question, 
on  the  showing,  whether  the  arc  is  not,  relatively,  separating 
from,  instead  of  approaching  the  chord.  If  so,  the  question 
is,  what  is  the  effect  of  this?  What  does  it  mean?  If  E  E' 
is  thus  increasing,  what  is  the  value  of  the  arc  becoming  ? 
Is  there  some  incompatibility  between  the  geometrical 
conditions,  as  presented  to  the  eye  and  the  numerical  cal- 
culations of  these  forms  ?  The  rigid  result  of  such  a  con- 
dition would  seem  to  be  that,  the  ratio  increasing,  the  step 
would  come  where,  as  Mr.  Parker  avers,  C  B'  curve  would 
necessarily  pass  in  value  beyond  that  of  C'  B7  diminished — 
an  absurd  conclusion,  unless  some  unnoticed  incompatibi- 
lity has  existed  between  the  condition  of  the  curve  and  the 
calculations  of  the  sides  of  the  polygons.  It  is  possible 
that  this  may  be  the  case,  since,  in  fact,  the  relations  be- 
tween them  are  not  known,  but  only  inferred.  Practically, 
a  calculation  of  the  value  of  pi  to  6144  sides  of  the  polygons 
taken  from  the  base  that  the  perimeter  of  the  polygon  of 
six  sides  is  one  with  twenty-five  ciphers ,  making  the  radius 
one  with  6  repeated  twenty-four  times,  yields  the  following 
data  as  to  the  relation  or  ratio  between  C'  D  and  E  E',  as 
they  respectively  diminish  with  continuing  bisections  of 
the  arc: 


238 


THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 


6  -sides,  C'  D 

EE' 

i 

0.5706 

12  sides,  C'  D 

EE' 

j 

i  .  2404 

24  .sides,  C'  D 

EE' 

i 

2-5301 

48  sides,  C'  D 

EE' 

i 

5-°847 

96  sides,  C'D 

E  E' 

i 

10.1818 

,192  sides,  C'  D 

EE' 

i 

20.3697 

384  sides,  C'  D 

EE' 

i 

40.  7426 

768  sides,  C'  D 

EE' 

i 

81.4882 

1536  sides,  C'  D 

EE' 

i 

162.9917 

which  shows  a  rapid  ratio  of  diminution  of  C'  D  with  rela- 
tion to  that  of  E  E' :  and  the  practical  diminution  of  C'  D 
may  be  judged  from  a  statement  of  its  value  at  6  sides  and 
6144  sides,  as  follows  : 

6  sides,  C'  B' 

6  sides,  C  B' 

C'  D,  or  difference^   99520298308 

6144  sides,  C' B/=:::::ooo8522ii623 

6144  sides,  C  B'  =  ooo8522ii539 

C'  D,  or  difference  =  84 

which  simply  seems  to  show  that  the  triangle  C  B'  C'  is 
approaching  to  being  isosceles  unattended  by  a  relatively 
rapid  approximation  of  the  chord  C  B'  to  the  curve  C  B'. 
But  the  relation  of  this  approximation  can  be  had  by  a 
statement  of  the  continuing  ratios  between  B  B'  and  E  E', 
and  these  are  as  follows : 


EE'  for 

6  sides 

B  B' 

i 

3.9318516 

E  E'  for 

12  sides 

BB' 

i 

3.9828897 

E  E'  for 

24  sides 

B  B' 

i 

3.9989291 

E  E'  for 

48  sides 

B  B' 

i 

3.9997322 

E  E'  for 

96  sides 

B  B' 

i 

3.9999330 

E  E'  for 

192  sides 

BB' 

i 

3.9999832 

E  E'  for 

384  sides 

BB' 

i 

3.9999958 

E  E'  for 

768  sides 

B  B' 

i 

3.9999989 

E  E'  for 

1536  sides 

BB' 

i 

3.9999997 

Does  not  this  simply  show  that  while  the  ratio  of  E  E'  to 
B  B'  can  never  become  1:4,  the  ratio  of  C'  D  to  E  E'  can 
become  i :  oo  large  ?  which  mathematically  expressed 
means  that  the  triangle  C  B'  C'  may  become  isosceles, 


THE  SOUECE  OF  MEASURES 


239 


while  yet,  absurdly  enough,  the  chord  and  arc  have  not  as 
yet  assimilated?  Not  only  so,  but  have  separated  by  a 
(relatively)  infinite  quantity. 

MATHEMATICS  (OR  THE  STATEMENTS  OF  MATHE- 
MATICIANS)   IS    FAMILIAR    WITH    DEFINITIONS 
-  WHICH  ARE  UNTRUE. 

(Sec.  30.)  It  is  unfortunate  for  mathematics  that,  in 
attempting  to  set  forth  methods  of  comparative  measures  of 
right  and  curved  lines,  it  has  been  found  necessary  to  assume 
truths  as  the  very  groundwork  of  such  measures,  which, 
in  fact,  and  in  the  nature  of  things,  are  not  so.  As  to  the 
Calculus,  for  instance,  its  results  are  taken  as  exact,  when 
the  differentials,  which  are  real  quantities  belonging  to 
those  results,  are  eliminated ;  because,  as  it  is  said,  on  account 
of  their  smallness,  they  can  afford  to  be  dropped.  The 
very  inception  of  Newton's  "Principia,"  for  another  in- 
stance, is  founded  upon  a  geometrically  false  statement, 
as  regards  exactitude  of  definition — palpably  so.  His 
"Lemma  I."  states:  "Quantities  and  the  ratio  of  quantities, 
•which  in  any  finite  time  converge  continually  to  equality,  and, 
before  that  time,  approach  nearer  the  one  to  the  other,  than  by 
any  given  difference,  ultimately  become 
equal."  Let  A  B  C  be  any  triangle, 
and  with  the  length  A  B  as  a  radius, 
let  the  arc  B  D  be  drawn  to  intercept 
the  line  A  C.  Suppose  this  figure, 
both  for  triangle  and  segment  of 
circle,  be  continually  and  propor- 
tionately reduced,  as  A  B'  C',  A  B' 
D';the  relative  differences  will  never 
be  changed,  and,  consequently,  the 
ratios  of  difference  will  always  remain 
the  same.  The  pioposition  is  axio- 
matic, and  does  not  require  demon- 
stration. But  take  the  triangle  ABC,  with  the  circular 
area  A  B  D,  as  decreasing  toward  A  B,  by  different  and 


240  THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

successive  steps,  one  of  which  is,  say,  ABE,  with  the 
circular  area  A  B  F.  By  this  method,  no  geometrical 
ratio  can  be  preserved.  The  ratio  of  diminution 
has  to  be  calculated  by  numerical  combinations. 
But  there  being  a  ratio  of  diminution,  in  which  the  difference 
between  the  straight  line  and  the  curve  is,  say,  a  decreasing 
one,  it  is,  nevertheless,  plainly  to  be  seen  that  the  only 
equality  of  the  curved  line  B  D  with  the  straight  line  B  C, 
in  any  possible  diminution,  will  be  when  the  line  A  C  shall 
so  close  upon  A  B  as  to  wholly  coincide  with  it  (as  to  the 
value  of  their  lengths  now  or  at  last  becoming  alike),  and 
become,  with  A  B,  one  and  the  same  line,  at  which  stage  or 
condition  there  can  be  neither  curved  line  nor  straight  left 
for  comparison:  therefore,  so  long  as  those  lines,  i.  e.,  C  B 
straight,  and  B  D  curve,  exist  at  all,  either  in  whole  or  in 
part,  there  can,  by  possibility,  be  no  equality  between  them. 
Hence  the  lemma  is  false  in  its  terminology;  nor  is  it  even 
right  in  a  showing  of  a  growing  or  proximate  equality, 
as  regards  the  ultimate  structure  of  the  lines,  as  was  shown 
above. 

There  is  a  certain  ridiculousness  in  the  matter,  in  this, 
that  while  the  schools  assert  the  impossibility  of  th^re  being 
an  integral  relation  between  circle  and  square,  because  of 
the  essential  difference  between  a  curved  and  a  right  line 
(which  is  true  to  all  intents),  the  possibility  of  this  integral 
relation  is  here,  by  inference,  falsely  set  forth  and  main- 
tained. It  is  because  a  line  has  breadth  that  a  curved  and 
straight  line  are  not  comparable.  Straight  and  curved 
lines  conceived  of  as  without  breadth  may  be  taken  as 
comparable,  because  of  the  possibility  of  their  reduction 
to  points. 

NATURE     SEEMS    TO    AFFORD     CONFIRMATORY 
EVIDENCE  THAT  MR.  PARKER  IS  RIGHT. 

(Sec.  31.)  Mr.  Parker  is  of  the  opinion  that  there  is 
in  numbers  some,  so  to  speak,  flux  of  notation  of  quantity, 
by  which  geometrical  shapes  can  be  integrally  noted  as 


THE  SOURCE  OF  MEASURES  24l 

changing  the  one  into  the  other.     Thus,  if  he  is  right,  there 

is  a  unit  square,  which  is  of  the  denomination  of  •^-«-:  of 

6561 

a  square  area,  while  it  is  also  at  the  same  time  of  a  denomina- 
tion of  a of  a  circular  area.     Evidently,  then,  what- 


ever  rectuangular  figure  is  represented  in  terms  ,of. this  unit 
square,. its  equivalent  circular  area  value  in  integrals  can 

be  given  in  the  same  terms;  as  —  of  a  square=-^— -  of 

6561  5IS3'— } 

a  circular  area.  It  may  be  that  nature  assumes  r  in  some 
of  her  practical  constructions  on  the,  principals  of  plane 
and  spherical  geometry,  a  least  cubit  one;  and  it  may  be 
that  it  is  in  terms  of  this  least  one  that  she  performs  her 
works,  approximating  the  form  of  a  sphere  by  its  use.,  It 
may  be  that  Mr.  Parker's  method  is  right  as  a  natural 
mechanical  one,  while  that  by  Play  fair  may  be  right 
as  a  transcendental  one.  It  is  certain  that  nature  does  lend 
some  data,a§i  touching  seme  of  her  methods  of  construction. 
The  condition  of  substance  to  form  what  is  called  water,  is 
one  resting  upon  the  quality  of  heat  as  affecting  atomic 
particles  of  matter.  Heat  being  but  a  modification  of 
motion  of  particles,  -a  spheroid  01*  drop  of  water  is  such 
becatise  of  its  particles  being  in  some  peculiarity  of  motion 
on  themselves,  through  perhaps  the  intervention  of  some 
subtler  substance  in  which  the  atoms  may  act.  Thus  the 
globule,  or  spheroid,  of  water  is  formed.  The  effect  of  ces- 
sation of  this  motion  is  indicated  by  a,  cessation  of  spheroid 
<-hape.  Motion  giving  place  to  rest,  the  change  is  character- 
ized by  change  of  shape;  and  this  change  seems  uni- 
formly to  be  that,  as  to  shape  of •  particles ,  of  the  equilateral 
triangle  as  part  of  a  hexagon.  On  this  form,  other  shapes 
take  place.  In  one  form,  at  and  growing  out  of  the  cor- 
ners of  the  hexagon,  are  little  squares  or.  cubes.  (See 
description  by  Professor  Tyndall  of  .these  forms,  as  becoming 
manifested  in  the  breaking  down  of  ice  particles  in  the  in- 
terior of  a  mass,  when  heat  rays  are  passed  through  it.) 

16 


THE    GREAT    PYEAMID   JEEZEH 


In  this  shape  the  substance  has  become  ice.  If  chemically 
the  components  of  water  are  in  integral  atoms,  and  if, 
in  its  structural  form,  in  passing  from  shape  to  shape,  it 
passes  from  one  integral  form  to  another,  as  lo  shape,  this 
would  serve  as  a  strong  hint  that  nature  recognizes  the 
alliance  and  interchanges  of  shapes  in  subdivisions  of  wholes 
not  fractions.  It  is  noteworthy  that  the  primary  material 
one  here  indicated  in  ice  seems  to  be  triangular  or  pyramidal 
than  cubic;  and  this  in  a  measure  serves  to  strengthen  Mr. 
Parker's  assertations,  for  it  is  on  the  triangle  as  the  natural 
originator  of  plane  shapes  that  he  raises  a  least  integral 
in  the  number  3 ,  by  which  to  express  the  value  of  the  circle 
in  terms  of  the  square  and  cube;  and,  again,  he  accom- 
plishes this  by  an  integral  relation,  so  close  to  the  Play  fair 
transcendental  one,  that  the  difference  only  becomes  mani- 
fested at  the  sixth  decimal  place,  in  a  circumference  taken 
to  a  diameter  of  unity. 

PROBLEM  OF  THREE  REVOLVING  BODIES. 

(Sec.  32.)  It  is  thus  seen  that  the  process  of  Mr. 
Parksr  is  founded  geometrically  upon  the  elements  of  the 
circle  and  of  the  equilateral  triangle,  being,  as  related  to 
each  other,  the  extreme  opposites  in  nature,  of  which  the 
circle  is  the  primary  of  all  shapes,  and  hence  the  basis  of  all 
area,  and  the  triangle  is  the  primary  in  nature  of  all  shapes 
formed  of  straight  lines,  and  of  equal  sides  and  angles. 
Of  these  the  equilateral  triangle  is  numerically  measurable ; 
and  it  being  requisite  to  translate  shapes  by  numbers,  as 
to  the  conditions  required  by  a  least  numerical  integral 
value,  with  which  to  determine  the  value  of  the  circle, 
that  integral  least  number  is  found  to  be  3.  By  means  of 
this  shape  and  this  integral  he  obtains  the  value  of  the  circle, 
that  shape  of  greatest  extension  as  compared  with  the 
triangle,  in  terms  of  the  square.  Numerically,  \/ 1/3  is 
opposed  by  3  2x  32  =  8i=diameter  of  his  square,  or  the 
length  of  its  side.  8i2  — 6561  =area  of  his  square,  in  terms 
of  his  least  numerical  integral.  The  area  of  the  contained 


THE  SOUECE  OF  MEASUEES  243 

;  and,  by  the  process  set  forth,  changing  area 
value  to  represent  rectification,  diameter  being  6561, 
circumference  =  2 0612.  The  results,  therefore,  are: 

(1)  Area  of  square =6561 

Area  of  contained  circle.  •  -  • .  .  =5153 

(2)  Diameter  of  circle —6561 

Circumference  of  circle  .  .  =  5153x4  =20612 

PROBLEM  OF  THREE  REVOLVING  BODIES. 
BY  MR.  PARKER. 

(Sec.  33.)  Mr.  Parker  follows  up  the  ascertainment 
of  these  data  with  his  problem  of  three  revolving  bodies, 
founded  upon  the  principles  of  the  quadrature.  This 
problem  is  as  follows: 

PROPOSITION  I.  "The  respective  and  relative  motion 
of  three  gravitating  bodies  revolving  together  and  about 
each  other  is  as  four  to  three,  or  one  and  one-third  of  one 
primary  circumference. 

"I  have  always  considered  this  proposition  as  self- 
evident  on  the  face  of  it,  and  that  no  mathematician  would 
deny  it  and  hazard  his  reputation  on  sustaining  the  denial 
with  proof.  But  as  I  shall  perhaps  be  called  upon  for  proof, 
I  add  here,  at  some  length,  the  solution  of  the  problem, 
after  my  own  method  as  follows : 

"The  problem  of  three  gravitating  bodies  revolving 
together  and  about  each  other  is  one  which  like  the  quad- 
rature, has  hitherto  baffled  all  attempts  of  mathematicians 
to  solve.  But  since  this,  like  others  of  the  kind,  is  of  itself 
a  problem,  which  is  daily  performed  and  consequently 
solved  by  the  mechanical  operations  of  nature,  the  failure 
of  mathematicians  to  reach  the  solution  proves  nothing 
but  the  imperfection  of  the  reasoning  applied  to  it. 

"It  is  a  principle,  I  think,  clearly  demonstratable , 
that  whatever  can  be  constructed  by  mechanics  out  of 
given  magnitudes,  can  be  exactly  determined  by  numbers, 
and  that  which  cannot  be  constructed  by  mechanics  out  of 
any  given  magnitudes,  cannot  be  exactly  determined  by 


244 


numbers,  having  the  same  relation  as  the  magnitudes  one 
to  another.  It  is  for  this  reason,  and  for  this  reason  only, 
that  we  can  not,  out  of  the  same  magnitudes,  construct  a. 
square  which  is  just  twice  as  big  as  any  other  perfect 
square ;  neither  can  we  find  the  perfect  root  of  such  a  square 
by  decimal  numbers.  If  this  reasoning  be  true,  then, 
because  the  problem  of  three  gravitating  bodies  is  a  mechan- 
ical operation  daily  performed  in  nature,  it  is  hence  a  thing 
capable  of  being  proved  by  numbers.  The  great  difficulty 
of  this  problem  has  arisen,  I  think,  from  the  impossibility 
of  its  full  display  by  diagram,  and  the  difficulty  of  embrac- 
ing, in  any  formulae,  all  the  conditions  contained  in  its 
elements.  The  plan  of  exacting  a  display  by  diagram  ,of 
all  the  geometrical  propositions  is  safe,  and  perhaps  it  is 
the  only  plan  by  which  the  yet  untaught  mind  can  be  initia- 
ted into  the  truths  of  geometry;  but  is  always  necessary 
in  every  original  demonstration?  Are  there  not  other 
means  equally  true  and  equally  safe  in  the  hands  of  one 
accustomed  to  examination,  and  acquainted  with  the  prop- 
erties of  numbers  and  of  shapes?  I  think  there  are;  and 
without  taking  the  least  unwarrantable  latitude,  or  de- 
parting from  the  clearest  perceptions  of  reason,  I  think 
this  problem,  may  be  easily  and  accurately  solved. 

"The  thing  required  of  every  demonstration  is,  that, 
it  shall  give  a  sufficient  reason  for  the  truth  which  it  asserts. 
But,  in  order  that  a  reason  may  b&sufficient,  and  the  con- 
clusion drawn  from  it  safe,  it  is  necessary,  not  only  that 
the  relations  of  cause  and  effect  shall  be  made,  clear  to  our 
perceptions,  but  also  that  the  conclusion,  when  drawn, 
shall  abide  the  test  of  practical  application.  Any  demon-, 
stration  which  does  less  than  this  cannot  be  relied  on, 
and  no  demonstration  ever  made  has  ever  done  more  than 
this. 

"We  know  very  well  that  things  are  possible  or  im- 
possible to  be  done,  only  in  proportion  as  the  means  applied 
are  adequate  or  inadequate  to  the  purpose.  We  know  also, 
that  because  different  principles  exist  in  the  various  forms 


THE  SOUECE  OF  MEASUEES  245 

of  matter,  therefore  it  is  impossible  to  demonstrate  every- 
thing by  the  same  means  or  same  principles.  It  is  a  narrow 
minded  prejitd  ce,  therefore,  which  exacts  that  every  dem- 
onstration shall  be  made  by  the  prescribed  rules  of  science, 
as  ^f  science  already  embraced  every  principle  which  exists 
in  nature.  Yet  none  are  more  frequently  guilty  of  this 
narrow-mindedness  than  mathematicians,  who  of  ten  require 
that  things  shall  be  done  by  the  means  which  the  written 
science  affords,  well  knowing  at  the  same  time  that  such 
means  are  inadequate.  Such  has  always  been  the  case  in 
respect  to  the  quadrature  of  the  circle.  Mathematicians 
have  demanded  that  it  should  be  demonstrated  by  the 
properties  of  straight  lines,  knowing  at  the  same  time  that 
straight  lines  are  inadequate.  Therefore  (and  therefore 
only)  the  thing  has  been  found  impossible,  and  all  other 
demonstrations  are  rejected,  because  they  cannot  be  shown 
by  straight  lines.  I  do  not  consent  to  such  unreasonable- 
ness of  decision;  but,  in  every  proposition  where  the  suffi- 
cient reason  is  manifest,  I  hold  the  proposition  to  be  demon- 
strated until  it  can  be  disproved. 

"In  entering  upon  the  solution  of  the  problem  of  three 
gravitating  bodies,  we  must  first  examine  and  see  of  what 
elements  the  problem  is  composed. 

"The  elements  which  I  shall  consider  in  this  case,  will 
not  be  such  as  a  mathematician  of  the  schools  would 
think  it  necessary  to  consider.  They  will  be  far  more  simple, 
more  conclusive  (for  such  as  the  schools  can  furnish,  have 
yet  decided  nothing),  and  I  think,  more  comprehensible, 
yet  equally  true  to  nature  (for  I  consult  nature's  laws  only 
and  not  the  method  or  opinions  of  any  other  man),  and 
equally  accurate  and  precise  with  any  which  can  be  given 
by  any  other  method. 

"And,  first,  each  revolving  body  is  impressed  by  nature 
with  certain  laws  making  it  susceptible  of  the  operation  of 
force,  which  being  applied,  impels  motion.  These  laws 
may  all  be  expressed  under  the  general  term  forces,  which, 
though  various  in  their  nature,  possess  an  equalizing  power, 


THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


controlling  each  other  in  such  a  way  that  neither  can  pre- 
dominate beyond  a  certain  limit;  and  consequently,  these 
bodies  can  never  approach  nearer  to  each  other  than  a 
certain  point,  nor  recede  from  each  other  beyond  another 
certain  point.  Hence,  these  forces  are,  at  some  mean  point, 
made  perfectly  equal,  and  therefore  they  may  be  considered 
as  but  one  force,  and  hence  but  one  element  in  the  problem. 

"Secondly,  these  revolving  bodies  have  magnitude, 
shape,  density,  etc.,  which  affect  the  operations  of  force 
in  producing  motion.  These  properties  of  revolving  bodies 
have  all  the  same  inherent  power  of  equalization  as  forces. 
For  example,  if  density  be  greater  in  one  than  another, 
then  magnitude  will  be  relatively  less,  force  will  be  less 
(the  direct  force),  and  the  momentum  from  velocity  greater, 
but  the  whole  shall  be  equal.  On  the  other  hand,  if  magni- 
tude be  greater,  and  density  less,  then  force  will  be  greater 
and  velocity  less,  but  the  whole  shall  be  equal. 

"The  second  element  of  this  problem  may,  therefore, 
be  comprehended  under  the  term  magnitude,  which  shall 
include  shape,  density,  and  every  other  quality  or  condition 
which  affects  the  operation  of  force  in  producing  motion, 
and  the  whole  constitute  but  one  element  in  the  problem, 
which  I  term  magnitude,  as  referring  to  the  bodies  them- 
selve;  rather  than  to  any  of  their  qualities,  as  density, 
gravity,  or  otherwise. 

"The  third  element  in  this  problem  is  distance,  by 
which  I  would  be  understood  to  mean  the  chosen  distances 
from  one  another,  at  which  these  bodies  perform  their 
revolutions  in»  space.  It  is  well  understood,  that  from 
the  nature  of  the  case,  these  revolving  bodies  must  take 
up  their  mean  distances  from  one  another  in  exact  propor- 
tion to  their  respective  magnitudes  and  forces,  and  in 
proportion  as  these  are  greater  or  less,  the  distance  from 
each  other  will  be  greater  or  less.  Hence,  it  is  seen  that 
the  same  inherent  power  of  equalization  exists  in  respect 
to  distances  as  in  respect  to  the  forces  and  magnitudes, 
and  whether  their  distances  from  each  other  be  greater  or 


THE  SOURCE  OF  MEASURES  247 

less, equal  or  unequal, they  still  constitute  but  one  element 
in  the  problem. 

"The  fourth  and  last  element  in  this  problem  is  motion, 
or  velocity,  by  which  distances  are  to  be  performed  or  over- 
come by  revolution.  And  here  again,  it  will  be  seen,  that 
because  the  distances  to  be  thus  performed  by  revolution 
depend  entirely  on  the  chosen  distances  from  one  another, 
and  these  again  depend  on  magnitude  and  force,  therefore 
the  same  equalizing  power  exists  in  regard  to  motion  or 
velocity,  as  exists  in  regard  to  all  the  other  elements,  and 
therefore  this  also  constitutes  but  one  element  in  the 
problem,  which  I  will  term  velocity,  as  including  momen- 
tum, and  every  other  quality,  condition,  or  effect  of  motion. 

"These  jour  in  number,  are  all  the  elements  necessary 
for  the  mechanical  performance  of  the  problem,  and  con- 
sequently all  that  are  necessary  for  its  determination  by 
numbers;  and  it  has  been  seen  that  such  is  the  nature  of  the 
problem  itself,  and  the  power  of  these  elements  over  one 
another,  that  every  other  quality  or  condition  affecting 
either,  is  equalized  by,  and  held  in  subservience  to  these, 
and  these  again  are  equalized  by,  and  held  in  subservience 
to  one  another,  and  all  controlled  by  magnitude,  so  that  th<* 
whole  constitute  but  one  problem  or  mechanical  operation 
in  which  four  elements  are  concerned. 

"The  difficulty  of  reducing  impalpable  things  to  a 
palpable  standard  of  measure  is  generally  conceded;  but, 
in  this  case,  I  think  the  difficulty  does  not  exist,  and  that 
these  elements  may  all  be  as  truly  represented  by  numbers 
and  magnitudes  as  if  they  were  palpable  things  in  them- 
selves, having  the  qualities  of  length,  breadth,  and  thick- 
ness. For  example,  let  a  stone  be  a  magnitude,  having 
^hape,  bulk,  density,  etc.  Now,  a  force  which  can  raise 
this  stone  one  foot  from  the  ground,  and  hold  it  suspended 
there,  is,  in  its  relation  to  the  magnitude  or  stone,  exactly 
equal  to  one  foot  of  measure;  and  because  the  stone  is 
held  suspended,  and  does  not  descend  again,  nor  rise  higher, 
it  is  evident  that  the  force  and  magnitude  have  become 


248 


THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


equal  at  that  point*  of  elevation,  and  therefore,  vice  versa, 
the  magnitude  or  stone  is,  in  its  relation  to  the  force, 
exactly  equal  to  one  foot  of  measure,  and  consequently 
distance  and  motion  are  each  seen  to  be  equal  to  one  foot ; 
and  the  tame  principles  of  applicability  to  measure  exist  in 
three  bodies  suspended  in  space,  and  made  to  revolve  about 
each  other  by  forces  inherent  in  themselves.  It  matters 
not  that  other  and  disturbing  forces  exist  outside  or  inside 
the  space  in  which  these  bodies  revolve,  because,  if  another 
and  disturbing  force  be  considered,  then  it  ceases  to  be  a 
problem  of  three  gravitating  bodies;  and  also,  because  such 
disturbing  forces,  if  they  exist,  operate  proportionally  on 
all  three  of  the  revolving  bodies,  and  in  the  course  of  a  revo- 
lution, and  consequent  change  of  relative  position,  these 
disturbances  must  find  their  perfect  equality. 

"Now,  let  us  suppose  that  we  have  here  three  bodies, 
revolving  together  in  space  by  their  own  gravitating  power, 
and  let  the  magnitudes  of  these  bodies  be  exactly  equal  to 
one  another;  then  their  forces  shall  be  equal,  their  distances 
equal,  and  their  velocities  equal, 
and  it  will  be  seen  that  they  can- 
not revolve  about  each  other,  but 
must  follow  each  other  round  a 
common  center,  and  their  relative  b 
motion,  in  respect  to  any  point  in 
space  (as  the  point  or  star  A)  must 
be  •  on  the  value  of  the  circum- 
ference of  the  circle  B,  which 
passes  through  the  center  of  each  body,  as  in  the  accom- 
panying figure. 

."Now,  let  us  suppose  that  each  of  the  elements  con- 
tained in  the  problem  of  three  gravitating  bodies,  is  an  equal 
portion  of  the  area  of  the  circle  which  these  bodies  describe 
in  a  revolution;  then  the  circle  will  be  divided  from  the 
center  into  four  equal  parts,  as  at  the  points  a,  b,  c,  d,  and 
let  each  part  be  equal  to  one.  It  will  be  seen  that  in  each 
relative  change  of  position,  each  revolving  body  passes  over 


THE  SOUBCE  OF  MEASURES 


249 


an  area  equal  to  one  and  one-third.  In  other  words,  their 
relative  motion  is  as  jour  to  three.  So,  also,  if  each  element 
shall  be  an  equal  portion  of  the  circumference  of  the  circle 
B,  or  an  equal  portion  of  the  square  of  the  diameter  of  B, 
the  same  result  is  manifest,  and  the  relative  motion  of 
each  revolving  body  is  as  jour  to  three  of  such  magnitude  as  is 
made  the  standard  of  measure. 

"Again:  Secondly.  Let  the  area  of  the  circle  inscribed 
in  the  equilateral  triangle,  whose  sides  make  the  distance 
between  these  revolving  bodies,  be  one,  as  in  the  following 
figure.  It  is  seen  that  the  circle  B,  whose  circumference 
these  bodies  describe  by  their  revolution,  is  four  times  great- 
er than  such  inscribed  circle.  Hence  again,  their  relative 
change  of  position  is  seen  to  be  as  four  to  three,  or  one  and 
one-third  of  the  primary  magnitude  which  is  made  the 
standard  of  measure,  and  (Proposition  I,  Sec.  31.)  it  is 
seen  that  the  circle  inscribed  in  the  triangle,  (as  follows), 
c  forms  the  basis  of  the  area  of  that 

triangle,  when  it  shall  be  measured 
by  circumference  and  radius,  which 
are  the  only  legitimate  elements  of 
area  in  all  shapes  alike. 

"Again:  Thirdly.  It  i^  seen 
that  the  equilateral  -triangle  [see 
preceding  figure] ,  whose  sides  make 
the  distance  between  these  revolv- 
ing bodies,  is  an  angular  shape  and  being  measured  in  the 
usual  way  of  measuring  angular  shapes,  its  area  equals 
the  perpendicular  Pd,  equal  one.  Then  it  is  seen  that 
the  diameter  of  the  circle  B,  which  these  bodies  describe 
in  a  revolution,  is  one-third  greater  than  the  perpendicu- 
lar. Hence,  in  performing  a  complete  revolution,  these 
bodies  describe  a  circumference  equal  to  one  and  and  one 
third  the  circumference  of  one  diameter.  In  other  words, 
their  relative  motion  is  again  seen  to  be  as  four  to  three 
of  one  primary  circumference. 


250  THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

"Fourthly.  These  bodies,  which  are  revolving  together, 
are  known  (by  hypothesis)  to  be  equal  to  one  another  in 
magnitude,  and  consequently  equal  to  one  another  in  all 
the  elements  concerned  in  their  revolution.  Now,  let  us 
suppose  that  their  distance  from  each  other  equals  one. 
That  distance  is  seen  to  be  the  side  of  an  equilateral  tri- 
angle inscribed  in  the  circle  B,  whose  circumference  they 
describe  in  one  complete  revolution.  [See  preceding  figure.] 
Now,  the  side  of  an  equilateral  triangle  inscribed  in  a  circle 
equals  the  perpendicular  from  the  base  of  an  equilateral 
triangle,  whose  side  equals  the  diameter  of  the  aforesaid 
circle;  and  therefore,  because  the  square  of  the  side  of  any 
equilateral  triangle  equals  one-third  added  to  the  square  of 
its  perpendicular,  and  because  the  square  of  the  side  of  the 
equilateral  triangle  inscribed  in  B  equals  only,  therefore  the 
square  of  the  diameter  of  B  equals  one  and  one-third. 
Hence  the  area  of  B  equals  one  and  one-third  the  area  of 
a  circle  whose  diameter  is  one.  Hence,  in  describing  the 
circumference  of  B,  the  relative  motion  of  the  three  re- 
volving bodies  shall  be  as  four  to  three,  or  one  and  one-third 
the  area  of  a  circle  whose  diameter  is  one. 

"By  Proposition  XII.,  Sec.  23,  it  is  shown  that  the 
true  and  primary  ratio  of  circumference  to  diameter  of  all 
circles,  which  can  be  expressed  in  whole  numbers,  is  four 
times  the  area  of  one  circle  inscribed  in  one  square,  for  the 
ratio  of  circumference,  to  the  area  of  the  circumscribed  square, 
for  a  ratio  of  diameter.  [See  preceeding  figure]  Therefore, 
it  is  evident  that  if  the  circumference  of  B  shall  be  resolved 
into  such  primary  parts  as  shall  express  the  circumference  of 
one  diameter  in  whole  numbers ,  and  in  its  exact  relation  to 
area  and  diameter,  without  a  remainder  in  either,  then  the 
circumference  B  shall  equal  one  and  one-third  of  one  primary 
circumference,  such  as  may  be  expressed  in  whole  numbers; 
because  the  area  of  the  square  circumscribing  B  equals  one 
and  one-third,  when  ths  side  of  the  equilateral  triangle 
inscribed  in  B  equals  one. 


THE  SOUECE  OF  MEASUKES  251 

"Fifth  and  lastly.  These  revolving  bodies  must  be 
supposed  to  revolve  upon  a  value,  in  which  diameter  and 
area  form  exact  and  equal  portions,  and  the  only  circle  in 
nature  whose  diameter  and  area  are  equal  to  one  another, 
and  identical  in  numbers  is  a  circle  whose  circumference  is 
four;  hence  the  relative  motion  of  three  bodies  of  equal 
magnitude,  revolving  together,  can  not  be  otherwise  than 
one  and  one-third  of  such  parts. 

"It  is  evident  from  all  the  foregoing  demonstrations, 
that,  if  we  suppose  the  elements  of  which  this  problem  is 
composed  to  be  magnitudes,  and  take  them  as  a  standard  of 
measure,  whether  such  magnitudes  shall  be  equal  portions 
of  the  area  of  a  circle,  or  of  its  circumference,  or  of  the  square 
of  its  diameter  or  wnether  we  take  as  our  standard  of  meas- 
ure the  distance  between  these  revolving  bodies,  which 
makes  the  side  of  a  triangle,  or  the  perpendicular  of  such 
triangle,  or  its  inscribed  circle;  in  all  cases,  and  in  every 
case,  the  relative  motion  of  these  three  revolving  bodies 
•must  be  as  jour  to  three,  or  one  and  one-third  of  such  magnitude 
as  is  made  the  standard  of  measure,  and  there  is  no  other 
standard  of  measure  which  can  be  mathematically  assumed 
in  the  premises  which  I  have  not  here  considered. 

"The  proposition  is  therefore  demonstrated  that  three 
gravitating  bodies  of  equal  magnitude,  revolving  together, 
their  relative  motion  shall  be  as  four  to  three,  or  one  and  one- 
third  of  one  primary  circumference. 

"It  will  be  obvious  to  anyone  that,  in  the  foregoing 
demonstration,  I  have  assumed  that  the  magnitude  of  the 
revolving  bodies  are  all  equal  to  one  another,  and  hence  their 
forces,  distances,  and  velocities  are  all  equal  to  one  another; 
consequently  they  all  revolve  on  the  same  circumference 
as  shown  in  the  several  plates;  therefore,  they  cannot 
revolve  about  each  other,  but  must  follow  each  other  round 
a  common  center.  But,  in  the  problem  of  the  revolution 
of  the  moon  about  the  earth,  and  the  earth  and  moon  to- 
gether about  the  sun ;  the  magnitudes  are  all  unequal,  and 
hence  their  distances  from  each  other,  their  forces  and  velo- 


252  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


cities,  are  all  unequal,  and  they  are  known  not  to  follow  each 
other,  as  in  the  foregoing  demonstration,  but  to  revolve 
about  each  other  in  the  order  above  stated. 

"It  may  perhaps,  therefore,  be  inferred  that  the  fore- 
going demonstration  is  not  applicable  to  such  gravitating 
bodies.  But  it  must  be  observed,  also,  that  the  equalizing 
power  of  all  the  elements  of  the  problem  are  in  full  force 
and  operation  here,  as  well  as  in  the  problem  just  solved, 
.and  that  the  chosen  distances,  forces,  and  velocities  are 
in  exact  proportion  to  the  relative  magnitudes  of  the  bodies 
revolving;  and  hence  their  relative  motion  shall  be  still 
the  same,  with  this  difference  only,  that  because  the  moon 
revolves  about  the  earth,  and  the  earth  and  moon  together 
revolve  about  the  sun,  therefore  their  relative  motions 
being  expressed  by  time  (which  is  also  relative),  the  fol- 
lowing proportions  ensue." 

(Sec.  34.)  While  Mr.  Parker  seeks  to  set  forth  his 
own  clearly  conceived  opinions  that  nature,  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  solar  system,  and  of  the  cosmos,  founds  all 
bodies  as  to  their  size,  shape,  density,  motion,  relation  to 
each  other,  and  relative  motion  to  each  other,  upon  an 
underlying  law,  capable  of  mental  realization  and  of  geomet- 
rical setting  forth,  by  which,  if  some  one  unit  fact  of  these 
^phenomena  is  known,  then  all  these  various  elements  may 
be  had  in  a  correlating  and  co-ordinating  method  of  nota- 
tion, he  also  intends  to  say  that  there  is  one,  and  but  one 
number  form,  for  a  flux  through  which  all  these  relations 
may  become  manifested  and  known.  The  base  of  the  law 
is  the  relation  of  the  geometrical  elements  of  the  triangle, 
the  circle,  and  the  square;  the  second,  or  measuring,  or 
notating,  stage  is  the  relation  of  the  area  and  rectification 
of  the  circle  in  terms  of  the  square  .  Now,  these  relations 
may  be  variously  set  forth,  as  of  unity  for  diameter  to 
3.14159+  for  circumference,  and  so  on;  but  there  is  but 
one  numerical  form  for  the  expression  of  these  relations, 
through  which  all  these  phenomena  will  correlatively  work 
themselves  out,  and  that  is  in  the  Parker  forms  of  6561  : 
5153x4  =206 12,  and  none  oilier;  and  this  is  the  form  on  which 


253 


under  his  quadrature  value,  and  his  problem  of  three 
revolving  bodies,  Mr.  Parker  proceeds  to  the  calculation  of 
the  time  periods  of  the  earth  and  moon. 

Suppose  that  nature  herself  recognizes  the  division 
of  the  solar  day  into  the  same  subdivisions  that  man  does, 
viz.,  5184000'"  (or,  in  other  words,  suppose  that -man  has 
been  taught  these  number  relations  from  nature,  as  by 
revelation,  in  whatsoever  way  we  may  understand  it  as' 
coming),  as  a  time  circle  actually  made  by  the  revolution 
of  a  planet;  and  suppose  she  herself  has  so  adjusted  her 
works  that  this  circle  has  relation  to  the  abstract  relation  of 
square  area  to  circular  area  and  circular  rectification  in 
one  peculiar  number  form,  and  none  other,  to  that  she  shall 
preserve  harmonious  connection  in  all  her  works,  between 
geometrical  principles  of  change  and  the  power  of  trans- 
lating or  notating  them  through  just  these  number  forms, 
and  none  other.  The  conclusion  is  irresistible  that  the  numer- 
ical methods,  which  we  as  mortals  do  possess,  are,  after  all, 
but  the  very  ones  which  some  unseen  power  has  been  work- 
ing by  in  the  very  creation  of  our  cosmos,  and  in  some  way 
has  actually  implanted  in  us  for  our  Use.  The  test  of  this  is 
in  the  application.  Mr.  Parker  has  the  right  of  comparison 
of  two  distinct  forms  of  circular  use.  For  instance,  a  point 
on  the  equator  performs  a  circle  of  time  in  what  we  call 
360  degrees  of  space,  or  24  hours  of  time,  or  5184000  thirds 
of  last  subdivisions  of  time.  Then"  5184  is  the  index  of 
this  work  done  and  of  a  circular  value  accomplished". 
Again,  Mr.  Parker  finds  that  5153  is  abstractly  the  area  of 
a  circle  inscribed  in  a  square  of  an  area  of  6561.  He  has  the 
right  to  institute  whatever  comparisons  he  sees  fit  between 
these  two  relations,  because  of  the  common  property  which 
they  have  of  being  circular  admeasurements.  But  this  is 
but  his  right,  and  it  does  not  follow  that  nature  has  had  any 
like  weakness  or  any  like  strength  of  design.  However, 
she  has  a  measure  of  her  own  to  mark  the  same  time  period, 
which  is  in  the  rising 'and  setting  of  the  sun  as  a  fact,  or 


254  THE    GEEAT    PYBAMID   JEEZEH 

in  the  alterations  of  day  and  night.  If  Mr.  Parker's  uses 
are  such  that  nature's  use  is  seen  accurately  to  fit  and  adapt 
to  them,  then  instead  of  speaking  of  "Mr.  Parker's  applica- 
tions" we  can  say  and  should  say  "Nature's  applications 
as  discovered  by  Mr.  Parker." 

(Sec.  35.)  Mr.  Parker  takes  the  characteristic  value 
of  a  solar  day  as  a  circular  admeasurement  in  its  division 
of  5184.  With  this  he  claims  that  in  nature,  the  abstract 
value  of  circular  area  is  connected  in  mechanical  construc- 
tion ,  which  value  is  5 1 5 3 .  As  the  one  is  the  solar  day  value  in 
thirds,  so  he  makes  the  second  the  abstract  circular  value  in 
thirds,  or  like  denomination.  He  says: 

"The  length  of  one  'circular  day'  is   5153000'" 
"The    length    of   one    'solar    day'    is    5184000'" 
"The   length  of  one   'sidereal   day'  is  5169846'" 
"The  difference  between  one  circular  and  one  solar 
day  is  8'  36"  40'"  (or,  it  is  31-000"',  the    differential  31 
being  a  number  of  great  use) . 

"The  difference  between  one  circular  and  one  sidereal 
day  is  4'  40"  46'"." 

His  relation  of  area  of  square  to  that  of  inscribed 
circle  is:  area  of  square,  6561;  area  of  inscribed 
circle,  5153. 

His  relation  of  rectification  is:  diameter  of  circle, 
6561;  circumference  of  circle,  5153  x  4:=2o6i2. 

His  general  formula  for  the  calculation  of  time  periods, 
under  his  "problem  of  the  revolving  bodies,"  is: 

2061 2x4  =  27482. 666  +  ,  and  this  x— =36643.555  +  , 

o  3 

in  which  the  base  is  the  area  of  the  inscribed  circle  x  by  4 = its 
rectification;  the  second  term  is  numerically  the  value  of 
the  moon's  lunation,  and  the  third  is  the  base  of  the  calcula- 
tion of  the  solar  year.  To  illustrate  what  has  been  said: 
Take  the  second  term  as  the  value  of  the  moon's  lunation; 
numerically  it  is  the  value  of  abstract  circumference,  plus 
one-third  of  itself,  and  Mr.  Parker  says  of  it  that  it  is  "the 
value  of  the  moon's  passage  around  the  earth  over  the  value 
of  one  complete  circle  in  space,  in  circular  days";  that  is, 


THE  SOURCE  OF  MEASURES  255 

it  is  in  terms  of  the  abstract  value  of  5153  and  in  its  de- 
nominations, for  it  was  raised  from  it.  Reduce  this  to 
solar  time,  thus: 

27482666  +  x  *  I^3° —  =  273183220164+  : 
5 184000 

Take  this  result  as  27  .3183220164  +  50^  days,  and  reduced 
to  the  proper  divisions  of  solar  time,  there  results  27d. 
7h.  38'  23"  i'"  20"".  Now,  this  result  is  too  small  for  a 
sidereal  lunation  by  the  quantity  4'  40"  46'",  but  strangely 
enough,  or  rather  magnificently  enough,  as  proving  all  that 
has  been  advanced,  this  quantity  as  will  be  seen  by  reference 
to  the  differences  above,  is  just  the  difference  between  one 
circular  and  one  sidereal  day,  that  difference  being  just 
4'  40"  46"'.  Thus  there  are  the  integral  calculations:  (i.) 
The  Parker  abstract  form,  raised  by  his  problem  of 
three  revolving  bodies,  to  a  numerical  value  of  a  sidereal 
lunation,  which,  (2.)  reduced  to  solar  circular  value,  by 
the  addition  of  the  difference  between  the  abstract  circular 
value  and  the  real  sidereal  value  of  a  solar  day,  gives  the 
real  mean  lunation  in  natural  periods  of  days.  There  could 
be  no  stronger  proof  that  in  our  resultant  number  forms  of 
360  degrees,  24  hours,  and  5184000"',  we  have  simply  been 
making  use  of  a  system  with  which  we  have  had  no  hand 
or  part  in  its  invention.  It  is  to  be  observed  that  this  result 
is  one-fifth  of  one  second  in  a  lunar  month,  less  than  the 
period  given  in  astronomical  time.  But  let  it  be  remember- 
ed that  from  the  received  astronomical  value,  it  has  been 
inferred  that  with  regard  to  ancient  astronomical  time,  the 
moon's  motion  has  been  accelerated,  and  this  has  given 
rise  to  the  opinion  that  the  solar  system  of  movement  is 
winding  down,  or  closing  up.  By  Mr.  Parker's  time,  on 
this  same  ground,  the  moon's  is  shown  to  be  equable  and 
perfectly  true  to  itself,  going  to  show  that  the  solar  system 
is  not  a  system  of  projectiles,  but  is  a  permanency,  having 
a  far  more  subtle  and  life-like  cause  of  movement. 

The  third  term  of  Mr.  Parker's  application  of  his  prob- 
lem of  three  revolving  bodies,  is  36643.555  +  ,  which  he 


256  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

says  is  "the  exact  value'of  the  earth's  passage  around  the 
sun,  over  the  value  of  one  complete  circle  in  space,  in 
circular  days";  and  on  this  he  proceeds  to  the  reduction  to 
the  exact. period  of  the  earth  in  solar  time. 

(Sec.  36.)  His  periods  of  time  agree  to  a  marvelously 
small  fraction  with  the  standard  periods.  The  following 
tabulation  shows  this: 

(i.)  A  SIDEREAL  LUNATION. 
Astronomical  time  i    2jd.  7h.  43'  4" 

By:  Mr.  Parker       ,     -  27d.  ?h.  43'  3"  47 '"  *>"" 

(2,.)  A  SOLAR  LUNATION. 

Astronomical  time  as  usually  given  2gd.  lah.  44'  3" 
By  Mr.  Parker  296..  rah.  44'  2"  .84 

The  synodic  period,  as  given  by 
.    McKay,  the  English  navigator  icjd.  i2h.  44'  2"  48'" 
By  Mr.  Parker:  at;d.  iah.  44'  *"  50'"  31"" 

(3.)  A  MEAN"YEAR. 
Astronomical     time     as     given 

"sixty-one  years  since,"  3^sd.  sh.  48'  49'.' 

"By  the  latest  authorities  as  taken 

from   a   work   of   Dr.    Dick"  36501.  $h. -48' 51" 
By  Mr:  Parker  £  53*£i?  $6$d.  $h.  48'  50"  53'"  6"" 

(4.)^, SOLAR!  YEAR. 

Astronomical :  time  3^5^.  sh.  48'  6" 

By-  Mr.;  Parker  '  3653.  jh.  48'  6"  i'"  6"" 

s-u^'Sec.  37.)  The  above  statements  are  given  to  exhibit 
the  use  made  by  Mr.  Parker  of  his  problem  of  three  revolv- 
ing bodies,  based  on  his  abstract  circular  values,  and  the 
use  of  the  factors  4  and  3  in  the  formula 

2061 2xi.  =  27482.66  -f  ,  and  this  x  —  ~  36643.  55+  ; 

t 

the  use  of  which  factors  will  be  shown  to  be  very  prominent 
in  the  pyramid  works  and  measures. 

And  here,  as  in  relation  to  his  Quadrature,  it  is  stated 
distinctly,  that  the  setting  forth  of  the  problems  -  or  claims 
of  Mr.  Parker  are  not  in  any  way  as  affirming  either  his 
establishment  of  the  Quadrature  or  o-f  the  problem  of 
three  revolving  bodies.  //  is  absolutely  necessary  to  set 


THE  SOUECE  OF  MEASUEES  257 

forth  the  results  of  his  labors,  because  it  will  be  shown 
beyond  all  controversy,  that  the  construction  of  the  Great 
Pyramid  was  the  architectural  display  of  his  results;  and 
without  the  use  of  his  conclusions  and  results,  it  will 
forever  prove  impossible  to  reconstruct  that  mass  agreeably 
to  the  conception  of  the  architect. 

THE  ANSATED  CROSS  OF  THE  EGYPTIANS  AND 

THE  CHRISTIAN  CROSS  THE  EMBLEMATIC 

DISPLAY    OF    THE    ORIGIN    OF 

MEASURES. 

(Sec.  38.)  If  it  is  desired  to  display  the  process  of 
the  establishment  of  the  co-ordinating  unit  of  measure 
spoken  of,  by  way  of  symbol,  it  would  be  by  the  figure  of  the 
cube  unfolded ^  in  connection  with  the  circle,  whose  measure 
is  taken  off  onto  the  edges  of  the  cube.  The  cube  unfolded 
becomes,  in  superficial  display,  a  cross  proper,  or  of  the  tau 
form,  and  the  attachment  of  the  circle  to  this  last  gives 
the  ansated  cross  of  the  Egyptians ,  with  its  obvious  meaning 
of  the  origin  of  measures.  Because,  also,  this  kind  of 
measure  was  made  to  co-ordinate  with  the  origin  of  human 
life,  it  was  secondarily  made  to  assume  the  type  of  the 
pudenda  hermaphrodite,  and,  in  fact,  it  is  placed  by  repre- 
sentation to  cover  this  part  of  the  human  person  in  the 
Hindu  form.  It  is  very  observable  that,  while  there  are 
but  six  faces  to  a  cube,  the  representation  of  the  cross  as 
the  cube  unfolded,  as  to  the  cross-bars,  displays  one  face 
of  the  cube  as  common  to  two  bars,  counted  as  belonging  to 
either;  then  while  the  faces  originally  represented  are  but  6, 
the  use  of  the  two  bars  counts  the  square  as  4  for  the  up- 
right and  three  for  the  cross-bar,  making  seven  in  all. 
Here  we  have  the  famous  4  and  3  and  7.  The  4  and  3  are 
the  factor  numbers  of  the  Parker  problem.  But,  what  is 
very  much  .to  the  purpose  here,  is,  that  the  golden  candle- 
stick in  the  temple  was  so  composed  that.  Counting  on 
either  side,  there  were  four  candle-sockets;  while,  at  the 
apex,  there  being  one  in  common  to  both  sides,  there  were 

17 


258  THE    GREAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

in  fact  3  to  be  counted  on  one  side  and  4  on  the  other, 
making  in  all  the  number  7 ,  upon  the  self -same  idea  of  one 
in  common  with  the  cross  display.  Take  a  line  of  one 
unit  in  breadth  by  3  units  long,  and  place  it  on  an  incline ; 
take  another  of  4  units  long,  and  lean  it  upon  this  one,  from 
an  opposite  incline,  making  the  top  unit  of  the  4  in  length 
the  corner  or  apex  of  a  triangle.  This  is  the  display  of  the 
candlestick.  Now,  take  away  the  line  of  three  units  in 
length,  and  cross  it  on  the  one  of  4  units  in  length,  and  the 
cross  form  results.  The  same  idea  is  conveyed  in  the  six 
days  of  the  week  in  Genesis,  crowned  by  the  seventh, 
which  was  used  by  itself  as  a  base  of  circular  measure. 

(Sec.  39.)  These  are  symbols  of  ancient  use  of  the 
Parker  forms  and  their  connections.  It  serves  but  to 
confirm  this  use  to  notice  the  conclusion  to  which  Professor 
Seyffarth  arrived  at  from  the  study  of  the  Egyptian  hiero- 
glyphic signification  of  the  ansated  cross.  It  will  be  ob- 
served that  this  cross,  being  surmounted  by  the  circle,  or 
circular  figure,  in  fact  roughly  represents  the  form  of  a  man, 
with  arms  extended.  Professor  Seyffarth  says:  "It 
represents,  as  I  now  believe,  the  skull  with  the  brains,  the 
seat  of  the  soul,  and  with  the  nerves  extending  to  the  spine, 
back,  and  eyes  or  ears.  For  the  Tanis  stone  translates  it 
repeatedly  by  anthropos  (man),  and  this  very  word  is 
alphabetically  written  (Egyptian)  ank.  Hence  we  have 
the  Coptic  ank,  vita,  properly  anima,  which  corresponds 
with  the  Hebrew  anosh,  properly  meaning  anima.  The 
Egyptian  auki  signifies  my  soul." 

It  is  curious  that  this  Hebrew  equivalent,  Anosh, 
for  "man"  by  Prof.  Seyffarth,  reads  numerically  365 — i, 
which  could  be  intended  to  mean  either  365  + i  =366,  or 
365 — 1  =  364,  or  the  time  phases  of  the  solar  year,  thus 
shadowing  forth  the  astronomical  connection. 

The  Hebrew  word  for  a  lunar  year,  "shanah,"  directly 
connects  the  idea  of  "man"  with  an  astronomical  value, 
as  also  an  abstract  circular  value.  As  said,  the  two  values 
of  113  to  355  and  6561  to  20612  are,  as  it  were,  welded 


THE  SOURCE  OF  MEASURES 


259 


together  in  ancient  use.  The  attachment  of  a  man  to  the 
cross  would  be,  in  display,  the  symbol  of  such  welding.  In 
fact,  this  is  a  plainer  and  more  perfect  symbolization  of 


the  ancient  use  than  any  other.  It  was  one  made  use  of  in 
this  form  of  display  by  the  Hindus.  In  fact,  the  Old  Testa- 
ment is  rabbinically  and  kabbalistically  familiar  with  the 
expression  of  crucifying  a  man,  or  men,  before  the  Lord  and 
ike  sun.  In  symbol,  the  nails  of  the  cross  have  for  the  shape 
of  the  heads  thereof  a  solid  pyramid,  and  a  tapering  square 
obeliscal  shaft,  for  the  nail.  Taking  the  position  of  the 
three  nails  in  the  man's  extremities,  and  on  the  cross  they 
form  or  mark  a  triangle  in  shape,  one  nail  being  at  each 
corner  of  the  triangle.  The  wounds,  or  stigmata,  in  the 
extremities  are  necessarily  jour,  distinctive  of  the  square; 
and,  as  in  the  candlestick,  there  have  been  two  used  as  one, 
or  rather  one  used  as  two,  in  the  connection  of  the  three 
nails  with  the  jour  extremities.  The  three  nails  with  the 
three  wounds  are  in  number  6,  which  denotes  the  six 
faces  of  the  cube  unfolded,  on  which  the  man  is  placed;  and 
this  in  turn  points  to  the  circular  measure  transferred  onto 
the  edges  of  the  cube.  The  one  wound  of  the  feet  separates 
into  two  when  the  feet  are  separated,  making  three  together 
for  all,  and  four  when  separated,  or  7  in  all — another  and 
most  holy  feminine  base  number. 

PRIMORDIAL    VESTIGES    OF    THESE    SYMBOLS 

Under  the  general  view  taken  of  the  nature  of  the 
number  forms  of  Mr.  Parker,  it  becoms  a  matter  of  research 
of  the  utmost  interest  as  to  when  and  where  their  existence 


260  THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

and  their  use  first  became  known.  Has  it  been  a  matter  of 
revelation  in  what  we  know  as  the  historic  age — a  cycle 
exceedingly  modern  when  the  age  of  the  human  race  is 
contemplated?  It  seems,  in  fact,  as  to  the  date  of  its 
possession  by  man,  to  have  been  further  removed,  in  the 
past,  from  the  old  Egyptians  than  are  the  old  Egyptians 
from  us. 

(Sec.  40.)  (i.)  THE  EASTER  ISLES  in  "mid- 
Pacific"  located  about  2,300  miles  from  the  S.  W.  coast  of 
South  America,  in  27°  6'  S.  Lat.,  and  109°  17'  W.  Long., 
present  the  feature  of  the  remaining  peaks  of  the  mountains 
of  a  submerged  continent,  for  the  reason  that  these  peaks 
are  thickly  studded  with  cyclopean  statues,  (some  of  which 
exceed  27  feet  in  height),  remnants  of  the  civilization  of  a 
dense  and  cultivated  people,  who  must  have  of  necessity 
occupied  a  widely  extended  area.  On  the  backs  of  these 
images  is  to  be  found  the  "ansated  cross,"  and  the  same 
modified  to  the  outlines  of  the  human  form.  A  full  descrip- 
tion with  plate  showing  the  land,  with  the  thickly  planted 
statues,  also  with  copies  of  the  images,  is  to  be  found  in 
the  January  number,  1870,  of  the  "London  Builder". 
Some  of  the  statues  exhibiting  the  markings  of  the  cross,  it  is 
thought,  are  in  the  British  Museum.  It  will  be  noted,  that 
the  "Easter  Isles"  are  the  exact  "antipodes"  of  the  territory 
of  Southern  Egypt,  immediately  surrounding  the  Great 
Pyramid  Jeezeh.  'This  will,  in  a  manner,  account  for 
(at  least)  a  partial  preservation  of  the  "Easter  Isles"  during 
the  last  cataclysm,  occupying  as  they  do,  the  poising  point 
of  the  earth,  exactly  opposite  the  Great  Pyramid. 

(2.)         CRUCIFIED     MAN     OF     SOUTH     AMERICA. In     the 

"Naturalist,"  published  at  Salem,  Mass.,  in  one  of  the 
early  numbers  (about  36),  is  to  be  found  a  description  of 
some  very  ancient  and  curious  carving  on' the  crest  walls 
of  the  mountains  of  South  America,  older  by  far,  it  is 
averred,  than  the  races  now  living.  The  strangeness  of 
these  tracings  is  in  that  they  exhibit  the  outlines  of  a  man, 
stretched  out  on  a  cross,  by  a  series  of  drawings,  by  which 


THE  SOUKCE  OF  MEASUEES  261 

from  the  form  of  a  man  that  of  a  cross  springs,  but  so  done 
that  the  cross  may  be  taken  as  the  man,  or  the  man  as  the 
cross;  thus  exhibiting  a  symbolic  display  of  the  interde- 
pendency  of  the  forms  set  forth  in  the  text. 

THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID. 

(Sec.  41.)  To  a  mind  unbiased  by  the  possession  of 
previous  fixed  theories,  the  assertion  that  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid of  Egypt  was  built  for  the  dual  purpose  (i.)  "to  perpet- 
uate a  series  of  weights  and  measures,  astronomical  and 
otherwise,  containing  a  system  of  mathematical  and  geo- 
metrical admeasurement,"  and  (2.)  for  an  "Initiates  Asylum 
wherein  adepts  were  obligated  in  the  hidden  mysteries," 
can  be  received  with  credulity — and  the  only  possible 
theory  left,  but  what  has  already  been  investigated  and 
in  the  main  found  wanting.  None  but  proof  of  an  extra- 
ordinary kind  as  to  ability  to  reconstruct,  after  the  mental 
conception  of  what  the  architect  intended  to  represent, 
ought  to  become,  or  will  become,  acceptable.  This  is 
especially  the  case  where  the  time  of  the  building  of  the 
mass  dates  back  beyond  what  may  "be  called  the  historic 
age,  and  where  every  theory  advanced  must  rest  for  sup- 
port upon  its  own  intrinsic  merit,  unsupported  by  positive 
evidence  of  any  kind.filtering  through  the  historical  channels 
of  the  world. 

The  further  step  required  is,  01  eliminating  all  theory, 
and  all  probability,  and  all  possibility,  leaving  a  standard 
of  measure  as  fixed  and  rigid,  for  instance  as  the  English 
inch.  As  a  sequence  to  this,  the  restoration  of  the  mass  is 
to  be  made  in  terms  and  divisions  of  this  measure.  Sub- 
ject to  these  considerations,  and  they  seem  to  be  fair  and 
pertinent,  if  a  standard  of  measure  can  be  arrived  at,  as 
a  rigid  and  fixed  one,  derivable  from  an  elemental  source, 
by  use  of  which  a  structure  can  be  erected,  as  to  its  whole 
and  most  of  its  parts,  similar  to  that  of  the  Great  Pyramid 
in  its  geometrical  shapes,  and  in  such  manner  that  the 
evidence  is  convincing  that  the  actual  measure  of  its  original 


262 


construction  is  being  used,  then,  indeed,  the  recognition  of 
that  standard,  its  source,  and  its  use  in  that  connection,  it  is 
thought,  should  be  conceded,  even  though  the  particulari- 
ties of  the  method  of  use  may  not  be  certain. 

Before  closing  this  work  in  a  coming  chapter,  we  shall 
attempt  to  show  that  there  are  other  and  even  more  im- 
portant rooms  in  this  great  asylum,  than  have  yet  been 
exposed  to  "eavesdroppers"  and  the  vulgar  public.  To 
any  that  have  "traveled  extensively"  or  knocked  at  the 
outer  portals  of  any  of  the  principal  Secret  Organizations, 
will  recognize  in  the  great  stone  Sphinx,  a  part  and  parcel 
of  the  Great  Pyramid.  You  may  call  it,  the  Tyler,  or 
Sentinel,  or  Outer  Guard,  etc.,  through  which,  some  time 
in  the  future,  the  entrance  to  the  Great  Pyramid  will  be 
effected,  and  not  via  the  northern,  narrow,  astronomical 
passage,  built  only  for  the  purpose  of  exposing  to  an 
initiate,  his  "guiding  star"  during  his  travels. 

(Sec.  42.)  Professor  Piazzi  Smythhas  given  to  the  world 
a  mass  of  measures  of  this  structure.  He  was  laboriously, 
and  even  painfully,  careful  in  their  taking,  on  a  measure 
adjusted  to  the  British  standard  at  Edinburgh,  even  to  the 
balancing  and  dwelling  upon  tenths  and  sometimes  hun- 
dredths  of  inches.  He  had  found  such  discrepancies  in  the 
measures  of  the  multitudes  of  those  who  had  preceded  him 
that  he  was  prepared  beforehand  for  his  work.  Besides, 
he  desired  to  discover  who  of  those  others  had  done  their 
work  well.  Of  those  who  had  preceded  him,  he  found  the 
measures  of  Col.  Howard  Vyse,  of  the  French  savants,  and 
of  Professor  Greaves,  exact  and  reliable. 

That  it  is  next  to  impossible  to  have  measuring  in- 
struments alike,  though  taken  from  a  same  standard;  and 
it  is  almost  impossible  that,  even  though  having  the  same 
measures,  their  uses  will  bring  out  the  same  results.  Dis- 
crepancies are  liable,  from  these  causes,  to  show  themselves 
in  tenths  of  inches,  and  even  more,  where  lengths  of  thirty 
or  more  feet  are  taken.  No  one  better  appreciated  this 
statement  than  Professor  Smvth. 


THE  SOURCE  OF  MEASURES  263 

As  to  the  objects  of  construction  of  the  Great  Pyramid 
of  Egypt:  the  one  most  generally  accepted  is,  that  of  an 
astronomical  center,  from  the  facts  that  the  north  base  side 
of  the  structure  coincides  with  the  parallel  of  30°  north 
latitude,  and  that  the  mass,  as  to  its  sides,  evidenced  by  its 
corner  socket  lines,  are  oriented  more  perfectly  than  could 
be  expected  of  human  ability  today. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Taylor,  who  made  this  structure  a  study 
in  his  day,  saw  its  geometrical  side  more  than  any  other, 
and  thought  that  it  was  so  built  that  its  height  should  be 
to  one-half  its  circumference  as  diameter  to  circumference 
of  a  circle.  Corroborated  later  by  the  measurements  of 
Prof.  Smyth;  who  upon  carefully  taken  measures,  linear 
and  angular,  and  upon  computation,  comes  to  the  result 
that  the  structure  was:  In  height,  486  feet  2  inches; 
and  that  its  base  side  was,  by  the  measures  of  Col.  Howard 
Vyse,  in  length,  764  feet,  and  by  the  measures  of  the 
French  Corps,  763.62  feet. 

STANDARD  MEASURES  OF  THE  KING'S  CHAMBER. 

(Sec.  43.)  Take,  as  one  set  of  derivations  in  detail, 
the  dimensions  of  the  King's  chamber: — 

(i.)     206. 1 2 inches -+- 1 2  =  10 cubits  +  , or  17. 1766  + feet. 
(2.)     17.  i766  +  feetx2  =  2o  cubits +  ,  or  34. 3533  + feet. 

/     \                    .  17280 
(3.)      20.612  —  -L 


16 

or 

10 

34-3533  x  - 
18 


=   19.0851+   feet. 


Which  measures,  agreeably  to  the  conditions,  are  the 
measures,  taken  at  the  standard,  of  the  King's  chamber', 
(i.)  or  17  . 1766  +  ,  being  standard  breadth,  (2.)  or  34.  3533  + 
being  standard  length,  and  (3.)  or  19.0851  +  ,  being  the 
standard  height,  all  in  English  feet;  subject  to  variations 
therefrom  for  special  purposes,  as  will  be  shown.  The 
measures  of  this  chamber,  as  given  by  Prof.  Smyth  are: 
breadth,  17.19  fr-et;  length,  34.38  feet;  height,  from 


264  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

19.1  feet  to  19.179  feet.  (As  to  height,  Professor  Smyth 
gives  his  measures  19.1  to  19.179,  with  allowance,  or  as 
conjectured,  because  of  the  broken  state  of  the  floor 
when  he  took  them.  "Floor  broken  up  thus  since  the 
measures  of  Col.  Howard  Vyse."  His  measure  for  height 
was  19.1  feet.) 

ACTUAL    PYRAMID     MEASURES,     AS    ENLARGE- 
MENTS  ON   THE   STANDARD,   WITH  THE 

REASON  FOR  THE  VARIATION. 
(Sec.  44.)  The  following  is  a  method  of  variation  on 
the  standard  measures  as  given;  and  one  which  seemingly 
controls  the  entire  pyramid  structure.  The  Parker  ele- 
ments are  20612  to  6561.  The  cubit  value  is  20,612^-12 
=  i  .71766  +  feet;  and  10 cubits  are  17. 1766  +  feet.  If  the 
value  of  diameter  6561  taken  as  feet,  be  divided  by  17.- 
1766+,  or  the  measure  of  10  cubits,  thus  derived,  the 
quotient  will  be  381.97166  +  feet.  This  method  is  given 
for  its  results  in  the  actual  measure  desired. 

This,  in  effect,  is  the  same  as  the  division,  or  quotient, 
of  diameter  value  of  6561  by  circumference  value,  or  20612, 
under  a  formulation  to  obtain  a  diameter  value  to  a  cir- 
cumference of  unity,  thus : 

(i.)     20612  16561  ::  i  ;  .3183097  +  ,    and, 
(2.)     31.83097x12=381.97166  +  , 

and  this  x  2  =  763.94333. 
The   effect   is   a   very   curious   one.     Take   the   following: 

4  2 
(3.)     20612  x—  =  36643.55-^48  =  763.407  +  , 

3  2 

where  the  standard  base  side  is  obtained  from  the  primary 
circumference  value.  By  (i.),  31830907  is  a  diameter  value, 
and  raising  it  as  shown,  it  becomes  763  . 94333,  being  almost 
the  same  by  comparison.  Then,  working  in  circumference 
values,  the  standard  pyramid  measures  are  found;  working 
in  diameter  values,  the  exactitude  comes  by  the  enlargement. 
Referred  to  a  primary  principle,  original  circumference 
is  20612;  changing  to  diameter  value,  it  becomes 
20626.47001  +. 


THE  SOURCE  OF  MEASURES  265 

(45.)  The  standard  of  the  size  of  the  pyramid  is, 
763.4074+  feet.  The  half  of  this  is  381. 7037+  feet. 
Compare  this  value  with  that  obtained  by  the  method  of 
variation  shown  in  (Sec.  44.):  standard,  381.7037  + , 
variation,  381.9716  +  . 

This  last  multiplied  by  2  =  763 . 94333  +  feet  for  the  side 
of  base  of  pyramid,  instead  of  763  .4074  + feet;  and  let 
it  be  assumed  that  this  was,  in  fact,  a  variation  taken  on 
the  standard  measure,  yet  one  growing  out  of  the  Parker 
elements. 

Taking  the  base  side  at  763.94333+  feet,  the  propor- 
tionate height  of  the  mass  would  be,  486.341+  feet,  in- 
stead of  486  feet  as  by  the  standard. 

This  measure  of  the  pyramid's  base  agrees  with  that 
taken  by  Col.  Howard  Vyse,  as  follows:  Vyse,  764.000 
feet,  Above  763-943  +  feet,  Difference.  05  6+  feet,  or,  to  be 
within  less  than  one  inch  in  9168  inches. 

If  this  variation  on  the  standard  be  applied,  for  the 
admeasurements  of  the  king's  chamber,  to  ascertain  the 
enlargements  on  the  standard,  there  will  result  the  following 
differences:  viz. — less  in  breadth,  by  13-10000  (.0013)  of  a 
foot;  less  in  length,  by  26-10000  (.0026)  of  a  foot;  and  less 
in  height  by  15-10000  (.0015)  of  a  foot.  Or,  literally  the 
difference  has  become  so  inappreciable  that  there  is  no 
method  of  ascertainment  as  to  what  the  correct  admeasure- 
ment is  by  any  practicable  test  of  actual  measure.  //, 
however,  a  law  can  be  ascertained,  which  will  in  its  fulfill- 
ment demand  the  use  of  these  variations  on  the  standard, 
then  they  should  be  considered  as  data  correctly  taken. 
There  is  such  a  law;  and  its  demands  as  to  their  nature 
coincide  with  the  spirit  or  genius  of  the  pyramid  structure,  as 
a  measure  of  time. 

ENUNCIATION  OF  THE  LAW. 

(Sec.  46.)  The  very  great  value  of  the  number  6  as  a 
factor,  is  at  once  recognized  in  the  base  of  the  English 
(British  and  U.  S.)  long  and  land  measures,  and  also  in  the 


266  THE    GKEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

construction  of  the  celestial  time  circle.  That  circle  is 
of  the  value  of  360°;  it  is  divided  into  minutes,  seconds, 
thirds,  etc.,  in  the  scale  of  6o'=i°,  60"  =  i',  6o'"r=i",  and 
so  on.  This  circle  is  subject  to  another  division,  as  applied 
geographically  to  the  earth,  where  360°-^- 24  =  15°  to  the 
hour  of  longitude,  where  24  is  also  a  multiple  of  6,  as  6  x  4 
=  24,  and  where  each  degree  =. 6 9+  miles  English.  The 
primary  division  of  this  circle  is  on  the  base  of  6  parts, 
subdivided  for  each  part  into  3600  parts,  or  6  x  3600  = 
21600';  or,  360°  x  60'  — 21600'. 

Now,  by  the  variation  on  the  Parker  elements  (stan- 
dard), worked  out,  as  seen,  through  the  simple  use  of  the 
elements  themselves,  the  result  is  obtained  of  a  diameter 
value  (by  change  on  a  circumference  value),  of  190985  +  . 
From  enlarged  length  of  the  King's  Chamber,  viz.,  34.- 

3774  x  —  =  19.0985.   This  factor,  6,  which  is  of  such  great 
18 

value, .is  not  taken  empirically,  merely  because  it  proves  to 
be  of  such  great  practical  use  in  the  admeasurement  and 
subdivision  of  time  periods  of  land  measuring  rests,  or 
stops,  but  it  is  a  legitimate  circumference  value,  derivable 
from  this  variation  on  the  standard  of  the  Parker  elements 
of  diameter  and  circumference,  for  (i .) 
6561:  20612  ::  381. 97166: 1200::  190.985+  :6oo::  1.90985  :6  ; 

where  thereduction  from — - —  =3i8309  +  x  12=^38197166 

20612 

or —381 .97166,  divided  by2  =  190.985,  becomes 

17. 1766 

the  diameter  value  of  a  circumference  of  600;  or,  i  .90985 
becomes  the  diameter  value  of  a  circumference  of  6;  and 
this  properly,  and  rightly,  and  exactly,  belongs  to  the  use 
of  the  Parker  elements ;  so,  this  height  of  the  king's  chamber 
is  diameter  to  a  circumference  of  60.  See  the  play  of 
change!  The  Parker  circumference  20612,  changed  to  a 
diameter  value  of  variation,  gave  the  exactitudes  of  measure 
of  the  pyramid  in  diameter  for  circumference  terms. 


THE  SOUECE  OF  MEASURES  267 

Among  these  is  the  height  of  the  king's  chamber,  which 
now  turns  out  to  be  a  means  of  regetting  an  integral  cir-. 
cumference  value,  in  the  Number  6,  or  60.  The  obtaining  of 
this  end  seems  to  be  the  law  of  pyramid  actual  construction. 

216,      6 3 

(2.)   19.0985  —  inches  x or  —  =  412.  5294  +     inches, 

10        10 

which  equals  the  length  of  the  king's  chamber  in  inches,  as 
the  enlargement  or  variation  on  the  standard;  and, 

(3.)  6561  :  20612  ::  412.5294  +  :  1296; 
or,  there  results,  the  length  of  the  king's  chamber,  in  inches, 
as  a  diameter  value,  proportioned  to  the  number  of  inches 
in  the  square  yard  British,  as  a  circumference;  and  it  is 
well  to  reflect  that  1296  x  4  =  5184,  the  characteristic 
value  of  one  solar  day  reduced  to  thirds. 

41259. 24  :  129600 

(4.)  -=6875.48+    :  21600, and, 

6 

.      6875.48   :  21600 
(5.)  -  =  19.0985  :6o; 

360 

where  the  celestial,  or  geographical  earth,  circle  of  (6  x  60, 
or)  360°  x  60',  equals  21600'  of  division,  in  terms  for  cir- 
cumference to  height  of  the  king's  chamber  as  diameter. 
This,  as  a  foundation,  embraces  all  the  time  subdivisions 

of  that  circle  into  hours  ( 24  equal  to  i  solar  day  of  I  — 

I    2    J 
x  1000  =  5184000"',  as  well  as  the  distance  divisions  of 

the  circumference  of  the  earth  in  miles  to  the  degree), 
minutes,  or  primes,  seconds,  and  thirds.  So,  also,  as  to  the 
width  of  the  king's  chamber. 

(6.)     6561  :  20612  ::  206 .  264  +  inches  :  648  inches. 
So  the  law  of  construction  of  the  pyramid  is  assumed  to 
have   been   found  on   this   showing. 

NOTE  : — That  the  base  side  of  the  pyramid,  by  actual 
measure,  being  thus  shown  to  be  a  diameter  of  763.943  + 
to  a  circumference  of  2400  feet,  this  is  24  x  100,  and  24  is 
four  times  the  factor  6.  The  base  of  the  pyramid,  then, 
would  be  co-ordinately  represented  by  a  square  of  24,  or 


268  THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

6  x  4  =  24, to  the  side;  and  this  is  the  Garden  of  Eden  form: 
and,  also,  it  is  the  square  Hebrew  Zodiac  of  the  12  months. 

THE  DISCOVERY  OF  THIS  LAW. 

(Sec.  47.)  The  discovery  of  this  law,  and  of  its  appli- 
cation, arose  from  a  suggestion  of  thought  on  reading  a 
passage  in  the  "Historical  View  of  the  Hindu  Astronomy," 
by  Mr.  John  Bentley.  It  is  almost  evident  that  one  inten- 
tion of  the  architect  of  the  pyramid,  has  been  exactly 
reproduced  in  the  use  of  a  numerical  system;  and  this 
accomplishment  is  but  the  going  back  to  the  original  sources 
of  the  numerical  instrumentalities  which  are  in  use  today. 
Considering  the  value  of  this  discovery,  it  is  appropriate 
to  give  the  original  notes  made  on  the  subject  as  follows: 

A  very  remarkable  blending  of  all  these  systems  can 
be  given,  arising  from  the  actual  method  used  by  the  Hindus 
for  tne  calculations  of  sines,  tangents,  cosines,  cotangents, 
etc.,  which  belongs  to  their  most  ancient  system  of  astrono- 
mical calculations.  This  method  is  given  by  Mr.  John 
Bentley,  in  his  ''Historical  View  of  the  Hindu  Astronomy" 
(Sec.  3,  page  156).  He  is  giving  the  various  values  for 
the  computations  of  the  value  -of  pi,  one  after  the  other, 
until  coming  to  one  very  nearly  approximating  the  true 
relation,  he  says: 

"But  Argabhatta,  in  the  iyth  chapter,  in  speaking  of 
the  orbits  of  the  planets,  gives  us  a  nearer  approach  to  the 
truth;  for  he  there  states  the  proportion  as  191  to  600,  or 
as  i  :  3. 14136,  which  gives  the  circumference  a  small 
matter  less  than  the  proportion  of  Bhaskara  in  the  Lilavati. 
This,  however,  is  not  the  invention  of  Argabhatta;  for  it 
is  employed  in  the  Brahma  Siddhanta,  Surga  Siddhanta, 
and  by  all  astronomers  before  the  time  of  Argabhatta,  as 
well  as  since,  for  computing  the  tables  of  sines,  etc.,  though 
not  immediately  apparent.  Thus,  in  computing  the  sines, 
they  take  the  radius  at  3438',  and  the  circumference  they 
divide  into  21600';  the  diameter  is  therefore  6876:  hence 
the  proportion  is  6876  :  21600.  Reduce  these  numbers 


THE  SOUECE  OF  MEASUEES  269 

to  their  last  terms  by  dividing  them  by  36,  the  result  will 
be  191  :  600,  as  stated  by  Argabhatta."  Mr.  Bentley, 
greatly  familiar  with  Hindu  astronomical  and  mathematical 
knowledge ;  not  as  a  foreigner  studying  the  reach  of  a  nation 
in  such  matters,  but  as  a  resident  in  Hindustan  of  some 
fifty  years.  -This  statement  of  his  may,  then,  be  taken 
as  authentic.  The  same  remarkable  trait,  among  so  many 
Eastern  and  ancient  nations,  of  sedulously  concealing  the 
arcana  of  this  kind  of  knowledge,  is  a  marked  one  among 
the  Hindus.  That  which  was  given  out  to  be  popularly 
taught,  and  to  be  exposed  to  popular  inspection,  was  but 
the  approximation  of  a  more  exact  but  hidden  knowledge. 
And  this  very  formulation  of  Mr.  Bentley  will  strangely 
exemplify  the  assertion;  and,  explained,  will  show  that 
it  was  derived  from  a  system  exact  beyond  the  European 
one,  in  which  Mr.  Bentley  himself,  of  course,  trusted,  as 
far  in  advance  of  the  Hindu  knowledge,  at  any  time,  in 
any  generation. 

"This  formulation  is  the  taking  of  a  radius  of  3438  to 
obtain  a  circumference  to  be  divided  into  21600  equal  parts. 
The  diameter  would  be  6876,  and  the  reduction  of  this 
by  36  would  be  191.  Now  216  is  63,  or,"  36  x  6,  whichshows 
use  of  a  system  founded  on  a  multiple  of  which  6  is  the 
basic  factor;  3438-  is  an  exceedingly  near  approach  to 
a  pure  circumference  value,  which  goes  to  show,  as  it  is 
used  as  a  radius,  that  which  has  been  so  observable  here- 
tofore of  the  expression  of  diameter,  or  straight  line,  values 
in  terms  of  circumference. 

"Take  the  reduction  of  2061 2,  the  Parker  circumference 
value,  that  give  the  dimensions  of  the  king's  chamber: 
(i.)    20612-^-600  =  34.3533  +   feet  =  standard  length. 
(2.)   20612-^-1200  =  17  •  1 7 66  + feet = standard  width. 
(3.)   20612-^-1080^ 

343.533-^-      18  >  =19.0851  +  feet =standard   height. 

190 . 85 1  -=-      TO  J 

"These  are  the  standard  measures  of  these  dimensions, 
for  comparison;  or,  on  which  variations  are  raised  in  the 


270  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

working  out  of  various  problems  for  which  they  were  the 
base.  Take  it  that  this  Hindu  problem  involves  these 
measures,  and  that  the  system  of  factoring  by  6  is  intro- 
duced, by  which  with  these  measures  to  work  out  tables 
of  sines,  cosines,  tangents,  cotangents,  etc.,  and  for  calcula- 
tions of  planetary  times,  or  distances.  So  (i.)  perfect  cir- 
cular elements  are  required;  and  (2.)  the  circumference  of 
these  elements  is  to  be  divided  into  21600  equal  parts. 
Cannot  the  Hindu  system  be  traced  back  to  an  absolutely 
perfect  one,  based  on  the  Parker  elements?  And,  at  the 
same  time,  cannot  this  same  Hindu  system  be  attached 
through  the  same  Parker  elements,  by  actual  measures,  to 
the  king's  chamber,  the  passage  way  therefrom,  and  to  the 
ante-chamber  works?  If  this  can  be  done  plainly,  and 
mathematically,  it  will  be  an  important  achievement. 

MEASURES  AS  ACTUALLY  MADE  OR  COMPUTED 
IN  TERMS  OF  THE   ENGLISH   INCH 
AND    FOOT. 

(Sec.  48.)     Height  (estimated  or  computed  by  Prof. 

Smyth) ,   in   feet 486 .  2 

Side  of  base  (French  measures)  in  feet 763  .62 

Side  of  base  (Col.  Vyse's  measures),  in  feet 764.0 

Length   of  King's  Chamber,  in  feet 34 . 38 

Width     of  King's  Chamber,  in  feet I7-I9 

Height    of  King's  Chamber,  in  feet iQ1 

EQUATORIAL  AND   POLAR  DIAMETERS   OF  THE 

EARTH. 

(Sec.  49.)  Equatorial  diameter  (as  ascertained)  of 

the  earth  in  feet 41,852,864  + 

Polar  diameter  (as  ascertained)  in  feet 41,708,710  + 

Difference  •  • 144,154  + 

Equatorial  diameter  in  English  miles 7,926.9268 

Polar  diameter  in  English  miles 7,899.6248 

Difference 27  . 3020 


THE  SOURCE  OF  MEASURES  271 

Let  the  values  of  the  earth's  diameters  be  taken  at,  for 
Equatorial  diameter  ..................  41,854,174+  feet 

And  another  at  some  other  point.  .  .....  41,739,954+  feet 

Difference  is.  ...  ..........  .  .      114,219.758 

If  the  larger  diameter  be  divided  by  this  difference  the 
quotient  will  be  366.4355  +  ,  and  this  is  numerically  that 

i     ,2 

value  springing  from  the  Parker  elements  of  206.12  x—   = 

•;:   32 

366.4355  +,  which  as  he  says,  is  "the  exact  value  of  the 
passage  of  the  earth  about  the  sun  over  one  complete 
circle  in  space  in  circular  days';  and  used  otherwise  for 
pyramidal  purposes,  is  in  36643.55  inches  the  standard 
circumference  of  the  pyramid. 

[The  question  has  been  raised,  by  what  authority 
Parker  points  this  value  at  366.4355  +  ,  and  in  truth  he  is 
not  clear  on  this.  But  a  way  can  be  shown,  by  throwing 

2o6  I  2 

the  values  from  inches  into  feet,  thus:  -  =  1.71766  feet, 

12000 

or  the  value  of  one  cubit;   120  cubits,  then,  is  206.  12  feet, 

,2 
and  this  x  —  =366  .  4355  +  ,  as  the  Parker  time  day  value, 

•J 

thus  shown  to  be  in  British  feet.] 

In  this  formulation,  since  the  smaller  diameter  taken 
is  less  than  the  dividend  by  the  amount  of  the  divisor, 
the  quotient  of  the  smaller  divided  by  the  difference,  will 
be  one  less  than  the  first  quotient,  or  365.4355  +  . 
There  results  : 


'  x  114-9.758=  ., 

365-4355   j  1    41,  739.954  +  feet 

where  the  products  are  the  return  of  the  diameter  values  of 
the  earth  as  taken. 

THE  DIMENSIONS  OF  THE  DESCENDING  PASSAGE 

WAY. 

(Sec.   50.)     [NOTE.  —  This    (misnamed)    'entrance'    or 
"descending  passageway"  of  the  Great  Pyramid  is  located 


272  THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

on  the  north  side  of  that  structure,  at  a  point  24.42  feet 
east  of  the  axial  line  of  the  pyramid,  and  begins  its  descent 
in  a  southerly  direction  at  a  point  49  feet  above  the  pave- 
ment. To  get  to  the  mouth  of  this  (misnamed)  "entrance 
passageway,"  when  the  north  pavement  was  clear  from 
sand  and  other  debris,  and  the  angle  casing  stones  were  all 
in  position,  a  visitor  would  have  had  to  scale  the  side  of  the 
pyramid  at  an  angle  of  51°  51'  41.3",  up  49  feet,  then 
shorten  his  height  (by  crouching)  to  47  inches,  to  be  able 
to  descend  this  narrow  'passage'  at  an  angle  of  26°  for 
82  feet,  before  he, .could  stand  erect.  A  very  improbable 
proposition.-  For  these  and  other  tangible  reasons,  we  shall 
presently  state  that  this  was  not  the  original  entrance  to 
the  building;  in  fact,  never  intended  as  an  entrance  at 
all.  •  Another,  and  the  real  entrance,  will  be  named  to 
all  those  worthy  and  well  qualified  to  enter,  before  closing 
the  final  chapters  of  this  work.] 

The  questions  as:to  the  descending  passageway  may 
now  be  taken  up.  Jt  has  been  seen  that  all  the  measures  of 
this  pyramid  have  their  origin  in  the  relation  of  circumfer- 
ence and  diameter  values  of  a  circle.  It  will  be  exceedingly 
appropriate  that  in  the  act  of  entering  the  passageway, 
one  should,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  enter  through  the  actual 
expression  of  those  values.^  Such  seems  to  have  been  the 
case.  Col.  Vyse's  measures  of  this  passage  are: 

(i .)     Breadth .........41.5  inches 

Height  perpendicular  to  incline.  ..  .47  .o  inches 
Professor  Smyth's  measures  are  grouped  together,  as  means 
of  a  series i  and  are  as  follows: 

(2.)     Breadth  near  bottom 41.61  to  41.46  inches 

Breadth  near  top 41 .63  to  41 .41  inches 

Mean  of  all. • 41 .  53   inches 

(3.)     Height  perpendicular  to  incline: 

West  side  of  floor 47. 1 6  to  47.30  inches 

East  side  of  floor 47  . 14  to  47.32  inches 

Mean  of  all 47-24  inches 

but  he  characterizes  this  measure  as  47.3  inches. 


273 


(4.)  Height  verticle  to  base  of  pyramid: 
In  one  place,  52.68  inches;  in  another  place,  52.36  inches. 
There  seems  to  be  very  little,  if  any,  difference  between 
the  dimensions  of  the  descending,  and  of  the  ascending, 
passageway;  and,  as  the  red  granite  portcullis  blocks 
seem  to  have  been  intended  to  give  these  measures,  it  is 
well  to  give  Prof.  Smyth's  measures  of  the  same,  viz: 

(5.)     Height  perpendicular  to  incline 47-3  inches 

Breadth 41.6  inches 

Height  verticle  to  base  of  pyramid .  .  .  .53.0  inches 
(Sec.  51.)  THE  TROWEL  FACE- — The  commence- 
ment of  the  pyramid  proper  was  by  placing  an  ideal 
pyramid  in  a  sphere.  In  that  problem,  all  the  pyramid 
elements  of  construction  are  displayed.  So  that  a  mason's 
trou'el  constructed  after  those  proportions,  on  the  scale  of  the 
English  inch,  would  afford  to  the  mason  the  whole  elaborate 
plan  of  his  work  with  the  relations  of  the  elements  from 
whence  these  plans  took  their  rise.  Let  us  now  diverge 
from  the  pyramid  proper,  for  an  investigation  of  the  meas- 
urements of  the  Temple  of  Solomon. 

It  was  an  old  tradition  that  in  the  accomplishment 
of  any  great  and  good  work  involving  the  more  abstruse 
and  recondite  knowledges,  the  workmen  would  be  beset 
by  the  powers  of  the  realms  of  darkness,  with  their  frights, 
and  horrors,  and  scares.  As  against  these  the  master 
workman  would  protect  his  work  by  the  display  of  the  seal 
of  Solomon,  the  wise  man,  and  the  king,  even  over  the 
Efreets,  the  Jinn,  and  the  Jann.  But  even  here,  he  had  to 
summon  up  an  amazing  amount  of  resisting  force ;  nor  could 
he  do  this  unless  by  the  assistance  of  the  unseen  powers  of 
light,  of  truth,  and  of  goodness.  As  encouragement  to 
the  failing  power  and  courage  of  the  master  workman, 
on  whom  the  whole  charge  rested,  a  voice,  like  as  the 
Bath-Col,  Daughter  of  the  Voice,  would  come,  in  terms,  like 
the  following,  which  were  given  to  Hasan  El  Basrah  in 
his  terrible  trials: 


is 


274  THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

"I  disposed  thine  affair  at  the  time  when  them  wast 
in  thy  mother's  womb, 

"And  inclined  her  heart  to  thee  so  that  she  fostered 
thee  in  her  bosom : 

"We  will  suffice  thee  in  matters  that  occasion  thee 
anxiety  and  sorrow : 

"So,  submit  to  us,  and  arise:  we  will  aid  thee  in  thy 
enterprise." 

THE  TEMPLE  OF  SOLOMON. 

(Sec.  52.)  Kabbalistic  tradition,  passed  down  in 
Succoth,  states  that  when  Solomon  was  about  to  erect  the 
temple,  he  found  the  measure  wherewith  to  build  it,  by 
placing  the  name  of  Jehovah  upon  the  round  mouth  of 
the  well  hole  in  digging  the  foundations;  and,  again,  it  is 
said,  by  placing  this  name  upon  the  'bung-hole'  of  a  cask. 
The  round  mouth  and  the  bung-hole  were  circles.  The 
Israelites  converted  circular  and  spherical  measures  into 
square  and  cubic  measures,  in  their  representations  of  them. 
It  will  be  shown  that  the,  or  one  of  the,  values  of  the  name 
/ehovahwas  that  of  the  diameter  of  a  circle  ;  and  it  especially 
meant  the  unit  measure  of  a  right-line,  or  sqaare  surface, 
or  cube-solid,  having  a  purely  circular  value.  Hence  the 
definition  of  the  architectural  idea  of  construction  is  thus 
conveyed  in  Succoth,  if  this  was  the  channel  of  the  tradition. 

The  description  of  the  temple  measures  are  to  be  graded 
in  the  following  order : 

(i.)  From  the  Book  of  Kings.  (2.)  From  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  Tabernacle;  because  it  was  perfect  in  all  its 
proportions,  and  Solomon  could  do  no  more  than  to  re- 
produce it,  however  much  he  might  vary  the  style  of  archi- 
tecture. (3.)  From  the  Book  of  Chronicles,  not  so  authentic 
but  rather  a  targum,  or  paraphrase,  on  Kings;  and  (4.) 
from  fosephus. 

DETAILS    OF    DESCRIPTION. 

(a.)  The  entrance  to  the  temple  faced  toward  the 
east,  and  the  holy  of  holies  was  in  the  extreme  west  end. 


THE  SOURCE  OF  MEASURES  275 

As  to  the  ground  plan,  the  description  in  I  Kings  6,  is 
concise,  plain,  and  specific.  This  ground  plan  has  three 
distinctly  separated  parts:  (i.)  The  house,  'Bayith.' 
(2.)  The  temple,  or  open  vault  of  heaven,  before  the  face 
or  door  of  the  house,  'Hecal.'  (3.)  The  porch  before 
the  face  or  door  of  the  temple,  'Olaum.'  Verse  2  says: 
"And  the  house  which  King  Solomon  built  for  the  Lord 
(Jehovah),  the  length  thereof  60  cubits,  and  the  breadth 
thereof  20,  and  the  height  thereof  30  cubits."  Verse  3  says : 
"And  the  porch  before  the  mouth  or  door  of  the  temple  of 
the  house  20  cubits  was  the  length  before  the  face  of  the 
breadth  of  the  house,  10  cubits  the  breadth  before  the  face 
(or  door)  of  the  house."  Verse  17  says:  "And  40  cubits 
was  the  house,  that  is  to  say ,  hua,  the  temple,  before  its 
face  (or  door)." 

There  is,  then  the  house,  bayith,  60  cubits;  the  temple, 
hecal,  40  cubits;  and  the  length  of  the  porch,  olaum,  20 
cubits,  one  length  connected  with  another,  for  the  ground 
plan,  or  a  total  of  120  cubits.  This  gives,  or  embraces, 
in  the  house  and  temple  inclosure,  the  length  of  the  tabernacle 
and  court  inclosure,  of  100  cubits.  As  to  the  porch,  olaum, 
in  front  of  the  temple,  II.  Chronicles,  chapter  3,  verse  4, 
says :  "And  the  porch  that  was  in  the  front,  the  length  was 
according  to  (or  agreeing  with)  the  breadth  of  the  house,  and 
the  height  was  an  hundred  and  twenty  (120)  cubits,  and  he 
overlaid  it  within  with  pure  gold."  Here,  it  is  observable 
that  the  holy  of  holies  was  lined  with  gold ;  it  was  at  the 
extreme  end  of  the  length  of  120  cubits.  Here,  the  base  of 
the  porch,  or  bottom  of  a  height  of  120  cubits,  of  the  same 
dimensions  as  to  the  length,  and  one-half  the  width  of  the 
most  holy  place,  is  also  lined  with  gold, going  to  show  what 
the  connection  of  these  gold-lined  rooms  had  to  do  with  the 
distance  of  120  cubits.  Josephus  says  there  was  a  super- 
structure above  the  house  equal  to  it  in  height  (30  x  2  =  60) 
and  then  doubled,  making  a  total  height  of  120  cubits. 

What  the  inclosure  of  the  temple,  hecal,  part  was,  as 
distinguished  from  the  house,  bayith,  is  not  specified;  but 


276  THE   GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

it  is  simply  stated  that  the  door  of  the  house  opened  into 
the  temple  part,  and  the  door  of  the  temple  part  into  that  of 
the  porch.  It  may  have  been  an  intermediate  court  like 
the  court  of  60  cubits  before  the  tabernacle  structure; 
the  difference  not  being  in  the  sum  of  the  lengths,  which, 
in  either  case,  was  40  +  60=100  cubits,  but  in  the  one  case 
the  court  is  40,  and  in  the  other  60  cubits  long.  The 
temple,  likely,  was  a  court  looking  to  the  open  vault  of  the 
heavens,  and  surrounded  by  other  inclosures?  But 
what  became  of  the  altar  of  incense  ?  Of  the  table 
for  shew  bread?  Of  that  for  the  golden  candlestick? 
These  supposed  to  be  placed  in  the  most  holy  place  before 
the  veil,  as  in  the  tabernacle,  then  the  only  further  change 
of  arrangement  seems  to  have  been  simply  in  the  location  of 
the  brazen  sea  in  the  northeast  corner  of  the  house  inclosure, 
part  of  the  court  before  the  tabernacle,  now,  or  here, 
placed  under  roof;  the  great  brazen  altar  being  located 
before  the  house  in  the  temple  part.  II.  Kings  16,  14, 
mentions  this  as  in  the  forefront  of  the  house,  and  this  is 
again  implied  in  I.  Kings  8,64.  It  could  not  be  located  with- 
in the  house,  as  there  would  be  no  space  around  it.  This 
fact  of  its  being  before  the  house,  gives  a  distance  between 
the  house  and  the  porch,  as  the  temple  part.  I.  Kings  6, 
says  that  there  were  two  pillars — -Jachin,  which,  according 
to  Josephus,  was  on  the  south  side,  and  Boaz,  which  was 
on  the  north  side  of  the  porch  entrance.  They  were  18 
cubits  in  height  each,  or,  together,  36  cubits,  or  the  i-io 
of  360°;  and  they  girded  12  cubits. 

The  holy  of  holies  was  a  cube  of  20  x  20  x  20  cubits, 
located,  as  stated,  in  the  west  end  of  the  house,  bayith. 
Five  colors  seemed  to  be  involved  about  and  in  it.  It  was, 
according  to  Josephus,  built  in  white,  or  the  color  of  the 
ether.  Inside  it  was  lined  with  red  cedar.  This  again, 
was  lined  with  orange  gold.  The  interior  was  closed  against 
the  light,  and  was  in  the  blackness  of  darkness,  as  the  proper 
place  for  the  ark  of  the  covenant  (or  the  meeting  together 
of  two  opposite  principles).  It  is  thought  that  these 


277 


colors  typical — red,  earth;  golden,  of  the  sun  in  general, 
or  the  sunny  part  of  the  year,  when,  or  as,  contrasted  with 
the  brazen  sun  of  winter;  white,  or  silver  color,  of  the  moon ; 
and  black,  of  the  night,  of  the  womb,  of  the  nadir.  The 
condition  of  the  room  as  to  colors  would  seem  to  indicate 
time  and  earth  measures,  and  also  the  place  where  those 
earth  measures  were  to  be  found,  or  to  be  originated, 
as  down  in  the  depths  at  the  center  of  a  mass,  in  the  dark; 
like  finding  a  starting  point  of  construction  by  placing  a 
pyramid  in  a  sphere. 

(b.)  The  holy  of  holies  was  divided,  as  to  its  cubical 
contents,  by  the  placing  of  the  cherubims.  There  seems 
to  be  no  especial  meaning  to  this  word,  fitting  it  for  such 
a  place.  The  meanings  usually  assigned,  though  perhaps 
pioper  enough  after  a  fashion  as  man,  angel,  cherub,  are 
really  not  proper  to  the  term.  The  word  comes  from  Carab, 
meaning  prehensile,  to  seize,  grasp  as  with  talons,  or  between 
talons;  as  substantive,  it  means  a  bird  (as  a  griffin  or  eagle), 
fierce,  because  of  its  quality  of  closing  upon  something,  or 
anything,  with  its  talons.  It  is  the  English  word  crab,  that 
seizes  with  its  circular  pincers ;  also  the  word  grab,  as  closing 
the  fingers  upon  something.  On  looking  at  the  Zodiac 
signs  for  June  and  October,  it  will  be  seen  that  they  are 
represented  as  closely  alike — one  as  the  scorpion,  and  the 
other  as  the  crab;  and,  in  fact,  for  the  zodiac,  these  two 
answered,  as  stretching  over  or  embracing  the  two  cubes 
lepresenting  that  quadrant  of  the  year  between  cancer 
and  scorpio,  just  as  the  cherubims  stretched  over  and  em- 
braced the  covenant  or  meeting  of  the  two  halves  of  the  ark. 
This  word  is  especially  used  as  to  the  Garden  of  Eden, 
guarding  the  way  to  the  tree  of  life  in  the  center  of  the  space, 
the  place  of  covenant  or  of  meeting.  In  one  sense,  they  may 
be  taken  as  the  hooks  barring  the  opening  of  the  sistrum. 
It  is  used  as  spanning  half  the  space  over  the  ark  of  the 
covenant;  and  the  same  use  is  here  made  as  for  one  span- 
ning half  the  space  over  10  cubits.  The  real  value  of  the 
word  is  thought  to  be  in  its  numerical  value,  which  is 


278  THE    GREAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 


Caph=2o,  Resh  =  2oo,Beth=2,or  a  total  of  222.  These 
cherubims  were  10  cubits  in  height,  and  stood  with  out- 
stretched wings  of  5  cubits  in  length,  each  touching  as  to 
each,  the  wall  upon  one  side,  and  the  tip  of  the  wing  of  the 
other,  in  the  midst.  Underneath  the  meeting  or  covenant 
of  the  wings  was  the  division  line,  either  of  separation  or  of 
meeting  of  the  two  rectangular  solids  of  the  ark  of  the  cove- 
nant (signifying  the  two  sexes). 

COMPARISON  OF  THE  MEASURES  OF  THE  TEMPLE  WITH 
THOSE  OF  THE  GREAT    PYRAMID. 

(c.)  (i.)  As  to  the  pillars.  18  cubits  =20.  612  + 
10.306  feet,  or  30.918  feet;  and  these  are  the  numerical 
values,  divided  by  10,  to  give  the  standard  measures  of 
the  vertical  axial  line  of  the  pyramid,  to  embrace  the  dis- 
tance between  the  top  of  Campbell's  chamber  and  the  base 
of  the  pyramid,  and  between  the  base  and  subterranean 

(floor    of)    passageway.     30.918^-  —  =25.765,  and    1-2 

I   2 

the  length  of  the  ark  is  25.765  inches.  The  girth  of  the 
pillars  was  12  cubits  =  20.  612  feet,  showing  that  the  cir- 
cumference was  in  terms  of  a  perfect  circumference  value. 
Whether  the  sum  of  the  heights,  or  36,  was  to  represent 
a  reduction  of  the  circle  of  360°,  is  a  matter  of  conjecture; 
but  it  is  strengthened  by  the  fact  that  Boaz  was  the  repre- 
sentative of  Typhon,  or  the  North,  or  the  dark  or  winter 
part  of  the  year,  and  Jachin  was  the  opposite,  and  as  a 
division  of  the  standard  circle  of  360°,  each  would  indicate 
the  half,  or  180°:  and  they  are  each  noted  as  1  8.  If  the  con- 
jecture is  right,  one  entered  the  temple  the  gateway  of  the 
birth  of  the  year  circle.  This  is  perfectly  paralleled  by 
the  qualities  of  the  descending  passageway  in  the  pyramid, 
as  it  involved  both  the  circular  elements  and  their  applica- 
tion to  the  measures  of  the  earth  in  its  equatorial  value 
of  360°,  by  its  diameters  in  miles,  and  then  the  measures 
of  the  time  circles  about  the  sun  made  by  this  very  equa- 
torial. 


THE  SOURCE  OF  MEASURES  279 

(2.)  The  porch  was  120  cubits  high,  or  206.12  feet, 
that  so  familiar  value  of  the  pyramid.  It  was  20  cubits 
long,  or  34. 3533+  feet,  or  the  standard  length  of  the  king's 
chamber  in  the  pyramid.  It  was  10  cubits  broad,  17.1766  + 
feet,  206 . 1 2  inches,  the  standard  width  of  the  king's  chamber 

(3.)  The  porch,  temple,  and  house  lengths,  together, 
were  120  cubits,  or  206 . 1 2  feet,  also ;  while  the  holy  of  holies 
plus  the  most  holy  place,  or  40  cubits  in  all,  or  68 . 7064  feet, 
was,  as  to  measure,  and  comparative  location,  the  veri- 
table measure  of  the  king's  chamber  region,  with  respect 
to  its  like  location  in  the  120  cubit  height  in  the  pyramid. 

(4.)  The  temple  and  house  lengths,  together,  or  60  +  40 
=  100  cubits  =  1 71 .  766+  feet,  or  2061 .  2  inches,  was  that 
beautiful  proportion,  as  extending  from  the  base  of  the 
pyramid  to  the  center  point  of  the  king's  chamber  region. 
From  the  base  of  the  pyramid  to  the  roof  of  Campbell's 
chamber  is  137  .  509  +  68.  7066  =  206. 12  feet,  or  120  cubits 
(taken  at  the  standard  measures).  The  king's  chamber 
region  taken  from  a  point  in  the  center  of  the  floor,  with 
a  radius  of  34 . 3533  +  feet,  68 .  706  feet,  or  20  x  2  =40  cubits. 
There  can  be  no  mistake  as  to  the  sameness  of  intention  as 
regards  these  like  measures.  (The  value  206.12  feet,  or 
120  cubits,  was  a  great  governing  measure,  and  as  it  im- 
plied also  the  full  numerical  value  20612,  being  constructed 
from  it,  it  was  the  great  number  value,  after  all,  of  all 
construction,  as  is  fully  set  forth  in  the  foregoing  sections 
of  this  work.  This  number  of  120  cubits,  then,  thus  com- 
posed, is  206,  and  its  use  thus,  and  in  its  original  term  of 
20612,  is  implied  in  the  great  measuring  word  throughout 
Scripture  and  Kabbala.  That  word  is  Dabvar,  in  Hebrew, 
or  206,  and  is  the  Logos  word.) 

(5.)  The  holy  of  holies,  as  a  cube  of  20,  was  just  1-8 
of  the  cube  of  the  king's  chamber  region  in  the  pyramid,  or 
the  full  cube  of  the  length  of  the  king's  chamber.  (This 
use,  emblematically,  is  referred  to  elsewhere;  but  it  is  of  so 
curious  a  nature  that  it  is  well  to  state  it  again.  The  primal 
one,  or  cube,  was  taken  as  containing  all  material  and  all 


280  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

life  within  itself.  It  was  male-female;  but  when  disinte- 
gration took  place  of  the  one  into  two  separated  and  opposed 
existences,  as  of  male  and  female,  each  had  to  be  a  perfect 
one,  also,  in  its  special  construction.  To  make,  therefore, 
a  perfect  one,  which  will  combine  these  opposed  relations, 
they  were  to  be  used  together,  and  it  requires  just  8  of  the 
smaller  cubes,  viz.,  4  males  and  4  females,  together  to  make 
the  larger.  The  king's  chamber  region  is  the  great  cube 
of  this  union;  and  the  king's  chamber,  as  to  its  length  of 
20  cubits,  was  the  eighth  part  of  the  whole  cube,  and,  of 
itself,  was,  as  to  its  length,  an  oblong  of  two  cubes,  or,  in 
itself,  male-female.)  The  division  by  the  cherubims 
divided  into  halves,  making  a  nearer  approximation  to 
the  king's  chamber  proportions.  The  ark,  though  similarly 
a  small  rectangular  solid  or  oblong,  placed  in  the  holy  of 
holies,  as  the  coffer  was  in  the  king's  chamber,  was  differ- 
ently proportioned,  showing  a  difference  of  use  in  the  meas- 
urement. 

(6.)  As  to  colors,  the  white  and  red,  and  black  of  the 
temple  tallied  with  the  like  of  the  pyramid,  the  golden  being 
an  exception.  (And,  possibly  that  exception  would  not 
have  been  noted,  in  the  palmy  days  of  its  practical  use). 

(7.)  As  to  the  ark,  it  was  2  1-2  cubits  long,  or  51 . 53 
inches,  or,  numerically,  the  area  of  the  circle  inscribed  in 
the  square  of  6561.  Its  height  added  to  its  breadth  = 
3  cubits,  or  5  .153  feet;  showing,  for  one  thing,  that  it  was 
so  contrived  as  to  be  reducible  back  to  the  elements  whence 
its,  and  all  the  temple  measures  were  derived;  and  this 
could  not  be  done  by  possibility,  except  by  the  intervention 
of  two  grades  of  measure,  and  those  were,  respectfully, 
the  English  inch  and  foot. 

(8.)  But  the  sameness  of  relations  of  the  temple 
with  those  of  the  pyramid  seems  to  be  confirmed  by  the  use 
of  the  cherubims.  They  were  10  cubits  high,  and  by  their 
use  marked  out  the  division  of  the  holy  of  holies  into  10 
cubits  measures.  Take  some  pyramid  developments: 


THE  SOURCE  OF  MEASURES 


C1-)  5*53  x  8  =  41224  inches,  the  circumference  of  the 
base  of  the  pyramid  placed  in  the  sphere. 

(2-)     5*53  x  2  =  20612;    206. 12  =  17.17666  feet,  or   10 

4  12 

cubits.      17.17666  x  —  —  3053  +  feet, or  36643. 55  inches,  or 

32 

the  circumference  of  the  base  of  the  pyramid  proper; 
1-8  this  circumference  is  381.7037+  feet,  or, 

222.222  +  CUbitS. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  the  use  of  the  10  cubits  value  develops  the 
1-2  base  side  of  the  Great  Pyramid  in  the  measure  of  222 
cubits.  It  is  seen  that  in  the  development  of  the  holy  of 
holies,  the  ark  contains  the  original  measures.  It  is  placed 
in  a  space  of  10  cubits.  This  10  cubits  measure  of  division 
is  made  by  the  use  of  the  (Hebrew  word)  cherub,  and  the 
numerical  value  of  cherub  is  222. 

(Sec.  53.)  There  is  a  most  strange  and  far-reaching 
value  connected  with  this  cubit  value  of  444.444  for  the 
base  side  of  the  pyramid.  The  four  sides  would  equal 
1777  .  777  +  cubits.  The  pyramid  was  constructed  from 

4  2 
that  value  of  the  Parker  elements  of  206 1 2  x  — -  =  36643 . 55  + 

3" 

.  2 

for  circumference  value,  and  6 56 1  x —  =  11664  for  diameter 

3 

value,  or  for  height.     Now, 

(i-)     36643-55~^20-6l2=I777-77.and 

(2.)      11664-^-6.561  =  1777.77;    or,    numerically,  this 

very  pyramid  base  value.     This  is  brought  about  by  the 

4  2  4  2      i  6 

factor  —  as  common  to  both.     — = — ; and,  as  was  shown, 

3"  32       9 

this  expression  embraces  the  factors  of  the  square  foot 
English ,  because  16  x  9  =  1 44 .  The  reverse  use  or  1 6 -=- 9  = 
1777.777  +  ,  showing  that  these  factor  numbers,  by  another 
change  of  use,  at  once  lay  the  foundation  of  the  pyramid 
and  temple  works ;  the  knowledge  of  the  scales  of  measure, 
and  the  use  as  applied  to  geometrical  elements,  being  implied. 
Somehow,  all  the  systems — Hindu,  Egyptian,  Hebrew,  and 


282 


THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


British — belong  to  one  another,  and  are,  in  fact,  one  system. 

So,  here  in  this  temple  and  its  holy  of  holies,  and  its 
ark,  we  have  the  ear-marks  of  the  full"  use  of  the  pyramid 
measures,  under  another  style  of  architecture.  Was  there 
ever  such  a  concordance  of  measures,  unless  attended  by 
a  similarity  of  use? 

(d.)  The  representation  of  the  holy  of  holies,  in  ver- 
tical cross  section  is  as  follows  : 


The  ark  was  the  residence  of  Jehovah,  and  he  specifies 
his  place  as  at  the  meeting  of  the  cubes  of  the  ark,  between 
the  cherubims.  What  was  his  numerical  essential,  to 
accord  with  all  these  measuring  properties  ?  He  was  the 
perfect  one,  or  i — o,  or  a  straight  line,  one,  of  a  denomina- 
tion of  the  perfect  circle,  o — viz.,  20612 ;  reduced  evenly  and 
by  scale,  to  an  inappreciable  minuteness,  not  to  be  seen  by 
the  eye,  nor  conceivable  by  the  senses,  yet,  nevertheless,  this 
perfect  one. 

KABBALISTIC    MATTERS    CONNECTED    WITH    THE    TEMPLE 
DESCRIPTION. 

(e.)  The  astronomical  features  about  the  temple  were 
plain.  The  entrance  was  toward  the  rising  sun,  or  the- 
vernal  equinox.  The  holy  of  holies  was  in  the  west  of  the 
structure,  toward  the  place  of  the  setting  sun,  the  autumnal 
equinox.  The  great  quadrangular  was  oriented  and  faced 
to  the  four  ivinds,  or  N.,  E.,  S.,  and  W.  The  brazen  sea 
had  on  its  ledges  the  ox,  the  cherub  or  man,  and  the  lion. 
The  lion  was  the  sign  of  the  summer,  the  man  of  the  winter 


THE  SOURCE  OF  MEASUEES  283 

and  the  ox  of  the  spring.  The  sign  of  autumn,  or  Dan, 
was  left  out — that  worm  all-devouring,  never-dying,  the 
scorpion.  This  has  an  architectural  parallel.  Nork  relates 
that  the  temple  of  Notre  Dame,  in  Paris,  was  formerly  a 
temple  of  the  goddess  Isis,  or  the  sign  Virgo.  On  this  tem- 
ple was  sculptured  the  zodiac  with  its  signs;  that  of  Virgo 
(Isis~)  was  left  out,  because  the  whole  temple  was  dedicated 
to  her.  So  with  the  temple.  The  whole  religious  cultus 
of  the  Israelites  was  located  in  the  sign  Dan,  or  Scorpio, 
for  it  was  here  that  "I  have  waited  for  thy  salvation,  O 
Lord  (Jehovah}."  Take  the  two  squares  of  the  zodiac, 
representing  two  quarters,  or  quadrants,  of  the  year;  one 
lorded  over  by  Leo,  the  lion,  next  to  the  summer  solstice, 
and  then  going  west  and  downward,  the  second  qttadrant 
is  reached,  extending  to  the  winter  solstice,  and  lorded  over 
by  Dan,  the  scorpion,  who  holds  the  entrance.  This  upper 
square,  or  cube,  is  golden,  the  male,  full  of  the  fructifying 
power  of  the  sun;  the  lower  one  is  the  female,  and  black, 
the  womb,  the  brazen  part.  Now  it  will  be  seen  that  Solo- 
mon, the  son  of  David,  of  the  tribe  of  Judah,  whose  sign 
was  the  lion,  made  all  the  gold  work.  But  it  was  Huram 
that  made  tne  brazen  sea  and  all  the  brass  work.  Wno  was 
Huram?  The  son  of  a  widow,  a  woman  of  dark  or  black 
weeds,  of  the  tribe  of  Dan,  whose  sign  was  the  Scorpion. 
He  made  the  work  pertaining  to  his  portion  of  the  zodiac — 
that  is,  the  place  of  Typhon,  of  winter,  of  darkness,  of 
woman,  etc.  So,  here  is  represented  the  western  half ,  and 
the  summer  and  winter  quarters  of  the  celestial  sphere, 
squared,  or  cubed. 

There  is  something  peculiar  as  to  the  opening  of  the 
6th  Chapter  of  I.  Kings:  "And  it  came  to  pass,  in  the  four 
hundred  and  eightieth  year  after  the  children  of  Isreal 
were  come  out  of  the  land  of  Egypt,  in  the  fourth  year  of 
Solomon's  reign  over  Israel  in  the  month  Zif,  which  is  the 
second  month,  that  he  began  to  btild  the  house  of  (Jehovah) 
the  Lord."  The  chronological  date  here  pointed  out  has 
been  a  very  great  vexation  and  stumbling-block  to  commen- 


284  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

tators.  It  is  generally  looked  on  as  a  date  falsely  taken. 
But  it  is  well  enough  a  determination  of  the  meaning  of  the 
structure  which  was  about  to  be  built, for 480  +  4+  2=486, 

which,  in  feet,  as  coming  from  6561  x —  =  11664  inches, 

9 

was  the  height  of  the  great  pyramid,  or  sun  measure,  the 
interior  works  of  which  were  copied  after  in  the  temple, 
as  has  been  shown. 

QUADRATURE    OF    THE    CIRCLE,    AND    SQUARE 
ROOT  OF  TWO. 

BY  W.  A.  MYERS. 

(Sec.  54.)  Of  Melchizedek  (Pater-Sadie),  Hebrew 
learning  has  handed  down  that  he  was  without  beginning  or 
ending  of  days.  True,  but  he  was  a  means  also  of  determin- 
ing both  by  correction,  holding  the  balance  of  the  ecliptic. 
(As  to  the  value  of  Melchizedek  of  294,  this  is  49  x  6;  and 
as  to  the  number  49,  or  72,  attention  is  called  to  "Proposi- 
tion 2,  Theorem,"  and  to  "Proposition  3,  Theorem,"  of  a 
"Quadrature  of  the  Circle,"  and  "The  Square  Root  of  Two" 
by  W.  A.  Myers,  of  Louisville,  Ky.  (Wilstach,  Baldwin  & 
Co.,  Cincinnati.)  It  may  be  that  Mr.  Myers  has  reproduced 
an  ancient  method  for  the  calculations  of  circular  elements  as 
sines,  cosines,  etc.  His  Proposition  3  is  as  follows: 

"(i.)  If  a  circle  be  described  with  the  square  root  of  two 
for  a  radius,  and  the  one-fiftieth  of  the  square  described  on 
the  radius  be  deducted  therefrom,  the  square  root  of  the 
remaining  forty-nine  fiftieths  can  be  extracted  exactly. 
(2.)  The  square  root  of  the  one-fiftieth  so  deducted  will  be 
the  sine  of  the  given  arc.  (3.)  The  square  root  of  the 
remaining  forty-nine  fiftieths  will  be  the  cosine  of  the  given 
arc."  In  many  respects  his  work  is  well  worth  mention 


THE  SOUECE  OF  MEASUEES  285 

NOTE  AS  TO  FISHES. 

From  The  Source  of  Measures. 
BY  J.  RALSTON  SKINNER. 

(Sec.  55.)  "The  symbol  of  the  'fish'  was  a  favorite  one 
among  all  the  ancients.  Mr.  Bryant  shows  its  origin,  in 
the  mythologies,  to  have  been  in  the  figure  of  the  Deluge; 
the  type  being  of  a  fish  with  the  head  of  a  man.  In  Pnceni- 
cia,  especially,  it  was  of  great  import  in  the  idol  Dagon. 
The  Christian  Kabbala,  or  Gnosticism,  deals  very  largely 
in  the  mention  of  fishes;  in  such  sort,  that  it  may  be  said  to 
be  rested  upon  the  symbol,  though  its  use  everywhere  is 
made  to  appear  as  incidental  and  natural.  The  New 
Testament  narratives  have  been  so  highly  colored  by  the 
kabbalistic  import,  that,  commonly,  too  sweeping  or  em- 
bracing a  quality  has  been  given  to  the  idea  of  fishermen,  as 
applied  to  the  apostles.  The  character  of  fishermen,  it  is  true, 
is  attached  to  Peter  and  Andrew,  to  John  and  James;  but, 
beyond  the  little  that  is  said  of  their  catching  fish  with 
nets  in  boats,  no  great  stress  is  laid  on  fishing  as  a  trade, 
or  fixed  occupation.  There  was  sufficient  to  introduce  the 
use  of  the  ancient  symbol,  without  departing  from  what 
might  truthfully  have  been  the  case  as  to  fishing  in  the 
Jordan.  The  fishing  as  conducted  by  these  men,  was  in 
the  Sea  of  Galilee,  or  of  Tiberius.  This,  lake  or  sea,  is  but 
an  enlargement  of  the  river  Jordan,  where  it  spreads  out 
into  wide  water,  or  small  lake,  or  rather  pond,  of  some  ten 
to  twelve  miles  in  length  by  about  six  miles  in  breadth. 
The  fishing  carried  on  in  it  was  in  ships,  or  small  fishing 
vessels,  with  sails,  by  means  of  seines  or  nets.  The  popula- 
tion to  be  supplied  was  a  dense  one  at  that  time,  and  the 
occupation  is  represented  as  pertaining  to  quite  a  class, 
thus  exhibiting  a  settled  business.  It  seems  impossible 
that  this  could  have  been  the  case.  The  only  condition 
by  which  fishing  of  that  kind  could  have  existed,  and  could 
have  been  carried  on  as  a  trade,  in  such  a  piece  of  water, 
would  have  had  to  depend  upon  a  constant  supply  of  fish  to 


286  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

catch,  from  some  large  body  of  water  as  a  breeding  ground, 
the  fishing  taking  place  in  what  is  called  the  run  of  the  fish, 
at  stated  seasons.  Communication  with  such  a  body  of 
water — as,  for  instance,  the  ocean — would  stock  such  a 
pond  with  a  few  fish  at  all  times,  but  not  in  such  quantity 
as  to  justify  an  occupation  as  described,  save  at  certain 
seasons  of  the  year.  This  is  a  simple  and  truthful  state- 
ment, justified  by  all  the  registered  experience  in  such 
matters.  But  the  conditions  of  the  Jordan  river  are  fearful 
for  sustaining  fleets  of  fishing  vessels  plying  the  trade  on  the 
waters  of  the  sea,  or  pond,  of  Tiberius.  It  is  almost  a 
straight  stream,  with  a  very  rapid  descent  from  its  source 
to  its  mouth  (it  is  called  The  Descender),  save  when  it 
enlarges  out  in  the  morass  of  Merom  and  into  the  waters 
of  this  inland  sea.  Its  condition  parts  of  the  year  is  that 
of  a  brook.  It  rises  in  the  springs  of  Mount  Hermon,  and, 
after  a  run  down  hill  of  150  miles,  empties  into  the  asphal- 
tum  lake,  in  which  no  fish  can  live  or  breed.  If  the  river 
was  far  enough  north,  brook  trout  might  abound  to  some 
extent  in  its  waters,  but  these  would  have  to  be  preserved 
with  care,  for  it  would  require  but  little  angling  to  depopu- 
late it  of  this  species.  The  whole  of  the  fisheries  of  the  Sea 
of  Galilee  would,  therefore,  have  to  depend  upon  its  own 
breeding-grounds,  of  which,  it  may  be  said,  there  can  be 
none,  save  of  the  species  of  what  are  called  mud  or  cat  fish, 
which  were  prohibited  from  use,  as  having  no  scales,  and 
a  few  others,  utterly  unfit  to  found  a  fishery  on,  as  a  busi- 
ness of  continuous  calling.  The  conclusion  seems  irresis- 
tible, that  to  have  stpported  a  mode  of  fishing,  such  as  is 
commonly  thought  and  taken  to  have  been  the  case,  would 
have  required  a  continuous  miracle  of  keeping  up  the  supply. 
All  this  seems  to  confirm  the  idea  that  the  relation  of  fishing 
was  to  raise  a  symbol,  comporting  with  and  necessary  to 
display  ancient  uses  and  meanings." 

(Sec.  56.)  As  is  seen,  the  great  display  of  the  creative 
law  of  measure  among  the  Egyptians  was  in  the  "first 
great  wonder  of  the  ivorld,"  the  great  pyramid.  Among  the 


ESOTEEIC  TEACHING  LIMITED  287 

Hebrews  it  was  in  (i.)  the  Garden  of  Eden;  (2.)  the  Ark  of 
Noah;  (3.)  the  Tabernacle;  and  (4.)  the  Temple  of  Solomon. 
Around  these  actual  displays,  descriptions  were  conveyed 
by  the  hieroglyphic  reading  of  the  narratives  of  Holy  Writ. 
<lWoe  be  to  the  man  who  says  that  the  Doctrine  delivers 
common  stories  and  daily  words!  For  if  this  were  so, 
then  we  also  in  our  time  could  compose  a  doctrine  in  daily 
words  which  would  deserve  far  more  praise.  If  it  delivered 
usual  words,  then  we  should  only  have  to  follow  the  law- 
givers of  the  earth,  among  whom  we  find  far  loftier  words 
to  compose  a  doctrine.  Therefore  we  must  not  believe  that 
every  word  of  the  doctrine  contains  in  it  a  loftier  sense 
and  a  higher  meaning.  The  narratives  of  the  doctrine  are 
its  cloak.  The  simple  look  only  at  the  garment — that  is, 
upon  the  narrative  of  the  Doctrine;  more  they  know  not. 
The  instructed,  however,  see  not  merely  the  cloak,  but 
what  the  cloak  covers."  (The  Sohar,  III.,  152;  Franck 
119.) 

THE  ESOTERIC  TEACHING  CONFINED  TO  THE  FEW 

(Sec.  57.)  The  author  believes  that  no  man  can  study 
the  Bible  a  great  while,  carefully  and  dispassionately  noting 
its  place  in  the  world,  its  surroundings,  its  handings  down, 
its  prophetical  bearings,  not  considered  in  detail,  bt;t  in 
their  large  and  comprehensive  scope,  without  coming  to  the 
conviction  that  a  Divine  power  and  providence  doth 
in  some  way  or  sort  hedge  it  about,  and  without  coming  to 
the  conviction  that  this  Divine  Power  is  a  conscious  entity, 
just  as  we  are;  that  he  is,  by  his  superiority,  wisdom,  and 
power,  continually  and  everywhere,  intelligently  present 
as  the  immediate  cause  of  each  sequence  in  all  the  universe, 
however  minute.  (Not  working  by  positive  fixed  laws 
of  construction,  which,  once  enacted,  the  work  can  forever 
go  on,  without  any  immediate  supervision  of  the  Master, 
a  postulate  so  commonly  assumed;  for  it  is  observable, 
where  investigation  can  reach,  that  while  every  type  of 
work  seems  to  be  under  a  general  type  law,  yet  every  indivi- 


288  THE    GREAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

dual  production  under  a  type  is  clearly  enough  seen  to  be 
a  variation  upon  every  other  individual,  thereby  necessi- 
tating the  actual  intervention  of  creative  power  for  every 
individual  created  under  such  a  law.)  He  who  considers 
that  man  alone  is  the  "only  phenomenon  in  all  the  wide 
universe  of  a  conscious  intelligence,  as  concreted  from  an 
infinite  number  of  blind  happenings  or  accidents,  arrogates 
very  much  to  the  superiority  of  his  accidental  position, 
especially  when  he  takes  into  view  his  own  acknowledged 
littleness  and  inferiority;  for  he  that  can  make  nothing  is 
yet  superior  to  the  blind  working  of  the  elements  to  which 
he  is  indebted  for  himself,  which  elements  come  under  the 
general  term  of  God  or  Nature.  What  a  picture  of  self- 
sufficiency!  The  conscious  entity,  man,  simply  proves 
series  after  series  of  such  a  class  of  entities,  graded  upward, 
past  man's  power  of  recognition.  Man's  ego,  as  connected, 
even,  say  inseparably  with  his  body,  is  just  that  phenome- 
non of  nature  that  implies  an  ego  function  of  nature  herself, 
as  inseparably  connected  with  grosser  material  than  that 
function.  The  only  question  is  as  to  whether,  in  man,  or 
otherwise,  this  function  can  shed  its  covering  for  another; 
or  whether,  in  fact,  he  may  have  two  kinds  of  material 
body,  one  of  which  may  continue,  the  other  perishing. 

But  apart  from  this,  and  as  to  the  Bible  this  being  said, 
there  are,  nevertheless,  some  strange  features  connected 
with  its  promulgation  and  condition.  Those  who  compiled 
this  Book  were  men  as  we  are.  They  knew,  saw,  handled, 
and  realized,  through  the  key  measure,  the  law  of  the  living 
ever-active  God.  They  needed  no  faith  that  he  was,  that 
he  worked,  planned,  and  accomplished,  as  a  mighty  mechan- 
ic and  architect.  What  was  it  then,  that  reserved  to  them 
alone  this  knowledge,  while,  first,  as  men  of  God,  and  second, 
as  apostles  of  Jesus  the  Christ,  they  doled  out  a  blinding 
ritual  service,  and  an  empty  teaching  of  faith,  and  no  sub- 
stance as  proof,  properly  coming  through  the  exercise  of 
just  those  senses  which  the  Deity  has  given  all  men  as 
the  essential  means  of  obtaining  any  right  understanding? 


IS  THIS  ESOTERICISM  LOST?  289 

Mystery  and  parable  and  dark  saying  and  cloaking  of  the 
true  meanings  are  the  burdens  of  the  Testaments,  Old  and 
New.  Take  it  that  the  narratives  of  the  Bible  were  purposed 
inventions  to  deceive  the  ignorant  masses,  even  while 
enforcing  a  most  perfect  code  of  moral  obligations:  How 
is  it  possible  to  justify  so  great  frauds,  as  part  of  a  Divine 
economy,  when  to  that  economy  the  attribute  of  simple  and 
perfect  truthfulness  must,  in  the  nature  of  things,  be  as- 
cribed? What  has,  or  what  by  possibility  ought  mystery 
to  have,  with  the  promulgation  of  the  truths  of  God? 

ARE    THE    KEYS    OF    THIS    ESO-TERICISM    LOST? 

(Sec.  58.)  Men  like  ourselves,  who  were  capable  of 
teaching  the  multitudes,  held  this  knowledge,  both  in  the 
times  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament.  If  at  all,  when  was 
this  knowledge  lost?  There  is  witness,  by  the  emblems 
remaining  in  use,  that  two  modern  bodies  have  at  one  time 
been  in  possession  of  the  keys — viz.,  (i.)  that  order  called 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  which  is  catholic  to  the  extent 
of  possession  of  the  emblems  of  the  universal  knowledge, 
which  was  confounded  by  the  confusion  of  lip,  and  which 
possession  has  been  dropped  by  all  sects,  creeds,  etc., 
which  have  dropped  the  consideration  of  the  "basic  know- 
ledge" or  dabvar;  and  (2.)  that  body  of  men  called  Free 
Masons.  It  is  probable  that  the  Greek  Church,  and  the 
Brahmin  system  also,  come  under  this  category.  The  elimi- 
nation of  the  vestiges  of  the  workings  by  the  key  system  can 
even  be  seen  in  the  English  Church;  for  one  of  the  great 
functions  of  the  church  was  to  regulate  the  order  and  times 
of  its  holidays.  This  was  done  agreeably  to  the  passage 
of  the  sun  in  his  circuits  through  the  signs ;  but  in  the  prep- 
aration of  the  order  of  service,  as  it  is  to  be  seen  on  the  origi- 
nal rolls  (see  fac-simile  of  the  Black  Letter  Prayer  Book, 
made  in  1663,  as  taken  from  the  original  rolls  or  scrolls 
in  the  British  Archives),  it  was  deemed,  for  some  reason, 
best  to  wipe  out  these  calendars  teaching  the  progress  of 
the  sun  through  his  signs.  (There  is  but  little  doubt  that 
the  rules  for  the  calculation  of  tables  of  time,  to  mark  the 

19 


290  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

proper  observance  of  religious  festivals,  which  tables  are 
prefixed  to  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  are  precisely 
the  same  to  be  found  in  the  first  chapters  of  Genesis,  relating 
to  the  founding  the  year  values  on  lunar  tables.  Christianity 
is  almost  undoubtedly  indebted  to  the  ancient  Jewish  and 
Egyptian  calendar  rules,  on  which  she  built  up  the  special 
exceptional  details  of  her  own  forms.) 

Mr.  J.  R.  Skinner,  at  the  close  of  his  work,  "The  Source 
of  Measures"  states: 

(Sec.  59.)  "One  of  the  most  remarkable  proofs  of 
the  existence  of  this  knowledge  (of  the  foundation  of  these 
mysteries  on  the  Parker  and  Metius  relations  of  circum- 
ference to  diameter  of  a  circle)  down  to  a  very  late  day, 
lays,  as  it  would  seem,  in  the  resolutions  passed  by  those 
two  learned  bodies  of  men,  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
Paris  and  the  Royal  Society  of  London.  (See  Parker's 
Quadrature.)  It  was  in  the  period  of  the  revival  of  know- 
ledge, when  the  world,  possessed  of  extraordinary  intellects 
and  wholly  athirst  for  learning,  was  investigating  every 
cranny  and  department  of  nature.  All  recognized  the  fact 
that  in  nature  one  of  the  most  interesting  relations  was 
that  of  circular  to  plane  shape,  and  the  flux  of  one  into 
the  other.  Ordinarily,  in  matters  of  research,  promising 
great  rewards,  none  so  persistently  encouraging  of  inter- 
minable effort  in  the  pursuit  of  the  obscure  realms  of  science 
as  these  bodies.  What  was  the  reason,  then,  that  on  the 
production  by  Legendre  of  his  acknowledgedly  approxi- 
mate value  of  pi,  the  Academy  of  Sciences  passed  that 
famous  resolution  that  it  would  never  entertain  any  thesis 
on  the  subject  of  the  quadrature  of  the  circle  ?  What  was 
trie  reason  that,  in  a  few  years  afterward,  upon  Play  fair's 
following  in  the  footsteps  of  Legendre,  the  Royal  Society  of 
London  passed,  perhaps,  a  copy  of  the  same  resolutions? 
Since  that  time,  every  man  daring  to  venture  into  that 
forbidden  field  of  research  has  been,  by  a  mysterious  com- 
mon consent  hooted  down,  laughed  at,  and  derided,  by 
the  manifestations  of  a  mocking  false  piety;  and  just  in 


MODERN  KNOWLEDGE  IN  SYMBOLISM  291 

the  measure  that  his  works  have  proved  valuable,  just  in 
that  measure  has  the  effort  been  strong  to  remove  them 
from  the  study  of  the  people.  Now  it  is  barely  possible 
that  the  keys  of  these  old  mysteries  are  still  known  and 
held  by  very  few;  that  these  few  are  recognized  by  the 
very  highest  of  the  order,  so  that  an  order  to  that  effect 
of  procurement  of  just  such  a  piece  of  chicanery  as  that 
practiced  by  these  societies,  once  promulgated,  would  be 
obeyed  and  carried  into  effect  willingly,  and  even  zealously, 
by  m altitudes  of  those  who  might  remain  in  perfect  ignor- 
ance as  to  the  source  of  the  order  or  as  to  its  real  object. 

"There  are,  moreover,  two  evidences  of  the  modern  exist- 
ence of  this  knowledge  in  symbolism. 

(i.)  "In  'The  Gnostic,'  Plate  VI.,  i,  is  to  be  found  a 
Templar  or  Rosicrucian  emblem.  It  is  of  that  'Idol'  or 
'old  man,'  a  worship  of  which  was  charged  against  the  Tem- 
plars. It  is  an  old  man,  with  his  arms  crossed  in  front.  At 
his  feet,  on  one  side,  is  a  celestial  globe,  with  its  subdivisions 
and  on  the  other  side  the  pentapla,  or  five  pointed  star, 
or  seal  of  Solomon.  Here  are  displayed  the  man,  113,  or 
diameter  value  to  a  circumference  of  355,  or  the  Hebrew 
man,  the  celestial  circle,  and  the  pyramid.  The  pentapla,  as 
it  is  drawn,  is  but  the  lined  display  of  a  pyramid.  It  is 
a  pentagon,  as  well  as  a  rayed  star.  Retain  the  rays,  and 
then  join  the  corners  by  lines,  and  the  object  of  setting 
forth  a  pyramid  is  at  once  apparent.  The  pyramid  involves 
all  the  measures,  with  the  purposes 
thereof  enumerated  in  the  text;  so 
the  whole  of  this  picture  symbol, 
though  modern  in  its  use,  really  dis- 
plays the  possession  of  the  keys  of  the 
ancient  knowledge  in  a  most  masterly 
manner. 

(2.)  In  "Land-Marks  of  Free  Masonry,"  by  Oliver, 
is  to  be  found  a  frontispiece,  which,  for  magnificence  of 
conception  and  for  comprehensiveness  of  grasp,  is  most 
remarkable.  "It  is  said  to  contain  the  svmbolization 


292  THE    GKEAT    PYKAMID    JEEZEH 

of  the  genius  of  free  masonry,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
designed  by  Bro.  Com.  J.  Harris,  P.  M.  and  P.  Z.  The 
author  ventures  to  state  positively  that  if  this  was  really 
designed  by  this  gentleman — that  is,  if  he  did  not  compile 
it  from  simply  traditionary  sources — then,  indeed,  he 
must  have  been  acquainted  with  the  elements  of  the  quad- 
rature as  John  A.  Parker  has,  since  that  time,  set  them 
forth,  their  astronomical  application  in  architecture,  and 
their  Biblical  containment,  in  a  fashion  of  such  wisdom 
that  if  tae  author  had  possessed  it  in  its  details,  his  efforts 
in  this  work  could  have  been  relieved  of  suggestion.  The 
reading  of  this  frontispiece  by  its  symbols,  even  with  the 
imperfect  ability  of  the  author,  is  always  a  source  of  exqui- 
site delight  and  unalloyed  amazement.  The  representation 
is  in  a  rectangular  oblong  of  too  squares.  At  the  center  of 
the  top  line  there  is  located  the  triple  circle,  or  three  circles, 
one  within  the  other,  with  an  inclosed  triangle.  In  the 
triangle  is  written  the  great  name  (Jehovah).  It  exhibits 
the  origin  of  measures,  in  the  form  of  the  straight  line  one , 
of  a  denomination  of  20612,  the  only  numerical  value  of  the 
perfect  circle,  the  straight  line  being  male  and  the  circle 
female;  which  20612  is  the  Logos,  or  Dabvar,  or  Word. 
The  triangle  and  circles  indicate  the  pyramid  containing  the 
use  of  the  measures,  with  the  three  sets  of  circular  elements 
necessary  to  the  display  of  its  various  problems.  This 
emblem  is  in  an  effulgence  of  light,  above  the  brightness 
of  the  sun,  and  the  One  of  the  word  is  the  holy  10,  and  cir- 
cumference to  3 1 8,  the  Gnostic  value  of  Christ,  whence  this 
spiritual  effulgence.  From  this  upper  essence  of  effulgence, 
a  strong  bar  of  light  descends  obliquely  to  the  foot  of  the 
oblong.  On  the  one  side  of  this  all  is  darkness,  and  chaos, 
and  confusion,  containing  darkness  and  dragons,  and 
all  deeps.  It  is  the  female  or  sin  side.  At  the  foot 
of  the  oblong  is  a  pavement  of  squared  blocks,  in  cubes, 
alternating  in  black  and  white  chequers,  indicating  the 
female  and  male  elements  of  construction;  and  on  the  dark 
side,  this  pavement  is  not  made,  but  is  in  confusion.  At 


ESOTEEIC  EXPLANATION  293 

the  foot  on  the  dark  side,  stands  a  little  cherab,  striving 
to  work  out  one  of  these  pavement  cubes  from  a  rough 
block  or  ashler,  but  without  success.  He  stands  holding 
his  chisel  and  hammer  in  a  helpless  sort  of  way,  as  if  having 
a  dim  idea  of  what  is  wanted,  but  as  lacking  in  the  requisite 
knowledge  for  elaboration.  The  other  side  of  the  bar  of 
light  is  bathed  in  the  essence  of  wisdom  and  peace.  On 
this  side  the  foot  has  a  completed  pavement  of  the  black 
and  white  chequers,  of  a  general  oval,  indicating  the  meas- 
ure of  the  surface  of  the  earth.  Just  opposite  the  discon- 
tented cherub  is  seated  another,  but  on  the  light  side.  He 
is  looking  with  a  pleased  expression  at  his  brother  in  the 
obscurity.  His  right  arm  is  raised,  and  he  is  pointing 
with  his  forefinger,  the  rest  of  his  hand  being  closed,  aloft 
up  the  bar  of  light  to  its  source.  This  forefinger  thus 
pointing  is  the  symbol  of  the  Hebrew  jod,  or  Jehovah,  or 
the  number  10,  whose  origin  is  in  the  male-female  word 
Jehovah,  significant  of  the  same  number  as  emanating  from 
the  Deity  name  in  the  triangle  above.  His  left  arm  is 
thrown  over  as  embracing  two  parallel  upright  bars,  in- 
closing a  circle  in  the  square,  the  measures  of  which  have 
been  revealed  to  man  from  above.  The  parallel  bars  are 
supported  on  a  cube,  which  is  one  of  the  cubes  of  the  pave- 
ment raised  out  of  its  place  to  the  level  of  the  floor,  and 
the  upright  bars  are  but  the  extension  of  the  sides  of  the 
cube.  This  is  the  cubical  stone,  and  the  square  of  the  bars 
is  6561,  and  the  value  of  the  circle  is  5153.  The  reading 
is  instruction  on  the  part  of  the  enlightened  cherub  to  his 
brother,  telling  him  that  from  the  geometrical  elements, 
with  the  least  one  of  a  denomination  of  20612,  located  aloft, 
as  the  law  of  the  Deity,  the  measures  of  work  have  been 
revealed  to  man,  and  are  under  his  control,  as  exhibited 
in  the  circle,  the  square,  and  the  cube;  that  with  these 
measures  the  cubical  blocks  measuring  the  earth  are  to  be 
formed.  In  this  is  the  lesson.  The  oblong  then  contains 
the  sun  and  the  moon  and  the  stars  as  further  being  measur- 
able by  man  through  this  knowledge.  In  the  center  of  the 


294  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

piece  there  flies  or  hovers  a  female,  as  the  geniits  of  the 
whole.  Her  badge  is  on  her  forehead,  and  it  is  the  penta- 
pla,  or  live  rayed  star,  denoting,  as  shown  above,  the 
pyramid  as  the  containment  of  all  measures.  The  moon, 
with  the  seven  planets,  represent  the  Garden  of  Eden  woman 
while  the  sun  denotes  the  issuance  of  lunar  measures  in 
terms  of  solar. 

"All  this  condition  of  things  goes  to  show  that  the  mys- 
tery held,  as  not  to  be  thrown  open  to  the  people,  but  to 
be  retained  as  the  property  of  a  class,  and  a  caste,  in  the 
more  ancient  days,  may  never  have  passed  away;  but,  to 
the  contrary,  may  even  exist  today,  dominating  the  souls 
of  men,  women,  and  children,  by  keeping  them  in  perpetual 
ignorance,  and  in  religious  feeding  them  on  the  worn-out 
husks  of  faith,  without  any  relief,  by  way  of  setting  forth 
actual  connections  between  man  and  the  Deity." 

THE  PROVINCE  OF  RITUALISM. 

(Sec.  60.)  "How  plainly  can  now  be  seen  the  origin 
or  source  and  reason  of  ritualism.  Ritualism  was  not  an 
empty  thing.  The  adoration  of  the  Deity  was  simply  a 
constant  reminder  of  man's  dependence  upon,  connection 
with,  and  knowledge  of  Him.  The  worship,  then,  was, 
the  expression  under  this  or  that  form,  by  gesture,  action, 
signs,  voice,  dress,  accompanied  by  visible  symbols  of 
some  one  or  more  of  the  exact  mathematical  formulations, 
or  geometrical  formulations,  or  numerical  combinations, 
pertaining  to  the  known  method  of  measuring  the  works  of 
the  Deity."  A  conclusion  of  Sir  William  Drummond  in 
Edipus  Judicus  indirectly  favors  this  view:  "The  priests 
of  Eg}  pt  and  of  Chaldea,"  he  says,  "had  made  a  progress  in 
the  science  of  astronomy  which  will  be  found  more  astonish- 
ing the  more  it  is  examined.  Their  cycles  were  calculated 
with  extraordinary  precision,  and  their  knowledge  of  the 
most  important  parts  of  astronomy  must  appear  evident  to 
all  who  candidly  consider  the  question.  But  the  people 
appear  to  have  been  purposely  left  in  gross  ignorance  on 


THE  PROVINCE  OF  EITUALISM.  295 

this  subject.  Their  vague  and  their  rural  years  were 
neither  of  them  correct.  The  festivals  were  fixed  according 
to  calendars  made  for  the  people,  and  the  religious  insti- 
tutions were  only  calculated  to  confirm  the  errors  of  the 
ignorant.  The  truths  of  science  were  the  arcana  of  the 
priests,"  because  they  were  the  sources  of  religious  cultus. 
Thus  ritualism  was  an  intelligible  rite, one  to  be  under- 
stood in  all  its  parts  and  ramifications ;  one  in  which  there 
was  no  possible  deception  as  to  the  use  of  a  symbol,  to 
those  who  could  read  the  symbol.  No  danger  then  or  at 
that  time,  of  paying  a  worship  to  the  thing.  A  carpenter 
might  as  easily  be  taught  to  fall  down  before  the  instru- 
ments by  which  he  copied  the  sums  of  his  Father  in  heaven. 
Intrinsically,  one  would  be  as  silly  and  fruitless  of  good 
results  as  the  other.  It  has  been  the  gradual  and  finally 
almost  perfect  extinguishment  of  the  knowledge  of  the 
origin  of  ritualism  on  the  part  of  the  priests  themselves  that 
has  entailed  a  superstitious  use  on  the  part  of  the  laity. 
On  the  other  hand,  Free  Masonry  holds  to  the  elemental 
working  by  geometrical  display — i.  e.,  by  the  harder,  more 
exact  and  purer  outlines  of  the  same  system  of  problems. 
As  between  the  two  systems,  in  their  ultimate,  there  is  no 
difference  at  all.  Lord  God  of  a  common  humanity !  loosen 
the  shackles  from  the  bodies  and  enlarge  the  souls  of  men. 
Let  freedom  be  the  seed,  and  let  wisdom,  love,  peace — but 
above  and  before  all,  charity — be  the  harvest.  And 

SO     MOTK     IT    \',E. 


296  THE    GREAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 


THE  CHRISTIAN  ERA. 

The  commencement  of  the  Christian  Era  is  the  1st  of  January  in  the  4th  year  of 
the  194th  Olympiad,  the  753d  from  the  foundation  of  Rome,  and  the  4713th  of  the 
Julian  period.  It  is  usually  supposed  to  begin  with  the  birth  of  Christ,  but  the 
opinions  with  regard  to  his  birth  are  various.  The  generally  accepted  opinion  ig 
that  his  birth  took  place  three  years  and  seven  days  before  the  first  day  of  the 
Christian  Era. 

The  observance  of  the  25th  of  December  in  commemoration  of  the  birth  of  Christ, 
is  ascribed  to  Julius,  bishop  of  Rome,  A.  D.  337-352.  The  Eastern  Church  had  previ- 
ously observed  the  6th  of  January  in  commemoration  of  the  birth  and  baptism  of 
Christ. 

The  year  of  the  birth  of  Christ,  according  to  different  authorities,  is  as  follows: 

Benedictine  Authors  of  L'Ari  de  Verifier  les  Dates B.C.  7 

Kepler,  Pagi,  Dodwell,  etc , 6 

Chrysostom,  Hales,  Blair,  Clinton,  etc 5 

Sulpicius  (Sacred  History)  and  Usher Dec.      25,4 

Clemens,  Irenaeus  and  Cassiodorus 3 

Eusebius,  Jerome,  Epiphanius,  Orosius,  Scaliger,  etc 2 

Chron,  Alex.,  Tertulian,  Dionysiua,  Luther,  etc 1 

Norisius  and  Herwart A.  D.  1 

Paulof  Middelburg 2 

Lydiat 3 

MONTHS  OP  THE  YEAR. 

JANUARY— Latin,  Januarius,  is  named  after  Janus,  an  ancient  Italian  deity,  the 
god  of  the  eun  and  the  year,  whom  the  Romans  presented  on  the  first  of  this  month 
the  Janual,  an  offering  consisting  of  wines  and  fruits.  The  month  was  added  to  the 
calendar  by  the  Emperor  Numa  Pompilius. 

FEBRUARY — Latin,  Februarius,  is  supposed  to  have  been  BO  named  from  the  Feb- 
rualia  a  feast  of  purification  and  atonement  celebrated  in  Rome  during  this  month. 
The  Emperor  Numa  added  it  to  the  end  of  the  year,  and  from  this  the  name  of  the 
month  is  supposed  to  have  been  derived  from  an  old  Latin  word,  fibar,  meaning  the 
end.  The  decemvirs  placed  this  month  after  January  in  the  year  452  B.  C. 

MARCH — Latin,  Ma.rt.ius.  The  name  is  derived  from  Mars,  the  god  of  War.  March 
was  the  first  month  of  the  year  in  the  old  Roman  calendar. 

APRIL — Latin,  Aprilis.  The  word  is  from  aperire,  to  open,  refering  to  the  opening 
of  the  buds  during  this  month. 

MAT— Latin,  Maim,  from  a  word  which  signifies  to  grow,  so  named  in  honor  of 
the  goddess  Maia,  daughter  of  Atlas,  and  mother  of  Mercury,  by  Jupiter. 

JUNK  by  some  is  said  to  have  been  derived  fromjuniores,  the  young  men,  to  whom 
Romulus  is  said  to  have  assigned  it;  by  others  from  Juno;  by  others  from  Junius 
Brutus,  the  first  consul,  and  by  others  from  jungo,  to  join,  with  reference  to  the 
union  of  the  Romans  and  Sabines. 

JULY— this  month  was  originally  called  Quintilius,  the  fifth,  it  being  the  fifth 
mouth  of  the  old  Roman  calendar.  It  was  named  Julius  in  honor  of  Julius  Caesar. 

AUGUST— this  month  was  originally  called  Sextilis,  the  sixth,  and  was  named  in 
honor  of  the  Emperor  Augustus. 

SEPTEMBER  is  from  the  Latin  septum,  seven. 

OCTOBER  is  from  the  Latin  oclo,  eight. 

NOVEMBER  is  from  the  Latin  novem,  nine. 

DECEMBER  is  from  the  Latin  decem,  ten. 

DAYS  OF  THE  WEEX. 
ROMAN.  SAXON.  ENGLISH. 

Dies  Solis— Day  of  the  Sun !  Sunnandaeg — Day  of  the  Sun Sunday. 

Dies  Lunae— Day  of  the  Moon Monandaeg — Day  of  the  Moon  ....   Monday. 

Dies  Martis—  Day  of  Mars Tuesdaeg— Day  of  Tuisco Tuesday. 

Dies  Mercurii— Day  of  Mercury...   Wodensdaeg — Day  of  Woden Wednesday. 

Dies  Jovis— Day  of  Jupiter jlThorsdaeg — Day  of  Thor I  Thursday. 

Dies  Veneris— Day  of  Venus 'Frigadaeg— Day  of  Friga Friday. 

Dies  Saturni-  Day  of  Saturn | ;Saterdaeg— Day  of  Sator j  Saturday. 

An  Astronomical  Day  commences  at  noon,  and  is  counted  from  the  first  to  the 
twenty-fourth  hour. 

A  Civil  Day  commences  at  midnight,  and  ie  counted  from  the  first  to  the  twelfth 
hour,  from  which  time  the  count  is  repeated. 

A  Nautical  Day  is  counted  as  a  civil  day,  but  commences  like  an  astronomical  day, 
at  noon. 

A  Solar  Day  is  measured  by  the  rotation  of  the  earth  upon  its  axis,  and  is  of  dif- 
ferent lengths,  owing  to  the  ellipticity  of  the  earth's  orbit  and  other  causes.  A  meaa 
solar  day  is  twenty-four  hours  long. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  INTERIOR  OF  THE  PYRAMID. 
PART  III. 

(Sec.  61.)  There  is  little  enough  of  hollow  interior 
space  to  enter  into,  in  any  of  the  Egyptian  Pyramids,  as 
they  are  generally  all  but  solid  masses  of  masonry.  And 
yet  what  very  little  there  is,  will  be  found  quite  character- 
istic enough  to  raise  up  a  most  radical  distinction  of  kind, 
as  well  as  degree,  between  the  Great  Pyramid  and  every 
other  monument,  large  or  small,  pyramidal  or  otherwise, 
in  all  tne  continent  of  Africa,  and  Asia  as  well. 

The  progress  of  historical  knowledge,  with  regard  to 
what  constituted  the  hollow  interior  of  the  Great  Pyramid, 
from  the  earliest  times  down,  not  only  to  Greek  and  Roman 
eras,  but  to  this  enlightened  day  and  date  (1907)  has  been 
both  slow  and  peculiar.  Had  we  now  before  us  in  one 
meridianal  section  of  the  monument,  all  that  is  now  pub- 
lically  known  and  arrived  at,  the  tale  would  amount  to 
little  more  than  this — (r.)  that  when  the  Great  Pyramid 
stood  on  the  Jeezeh  hill  in  the  primeval  age  of  the  world 
in  white  masonry,  unassailed;  a  simple,  apparantly  solid, 
crystalline  shape,  with  the  secret  of  its  inner  nature  un- 
touched. Clothed  completely  on  every  side,  with  its  bev- 
elled sheet  of  polished  casing  stones,  the  whole  structure 
rising  from  a  duly  levelled  area  of  also  white  rock  surface 
in  four  grand  triangular  flanks  up  to  a  single  pointed  sam- 
mit.  This  is  the  sum  total  of  all  that  was  positively  known 
about  this  "first  great  wonder  of  the  world"  down  to  the 
spring  of  the  year  820  A.  D.,  (all  other  authorities  to  the 
contrary  notwithstanding)  by  the  present  race  of  people; 
when  the  Egyptian  Caliph  Al  Mamoun  forced  his  passage- 
way into  the  north  side  of  the  pyramid,  and  thereby  acci- 
dentally discovered  the  present  way  of  entering  that  world 
renowned  structure. 

(2.)  The  author  does  not  desire  to  intimate  that  Al 
Mamoun,  the  Egyptian  Caliph,  was  the  first  man  to  enter 


298 


the  "great  pyramid"  since  it  was  sealed  up  by  its  original 
builders;  but  that  his  men,  whom  he  employed  to  force  a 
passageway,  were  the  very  first,  that  history  records  as 
having  entered  this  particular  pyramid.  In  our  researches, 
extending  over  35  years,  we  have  laid  under  contribution 
the  principal  authorities  published  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic,  and  we  have  utterly  failed  to  discover  any  positive 
information  to  the  contrary  of  the  above  assertion.  If 
any  one  else  is  known  to  have  entered  it,  before  820  A.  D., 
how  did  he  get  in?  The  secret  passageway  (which  we 
have  hinted  at)  extending  from  (under)  the  Sphinx,  by  a 
circuitous  course,  and  entered  at  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the 
building,  the  entrance  being  completely  stopped  with  granite 
plugs,  has  not  been  open  to  the  uninitiated  during  the  ad- 
vent of  our  present  race  of  people.  Therefore,  there  was 
no  possible  way  of  entering  the  pyramid  (known)  until 
the  hirelings  of  the  Caliph  Al  Mamoun,  forced  the  key 
stone  out  of  the  (present)  entrance  passage,  from  the  inside, 
through  his  forced  passage  way,  in  the  year  820  A.  D. 
And  that  "key  stone"  as  well  as  tne  lid  to  the  coffer 
in  the  king's  chamber,  together  with  many  of  the  (outside 
covering)  angle  stones,  have  been  carried  away  into  India; 
and  possibly  are  now  in  the  possession  of  the  wealthier 
Maharajas  of  that  country. 

(3.)  Barring  the  space  occupied  by  the  forced  pas- 
sageway of  Caliph  Al  Mamoun,  the  following  named 
chambers  and  passageways  will  account  for  all  the  hollow 
space  in  the  interior  of  the  great  pyramid,  so  far  as  is 
known  to  the  scientific  world,  at  this  date,  1907:  viz., 
The  King's  Chamber,  located  on  the  soth  layer  of  stone 
at  an  elevation  of  (about)  142.82  feet  above  the  pavement 
and  (about)  9 . 68  feet  south  of  the  verticle  axis  of  the 
pyramid. 

The  Ante-Chamber  is  situated  adjoining  the  king's 
chamber,  on  its  north  side,  at  the  same  elevation;  the  ver- 
tiole  axis  of  the  pyramid  forming  its  north  boundary. 


HOLLOW  SPACE  IN  THE  PYEAMID         299 

The  Queen's  Chamber  is  located  on  the  25th  layer  of 
stone,  at  an  elevation  of  (about)  75  .  58  feet  above  the  pave- 
ment, the  verticle  axis  of  the  pyramid  forming  its  south 
boundary  line. 

The  Subterranean  Chamber  is  situated  (about)  100  feet 
below  the  basal  plane  of  the  pyramid  (1'n  native  limestone 
rock),  the  center  of  which  chamber  is  located  directly  under 
the  verticle  axis  of  the  building  and  the  floor  of  which  is 
about  586  feet  below  the  apex  of  the  structure,  as  it  stood 
in  the  early  part  of  the  year  820  A.  D.  The  entrance  to 
which  is  reached  (at  present)  through  the  entrance  on  the 
north  side  of  the  pyramid:  you  descend  at  an  angle  of  26° 
for  340  feet  to  reach  the  subterranean  chamber.  The 
following  extract  from  the  4th  edition  of  "Our  Inheritance 
in  the  Great  Pyramid"  by  Piazzi  Smyth,  will  thoroughly 
illustrate  the  shape,  and  present  (and  ancient)  condition  of 
this  chamber;  and  at  the  same  time  show  that  Prof.  Smyth 
did  not  know,  or  conceive,  the  purpose  for  which  this 
chamber  was  originally  constructed;  viz. — "that  then  it 
contained  within,  or  beneath  its  foot  (trending  down  from 
the  north,  and  entering  at  a  point  about  49  feet  above  the 
ground,  near  the  middle  of  that  northern  side)  merely  an 
inclined  descending  passage  of  very  small  bore,  leading  to 
a  sort  of  subterranean,  excavated  chamber  in  the  rock, 
about  100  feet  vertically  under  the  center  of  the  base  of 
the  whole  built  monument. 

"This  one  subterranean  chamber  did  really  exist,  in  so 
far  as  it  had  been  begun  to  be  carved  out,  deep  in  the  heart 
of  the  rock,  with  admirable  skill.  For  the  workmen, 
having  cut  their  sloping  way  down  to  the  necessary  depth 
by  the  passage,  commenced  with  the  chamber's  ceiling, 
making  it  exquisitely  smooth,  and  on  so  large  a  scale  as 
46  feet  long  by  28  broad.  Then  sinking  down  the  walls 
from  its  edges  in  verticle  planes,  there  was  every  promise 
of  their  having  presently,  at  that  notable  xoo-foot  depth 
inside,  or  rather  underneath  the  surface  of  the  otherwise 
solid  limestone  mountain,  a  rectangular  hollow  space, 


300  THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

or  chamber,  whose  walls,  ceiling  and  floor  should  all  be 
perfect,  pattern  planes.  But  when  the  said  men,  the  origin- 
al workers  it  must  be  presumed,  had  cut  downwards  from 
the  ceiling  to  a  depth  of  about  4  feet  at  the  west  end,  and 
13  feet  at  the  east  end,  they  stopped  in  the  very  midst  of 
their  occupation.  A  small,  very  small,  bored  passage  was 
pushed  into  the  rock  merely  a  few  feet  further  toward  the 
south,  and  then  that  was  also  left  unfinished;  a  similar 
abortive  attempt  was  likewise  made  downwards,  but  with 
the  only  result,  that  the  whole  floor,  from  one  end  of  the 
chamber  to  the  other,  was  left  a  lamentable  scene  of  holes, 
rocks,  and  up-and-down,  fragmentary  confusion.  Verily, 
(seeing  that  the  whole  light  of  day  was  reduced  down 
there  to  a  mere  star-like  point  at  the  upper  end  of  the  long 
entrance  passage,  nearly  340  feet  long)  verily,  it  was  an 
answering  locality  for  "the  stones  of  darkness  and  the 
shadow  of  death."  (See  Plate  VI.  and  IX.)." 

Will  any  enthusiastic  Egyptologist  of  this  day,  that 
has  already  accepted  Prof.  Smyth's  theory  of  a  Deified 
Architect,  still  believe  with  him,  that  the  Subterranean 
Chamber,  or  any  other  portion  of  the  pyramid,  is  unfinished, 
or  in  other  words,  not  completed  in  exactly  the  way  it  was 
originally  designed?  We  think  not;  for,  when  the  reader 
broadens  out  to  the  theory— that  the  whole  pyramid,  in- 
cluding the  Sphinx,  the  different  passageways  and  this 
Subterranean  Chamber,  constitutes  one  "grand  initiatory 
asylum,"  he  will  perceive  that  the  perfection  of  the 
ceiling,  and  the  chaos  of  the  floor,  represents  "the  tin- 
finished  state  of  the  temple.1"  This  is  where  the  candidate 
was  first  brought  to  light  and  received  his  first  lesson  in 
astronomy. 

The  remaining  portion  of  the  hollow  or  vacant  space 
in  the  pyramid,  is  to  be  found  in  the  passageway  (descend- 
ing) from  the  north  side  of  the  pyramid  down  to  the  sub- 
terranean chamber,  370.  5  feet;  the  horizontal  passage  from 
the  lower  end  of  the  grand  gallery  to  the  entrance  of  the 
Queen's  Chamber,  108.6  feet;  the  ascending  passageway 


MORE  CHAMBEES  SUGGESTED  301 

from  a  point  on  the  descending  passage  way  82  feet  from 
the  north  end,  to  the  beginning  of  the  Grand  Gallery, 
128.5  feet;  the  Grand  Gallery,  ascending,  from  a  point 
commencing  at  the  entrance  of  the  horizontal  passage- 
way, to  its  ending  at  the  Ante-Chamber,  156.75  feet. 
And  then  the  well,  191  feet,  nearly  verticle,  and  the  Grotto, 
an  enlarged  space  within  the  well.  The  above  mentioned 
points  constitute  about  all  the  space  known  to  exist  within 
the  Great  Pyramid.  The  area  and  size  of  each  will  be 
given  in  another  chapter.  To  the  student  who  has  followed 
our  argument  and  conjectures  up  to  this  point,  we  would 
put  the  query:  Do  you  think,  or  imagine,  that  the  above 
mentioned  "hollow"  or  blank  space,  or  chambers  and  passage- 
ways are  the  only  chambers,  etc.,  contained  in  that  massive 
grand  structure  ?  Think  of  the  size  of  it — covering  as  it  does 
over  13.34  acres  and  about  48 6  feet  high  when  it  was  perfectly 
encased  in  its  original  form,  and  containing  over  93,060,000 
cubic  feet  of  masonry.  Unless,  some  time  in  the  future 
other  chambers  are  discovered,  and  found  to  be  even  more 
spacious  than  those  now  known  to  the  world  at  large, 
intelligent  humanity  will  begin  to  query,  and  stand  in  awe! 
at  this  wonderful  waste  of  material.  It  will  be  on  a  par 
with  the  heavenly  bodies,  i.  e.,  if  we  discover  that  this  little 
insignificant  earth  of  ours,  is  the  only  planet  inhabited? 
The  author  does  believe  that  many  of  the  fixed  stars  are 
inhabited;  and  further  (which  will  be  possible  to  prove) 
that  the  Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh  contains  at  least  three 
more  chambers,  located  between  the  King's  Chamber  and 
the  apex  and  at  least  one  with  double  the  capacity  of  the 
latter.  And  we  will  now  suggest  their  location.  After 
the  Queen's  Chamber  on  the  25th  layer  of  stone;  and  the 
King's  Chamber  at  the  5oth  layer;  we  would  place  the  next 
larger  chamber  on  the  75th  layer,  and  the  very  largest  hall, 
or  chamber  on  the  icoth  layer  of  masonry.  This  chamber 
should  equal  in  capacity  the  other  three  below  it.  The 
final,  or  fifth  chamber  on  the  i2oth  course  of  masonry; 
and  its  size  should  be  just  one-half  that  of  the  King's 


302 


Chamber.  A  further  explanation  of  the  above  will  appear 
in  our  closing  chapter. 

(Sec.  62.)  The  records  of  all  past  history  (regarding 
the  Great  Pyramid)  are  a  unit  on  the  "tombic  subject" 
that  "No  remains  of  any  kind  of  coffin  have  ever  been  report- 
ed to  have  been  found  in  any  chamber  or  passageway  of 
the  Great  Pyramid." 

There  has  been  some  scholastic  question  of  late  years 
as  to  whether  Herodotus  in  445  B.  C.,  Strabo  18  A.  D., 
Pliny  70  A.  D.,  and  others  of  the  more  medieval  ancients, 
or  their  immediate  informants,  were  ever  actually  inside 
the  Great  Pyramid ;  for  sometimes  it  has  been  maintained 
that  the  edifice  was  inviolably  sealed,  and  that  what  they 
mentioned  of  the  interior  was  only  on  the  reports  of  tradi- 
tion. All  written  history  seems  to  corroborate  the  above 
statement. 

That  subterranean  chamber,  which  ought  to  have  been 
the  first  thing  finished,  according  to  both  all  ancient  Egyp- 
tian ideas  and  the  "Lepsius  Law"  of  profane  Egyp- 
tian-Pyramid building, — but  was  not.  The  very  chamber 
which  ought  to  have  contained  (if  it  was  built  for  the  same 
purpose,  that  all  subsequent  pyramids  were)  a  real  sculp- 
tured sarcophagus,  mumrny,  paintings,  and  inscriptions, 
— but  which  only  really  held  the  rough,  natuial  rock-con- 
tents of  the  lower  part  of  the  room,  not  yet  cut  out  of  the 
bowels  of  the  mountain. 

In  short,  all  the  classic  and  idolatrous  nations  of  old 
(say  from  1400  B.  C.  to  820  A.  D.)  knew  nothing  whatever 
about  the  now  known  real  interior  of  the  Great  Pyramid's 
construction  or  purpose. 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  ENTERED  FOR  THE  FIRST 

TIME,   SINCE   ITS   ORIGINAL   BUILDERS   SEALED 

IT  UP,  THE  DATE  OF  WHICH  IS  UNKNOWN. 

(Sec  63.)  Caliph  Al  Mamoun,  son  of  Harctm  Al 
Raschid,  of  the  "Arabian  Nights",  during  the  early  part  of 
the  year  820  A.  D.  with  the  aid  of  his  Mohammedan  work- 
men, has  to  his  credit  "the  first  to  enter "(  by  a  forced  pas- 
sageway) this  First  Great  Wonder  of  the  World.  He 
directed  his  Mohammedan  workmen  to  begin  at  the  mid- 
dle of  the  northern  side;  precisely,  says  Sir  Gardner  Wilk- 
inson, "as  the  founders  of  the  Great  Pyramid  had  foreseen, 
when  they  placed  the  entrance,  (present  entrance)  not  in 
the  middle  of  that  side,  but  24  feet  and  some  inches  away 
to  the  east,  as  well  as  many  feet  above  the  ground  level. 
Hard  labor,  therefore,  was  it  to  these  masons,  quarrying 
with  the  rude  instruments  of  that  barbarous  time,  into 
stone-work  as  solid  (almost  before  them)  as  the  side  of  a  hill. 

They  soon  indeed  began  to  cry  out  "Open  that  won- 
derful Pyramid!  It  could  not  possibly  be  done!"  But  the 
Caliph  only  replied,  "I  will  have  it  most  certainly  done." 
So  his  followers  perforce  had  to  quarry  on  unceasingly  by 
night  and  by  day.  Weeks  after  weeks,  and  months  too,  were 
consumed  in  these  toilsome  exertions;  the  progress,  how- 
ever, though  slow,  was  so  persevering  that  they  had  pen- 
etrated at  length  to  no  less  than  100  feet  in  depth  from  the 
entrance.  But  by  that  time  becoming  thoroughly  ex- 
hausted, and  beginning  again  to  despair  of  the  hard  and 
hitherto  fruitless  labor,  some  of  them  ventured  to  remember 
certain  improving  tales  of  an  old  king,  who  had  found, 
on  making  the  calculation,  that  all  the  wealth  of  Egypt  in  his 
time  would  not  enable  him  to  destroy  one  of  the  Pyramids. 
These  murmuring  disciples  of  the  Arabian  prophet  were  in 
the  midst  of  their  various  counsel,  they  heard  a  great  stone 
evidently  fall  in  some  hollow  space  within  no  more  than 
a  few  feet  on  one  side  of  them !  In  the  fall  of  that  particular 


304  THE    GKEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

stone,  there  almost  seems  to  have  been  an  accident  that 
was  more  than  an  accident.  Energetically,  however,  they 
instantly  pushed  on  in  the  direction  of  the  strange  noise ; 
hammers,  and  fire,  and  vinegar  being  employed  again  and 
again,  until,  breaking  through  a  wall  surface,  they  burst 
into  the  hollow  way,  "exceeding  dark,  dreadful  to  look  at, 
and  difficult  to  pass,"  they  said  at  first,  where  the  sound 
had  occurred.  It  was  the  same  hollow  way,  or  properly 
the  pyramid's  inclined  and  descending  (present)  entrance 
passage;  but  now  it  not  only  stood  before  another  race,  and 
another  religion,  but  with  something  that  the  others  never 
saw,  viz.,  its  chief  leading  secret,  for  the  first  time  since 
the  foundation  of  the  building,  nakedly  exposed;  and 
exhibiting  the  beginning  of  an  internal  arrangement  in 
the  Great  Pyramid,  which  is  not  only  unknown  in  any  and 
every  other  Pyramid  in  Egypt,  but  which  the  architect 
tiere,  carefully  finished,  scrupulously  perfected,  and  then 
most  remarkably  sealed  up  before  he  left  the  building  to 
fulfil  its  prophetic  destination  at  the  end  of  its  appointed 
thousands  of  years.  A  large  angular  fitting  stone  that 
had  made  for  ages,  with  its  lower  flat  side,  a  smooth  and 
polished  portion  of  the  ceiling  of  the  inclined  and  narrow 
entrance  passage,  quite  indistinguishable  from  any  other 
part  of  the  whole  of  its  line,  had  now  dropped  onto  the 
floor  before  their  eyes;  and  revealed  that  there  was  just 
behind  it,  or  at  and  in  that  point  of  the  ceiling  which  it 
had  covered,  the  end  of  another  passage,  clearly  ascending 
therefrom  and  towards  the  south,  out  of  this  also  south- 
ward going  but  descending  one!  (See  Plate  IX.) 

But  that  ascending  passage  itself  was  still  closed  a 
litcle  further  up  by  an  adamantine  portcullis,  or  rather 
stopper,  formed  by  a  series  of  huge  granite  plugs  of  square 
wedge-like  shape  dropped,  or  slipped  down,  and  then 
jammed  in  immovably,  from  above.  (Note  che  above 
fact,  which  we  shall  hereafter  commenc  apon.)  To  break 
them  in  pi  eces  within  the  confined  entrance  passage  space ,  an  d 
pull  out  the  fragments  there,  was  entirely  out  of  the  ques- 


PYRAMID  ENTERED,  FIRST  TIME  NOTED  305 

tion ;  so  the  grim  crew  of  Saracen  Mussulmans  broke  away 
sideways  or  round  about  to  the  west  through  the  smaller 
ordinary  masonry,  and  so  up  again  (by  a  huge  chasm  still 
to  be  seen,  and  indeed  still  used  by  all  would-be  entrants 
into  the  further  interior)  to  the  newly  discovered  ascend- 
ing passage,  at  a  point  past  the  terrific  hardness 
of  its  lower  granite  obstruction.  They  did  up  there,  or 
at  an  elevation  above,  and  a  position  beyond  the  port- 
cullis, find  the  passage  way  still  blocked,  but  the  filling 
material  at  that  part  was  only  limestone;  so,  making  them- 
selves a  very  great  hole  in  the  masonry  along  the  western 
side,  they  there  wielded  their  tools  with  energy  on  the  long 
fair  blocks  which  presented  themselves  to  their  view.  But 
as  fast  as  they  broke  up  and  pulled  out  the  pieces  of  one  of 
the  blocks  in  this  strange  ascending  passage,  other  blocks 
above  it,  also  of  a  bore  just  to  fill  its  full  dimensions,  slid 
down  from  above,  and  still  what  should  be  the  passage  for 
human  locomotion  was  solid  stone  filling.  No  help,  however, 
for  the  workmen — the  Commander  of  the  Faithful  is  present 
and  insists  that,  whatever  the  number  of  stone  plugs  still 
to  come  down  from  the  mysterious  reservior,  his  men  shall 
hammer  and  hammer  them,  one  after  the  other,  and  bit 
by  bit  to  little  pieces  at  the  only  opening  where  they  can  get 
at  them,  until  they  do  at  last  come  to  the  end  of  all.  So 
the  people  tire,  but  the  work  goes  on;  and  at  last,  yes!  at 
last !  the  ascending  passage,  beginning  just  above  the  granite 
portcullis,  and  leading  thence  upward  and  to  the  south 
is  announced  to  be  free  from  obstruction  and  ready  for 
essay.  Then,  by  Allah,  they  shouted,  the  treasures  of 
the  Great  Pyramid,  sealed  up  from  the  fabulous  times 
of  the  mighty  Ibn  Salhouk,  and  undesecrated,  as  it  was 
long  supposed,  by  mortal  eye  during  all  the  intervening 
thousands  of  years,  lay  full  in  their  grasp  before  them. 

On  they  rushed,  that  bearded  crew,  thirsting  for  the 
promised  wealth.  Up  no  less  than  no  feet  of  the  steep 
incline,  crouched  hands  and  knees  and  chin  togecher, 
through  a  passage  of  royally  polished  white  limestone,  but 

20 


306  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

only  47  inches  in  height  and  41  in  breadth  they  had  pain- 
fully to  crawl,  with  their  torches  burning  low.  Then 
suddenly  they  emerge  into  a  long  tall  gallery,  of  seven  times 
the  passage  height,  but  all  black  as  night  and  in  a  death- 
like calm  (see  Plate  XL);  still  ascending  though  at  the 
strange  steep  angle,  and  leading  them  away  farther  and 
still  more  far  into  the  very  inmost  heart  of  darkness  of  this 
imprisoning  mountain  of  stone.  In  front  of  them,  at  first 
entering  into  this  part  of  the  now  termed  "Grand  Galleiy," 
and  on  the  level,  see  another  low  passage;  on  their  right 
hand  (see  Plates  IX.  and  X.)  a  black,  ominous-looking 
well's  mouth,  more  than  140  feet  deep,  and  not  reaching 
water  but  only  lower  darkness,  even  then;  while  onwards 
and  above  them,  a  continuation  of  the  glorious  gallery 
.or  upward  rising  hall  of  seven  times,  leading  them  on,  as 
they  expected,  to  the  possession  of  all  the  treasures  of  the 
great  ones  of  antediluvian  times.  Narrow,  certainly,  was  the 
way — only  6  feet  broad  anywhere,  and  contracted  to  3 
feet  at  the  floor — but  28  feet  high,  or  almost  above  the 
power  of  their  smoky  lights  to  illuminate;  and  of  polished, 
glistening,  marble-like,  cyclopean  stone  throughout.  (See 
Plate  XIV.) 

That  must  surely,  thought  they,  be  the  high-road 
to  fortune  and  wealth.  Up  and  up  its  long  ascending 
floor  line,  therefore,  ascending  at  an  angle  of  26°,  these 
determined  marauders,  with  their  lurid  fire-lights,  had  to 
push  their  dangerous  and  slippery  way  for  150  feet  of 
distance  more;  then  an  obstructing  3  foot  step  to  climb 
over  (what  could  the  architect  have  meant  by  making  a 
step  so  tall  as  that?);  next  a  low  doorway  to  bow  their 
heads  most  humbly  beneath  ("It  is  a  rocky  road  up  to 
the  zenith  of  the  hill  of  science  and  even  the  king  on  his 
throne,  must  stoop  to  conquer.")  (See  Plates  XII.  and 
XIV.) ;  then  a  hanging  portcullis  to  pass,  almost  to  creep 
under,  most  submissively;  then  another  low  doorway, 
in  awful  blocks  of  frowning  red  granite  both  on  either  side, 
and  above  and  below.  But  after  that,  they  leaped  without 


CALIPH   AL  MAMOUN  ENTERS  PYRAMID  307 

further  let  or  hindrance  at  once  into  the  grand  chamber, 
which  was  and  is  still,  the  conclusion  (so  far  as  is  known) 
of  everything  forming  the  Great  Pyramid's  interior;  the 
chamber  to  which,  and  for  which,  and  toward  which, 
according  to  every  subsequent  writer  (for  no  older  ones 
knew  any  fragment  of  a  thing  about  it),  in  whatever 
other  theoretical  point  he  may  differ  from  his  modern 
fellows — the  whole  Great  Pyramid  was  originally  built. 
(See  Plate  XV.) 

And  what  find  they  there,  those  maddened  followers 
in  Caliph  AlMamoun 'strain  ?  A  right  noble  apartment,  now 
called  the  King's  Chamber,  roughly  34  feet  long,  17  broad, 
and  19  high,  of  polished  red  granite  throughout — walls, 
floor,  and  ceiling;  in  blocks  squared  and  true,  put  together 
with  such  exquisite  skill  that  no  autocrat  emperor  of  recent 
times  could  desire  anything  more  solidly  noble  and  at  the 
same  time  beautifully  refined. 

Ay,  ay,  no  doubt  a  well-built  room,  and  a  handsome 
one,  too;  but  what  does  it  contain?  where  is  the  treasure? 
The  treasure!  Yes,  indeed,  where  are  the  promised  silver 
and  gold,  the  jewels  and  the  arms?  The  plundering  fana- 
tics look  wildly  around  them,  but  can  see  nothing,  not  a 
single  dirhem  anywhere.  They  trim  their  torches  and 
carry  them  again  and  again  to  every  part  of  that  red-walled, 
flinty  hall,  but  without  any  better  success.  Nought  but 
pure,  polished,  red  granite,  in  mighty  slabs,  looks  calmly 
down  upon  them  from  every  side.  The  room  is  clean, 
garnished  too,  as  it  were;  and,  according  to  the  ideas  of 
its  founders,  complete  and  perfectly  ready  for  its  visitors, 
so  long  expected,  and  not  arrived  yet;  for  the  gross  minds 
of  those  who  occupy  it  now  find  it  all  barren;  and  declare 
that  there  is  nothing  whatever  of  value  there,  in  the  whole 
extent  of  the  apartment  from  one  end  to  another;  nothing, 
except  an  empty  stone  chest  without  a  lid. 

The  Caliph  Al  Mamottn  was  thunderstruck,  on  receipc 
of  this  information.  He  had,  through  his  workmen,  arrived 
at  the  very  ultimate  part  of  the  interior  of  the  Great  Pyra- 


308  THE    GEEAT    PYKAMID    JEEZEH 

mid  he  had  so  long  desired  to  take  possession  of;  and  had 
now,  on  at  last  carrying  it  by  storm,  found  absolutely 
nothing  that  he  could  make  any  use  of,  or  saw  the  smallest 
value  in.  So  being  signally  defeated  though  a  commander 
of  the  Faithful,  his  people  began  plotting  against  him. 

But  Al  Mamoun  was  a  Caliph  of  the  able  day  of  East- 
ern rulers  for  managing  mankind ;  so  he  had  a  large  sum  of 
money  secretly  brought  from  his  treasury,  and  buried  by 
night  in  a  cercain  spot  near  the  end  of  his  own  quarried  en- 
trance-hole. Next  day  he  caused  these  same  workmen  to 
dig  precisely  there,  and  behold!  although  they  were  only 
digging  in  the  Pyramid  masonry  just  as  they  had  been  doing 
during  so  many  previous  days,  yet  on  this  day  they  found 
a  treasure  of  gold ;  and  the  Caliph  ordered  it  to  be  counted 
and  lo!  it  amounted  to  the  exact  sum  that  had  been  in- 
curred in  the  works,  neither  more  nor  less.  And  the  Caliph 
(of  course)  was  astonished,  and  said  he  could  not  under- 
stand how  the  kings  of  the  Pyramid  of  old,  actually  before 
the  Deluge,  could  have  known  exactly  how  much  money  he 
would  have  expended  in  his  undertaking;  and  he  was  (ap- 
parently) lost  in  surprise.  But  as  the  workmen  got  paid  for 
their  labor,  and  cared  not  whose  gold  they  were  paid  with 
so  long  as  they  did  get  their  wages,  they  ceased  their  com- 
plaints, and  dispersed;  while  as  for  the  Caliph,  he  returned 
to  the  city,  El  Fostat,  notably  subdued,  musing  on  the  won- 
derful events  that  had  happened;  and  both  the  Grand  Gal- 
lery, and  the  King's  Chamber,  with  its  "stone  chest  with- 
out a  lid"  were  troubled  by  him  no  more. 

The  way  once  opened,  though  no  more  traversed,  by 
the  Caliph  Al  Mamoun  (as  he  presently  left  Egypt  for  his  more 
imperial  residence  in  Bagdad,  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  ended  his 
days  there  in  842  A.  D.,  about  40  years  before  the  time  of 
Alfred  the  Great.  That  way  into  the  Great  Pyramid  then 
remained  free  to  all;  and  "men  did  occasionally  enter  it," 
says  one  of  the  most  honest  chroniclers  of  that  period,  "for 
many  years,  and  descended  by  the  slippery  passage  which 
is  in  it,  with  no  other  alleged  result  than  that  some  of 
them  came  out  safe,  and  others  died."  (?) 


CITY  OF  EL  FOSTAT  BURNED  309 

The  history  of  Egypt,  from  the  reign  of  the  Caliph  Al 
Mamotin  down  to  the  invasion  of  that  land  by  Napoleon 
Bonaparte,  wich  his  70,000  red-republican  soldiers  in 
the  year  1798,  is  one  of  bloodshed  and  murder;  as  very 
few,  if  any,  of  its  rulers  actually  died  a  natural  death. 
Under  stick  circumstances,  very  little  reliable  history  exists ; 
either  regarding  that  country,  or  the  Great  Pyramid  chat 
still  stands  on  the  banks  of  uhe  Nile. 

The  city  of  El  Fostat,  in  sight  of  the  Great  Pyramdi 
was  taken  and  burned,  and  the  women  reduced  to  slavery, 
A.  D.,  905.  From  that  time  down  to  970  A.  D.  when  El 
Kahireh,  or  Cairo,  was  founded  by  Gohar — anarchy, 
bloodshed,  rival  and  shortlived  rulers,  invasions,  desola- 
tions, slaughters  and  battles  form  the  record;  and  little  or 
no  better  for  a  century  following. 

PROFESSOR  JOHN  GREAVES,  THE  OXFORD  ASTRONOMER,  VIS- 
ITS THE  GREAT  PYRAMID. 

(Sec.  64)  Among  the  first  of  the  scientists  to  visit  the 
Great  Pyramid  in  modern  times,  was  Prof.  Greaves,  in  the 
year  1637  A.  D.  His  conclusions,  after  making  many  scien- 
tific measurements,  were  given  to  the  public  through  his 
writings,  and  lectures,  and  started  the  scientific  world  to 
thinking.  His  example  soon  found  imitators,  that  visited 
the  pyramid,  and  they  increased  in  numbers  as  the  centuries 
passed  by. 

The  natural  instinct  of  nations  soon  singled  out  the 
Great  Pyramid  as  being  far  more  interesting  than  any  ocher 
monument  of  the  general  Pyramid  kind;  while  in  that  one 
building  again,  the  same  empty  stone  chest,  which  had  so 
affronted  the  Caliph  Al  Mamoun,  still  offered  itself  there 
in  the  interior  too,  as  the  chief  object  for  explanation. 
Why  was  it  in  such  a  place  of  honor?  Why  was  the  whole 
Pyramid  arranged  in  subservience  to  it?  Why  was  it, 
this  mere  coffer-box,  so  unpretending  and  plain?  Why 
was  it  empty,  lidless  and  utterly  without  inscription, 
continually  demanded  modern  Europe?  (It  should  be 
no  enigma  to  an  "Illustrious  Mason.") 


310  THE    GREAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

Gradually  the  notion  grew  that  it  might  be  a  sarcopha- 
gus; and  that  it  was  a  sarcophagus;  and  that  it  had  been 
intended  for  "that  Pharaoh  who  (in  1542  B.  C.)  drove  the 
Israelites  out  of  Egypt;  and  who,  in  the  end,  leaving  his 
body  in  the  Red  Sea,  never  had  the  opportunity  of  being 
deposited  in  his  own  tomb." 

But  this  idea  was  effectually  quashed,  for  amongst 
other  reasons,  this  forcible  one — that  the  Great  Pyramid 
was  not  only  built,  but  had  been  sealed  up  too  in  all  its 
more  special  portions,  long  before  the  birth  even  of  that 
Pharaoh.  Nay,  before  the  birth  of  Isaac  and  Jacob  as  well ; 
which  disposes  likewise  of  the  attempt  to  call  the  Great 
Pyramid  "the  tomb  of  Joseph,"  whose  mortal  remains 
being  carried  away  by  the  Israelites  in  their  exodus,  left 
the  vacancy  we  now  see  in  the  coffer  or  stone  box.  Also 
the  story  of  its  being  the  coffer  of  King  Cheops,  or  Chemmis, 
of  the  Royal  and  Fourth  Dynasty,  and  supposed  builder 
of  the  Great  Pyramid  according  to  the  Greeks.  Where- 
upon Professor  Greaves  pointed  out  "that  Diodorus  had 
left,  over  1,600  years  since,  a  memorable  passage  concerning 
Chemmis  (Cheops)  the  builder  (supposed)  of  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid, and  Cephren  (Shafre)  the  equally  royal  founder 
of  the  Pyramid  adjoining.  Although,"  said  he,  "those 
kings  intended  these  for  their  sepulchres,  yet  it  happened 
that  neither  of  them  were  buried  there.  For  the  people 
being  exasperated  against  them  by  reason  of  the  toilsome- 
ness  of  these  works,  and  for  their  cruelty  and  oppression, 
threatened  to  tear  in  pieces  their  bodies,  and  with  ignominy 
to  throw  them  out  of  their  sepulchres.  Whereupon  both 
of  them,  dying,  commanded  their  friends  to  bury  them  in 
an  obscure  place." 

Again,  both  Professor  Greaves  and  other  scholars  sal- 
utarily brought  up  to  check  the  then  public  mania  for  call- 
ing the  coffer  Cheops'  coffin,  the  very  clear  account  of 
Herodotus  that  King  Cheops  could  not  possibly  have  been 
buried  in  the  Great  Pyramid  building  above,  simply  because 
he  was  buried  low  down,  in  a  totally  different  place;  viz., 


SARCOPHAGUS  THEOEY  EXPLODED        311 

"in  a  subterranean  region,  on  an  island  there  surrounded 
by  the  waters  of  the  Nile."  And  as  that  both  necessarily 
and  hydraulically  means  a  level  into  which  the  Nile  water 
could  naturally  flow,  it  must  have  been  at  a  depth  of  more 
than  fifty  feet  beneath  the  very  bottom  of  even  the  un- 
finished subterranean  chamber,  the  deepest  work  found 
yet  underneath,  or  connected  in  any  way  with,  the  Great 
Pyramid.  Exactly  such  a  locality,  too,  both  sepulchral,  and 
with  precisely  the  required  hydraulic  conditions,  has  since 
then  been  found  about  i  ,000  feet  southeast  of  the  Pyramid 
building.  (See  Plate  XIX.) 

THE  SARCOPHAGUS  THEORY  SUCCESSFULLY  EXPLODED! 

(Sec.  65.)  All  the  single  sarcophagus  propositions 
for  the  benefit  of  that  most  remarkable  stone  chest  in 
the  red-granite  chamber  of  the  Great  Pyramid  having  failed 
their  remains  have  been  merged  into  a  sort  of  general  sar- 
cophagus theory,  that  some  one  must  have  been  buried  in  it. 
And  this  notion  finds  much  favor  with  the  Egyptologists, 
as  a  school;  though  facts  are  numerously  against  them, 
even  to  their  own  knowledge.  They  allow,  for  instance, 
that  in  no  other  Pyramid  is  the  sarcophagus — as  they  boldly 
call  the  empty  stone  chest,  or  granite  box  of  other  authors — 
contained  high  up  in  the  body  of  the  Pyramid,  far  above 
the  surface  of  the  ground  outside;  that  in  no  other  case, 
("excepting  the  sarcophagus  of  the  second  Pyramid,  but 
which  is  not  known  to  have  ever  been  occupied  by  a  mum- 
my"), it  is  perfectly  devoid  of  adornment  or  inscription; 
that  in  no  other  case,  not  even,  the  exception  just  alluded  to 
in  regard  to  the  Second  Pyramid,  has  the  lid  so  strangely 
vanished;  in  no  other  case  are  the  neighboring  walls  and 
passages  so  devoid  of  hieratic  and  every  mythological 
emblem;  in  fact,  they  confess  that  the  red  granite  coffer, 
with  all  that  part  of  the  Great  Pyramid's  chambers  and 
ascending  passages  where  it  is  found,  is  entirely  unique 


312  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

was  unknown  before  Caliph  Al  Mamoun's  day  (820  A.  D.) 
and  is  strictly  peculiar  to  the  Great  Pyramid. 

Observe  also  with  the  alleged  "sarcophagus,"  in  the 
King's  Chamber  (for  so  is  that  apartment  now  most  gener- 
ally termed),  that  there  was  no  ancient  attempt  to  build 
the  vessel  up  and  about  in  solid  masonry,  in  the  most  usual 
and  truly  effective  manner  for  securing  a  dead  body  invio- 
late. On  the  contrary  there  were  magnificently  built 
white  stone  passages  of  a  most  lasting  description ,  ready  to 
lead  a  stranger  right  up  to  such  far  interior  sarcophagus 
from  the  very  entrance  itself;  while,  more  notably  still, 
the  shapely  King's  Chamber  was  intended  to  be  ventilated  in 
the  most  admirable  manner  by  the  "air  channels"  dis- 
covered by  Col.  Howard  Vyse,  in  1837  A.  D.;  evidently 
(as  the  actual  fact  almost  enables  us  to  say  with  security) 
in  order  that  men  might  come  there  in  the  latter  day, 
and  look  on  and  deal  with,  that  granite  chest,  (key  to  the 
"Source  of  Measures")  and  look  on,  and  deal  with  that 
open  chest  and  live  and  not  die. 

Meanwhile,  some  few  men  with  broad  views  and  true 
in  scientific  researches — witness  M.  Jomard  in  the  celebrated 
"Description  de  1'Egypte,"  and  Sir  Gardner  Wilkinson  in 
his  own  most  deservedly  popular  works — had  begun  to 
express  occasional  doubts  as  to  whether  any  dead  body 
either  of  a  king  or  of  any  other  mortal  man  ever  was  deposit- 
ed in  the  open  vessel  of  the  King's  Chamber. 

To  quote  all  the  "pro's  and  con's"  of  even  the  scientific 
and  noted  men  of  the  past,  requiring  this  "stone  puzzle," 
would  require  over  100  volumes,  as  large  as  this  to  give 
the  subject  fair  publicity.  We  cannot,  however,  overlook 
the  celebrated 

JOHN  TAYLOR'S  THEORY. 

In  the  midst  of  such  scenes,  illustrating,  unfortunately, 
what  is  actually  going  on,  and  chiefly  applauded  still, 
among  the  Egyptologists  of  the  nineteenth  century,  came  in- 
to public  favor  the  celebrated  John  Taylor.  (He  was  born 
in  1781  and  died  in  1864.)  The  result  of  his  long  and 


TAYLOR'S    COFFER    THEORY  313 

respectful  researches,  suggests  more  or  less  that,  "The 
coffer  in  the  King's  Chamber  of  the  Great  Pyramid  was 
intended  to  be  a  standard  measure  of  capacity  and  weight ; 
primarily  in  a  special,  exclusive,  or  selective  manner, 
but  ultimately  for  all  nations;  and  certain  nations,  he  con- 
sidered, did  thence  originally  receive  their  weights  and 
measures;  so  that  those  of  them  who  still  preserve,  to  some 
degree,  with  their  language  and  history,  their  hereditary, 
aboriginal  weights  and  measures,  may  yet  trace  their 
prehistoric  connection  substantially  with  that  one  primeval, 
standard,  metrological  center  for  all  the  future  world,  the 
Great  Pyramid. 

"When  the  British  farmer  measures  his  wheat,  in 
what  term  does  he  measure  it?  In  quarters.  Quarters  of 
what?  The  existing  British  farmer  does  not  know;  for 
there  is  no  capacity  measure  now  on  the  Statute  book 
above  the  quarter;  but,  from  old  custom,  he  calls  his  largest 
corn  measure  a  quarter.  Whereupon  John  Taylor  adds 
in  effect:  "The  quarter  corn  measures  of  the  British 
farmer  are  fourth  parts  or  quarters  of  the  contents  of  the 
coffer  in  the  King's  Chamber  of  the  Great  Pyramid;  and 
the  true  value  in  size  of  its  particular  corn  measure,  has 
not  sensibly  deteroriated  during  all  the  varied  revolutions 
of  mankind  in  the  last  4,000  years." 

JOHN  TAYLOR'S  COFFER  THEORY  PRACTICALLY 
EXAMINED. 

The  above  is  a  statement  not  to  be  implicitly  accepted 
without  a  full  examination ;  and  something  in  that  way  can 
fortunately  be  instituted  very  easily;  as  thus: — The  first 
part  of  the  problem  is  merely  to  determine  the  cubical 
contents  of  the  vessel  known  successively,  from  Caliph 
Al  Mamoun's  day  to  our  own,  as  the  "sarcophagus," 
"the  empty  box,"  "the  lidless  stone  chest,"  or  more  philo- 
sophically and  safely,  so  as  not  to  entangle  ourselves  with 
any  theory,  "the  coffer,"  in  the  King's  Chamber  of  the 
Great  Pyramid.  From  Colonel  Howard  Vyse's  important 


314 


THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


work  are  drawn  forth  and  arranged,  in  the  following  table, 
all  the  chief  mensurations  taken  between  1550  A.  D.  and 
1840  A.  D.,  some  of  the  principal  authors  being  consulted 
in  their  original  writings.  Their  measures,  generally 
given  in  feet,  or  feet  and  inches,  (the  feet  of  all  authors 
when  not  otherwise  particularized,  have  been  here  assumed 
as  English  feet,  and  in  some  cases  may  require  a  correction 
on  that  account,  but  not  to  any  extent  sufficient  to  explain 
the  chief  anomalies  observed)  or  Metres,  are  all  here  set 
down  in  British  inches,  to  give  a  clearer  view  of  the  prog- 
ress of  knowledge  in  this  particular  matter.  And  now 
our  only  bounds  to  exactness  will  be,  the  capability  of 
these  educated  men  of  Europe  to  apply  accurate  instrumen- 
tation to  a  regularly  formed  and  exquisitely  prepared 
specimen  of  ancient  mechanical  art. 

MODERN  MEASURES  OF  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  COFFER  UP  TO  1864 


Authors  of 
Measurements 

Date 

Coffer 

Exterior 

Interior 

Material  as  Named 

Length  |  Breadth)  Height 

Length  |  Breadth]   Depth 

Bellonius  

A.  D. 
1553 
1591 
1610 

1618 
1638 
1647 
1655 
1674 
1692 
1693 
1699 
1709 
1715 
1721 
1743 
1799 

1799 
1801 
1801 
1801 
1805 
1817 
1817 
1831 
1837 

Black  Marble..  . 
Black  Marble..  . 

Black  Marble... 

144 
144 
84 

102 

87.5 
86. 

72 
60 
47 

P.  Alpinus  
Sandys  

De  Villamont  .  . 
Prof.  Greaves  .  . 
De  Monconys  .  . 
M.  Thevenot.  .  . 
M.  Lebrun  
M.  Maillet  
De  Careri  
Lucas.  

60 
Breast 
High 
60 
39.75 
40. 

39.75 
37. 

77.856 

26.616 

34.320 

Hard   Porphyry 

Granite  
Marble  
Like  Porphyry  . 
Thebaic  Marble 
Granite  
Granite  
Granite  . 
?  

86. 
74. 
90. 
86. 
84. 
84. 
84. 
84. 
84. 
84. 

90.592 
87.5 
90. 
78. 
92. 

40. 
37. 
48. 
37. 
36. 

40. 
40. 
48. 
39. 
42. 
42. 

75.? 

74'.?" 
72.? 

29.? 
26'.?" 

Egmont  

Pere  Sicard..  .  . 
Dr.  Shaw  
Dr.   Perry  
M.  Denon  
M.  Jomard  and 
Eg.  FT.  Ac.  .  . 
Dr.  Clarke  
Mr.  Hamilton.  . 
Dr.  Whitman  .  . 
Dr.  Wilson  
M.  Caviglia.  .  .  . 
Dr.  Richardson 
Sir  G.Wilkinson 
Howard  Vyse.  . 

42. 
36. 
30. 

48. 

39.450 
39.75 
42. 
38.75 
38. 

36. 
42. 
36. 

38. 

44.765 
39.75 
42. 
41.5 

72'.?" 

77.836 

78'.?'  ' 
66.? 
80.? 

24'." 

26.694 

30.?'  ' 
26.75? 
26   ? 

37.285 

32'." 
34.5 

Granite  
Granite  

90. 

39. 

42. 

78.? 

27.? 

Red  Granite..  . 

90. 

39. 

39.5 

88. 

36. 

37. 

90.5 
90.1 

39.0 
38  72 

38.75 

41.0 
41.27 

78.0 
77.93 

26.5 

26   73 

34.5 
34.34 

Piazzi  Smyth... 
Dr.  Grant  
Mr.Jas.Simpson 

1864 
1864 
1864 

Red  Granite..  .  . 
Red  Granite  .  .  . 

89.92 

38.68 

41.23 

77.85 

26.70 

34.31 

N.B. — A  note  of  interrogation  after  any  of  the  interior 
measures  indicates  that  tney  have  been  obtained  by  ap- 


EEVIEW  OF  COFFER  MEASURE  315 

plying  to  the  exterior  measures  the  "thickness",  as  given 
by  the  observer;  such  thickness  being  supposed  to  apply 
to  the  sides.and  not  to  the  bottom,  which  maybe  different. 

REVIEW    OF     THE    "COFFER     MEASURE"    AS    GlVEN   ABOVE. 

Look  at  them,  is  not  the  list  a  little  appalling?  An  ordi- 
nary carpenter  amongst  us  uses  sixteentos  of  an  inch  quite 
frequently,  and  sometimes  undertakes  to  make  a  special 
piece  of  cabinet  work  "fit  to  a  thirty-secondth  of  an  inch"; 
but  our  learned  travelers  commit  errors  of  many  whole 
inches;  and  this  when  they  are  voluntarily,  and  of  their 
own  prompting  only,  measuring  the  one  and  only  internal 
object  which  they  found  to  measure,  or  thought  should  be 
described  by  measure,  in  the  whole  interior  of  the  Great 
Pyramid. 

Professor  Piazzi  Smyth,  after  making  several  visits, 
and  spending  many  months  in  measuring  the  Great  Pyramid 
both  inside  and  outside,  with  the  most  carefully  prepared 
special  implements  of  measure,  says:  "I  feel  compelled  to 
say,  that  out  of  the  twenty-seven  quoted  authors  no  less 
than  twenty-two  must  be  discharged  summarily  as  quite 
incompetent,  whatever  their  mental  attainments  other- 
wise, to  talk  before  the  world  about  either  size  or  propor- 
tion in  any  important  practical  matter. 

"Professor  Greaves  in  1638,  the  French  Academicians 
in  1799,  and  Colonel  Howard  Vyse  in  1837,  are  therefore 
the  only  three  names  that  deserve  to  live  as  coffer  measurers 
in  the  course  of  250  years  of  legions  of  educated  European 
visitors.  Of  these  three  parties  thus  provisionally  accepted, 
the  foremost  position  might  have  been  expected  for  the 
Academicians  of  Paris.  Professor  Greaves  lived  before 
the  day  of  European  science  proper.  While  Colonel  How- 
ard Vyse  did  not  lay  himself  out  for  very  refined  measure- 
ments; but  rather  went  through  what  he  felt  himself 
obliged  to  undertake  in  that  direction,  in  the  same  fearless, 
thorough-going,  artless  but  most  honest  manner  in  which 
the  Duke  of  Wellington  was  accustomed  to  review  a  picture 


316  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

exhibition  in  London,  beginning  with  No.  i  in  the  catalogue 
and  going  through  with  the  whole  of  them  conscientiously 
to  the  very  last  number  on  the  list. 

"The  Colonel's  measures,  therefore,  are  respectable 
and  solidly  trustworthy  with  regard  to  large  quantities, 
but  not  much  more. 

"With  the  French  Academicians  it  is  quite  another 
thing;  they  were  the  men,  and  the  successors  of  the  men, 
who  had  been  for  generations  measuring  arcs  of  the  meri- 
dian, and  exhausting  all  the  refinements  of  microscopic 
bisections  and  levers  of  contact  in  determining  the  precise 
standard  scales.  Their  measures,  therefore,  ought  to  be 
true  to  the  thousandth,  and  even  the  ten-thousandth  part 
of  an  inch;  and  perhaps  they  are  so  in  giving  the  length 
and  breadth  of  the  coffer;  but,  alas!  in  their  statements  of 
the  depth  inside,  and  the  height  outside,  there  seems  to  have 
been  some  incomprehensible  mistake  committed,  amounting 
to  nearly  three  inches.  Under  such  circumstances  and  after 
having  failed  to  obtain  any  satisfactory  explanation  from 
the  Perpetual  Secretary  of  the  Academy  in  Paris,  I  have 
been  compelled  to  discharge  the  French  Academy,  also, 
from  the  list  of  fully  trustworthy  competitors  for  usefulness 
and  fame  in  Pyramid  coffer  metrology.  Only  two 
names  therefore,  are  left — Howard  Vyse,  who  has  been 
already  characterized  and  Greaves,  in  whom  we  have  most 
fortunately  a  host  indeed." 

SKETCH   OF  THE    EASTERN  TRAVELING  OXFORD    ASTRON- 
OMER, PROF.  GREAVES,  IN  1673 

(Sec.  66.)  He  lived  before  the  full  birth  of  European 
science,  but  on  the  edge  of  an  horizon  which  is  eventful 
in  scientific  history;  with  an  unusual  knowledge,  too,  of 
Oriental  languages,  and  a  taste  for  travelling  in  the  then 
turbulent  regions  of  the  East,  Prof.  Greaves  belongs  al- 
most to  the  heroic  time.  Immediately  behind  him  were, 
if  not  the  dark  ages,  the  scholastic  periods  of  profitless 
verbal  disquisitions;  and  in  front,  to  be  revealed  after  his 
death,  were  the  germs  of  the  mechanical  and  physical 


317 


natural  philosophy  which  have  since  then  changed  the 
face  of  the  world. 

Now  every  other  visitor  to  the  Great  Pyramid,  both, 
before  and  since  Greaves,  paid  vastly  more  attention  to 
the  exterior  than  the  interior  of  the  coffer,  he  defined  it 
particularly  thus: — "It  is  in  length  on  the  west  side  6.488 
feet,"  "in  breadth  at  the  north  end,  2.218  feet,"  "the 
depth  is  2.860  feet." 

GREAVES'  AND  VYSE'S  COFFER  CAPACITY  DETERMINATIONS. 

Cubical  contents  of  the  coffer  in  English  inches  by 
Greaves'  full  measures,  in  1838 : — 

77. 856  x  26.616  x  34. 3 20  —  71 . 118. 

And  by  Howard  Vyse's  measures,  taken  in  1837: — 
78. ox  26.5  x  34. 5  =  71. 311. 

Several  small  corrections  may  possibly  be  applicable 
to  these  numbers  as  read  off;  we  may  accept  for  a  first 
approximation  the  mean  of  the  above  statements,  or  71,214 
cubic  inches,  as  the  apparent  capacity  contents  of  the  coffer 
of  the  King's  Chamber. 

Now,  what  proportion  does  that  number  bear,  to  the 
capacity  of  four  modern  English  corn  quarters,  in  terms  of 
which  British  wheat  is  measured  and  sold  at  this  date 
(1907)? 

One  English  gallon  is  declared  to  be  equal  to  277.274 
cubic  inches;  which  quantity  being  multiplied  for  bushels, 
quarters,  and  four  quarters,  yields  70,982.144  English 
cubic  inches.  Whence  the  degree  of  agreement  between 
a  quarter  modern  British  and  a  fourth  part  of  the  ancient 
coffer,  or  granite  box,  and  possible  type  of  a  both  primeval 
and  ancient  corn  measure  in  the  Great  Pyramid,  is  at  this 
present  time  as  17,746  :  17,804. 

RED  GRANITE  THE  TRUE  MATERIAL  OF  THE  COFFER. 

By  reference  to  the  third  column  in  our  last  table  of 
"Modern  Measurements  of  the  Coffer,"  it  will  be  observed 
that  travellers  have  assigned  the  coffer  to  almost  every 


318  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

mineral,  from  black  marble  to  red  granite,  and  porphyry 
of  a  color  which  no  one  has  ventured  to  name.  Yet  John 
Taylor  concluded  for  porphyry,  and  called  the  vessel  the 
"Porphyry  Coffer,"  even  Piazzi  Smyth  in  his  early  volume 
of  "Life  and  Work,"  published  before  visiting  the  pyramid, 
named  it  porphyry. 

He  says:  "Nevertheless,  I  having  at  last  visited 
Egypt  in  1864-5,  after  the  publication  of  the  first  edition 
of  my  work,  spent  almost  whole  days  and  weeks  in  the 
King's  Chamber  of  the  Great  Pyramid  until  all  sense  of 
novelty  and  needless  mystery  in  small  things  had  worn 
away;  and  decided  without  the  smallest  hesitation,  for  the 
material  of  the  coffer  being  syenitic  granite,  exceedingly 
like  but  perhaps  a  little  harder  as  well  as  darker  than 
the  constructive  blocks  of  the  walls  of  the  King's  Chamber 
containing  it." 

In  every  possible  or  even  imaginable  instance,  such 
hard  granite  is  wonderfully  distinct,  naturally  from  the 
soft  limestone  (sometimes,  but  with  less  error,  called 
marble)  of  the  rest  of  the  Great  Pyramid's  structure;  and 
it  is  not  a  little  important,  in  all  Pyramid  research  there 
to  be  able  in  that  monument  to  detect  for  certain  when- 
ever the  primeval  architect  abandoned  the  use  of  the  lime- 
stone he  had  at  hand,  and  adopted  the  granite  procured 
with  utmost  toil  and  expense  from  a  distance;  whether 
it  came  from  Syene,  as  modern  Egyptologists  usually  de- 
termine, or  from  Sinai,  as  Professor  Greaves  infers;  or 
from  Atlantis,  or  America,  as  we  think. 

Professor  Smyth  again  says: — "Sad  confusion  here 
between  granite  and  porphyry  in  the  seventeenth  century ; 
while  in  the  'unheroic  eighteenth  century'  Anglo-Saxon 
ignorance  of  granite  culminated.  No  fresh  granite  was 
then  being  worked  anywhere  direct  from  nature,  and  the 
monuments  of  antiquity  composed  of  it  were  first  suspected, 
and  then  alleged  to  be  fictitious ;  as  thus  stated  by  a  Medi- 
terranean traveller  in  1702: — 'The  column  of  Pompey' 
at  Alexandria.  Some  think  it  of  a  kind  of  marble,  but 


WHERE  THE  GRANITE  CAME  FROM  319 

others  incline  rather  to  believe  that  it  was  manufactured 
stone,  or,  as  some  writers  put  it  'of  melted  stone'  cast 
in  moulds  upon  the  place.  The  latter  reason  is  indulged 
in  by  many,  for  two  reasons,  (i.)  for  there  is  not  the  least 
-piece  of  that  stone  to  be  found  (naturally)  in  any  part  of 
the  world,  at  this  time;  (2.)  and  the  pillar  is  so  prodigiously 
big  and  high  that  it  could  hardly  be  erected  without  a 
miracle . ' '  Prof .  Smyth  says :  "I  know  it  is  alleged  by  those 
who  believe  the  story  of  the  Rhodian  colossus  that  the 
ancients  had  the  advantage  of  admirable  machines  to 
raise  such  bulky  pieces;  but  I  should  reckon  myself  ex- 
tremely obliged  to  those  gentlemen  if  they  would  show 
me  any  probable  reason  why  among  so  great  a  variety  of 
Egyptian  monuments  of  antiquity,  there  is  not  one  of 
marble;  and  by  what  unaccountable  accident  the  stone 
called  granite,  which  was  then  so  common,  is  now  grown  so 
scarce  that  the  most  curious  inquiries  into  the  works  of 
nature  cannot  find  the  least  fragment  of  it,  that  was  not 
employed  in  ancient  structures  ? 

"And  even  though  I  should  suppose  with  my  adver- 
saries, that  the  quarries  out  of  which  this  stone  was  dug 
were  by  degrees  so  entirely  exhausted  that  there  is  not  the 
least  footstep  of  'em  left,  and  that  Nature  herself  has  lost 
so  much  of  ancient  vigor  and  fecundity  that  she  is  not  able 
to  produce  new  ones,  I  may  still  be  allowed  to  ask  why 
granite  was  only  used  in  obelisks  or  columns  of  a  prodi- 
gious bigness ;  for  if  it  were  really  a  sort  of  (natural)  stone 
or  marble,  I  see  no  reason  why  we  might  not  find  small 
pieces  of  it,  as  well  as  of  porphyry  and  other  kinds  of 
marble." 

Replying  to  Professor  Smyth's  argument,  and  queries, 
as  quoted  above,  we  would  say:  (i.)  the  reason  why  we 
cannot  find  any  similar  piece  of  marble,  or  granite,  to  corres- 
pond with  that  of  the  coffer  or  walls  in  the  King's  Chamber, 
or  the  Column  of  Pompey  (or  Pompey's  Pillar)  that  stands 
about  i, 800  feet  south  of  the  walls  of  Alexandria  is,  that 
none  of  this  stone  was  ever  formed  on,  or  brought  from 


320  THE    GREAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

any  landed  continent  now  in  existence.  But,  as  one  of 
the  proofs  of  our  theory,  is,  that  it  came  from  the  "Conti- 
nent of  Atlantis,"  or  the  land  that  once  formed  the  conti- 
nent, now  known  as  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  (2.)  And  the 
reason  why  it  seems  miraculous  to  most  students  of  Egypto- 
logy, in  this  enlightened  day,  that  such  massive  stones 
as  constitute  the  principal  parts  of  the  Great  Pyramid, 
and  such  Monoliths  as  above  mentioned,  could  be  brought 
any  great  distance,  or  be  raised,  or  placed  in  position  when 
on  the  ground  is:  that  they  cannot  conceive  of  any  "lost 
art"  or  wisdom,  not  possessed  by  the  mechanics  and  wise 
men  of  this  enlightened  day.  (3.)  While  our  present  day 
mathematicians,  have  (practically)  found  a  correct  "quad- 
rature of  the  circle,"  and  the  "Aztec  Tempered  Copper 
Manufacturing  Company,"  of  Seattle,  Washington,  has 
successfully  tempered  copper  (97  per  cent  pure)  to  equal 
or  excel  the  very  best  quality  of  steel,  and  the  "Georgia 
Girl"  has  accomplished  the  feat  of  "overcoming  gravita- 
tion"', we  have  much  more  to  accomplish  before  the  wise 
architects  of  this  enlightened  day  and  age,  can  duplicate 
the  Great  Pyramid. 

(Sec.  67.)  WISE  MEN  DIFFER  AS  TO  WHAT  is 
LIMESTONE  OR  GRANITE — Prof.  Smyth  says:  —  "When, 
for  instance,  my  wife  and  I  were  living  through  sev- 
eral months  in  a  tomb  of  the  eastern  cliff  of  the  Great 
Pyramid  Hill  in  1865,  a  Cambridge  man,  with  a  most 
respectable  name  in  science,  and  a  sage-looking,  experienced 
head  of  iron-grey  hair,  called  upon  us  and  remarked  (to  the 
lady,  too,  who  knows  a  great  deal  more  about  minerals 
than  I  do)  'What  a  fine  granite  cavern  you  are  living  in!' 
Granite,  indeed,  poor  man!  when  the  petrified  mummulites 
were  staring  at  him  all  the  time  out  of  the  nought  but 
limestone  on  every  side!  And  other  travellers  within  the 
last  few  years  have  confidently  talked  of  having  seen  granite 
in  the  entrance  passage  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  granite  in 
the  subterranean  chamber,  granite  forming  the  casing 
stone  heaps  outside,  granite,  in  fact,  anywhere  and  every- 


GRANITE   OR   LIMESTONE,   WHICH? 


where;  and  basalt  dykes  in  the  Pyramid  hill  too,  though 
in  a  country  of  pure  mummulithic  limestone. 

"They,  however,  being  free  and  independent  writers, 
cannot  be  easily  interfered  with;  but  will  my  readers  at 
least  excuse  me  for  insisting  upon  it,  that  for  any  would- 
be  Pyramidist  scholar  it  is  a  most  awful  mistake  to  say 
granite  when  he  means  limestone,  or  vice  versa;  and  to 
see  limestone  where  the  primeval  architect  went  to  infinite 
pains  to  place  granite.  To  talk  thus  interchangeably  of 
the  two  is,  indeed,  over  and  above  saying  the  thing  that 
is  not  in  minerology  over  and  above  taking  hard  for  soft, 
and  soft  for  hard ;  Neptunian  for  Plutonian ;  repletion  with 
traces  of  organic  existence  for  nought  but  crystals  that 
never  had  a  breath  of  life  in  them — it  is  also  on  the  part 
of  such  individual  a  depriving  himself  of  the  only  absolutely 
positive  feature  that  can,  or  should,  speak  to  in  all  Pyramid 
inquiry;  as  thus: — Questions  of  amount  of  angle,  length 
of  line,  and  measure  of  weight  are  all,  even  in  the  best 
modern  science  researches,  questions  of  degree  of  approxi- 
mation only ;  or  of  limits  of  approach  to  a  something  which 
may  never  be  actually  touched,  or  finally  defined.  But 
if  white  mummulithic  limestone  cannot  be  distinguished 
absolutely  from  red  granite,  or  if  one  of  those  substances 
is  said  to  glide  so  insensibly  into  the  other,  that  no  man 
can  say  with  confidence  where  one  begins  and  the  other 
ends — the  age  for  interpretering  the  long  secret  interior 
of  the  Great  Pyramid  has  not  yet  arrived. 

"But  I  will  not  consent  to  any  such  state  of  mind 
afflicting  the  readers  of  this  present  edition;  and  would 
rather,  with  them,  as  one  amdngst  friends  and  often,  in 
many  other  learned  subjects,  betters  than  myself,  request 
their  attention  (before  further  discussing  the  coffer  in 
the  King's  Chamber)  to  a  prevailing  feature  of  the  manner 
in  which  the  Great  Pyramid  makes  its  chief  mechanical 
use  of  this  triple  rock,  of  strong  colors  and  strange  tradi- 
tions, granite. 

"There  is  granite  in  the  Great  Pyramid,  and  granite 

21 


322  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

in  various  small  Pyramids ;  yet  so  far  from  their  being  there- 
fore alike,  it  is  on  that  very  account,  or  by  that  very  means, 
that  most  difference  may  be  detected  both  in  their  designs 
and  even  in  the  minds  of  their  designers. 

"Take  the  third  Pyramid  as  an  example;  the  Egyp- 
tological world  hailed  it  as  the  'Coloured  Pyramid' ;  colour- 
ed, for  sooth,  because  its  casing-stones  more  than  half-way 
up,  were  of  red  granite.  That  that  little  third  Pyramid  was 
therefore  more  expensive  than  the  Great  one,  all  its  friends 
admit,  and  even  boast  of;  but  what  else  did  it  gain  thereby '". 
Lasting  power,  is  the  general  idea;  because  granite  is  so 
proverbially  hard.  But,  alas !  granite,  besides  being  hard,  is 
also  very  brittle  on  account  chiefly  of  its  tri-crystallization, 
and  is  so  largely  expansible  by  heat,  (NOTE — Having  pre- 
pared in  1873,  a  number  of  slabs  of  different  materials,  both 
natural  and  artificial  and  then  examined  their  lengths  with 
a  misroscopic  beam-compass  both  in  summer  and  winter,  I 
found  all  the  harder  stones,  agate,  chalcedony,  green-stone 
flint,  porphyry,  and  marble  too,  afflicted  with  larger  heat 
expansions  than  the  soft,  fine-grained  lime-stones,  such  as 
either  the  white  lime-stone  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  or  the 
black  lime-stone  of  Ireland)  that  under  the  influence  of  a 
hot  sun  by  day  and  cold  sky  by  night,  it  loosens  and  crush- 
es minutely  the  materials  of  its  own  surface  to  little  pie- 
ces, film  by  film,  and  age  after  age —  until  now,  after  3.000 
years,  those  hard  granitic  casing-stones  of  the  third  Pyra- 
mid are  rounded  along  their  edges  into  pudding  shapes, 
which  can  hardly  indicate  the  angle  they  were  originally 
bevelled  to,  within  a  handful  of  degrees.  Yet  the  softer, 
and  fair,  white  lime-stone  which  was  chosen  of  old  for 
the  casing  of  the  Great  Pyramid  (a  variety  of  which 
lime-stone  is  found  in  the  Mokattam  hill  on  the  east  side 
of  the  Nile) ,  and  which  was  begun  to  be  exposed  to  the  wea- 
ther before  the  third  Pyramid  or  its  builders  were  born,  has 
joined  to  that  softness,  so  much  tenacity,  smallness  of  heat 
expansion,  and  strong  tendency  to  varnish  itself  with  a 
brownish  iron  oxide  exudation,  that  it  has  in  some  instances 


REASON  FOR  USING  LIMESTONE  323 

preserved  the  original  angle  of  the  casing-stones  within  a 
minute  of  a  degree,  and  their  original  surface  within  the 
hundredth  of  an  inch. 

"But  because  the  Great  Pyramid  architect  found  lime- 
stone to  answer  his  purpose  for  casing-stones,  did  he  there- 
fore use  it  everywhere?  No,  certainly  not.  He  knew  it  to 
be  too  soft  to  keep  its  size  and  figure  in  places  where  men 
do  tend  to  congregate ;  and  where  strains  and  wear  and  tear 
may  accumulate,  and  have  to  be  strenuously  resisted.  In 
and  towards  the  center,  therefore,  of  the  whole  mass  of  the 
Great  Pyramid,  where  strains  do  increase  and  the  treasure 
was  supposed  to  be  kept,  and  where  Caliph  Al  Mamoun  in 
one  age,  and  middle-class  passengers  from  Australian 
steamers  in  another,  rush  trampling  in  to  see  what  they  can 
get  by  force, — there,  whatever  other  purpose  we  may  pre- 
sently discover  he  also  had,  the  Great  Pyramid  arch- 
itect begin  to  use  granite  in  place  of  lime-stone.  And  in 
the  deep  and  solemn  interior  of  that  building,  where  he  did 
so  employ  it,  there  was  no  sun  to  shine  and  heat  up  by  day, 
no  open  sky  to  radiate  cold  at  night;  but  only  closed-in 
darkness  and  a  uniform  temperature  from  year  to  year, 
and  century  to  century. 

"There  was,  therefore,  no  tendency  in  granite  to  sep- 
arate its  component  crystals  there ;  but  very  great  necessity 
for  its  hardness  to  resist  the  continual  treading,  or  hammer- 
ing and  mischief-working  by  the  countless  visitors  of 
these  latter  days.  For  the  granite  portion  of  the  Great 
Pyramid  (excepting  only  the  portcullis,  or  stopper,  blocks 
at  the  lower  end  of  the  first  ascending  passage)  begins  in  the 
so-called  ante-chambsr  apartment.  A  narrow  chamber 
through  which  all  visitors  mu,st  pass,  in  order  to  reach  that 
further,  grander,  and  final  Kings' Chamber  wherein  the  em- 
ployment of  granite  culminates;  and  wherein  is  to  be  seen 
standing  loose  and  quite  movable,  except  for  its  immense 
weight,  on  the  open,  level,  granite  floor,  that  Pyramid  coffer 
or  long  and  high  granite  box,  which  is  still  awaiting  our 
further  and  higher  examination." 


324  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

Professor  Smyth  again  asks — "Why  of  that  Size? 
If  we  grant,  temporarily,  for  mere  present  argument's 
sake,  that  the  long  rectangular  granite  box,  or  coffer,  in 
the  King's  Chamber  of  the  Great  Pyramid  was  intended  by 
the  precise,  measured,  amount  of  its  cubic  contents  to 
typify,  as  Mr.  Taylor  has  suggested,  a  grand  and  universal 
standard  of  capacity  measure — can  any  reason  in  either 
nature  or  science  be  shown,  why  it  should  have  been  made 
of  that  particular  size  and  no  other?  In  a  later  age  the 
designer  of  such  a  metrological  vessel  would  have  been 
hampered  by  custom,  confined  by  law,  or  led  by  precedent. 
But  in  the  primeval  day  of  the  foundation  of  the  Great 
Pyramid,  who  was  there  then  to  control  its  architect ; 
or  from  whom  could  that  truly  original  genius  have  copied 
anything;  or  lastly,  what  was  there  to  prevent  his  making 
the  coffer  therein  of  any  size  he  pleased?" 

I  will  tell  you  why :  If  the  coffer  had  been  carved  out 
for  no  other  purpose  than  for  a  "capacity  measure,"  the 
architect  and  designer  would,  most  probably,  have  been 
"hampered  by  custom,  confined  by  law,  or  led  by  prece- 
dent." But,  as  this  vessel  was  constructed  for  a  double 
purpose,  there  was  but  one  size  and  shape  to  make  it. 
One  of  its  purposes  was  most  certainly  intended  for  an 
"International  measure  of  capacity,"  or  at  least  a  copy  of 
the  then  existing  law;  the  other,  and  principal  purpose  was, 
to  "illustrate  to  candidates  seeking  knowledge  of  the  hidden 
mysteries  of  life,  both  here,  and  beyond  the  veil."  Any 
"illustrious  mason"  could  reveal  the  details. 

In  the  primeval  day  of  the  building  of  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid, over  one  thousand  millions  of  people  inhabited  the 
earth;  and,  as  that  civilization  had  then  a  genealogy 
reaching  back  for  at  least  50,000  years,  there  were  hundreds 
of  similar  designs  extant  to  copy  from;  and  the  architect 
and  builders  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  would  not  have  ranked, 
in  their  day,  higher  than  hundreds  of  their  fellows.  Can 
there  be  any  doubt  in  the  mind  of  the  reader,  at  this  stage 
of  our  argument,  that  the  Great  Pyramid,  including  its 


COFFER   MEASURES   IN   DETAIL  325 

mysterious  coffer,  was  not  built  in  2170  B.  C.?  When 
semi -barbarism  and  mechanical  ignorance,  grouped  their 
way  through  Lower  Egypt's  darkness?  Or,  if  built  by 
a  Deified  architect  and  Deified  workmen,  (as  suggested  by 
Professor  Smyth,)  then  why,  if  built  for  a  moral  or  religious 
landmark,  has  it  not  had  Deific  protection  from  the  marau- 
ders? It  has  been  protected,  but  just  in  that  proportion 
that  the  ancient  founders  outwitted  the  strength  and 
willingness  of  the  primeval  and  modern  marauder. 

THE  COFFER  MEASURES  IN  DETAIL  IN   ENGLISH    INCHES. 

By  Prof.  P.  Smyth,  in  1865,  with  corrections  down 
to  1880:  "This  vessel,  the  sole  contents  of  the  dark  King's 
Chamber,  and  termed  according  to  various  writers,  stone 
box,  granite  chest,  lidless  vessel,  porphyry  vase,  black  mar- 
ble sarcophagus,  and  coffer — is  composed,  as  to  its  material, 
of  a  darkish  variety  of  red,  and  possibly  syenitic,  granite. 
And  there  is  no  difficulty  in  seeing  this;  for  although  the 
ancient  polished  sides  have  long  since  acquired  a  deep 
chocolate  hue,  there  are  such  numerous  chips  effected  on 
all  the  edges  in  recent  years,  that  the  component  crystals, 
quartz,  mica,  and  felspar,  may  be  seen  (by  the  light  of  a 
good  candle)  even  brilliantly. 

"The  vessel  is  chipped  around,  or  along,  every  line  and 
edge  of  bottom,  sides,  and  top;  and  at  its  southeast  corner, 
the  extra  accumulation  of  chippings  extends  to  a  breaking 
away  of  nearly  half  its  height  from  the  top  downwards. 
It  is,  moreover,  tilted  up  at  its  south  end  by  a  black  jasper 
pebble  about  1.5  inches  high  (such  pebbles  are  found 
abundantly  on  the  desert  hills  .outside  and  west  of  the 
Great  Pyramid)  recently  pushed  in  underneath  the  south- 
west corner.  The  vessel  is  therefore  in  a  state  of  strain, 
aggravated  by  the  depth  to  which  the  verticle  sides  have 
been  broken  down  as  above;  and  great  care  must  be 
taken  in  outside  measures,  not  to  be  misled  by  the  space 
between  some  parts  of  the  bottom  and  the  floor,  itself  also 
of  polished  red  granite. 


326  THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

"As  for  the  under  surface  of  the  bottom  of  the  coffer 
(speculated  on  by  some  persons  as  containing  a  long  in- 
scription) I  felt  it  near  the  south  end  with  my  hand,  and 
tried  to  look  under  it  also  -.when  a  piece  of  magnesium 
wire  was  burning  there,  without  being  sensible  of  any 
approach  to  hieroglyphics  or  engraving.  But  as  to  the 
inner  or  upper  surface,  of  the  bottom,  and  also  the  verticle 
sides  of  the  vessel,  both  inside  and  ou — all  the  ancient 
surfaces  there  are  plainly  enough  polished  smooth,  and  are 
without  any  carving,  inscription,  design,  or  any  intentional 
line  or  lines;  they  are  also  all  of  them  simple,  plain,  and 
flat  (sensibly  to  common  observation) ;  excepting  only 
the  top  margin,  which  is  cut  into  in  a  manner  implying 
that  a  sarcophagus  lid  once  fitted  on,  sliding  into  its  place 
from  the  west,  and  fixable  by  three  steady  pins,  entering 
from  the  lid  into  holes  on  the  western  side.  The  west 
side  of  the  coffer  is  therefore  lowered  all  over  its  top  sur- 
face, except  at  the  north  and  south  ends,  by  the  amount 
of  depth  of  such  ledge  cut-out,  or  1.72  inch ;  and  the  other, 
or  east,  north,  and  south  sides  are,  or  should  be  lowered 
to  the  same  depth  on  their  inner  edges,  and  to  a  distance 
from  inside  to  out  of  1.63  inch.  But  the  fullness  of  this 
arrangement  cannot  be  seen  now,  because  in  some  places 
both  ledge  and  top  of  sides  are  broken  away  together; 
and  in  others,  though  much  of  the  inner  base-line  of  the 
ledge  remains — thanks  to  its  protected  position — the  upper 
and  true  surface  of  the  coffer's  side  has  all  been  chipped 
away.  In  fact,  it  is  only  over  a  short  length  near  the  north- 
east corner  of  the  coffer  that  the  chippers  have  left  any 
portion  of  its  original  top  edge.  And  a  cast  of  that  corner 
taken  in  1879,  by  Mr.  Wayman  Dixon  shows  (as  compared 
with  my  photograph  and  also  with  the  frontispiece  to 
Vol.  I.  of  "Life  and  Work"),  that  a  further  portion  of 
the  side's  top  surface,  indeed  an  awfully  large  con- 
choidal-shaped  block,  has  disappeared  since  1865. 

"The  whole  question,  therefore,  of  the  full  depth  of  the 
coffer  rests  on  one  very  small  portion  of  the  northeast 


THE  COFFEE'S  LEDGE  327 


wall,  so  to  speak,  of  the  coffer — a  portion,  too,  which  be- 
comes smaller  and  smaller  every  year  that  we  live. 

"Only  at  that  northeast  corner,  too,  is  there  an  oppor- 
tunity of  measuring  the  verticle  depth  between  the  ancient 
top  surface  of  a  side  and  the  bottom  surface  of  the  ledge; 
and  it  was,  by  repeated  measure,  found  by  me  =  from  i  .68 
to  1.70  and  1.75;  say  mean  =1.72  inch. 

"The  sides  of  the  ledge  depression  appeared  to  me  to 
have  been  vertical,  or  without  any  dovetailing;  and  the 
horizontal  base  breadth  of  such  cut-out  measuring  from 
within,  to,  or  towards  the  "without"  of  the  coffer — and 
restoring  the  sides  to  their  original  completeness  before  the 
chipping  away  of  the  edges  is — 

On  and  near  Western  portion  of  Northern  side  .  .  .1.65 
On  and  near  Middle  portion  of  Northern  side  ...  .1.62 
.On  and  near  Eastern  portion  of  Northern  side  .  .  .  .1.73 

On  and  near  Northern  part  of  Eastern  side J-55 

On  and  near  Southern  part  of  Eastern  side.  .All  Broken 
On  and  near  Eastern  and  Western  parts  of  Southern 

side  .  .All  Broken. 


MEAN .~/.<5jin. 

"But  this  appearance  of  the  coffer's  ledge  having  been 
rectangular*  has  been,  since  my  visit,  successfully  shown 
by  Dr.  Grant  and  Mr.  W.  Dixon  to  be  a  mistake.  For 
although  everywhere  else  all  the  overhangings  of  an  acute 
ledge  have  been  broken  away  to  beyond  the  vertical,  yet 
there  is  a  small  part  left  near  the  northeast  corner,  which 
speaks  unmistakably  to  an  acute-angled  shape;  not  by 
any  means  so  sharply  acute  as  that  of  the  sarcophagus  of 
the  Second  Pyramid,  but  decidedly  and  intentionally  on 
the  acute  side  of  rectangular. 

"Along  the  western  side  are  three  fixing-pin  holes, 
12  inches  deep,  and  0.84  in  diameter  save  where  they  are 
broken  larger,  as  is  chiefly  the  case  with  the  middle  and 
southern  one.  The  three  holes  have  their  centers  at  the 


328  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

following  distances  from  the  north  end:  viz.,   16.0,  45.3 
and  75.1  respectively. 

"It  is  inconceivable  how  the  French  Academicians  could 
have  pictured  the  coffer,  as  they  did,  without  representing 
anything  of  this  ledge  cut-out,  or  of  the  fixing-pin  holes; 
unless  they  looked  upon  these  traces  as  a  comparatively 
modern  attempt  to  convert  the  original  pure  coffer  into 
a  sarcophagus,  and  which  they  were  therefore  bound  to 
overlook  in  their  description  of  the  original  vessel.  But 
we  are  to  note  both  states." 

OUTSIDE  OF  COFFER:     MINUTER  DETAILS  OF  ITS  FIGURE. 

"The  planes  forming  the  four  external  vertical  sides 
of  the  coffer,  which  have  never  yet  been  questioned  by  any 
other  measurer,  appeared  to  me  to  be  not  very  true; 
excepting  the  east  one,  whose  errors  are  under  0.02  or 
perhaps  o.oi  inch;  while  the  north,  west  and  south  sides 
are  so  decidedly  concave  as  to  have  central  depressions  of 
o .  3  and  o .  5  inches ;  or  more  particularly 

"At  North  side,  central  or  hollow  depression  of 
coffer's  side  (measured  from  a  horizontal  straight- 
edge touching  the  side  at  either  end,  and  in  a  hori- 
zontal plane),  or  the  quantity  of  central  depression,  inches 

near  bottom,  say  d 0.45 

Central  depression,  near  middle  of  height o.  20 

Central  depression,  near  top o .  12 

Mean o .  26 

At  West  side,  central  depression,  near  bottom.    ..  .  .0.35 

At  West  side,  central  depression,  near  middle °-I5 

At  West  side,  central  depression,  near  top o.io 

Mean o .  20 

At  South  side,  central  depression,  near  bottom 0.28 

At  South  side,  central  depression,  near  middle.    .  .  .  .o.  18 

At  South  side,  central  depression,  near  top. o.  10 

Mean  - o .  19 

"Again,  when  the  straight-edge  is  applied  vertically  to 
the  sides,  east  side  comes  out  true,  but  the  others  concave. 


EXTERNAL  MEASURES   OF  COFFER  329 

On  North  side,  the  maxima  of  such  vertical  depression 

or  d =o.  20  and  o.  28 

On  West  side,  d',  at  South  end =0.00 

On  West  side,  d',  at  North  end =o.  20 

And  on  South  side,  d' ,  at  different  distances  from 

East  to  West =o. 08,  0.12,  and  o . 04 

EXTERNAL  MEASURES  OF  THE  COFFER. 

"The  corners  and  edges  of  the  coffer  are  so  much 
chipped,  that  the  steel  claws  I  had  had  prepared  for  the  slid- 
ing rods,  to  adapt  them  from  inside  to  outside  measures, 
were  found  not  long  enough  to  span  these  modern  fractures 
and  reach  the  original  polished  surfaces.  A  method  was 
therefore  adopted  of  making  up  the  sides  of  the  coffer  with 
straight  edges  projecting  beyond  it  at  either  end;  and  then 
measuring  between  such  straight  edges  and  on  either  side 
or  end  of  the  coffer. 

LENGTH  OF    COFFER  OUTSIDE    RESULT    OF  THREE  TESTS. 

On  East  side,  near  bottom 90 .50 

On  East  side,   10  inches  under  top 90. 15 

On  East  side,  above  top 90 .  20 

On  West  side,  near  bottom 89 .  20 

On  West  side,  near  top 89 . 95 

On  West  side,  above  top 90 . 05 

Mean  length '...  .90.01 

The  above  mean,  however,  represents  only  the  mean 
length  of  the  edges  of  the  two  sides,  not  of  the  whole  coffer, 
on  account  of  the  concavity' of  the  two  external  ends; 
wherefore,  if  we  desire  to  state  the  mean  length  for  the 
mean  of  each  end  surface,  we  must  subtract  two-thirds 
of  the  mean  central  concavity,  as  previously  determined; 
i.  e.=o.i'j  for  the  north  end,  and  similarly  0.13  for  the 
south  end;  so  that,  then,  the  mean  length  for  mean  of  each 
end  of  coffer^Sg.yi  British  inches,  or  =  89.62  Pyramid 
inches. 

BREADTH  OF  COFFER,  OUTSIDE. 

At  North  end,  near  bottom 39 . 05 


330  THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

At  North  end,  near  top  -  - 38 .  70 

At  North  end,  over  top 38 .  67 

At  South  end,  near  bottom 38 . 80 

At  South  end,  near  top . .  .  .\ 38 . 60 

At  South  end,  over  top 38.50 

Mean 38.72 

Correction  for  curvature  of  West  side 07 

Mean  breadth  of  mean  sides 38.65 

Concluded  breadth  —  British  inches 38  .  65 

or   =  Pyramid  inches 38 . 61 

HEIGHT  OF  COFFER,  OUTSIDE. 

"Height  of  coffer  outside,  eliminating  the  stone  under 
bottom,  and  the  sarcophagus  ledge  of  1.72;  *'.  e.,  measuring 
from  coffer  bottom  to  extreme  ancient  top  of  sides,  is — 

At  North  end,  eastern  part  of  it  —41  -  30 

At  North  end,  northeastern  part  of  it =41 .  22 

At  other  parts,  no  original  top  left. 

Mean  height  =  41 .  27  British,  or  41 .  23  Pyramid  inches. 

"Corrections  in  capacity  computations  for  a  supposed 
hollow  curvature  of  under  side  of  bottom;  agreeably  with 
three,  out  of  four  upright  sides;  and  also  agreeably  with 
the  construction  of  the  under  sides  of  casing  stones,  which 
rest  on  their  circumferences;  on  account  of  a  slight  hol- 
lowing away  of  their  central  areas;  say  =o.  10  inch.  Con- 
cluded capacity  computation  height  =  4 1.17  British,  or 
41.13  Pyramid  inches. 

SIDES,  THICKNESS  OF. 

"For  this  purpose  two  vertical  straight  edges  higher  than 
the  sides  were  placed  opposite  each  other,  in  contact  with 
the  inside  and  outside  surfaces  of  any  flank  of  the  coffer ; 
rinding  at  successive  parts  of  the  coffer  circumference 
bearing  from  center:  inches 

South-southwest  thickness =  6 .  oo 

South  thickness .  =  6 .  oo 


THICKNESS  OF  BOTTOM  OF  COFFEE  331 

South-southeast  thickness  , =  5  . 95 

East-southeast  thickness =  5  •  85 

East  thickness ~  5  •  95 

East-northeast  thickness =  6 . 10 

North-northeast  thickness       =  5  •  95 

North  thickness =5.98 

North -north west  thickness =  6 . 10 

West-northwest  thickness =  5  . 95 

West  thickness —6.10 

West-southwest  thickness =  5  . 95 

Mean  thickness  of  vertical  sides,  British  inches  — 5.99 
"The  above  measures  were  repeated  (on  March  28, 1865), 
and  proved  sensibly  true  for  this  method  of  measurement 
over  the  top  edge  of  coffer;  but  if  calipered  lower  down, 
it  is  probable  that  a  silghtly  increased  thickness  would 
have  been  found  there. 

BOTTOM  OF  COFFER,  THICKNESS  OF. 

"By  difference  of  heights  of  two  straight  edges  of  equal 
length,  applied,  one  inside  and  one  outside — the  outside 
one  being  further  propped  up,  where  required,  by  a  third 
straight  edge  inserted  under  the  bottom — there  was  found : 
Under  Southwest  corner,  thickness  of  bottom  ....  =7.00 

Under  East  side,  thickness  of  bottom =  6 . 60 

Under  East-northeast,  thickness  of  bottom =6.87 

Under  East-northeast  again,  thickness  of  bottom  .  =6.90 

Under  North  end,  thickness .  . «. —  6 . 90 

Under  North-northwest,  thickness  of  bottom  .  ...  =  6.85 
Under  North-northeast,  thickness  of  bottom  ......  ==6.80 

Under  West-northwest,  thickness  of  bottom =7.20 

Under  West,  thickness  of  bottom .  =  6 . 90 

Under  South-southwest,  thickness  of  bottom  .....  =  7.15 

Mean  thickness  of  bottom  around  the  edges  (the 
thickness  of  bottom  in  the  center  cannot  at  present 
be  satisfactorily  or  easily  measured).  British 
inches ; ==6.92 


332 


THE    GKEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


INTERNAL  MEASURES  OF  THE  COFFER. 

"The  surfaces  of  the  coffer  seem  very  true  and  flat  over 
ths  greatsr  part  of  thsir  extent,  but  betray,  on  examination 
by  straight  edges,  a  slight  convergence  at  the  bottom  to- 
ward the  center. 


INSIDE  LENGTH  OF  COFFER  BY  SLIDER  70. 


(Correction 
this  Slider.) 


0.13  added  to  all  the  readings  for  length  of 


Distance  between  East  and  West 
Sides    of    the    North    and    South 
ends. 

Level     at     Which    Observations 
Were  Taken 

4  to  6  in- 
ches un- 
der top 

Middle 
of 
Height 

6to7 
in.  above 
bottom 

0.6  in. 
above 
bottom 

Close  to  Eastern  side  •    -  

Broken  at 
S.  E.  Cor. 

78.06 

78.06 

78.05 
78.0? 

78.08 
78.06 
78.08 
78.09 
78.06 

77-93 
77-97 
78.06 
78.06 
78.01 

77.68 

77-56 
77-53 
77-59 

77.  C7 

At  3/<jd  breadth  from  East  -  . 

Half  way  between  East  and  West  . 
At  %ds  breadth  from  East 

Close  to  West  side.  . 

Mean  at  each  level-.- [78.05178. 07)78. oiJ77. 


59 


Mean  of  the  whole,  or  the  )  |  77  •  93  British  inches. 

inside  length  of  coffer         \       ]  77  . 85  Pyramid  inches. 

INSIDE  BREADTH  OF  COFFER. 
(By  Slider  25,  not  requiring  any  correction.) 


Distance  between  North  and 
South  ends,  along  the  East 
and  West  sides. 

Level  at  Which  Observations 
Were  Taken 

Near 
Top 

Near 
Middle 

6  to  7  in. 
above 
bottom 

0.6  in.  above  bottom 

1st  time  |2nd   time 

Close  to  North  end...  ..'..-. 

26.68 
26  .  60 
26.64 
26.67 
26.78 

26  .  69 
26  .  69 

26.80 
26.78 
26.78 

26.65 
27  .OO 

27.  10 

26.77 
26.63 

26.40  26.  39 
26  .  72  26  .  54 

27.05  27.05 

26  .  67  26  .  75 
26.49  26.49 

At  L/d  length  from  N.  end 
Near  middle  of  length  
At  %ds  length  from  N.  end 
Close  to  South  end  •  •  • 

Mean  at  each  level... [26.67126.  75J26. 83126.67  26.64+ 

Mean  of  the  whole,  or  the  f        (  26 .  73  British  inches, 
inside  breadth  of  coffer      \       1  26.  70  Pyramid  inches. 


FURTHER  COFFER  MEASURES 


333 


INSIDE  DEPTH  OF  COFFER. 

"The  measure  of  this  element  is  taken  from  the  inside 
bottom  of  the  coffer — which  is  apparently  smooth  and 
flat — up  in  the  shortest  line  to  the  level  of  the  original  top 
surface  of  the  north,  the  east,  and  the  south  sides;  and  of 
the  west  side  also,  presumably,  before  it  was  cut  down  to 
the  level  of  the  ledge  which  runs  around  the  inner  edges 
of  the  north,  east,  and  south  sides,  and  all  across  the  west" 
side's  top. 

"Now,  the  depth  of  that  ledge  was  before  ascertained 
=  1.72  inch  below  the  original  top;  a  block  of  wood  was 
therefore  prepared  of  that  thickness,  and  placed  on  the 
west  side,  and  also  on  the  base  surface  of  the  ledge  wherever 
found  on  the  other  sides,  to  support  one  end  of  a  straight 
edge,  whose  other  end  rested  on  some  parts  of  the  original 
top  of  the  coffer's  sides,  which  are  still  visible  at  and  about 
the  northeast  corner. 

INSIDE  DEPTH  FROM  ORIGINAL  TOP  OF  NORTH,  EAST,  AND 
SOUTH  SIDES 

(By  Slider  25,  not  requiring  any  correction.) 


Part  of  Breadth  Where  Observa- 

Part   of    Length    where    observa- 

tions Were  Taken 

tions  were  taken. 

Near 
East 

Near 

MirlHlo 

Near 
West 

Mean  at 
each  part 

Side 

Side 

of  Length 

0.6  inches  South  of  inner  N.  end 

34-3° 

34-28 

34.26 

34.28 

3  .0  inches  South  of  inner  N.  end 

34-44 

34.36 

34-35 

34.38 

5  .0  inches  South  of  inner  N.  end 

34-42 

34-41 

34.28 

34-37 

i  o.o  inches  South  of  inner  N.  end 

34.40 

34.38 

34-28 

34-35 

24.0  inches  South  of  inner  N.  end 

34.36 

34.38 

34.26 

34-33 

Mean    at    each    part    of    breadth|34. 38(34. 36(34.  29  33  .44 


General   mean,    or    the 
side   depth   of    coffer 


in-j^/34-34 


British    inches. 
34.31    Pyramid    inches. 


INSIDE  DIAGONAL  MEASURES  OF  COFFER. 

"Diagonals  inside  the  north  end ;  from  either  low  corner 
at  bottom  up    to  a  measured  height  of  30.0  inches,  i."e., 


334  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

the  greatest  height  quite  free  from  fractures;  then— 
From  low  northeast  to  30.  high  north  west  =  3  9.  71   Br.  in. 
and  from  low  northwest  to  30.  high    northeast  =  39 .  70  Br. 
inches. 

"Diagonals  inside  west  side;  from  either  corner  below, 
up  to  a  height  of  30  inches  measured  at  the  sides — 
Or  from  low  southwest  to  30.  high  northwest  =  8 3. 19  Br.  in. 
.and  from  low  northwest  to  30.  high  southwest  =  83. 13  Br.  in. 

CUBIC  DIAGONALS  OF  COFFER. 

British  Inches 

From  low  southwest  to  30.  inches  high  northeast  =  8 7. 13 
From  low  southeast  to  30.  inches  high  north  west  =  8  7. 05 
From  low  northeast  to  30.  inches  high  south  west  =  8  7. 06 
From  low  northwest  to  30.  inches  high  southeast )  ' 

(temporarily  supplied) j 

"Thess  cubical  diagonals  give  sensibly  less  than  the 
diagonals  computed  from  the  lengths  and  breadths;  on 
account,  apparently,  of  the  extreme  points  of  the  corners 
of  the  bottom  not  being  perfectly  worked  out  to  the  exact 
intersections  of  the  general  planes  of  the  entire  sides. 
But  they  seem  abundantly  sufficient  to  prove  general 
rectangularity  of  figure,  in  all  the  main  part  of  the  coffer's 
interior." 

THE  SARCOPHAGUS  THEORY  OF  THE  COFFER. 

"With  all  this  accumulation  of  little  bits  of  information, 
then,  let  us  now  try  what  is  the  size  of  the  coffer  as  a  whole. 
And  on  so  doing,  we  must,  of  course,  let  the  opposition 
sarcophagus  theory  of  Egyptologists  be  heard  over  again; 
especially  when  it  has  something  to  say  touching  shape, 
as  well  as  size. 

"The  inside  dimensions  of  the  coffer  being  (roughly) 
6.5  feet  long,  2.2  feet  wide,  and  almost  3  feet  deep,  are 
at  least  long  enough  and  broad  enough  for  a  coffin  (for 
the  averaged  sized  man);  except,  that  a  very  corpulent 
individual  or  a  man  much  over  6  feet  tall,  would  have  to 


SARCOPHAGUS   THEORY   OF    COFFER  335 

be  planed  down  to  fit  the  receptacle.  And  if  it  is  rather 
deeper  than  convenient  or  necessary,  no  objections  are 
interposed,  as  there  is  now  proved  to  be  a  ledge  cut  into 
the  top  of  the  thick  sides  of  the  vessel,  and  quite  suitably 
for  a  lid. 

"As  there  is  a  ledge,  an  intention  at  some  time  to  put 
on  a  lid  may  be  inferred ;  but  it  is  still  to  be  proved  whether 
a  lid  ever  was  put  on  by  the  architect  of  the  Great  Pyramid, 
and  especially  for  sarcophagus  purposes;  because,  first,  with 
a  sarcophagus  lid  of  the  ordinary  style  and  thickness  fastened 
into  that  ledge,  the  coffer  could  not  have  passed  through 
the  closely  fitting  doorway  of  the  room ;  it  would  have  been 
several  inches  too  high;  in  fact,  the  coffer  itself  without 
a  lid  is  too  large  by  over  half  an  inch  to  get  it  in  or  out  of 
this  chamber;  showing  conclusively,  that  this  receptacle 
was  placed  there  before  the  completion  of  the  Pyramid  itself 
above  the  5oth  layer  of  stone.  Second,  a  sarcophagus 
lid  fastened  into  that  ledge  would  have  betokened  the 
accomplishment  of  the  last  rites  to  the  dead;  and  they 
would  have  included  among  all  Eastern  nations,  but  more 
especially  the  contemporary,  indigenous  Egyptians,  the 
engraving  of  the  deceased's  name,  titles,  deeds,  and  history 
on  the  coffer,  both  inside  and  out.  But  there  is  nothing 
of  that  kind  there;  so  the  Great  Pyramid  coffer  remains 
still  the  smooth  sided,  vacant,  lidless  chest  of  Caliph  Al 
Mamoun's  Arab  tale;  quite  capable  of  having  been  made 
at  any  time  into  a  sarcophagus ;  but  testifying  in  the  most 
positive  manner  that  it  never  was  completely  so  converted, 
whatever  may  have  been  the  reason  why  or  wherefore. 

"Taking  the  coffer  measures,  for  instance,  as  of  the 
whole  vessel  before  the  ledge  was  cut  out,  from  the  previous 
pages,  in  Pyramid  inches,  then — 

LENGTH,  BREADTH,  DEPTH,  VOLUME. 

Coffer  interior^yy. 85x26.  70x34.31  =  71,317  Pyramid  ins. 
Coffer  exterior  =  8 9. 6 2x3 8 .  61x41 1.31  =42,316  Pyramid  ins. 
That  is, within  the  limits  of  accuracy  of  the  modern  measures 
the  volume  of  the  exterior  is  double  that  of  the  interior; 


336  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

and    the  simplest  even  relation  between  them  is  that  of 
capacity. 

"Again,  the  mean  thickness  of  the  sides  of  the  coffer 
being  assumed  from  the  measures,  in  Pyramid  inches  5.952, 
and  of  the  bottom  6.866  we  have  (from  a  formula  first 
prepared  by  Mr.  Henry  Perigal)  — 

Coffer's    bottom=  89.62x38.61x6.866  =  23,758 

Coffer's  sides=2(89-62X26.  7o)x34-3ix5  .952=          47,508 


71,266 

or  again,  we  find  a  duplicity  of  the  one  quantity  against 
the  other;  and  the  only  apparent  simple  relation  between 
the  two,  and  of  the  sum  of  both  with  the  interior  of  the 
vessel,  is  that  of  capacity. 

"If  then,  now  we  may  justifiably  say,  that  though  the 
coffer  is  possibly  what  John  Taylor  did  not  think  it,  viz.  — 
a  blind  sarcophagus  and  a  symbolical  coffin,  it  is  also  most 
positively  what  he  did  consider  it,  viz.  —  a  vessel  at  whose 
birth  certain  leading  geometrical  requirements  both  of, 
and  for,  capacity  measure  presided  and  governed:  —  then, 
in  that  case,  what  is  its  precise  capacity? 

WHAT  DID  THE  CAPACITY  OF  THE  COFFER  PROVE  TO  BE? 

"For  the  coffer's  length  and  breadth  elements  we  can 
quote  plenty  of  measures,  but  the  equally  necessary  depth 
is  a  weak  point;  because,  as  already  explained,  every 
particle  of  the  original  top  of  the  sides  is  cut  or  broken 
away,  except  some  little  patches  near  the  northeast  corner. 
Those  were  in  place  when  measured  by  Professor  Smyth  in 
1867,  but  who  will  guarantee  that  they  are  there  still, 
when  men  will  hammer  that  exquisite  gift  inherited  from 
the  remote  past,  merely  in  the  ignorant  notion  of  sending 
their  friends  at  home  a  chip  of  "Cheops'  coffin." 

"No  lid  has  ever  been  seen  by  any  historical  individual; 
but  every  man  of  the  present  age  may  test  the  truth  of 
the  folio  wing  mechanical  adaptation:  viz.  —  the  ledge,  though 
acute  angled,  is  cut  out  with  precisely  such  a  base  breadth 


WHAT  DID  COFFER  CAPACITY  PROVE?  337 

and  depth  that  a  frame  made  to  fit  it  flush  with  the  ancient 
top  of  the  sides  would,  when  let  down  in  vertical  plane, 
and  diagonally  inside  the  coffer,  just  form  the  diagonal 
of  said  coffer's  interior;  and  the  frame's  height  at  that 
moment  would  exactly  measure  the  coffer's  depth.  Hence 
the  breadth  of  the  ledge,  continued  across  the  coffer  from 
west  to  east,  would  continue  to  give  us  an  outstanding 
test  of  the  coffer's  original  depth,  long  after  all  thoughtless 
visitors,  whither  soever  scattered,  shall  have  thoughtlessly 
knocked  away  every  particle  of  the  original  top  of  the  sides. 

"In  coffer  measuring,  however,  just  as  it  usually  is 
in  all  matters  of  science,  (in  our  day)  no  two  human 
measurers  ever  agree  exactly  even  on  the  same  parts ;  and 
all  that  finite  man  can  hope  for  is,  to  come  within  moderate 
limits.  So  then,  must  it  be  with  the  coffer's  cubic  contents. 

"Taking  the  ledge  breadth  as  34.  282  Pyramid  inches, 
then  the  coffer's  cubic  contents  in  cubic  Pyramid  inches, 
are: — 
(i.)   By  interior  length  and  breadth  and  by  depth 

from  ledge  breadth =71,258 

(2.)   By  interior  of  coffer,  by  all  direct  measures.     =71,317 

(3.)   By  half  the  exterior  volume  directly  measured  =71,160 

(4.)  By  sum  of  bottom  and  sides  directly  measured  =71,266 

Mean  of  the  whole 71,250. 

"The  above  statement  shows  that  we  here  have  a 
vessel,  on  the  whole  excessively  near  to  71,250  cubic 
Pyramid  inches,  but  it  was  pretty  evidently  intended — 
by  enabling  us  so  nearly  to  bring  out  that  number  in  several 
different  ways.  While  that  precise  quantity,  and  the  care 
for  that  quantity,  of  just  so  many  cubic  inches,  rather  than 
any  other,  expressed  in  Great  Pyramid  measure,  are  so 
impossible  for  the  Egyptologists  to  explain  on  any  sarcopha- 
gus theory  of  their  own,  that  they  do  not  attempt  it;  we 
must  now  see  what  the  Great  Pyramid  itself  may  have  to 
add  to  this,  in  setting  forth  some  scientific  reason  why  this 
vessel  before  us,  the  coffer  in  the  King's  Chamber,  is  not  only 
'a  symbolical  sarcophagus,  but  one  adapted  likewise  to 

22 


338  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

something    further    and   higher    connected    with    capacity 
measure.' ' 

DENSITY  AND  TEMPERATURE. 

(Sec.  68.)  Of  both  Earth  and  Great  Pyramid  from 
the  Latest  Measures.— "There  are  no  inscriptions,  yet  is 
there  much  instruction  on  the  interior  walls  of  the  Great 
Pyramid;  and  as  the  coffer,  when  taken  merely  by  itself, 
has  proved,  thus  far,  too  hard  a  riddle  for  our  full  interpre- 
tation, let  us  try  something  of  the  teaching  of  the  walls 
which  precede,  as  well  as  those  which  surround  it. 

GRANITE  SYMBOLISMS  OF  THE  ANTE-CHAMBER. 

In  order  to  enter  the  Great  Pyramid's  so-called  King's 
Chamber,  we  have  to  pass,  from  the  Grand  Gallery,  through 
the  "Ante-Chamber."  (See  Plates  XIII.  and  XIV.)  It  is 
very  appropriately  so  called,  because  it  is  a  little  room 
which  must  be  passed  through  before  the  King's  Chamber 
can  be  entered  or  the  coffer  seen ;  and  in  passing  through  it 
the  attentive  eye  may  note  many  more  complicated  forms 
there  than  in  any  other  (known)  part  of  the  Great  Pyramid. 
Amongst  these  notanda  are  certain  vertical  lines  above  the 
southern  or  further  doorway. 

Travelers  have  contradicted  each  other  so  much 
about  the  number  of  these  lines,  that  nothing  less  than  a 
perfect  picture  of  them,  will  set  the  matter  at  rest.  (See 
Plate  XIII.)  They  extend  the  whole  way  evenly  from 
ceiling  to  door-top,  nearly,  ending  in  a  short  curved  bevel. 
They  are  each  107  .4  inches  long,  2  .8  inches  deep,  and  3  .8 
inches  broad;  with  six  inch  spaces  between,  and  with  similar 
six  inch  spaces  also  between  the  outer  side  of  each  outer- 
most line,  and  the  bounding  of  the  ante-room's  south  wall 
containing  them.  It  is  not  so  much  a  system  of  four  lines 
as  an  example  of  surface  divided  into  fire  equal  portions  or 
spaces. 

As  the  doorway  is  only  42  inches  high,  and  the  dividing 
lines  of  the  wall  above  it  are  apparantly  drawn  down  to 
the  doorway's  (now  broken)  top,  a  man  of  ordinary  height 
standing  in  the  ante-room  and  looking  southward  (the 


WALL  COUESES  BY  DIFPEEENT  TEAVELEES          339 

direction  he  desires  to  go,  in  order  to  reach  the  King's 
Chamber),  cannot  fail  (if  he  has  a  candle  with  him,  for 
otherwise  everything  is  in  darkness  here)  to  see  this  space 
divided  into  five.  And  when  he  bows  his  head  very  low, 
as  he  must  do  to  pass  under  the  said  southern  doorway  of 
only  42  inches  high,  he  bends  his  head  submissively  under 
that  symbol  of  division  into  five;  and  should  remember 
that  five  is  the  first  and  most  characteristic  of  the  Pyramid 
numbers.  (See  Plate  XIV.) 

WALL  COURSES  OF  THE  KING'S  CHAMBER  AS  DESCRIBED  BY 
DIFFERENT  TRAVELERS. 

(Sec.  69.)  Owing  to  the  prominence  of  the  individuals 
quoted,  this  is  amusing.  Not  without  reason,  therefore, 
was  it,  as  the  intelligent  traveller  may  readily  believe, 
that  the  Architect  of  the  Great  Pyramid  desired  to  impress 
that  division  into  five  upon  every  visitor's  mind,  just  the 
last  thing  before  such  visitor  should  bow  down,  previously 
to  passing  through  the  low,  solid  doorway,  cut  out  of  granite 
100  inches  thick.  But  after  that,  rising  up  in  the  midst 
of  the  ultimate  King's  Chamber  beyond — what  should  any 
and  every  beholder  witness  there? 

According  to  that  usually  most  correct  of  travelers, 
Professor  Greaves,  he  says  of  the  King's  Chamber  that  every 
one  may  see  there  "from  the  top  of  it  descending  to  the 
bottom,  there  are  but  six  ranges  of  stone,  all  which,  being 
respectively  sized  to  an  equal  height,  very  gracefully  in 
one  and  the  same  altitude  run  round  the  room." 

Well,  though  that  is  a  very  pretty  arrangement,  and  the 
grace  of  it  is  perfectly  true,  it  is  not  the  accomplishment 
of  a  division  into  five;  so  let  us  try  an  older  traveler, 
Sandys,  of  a  curt  and  epigrammatic  style,  and  writing  in 
1 6 10.  Says  he,  of  the  self  same  King's  Chamber:  "A 
right  royal  apartment,  and  so  large  that  eight  floors  it, 
eight  roofs  it ;  eight  stones  flagge  the  ends  and  sixteen  the 
sides."  Worse  and  worse. 

Says  Dr.  Pocock  in  1743:  "Six  tiers  of  stones  of  equal 


340  THE    GREAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

breadth  compose  the  sides;"  which  account  M.  Fourmont, 
on  the  part  of  France,  confirms  in  1755  by  laying  down  that 
"the  walls  are  composed  of  six  equal  ranges."  The  still 
more  famous  traveler,  Dr.  Clarke,  makes  Cambridge  in 
1801  support  Oxford  in  1639,  by  particularizing  that 
"there  are  only  six  ranges  of  stone  from  the  floor  to  the 
roof " ;  while,  finally,  that  usually  infallible  author  on  Egypt, 
Mr.  Lane,  with  his  clever  relatives,  the  Pooles,  almost 
natives  of  Cairo,  seem  to  set  a  seal  forever  on  the  mistake 
by  declaring:  "Number  of  courses  in  the  walls  of  the  King's 
Chamber,  six." 

What  could  have  blinded  all  these  duly  warned  men, 
and  sent  them  following  each  other  down  one  and  the  same 
too  easy  rut  of  simple,  ridiculous  error?  Dr.  Richardson, 
in  1817,  was  more  original,  if  error  there  apparently  must 
be  in  these  dark  room  investigations  by  candle  light  in  the 
interior  of  the  Great  Pyramid;  for  he  chose  a  new  and 
hitherto  untrodden  line  of  erring  for  himself,  sententiously 
writing  of  the  room,  "Lined  with  broad,  flat  stones,  smooth 
and  highly  polished;  each  stone  ascending  from  the  floor 
to  the  ceiling."  But  having  once  begun  this  new  mis- 
description,  he  soon  has  followers;  we  find  Lord  Lindsay,  of 
1838,  announcing:  "A  noble  apartment,  cased  with  enor- 
mous slabs  of  granite  20  feet  high"  (or  a  little  more  than 
the  whole  height  of  the  room) ;  and  Sir  William  R.  Wilde 
with  his  companion  signing  himself  M.  R.  I.  A.,  in  1837, 
equally  publish  to  the  world,  as  observed  by  themselves: 
"An  oblong  apartment,  the  sides  of  which  are  formed 
of  granite  reaching  from  the  floor  to  the  ceiling." 

And  yet  will  it  be  credited  that  the  walls  of  this  cham- 
ber are  divided  into  five  horizontal  courses,  neither  more 
nor  less,  almost  four  feet  (47.09  inches)  high  each;  and 
that  these  courses  are  most  easy  to  count,  as  they  must 
have  been  undoubtedly  most  expensive  for  the  architect 
to  have  constructed,  because  every  course  is,  as  Professor 
Greaves  indicated,  of  the  same  height  as  every  other, 
except  the  lowest,  which  course  is  less  by  nearly  i-io  part, 


KING'S  CHAMBER'S  WALL  COURSES  341 

(about  5  Pyramid  inches)  if  measured  from  the  floor; 
but  is  the  same  height  if  measured  from  the  base  of  its  own 
granite  component  blocks,  which  descend  in  the  wall  to 
beneath  the  floor's  level.  (See  Plate  XV.) 

THE  PYRAMID  NUMBER  OF  THE  KING'S  CHAMBER'S  WALL 
COURSES  AND  THE  STONES  IN  THEM. 

(Sec.  70.)  The  first  traveller  noted,  as  having  dis- 
covered that  there  were  but  five  courses  of  stone  contained 
in  the  walls  of  the  King's  Chamber,  was  Lord  Egmont  in 
1709,  and  the  second  Dr.  Shaw  in  1721,  perhaps,  however, 
some  others  earlier  or  later ;  but  Professor  Smyth  was  the 
very  first  to  contend  against  the  world  for  the  correctness 
of  this  number  of  courses,  and  connecting  the  teaching  of 
the  architect  in  the  ante-chamber,  and  the  quinary  char- 
acter of  the  Pyramid's  first  arithmetic. 

Yet,  quinary  though  it  be  for  some  purposes,  it  is  deci- 
mal for  others,  as  shown  here  in  almost  juxtaposition;  first, 
by  the  tenth  part  nearly,  taken  off  the  height  of  the  lower 
course,  by  the  manner  of  introduction  of  the  floor;  and  then 
by  the  10x10  number  of  stones,  exactly,  of  which  the  walls 
of  this  beautiful  chamber  are  composed;  no  two  of  which 
are  exactly  the  same  size  or  dimensions,  with  the  possible 
exception,  of  the  top  layer  on  both  the  east  and  west  ends 
of  the  chamber.  It  will  be  noted  (see  Plate  XV.)  that 
there  is  one  break  in  the  continuity  of  the  wall  courses,  on 
the  north  side,  ending  in  the  N.  E.  corner;  at  that  point, one 
stone  extends  through  the  2nd  and  3d  layers,  (or  94.18 
inches  high,  or  wide)  and  extends  from  the  northeast  corner 
west,  about  135.5  pyramid  inches.  Or,  in  other  words, 
here  is  placed  one  granite  block,  that  shows  a  face  of  7  feet 
10  and  1 8  one-hundredths  inches  high  or  wide,  by  n  feet 
3^2  inches  long.  We  shall  contend  in  the  closing  article 
of  this  work,  that  through  the  space  occupied  by  this  im- 
mense granite  block,  there  is  a  door,  or  outlet  to  other 
chambers,  and  hinted  at  in  a  previous  section,  as  possibly 
being  located  on  the  75th  and  loodth  layers  of  stone. 


342  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

The  ancient  occupiers  of  this  most  remarkable  building. 
must  have  had,  not  only  some  extraordinary  method  of 
lighting  these  several  chambers,  but  had  also  a  method  by 
secret  touch,  or  mysterious  force,  to  cause  these  walls  to 
open  at  their  pleasure. 

A  MARKED  PORTION  OF  THE  KING'S  CHAMBER  AND  THE 

COFFER  ARE  MUTUALLY  COMMENSURABLE  IN 

PYRAMID  NUMBERS. 

But  the  tenth  part,  nearly,  taken  off  the  visible  height 
of  the  lower  granite  course  of  the  chamber's  walls;  what 
was  that  for?  Its  first  effect  was  to  make  that  course, 
within  the  fraction  of  an  inch,  the  same  height  as  the  coffer ; 
and  the  second  was,  more  exactly,  to  make  the  capacity, 
or  cubic  contents  of  that  lowest  course  of  the  room,  so 
decreased,  equal  to  fifty  times  the  cubic  contents  of  the 
coffer,  already  shown  to  be  71,250  cubic  Pyramid  inches. 
Two  separate  sets  of  measured  numbers  in  Pyramid  inches 
for  the  length,  breadth  and  height,  of  that  lowest  chamber 
course  giving  as  follows,  when  divided  by  the  coffer's 
contents — 

412.14x206.09x41.9        3,558,899. 

71,250  7I-25° 

And  412x206x42        3,564,624. 

71,250  7I.25° 

Hence,  close  as  was  the  connection  of  the  several 
parts  of  the  coffer  with  each  other  by  the  tie  of  capacity, 
equally  close  is  the  connection  of  the  coffer  with  the  ad- 
justed course  of  the  granite  room  in  which  it  stands,  and 
by  capacity  measure  also.  While,  if  the  multiple  before  was 
2,  and  is  50  now — is  not  50  twice  25,  or  double  the  number 
of  its  own  inches  in  the  cubit  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  the 
significant  5x5? 

Co.MMENSURARILITIES  BETWEEN  THE  KlNC.'s  CHAMBER  AND 

THE  STRUCTURAL  MASONRY  COURSES  OF  THE 

WHOLE  PYRAMID. 

The  significent  fives  and  tens  that  play  such  a  promi- 


EXTENSIVE  ARRANGEMENTS  BEFOREHAND  343 

nent  part  in  the  King's  Chamber,  do  not  end  there.  Vio- 
lently different  are  the  courses  of  masonry  in  their  successive 
heights  of  the  Great  Pyramid ;  but  whatever  height  or  thick- 
ness of  stones  any  one  course  is  begun  with,  it  is  kept  on 
at  that  thickness  precisely  right  through  the  whole  Pyra- 
mid at  that  level  (i.  e.,  if  we  may  judge  of  the  unknown 
interior  of  the  stratum  by  the  four  external  edges  thereof) ; 
though  the  area  of  the  horizontal  section  may  amount  to 
from  ten  feet  square  to  a  dozen  acres. 

To  secure  this  equality  of  thickness  for  a  course — in 
fact,  just  as  with  the  equal  height  of  the  granite  courses 
in  the  King's  Chamber  walls,  but  on  a  larger  scale — it  is 
plain  that  immense  arrangements  must  have  been  instituted 
beforehand,  with  the  masons  of  many  quarries;  and  such 
arrangements  imply  method,  mind,  and  above  all,  intention. 
The  level  of  the  $oth  course  of  construction  of  the  whole 
Pyramid  is  the  level  also  of  that  granite  floor  in  the  King's 
Chamber,  whereon  is  resting  the  coffer,  a  vessel  with  com- 
mensurable capacity  proportions  between  its  walls  and  floor, 
in  a  room  with  5  courses,  composed  of  100  stones,  and 
with  a  capacity  proportion  (the  coffer)  of  50  to  the  lowest 
of  those  courses;  which  lowest  course  has  been  made  5 
inches  less  in  height  than  any  of  the  others  of  its  fellows. 

Any  person  could  hardly  but  see,  then,  that  the  so- 
called,  in  the  dark  ages,  King's  Chamber,  should  rather 
have  been  termed  the  chamber  of  the  standard  of  50.  Can 
we  also  say,  with  reference  to  our  present  inquiry — of  50 
Pyramid  inches  employed  in  capacity  measure. 

Fifty  Pyramid  inches  form  the  ten-millionth  of  the 
earth's  axis  of  rotation;  or  decidedly  the  proper  fraction 
to  begin  with  for  capacity  measure,  when  we  have  already 
chosen  one-ten-millionth  of  the  semi-axis  for  linear  measure. 
The  reason  being,  that  in  measuring  linear  distances,  say 
amongst  the  spheres  of  the  universe,  men  measure  them 
from  center  to  center,  and  therefore  have  only  to  take 
account  of  the  radii  of  each;  but  in  dealing  with  either 
their  capacity  or  weight,  we  must  take  each  sphere  in  its 


344  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

entirety,   or  from  side  to  side,   that  is,  by  its   diameter 
rather  than  radius. 

SYMBOLIC  HINTS  FROM^THE  ANTE-CHAMBER. 

(Sec.  71.)  A  hint  how  to  deal  with  this  second  part 
of  the  question,  may  be  gathered  from  some  of  the  hitherto 
incomprehensible  things  in  the  little  ante-chamber  to  this 
far  grander  chamber.  Little  indeed,  is  the  ante-chamber, 
when  it  measures  only  5  feet,  5 .  2  inches  in  breadth  from 
east  to  west,  8  feet  and  8 . 3  inches  long  from  north  to  south, 
and  1 2  feet  5 . 4  inches  high ;  but  it  has  a  sort  of  granite 
wainscot  on  either  side  of  it,  full  of  detail.  (See  Plate  XIII.) 

On  the  east  side,  this  wainscot  is  only  8  feet,  9 .  i  inches 
high,  and  is  flat  and  level  on  the  top;  but  on  the  west  side 
it  is  9  feet,  3.8  inches  high,  and  has  three  semi -cylindrical 
cross  hollows  of  nine  inches  radius,  cut  down  into  it,  and 
also  back  through  its  whole  thickness  of  8 .  5  to  11.7  inches 
to  the  wall.  Each  of  those  semi-cylindrical  hollows  stands 
over  a  broad,  shallow,  vertical,  flat  groove  21.6  inches 
wide,  3.2  inches  deep,  running  from  top  to  bottom  of  the 
wainscot,  leaving  a  plaster-like  separation  between  them. 
The  greater  part  of  the  pilasters  has  long  since  been  ham- 
mered away,  but  their  fractured  places  are  easily  traced; 
and  with  this  allowance  to  researchers  in  the  present  day, 
the  groove  and  pilaster  part  of  the  arrangement  is  precisely 
repeated  on  the  east  side,  within  its  lower  compass  of  height. 

These  three  grand,  flat,  vertical  grooves,  then,  on 
either  side  of  the  narrow  ante-chamber,  have  been  pro- 
nounced long  since  by  Egyptologists  to  be  part  of  a  vertical, 
sliding  portcullis  system  for  the  defence  of  the  door  of  the 
King's  Chamber.  There  are  no  blocks  now  to  slide  up  and 
down  in  these  grooves,  nor  have  such  things  ever  been  seen 
there,  by  our  race  of  people;  but  the  gentlemen  point 
triumphantly  to  a  fourth  groove,  of  a  different  order, 
existing  to  the  north  of  all  the  others,  near  the  north 
beginning  of  the  ante-chamber;  and  with  its  portcullis 
block,  they  say,  still  suspended,  and  ready  for  work. 


ANTE-CHAMBER  PARTICULARS  345 

THE  GRANITE  LEAF  OF  THE  ANTE-CHAMBER. 

The  portcullis  block,  however,  referred  to  above,  con- 
tains many  peculiarities  which  modern  Egyptologists 
have  never  explained;  it  was  first  carefully  described  by 
Professor  Greaves  under  the  appellation  of  "the  granite 
leaf,"  (from  the  so-called  'leaf  or  'slat,'  or  sliding  door 
over  the  water-way  of  a  lock-gate  in  an  English  navigation 
canal).  Unlike  the  others,  its  groove  is  only  17.1  inches 
broad  (against  21.6  inches  for  the  others),  and  in  place 
of  being  like  them  cut  down  to,  and  even  several  inches 
into,  the  floor,  and  terminates  3  feet,  7  .  7  inches  above  that 
basal  plane;  so  that  the  leaf's  blocks — for  it  is  in  two  pieces, 
one  above  the  other — stand  on  solid  stone  of  the  walls 
on  either  side,  and  could  not  be  immediately  lowered  to 
act  as  a  portcullis,  though  an  Emperor  should  desire  it. 
When  this  portcullis  was  in  real  use,  there  were  other  parts 
connected  with  it,  that  are  now  hidden  away  in  some  one 
of  the  secret  vaults,  in  the  apparent  solid  Pyramid.  This  is 
evident,  for  if  chiseled  down  in  their  vertical  plane,  there 
would  still  be  2 1  inches  free  space  between  the  leaf  and  the 
north  entering  wall  and  doorway  where  a  man  might  worm 
himself  in,  in  front  of  that  face  of  it;  and  4  feet,  9  inches 
above  the  leaf's  utmost  top,  where  men  might  clamber 
over;  and  where  many  adventurers  have  sat,  candle  in 
hand,  in  absolute  solitude,  thinking  over  what  it  might 
mean. 

The  granite  leaf  is,  therefore,  even  by  the  meagre 
data  given,  a  something  which  a  simple  portcullis 
will  not  explain.  And  so  do  likewise  the  three  broader 
empty  pairs  of  grooves  to  the  south  of  it,  remark- 
able with  their  semi-cylindrical  hollows  on  the  west  side 
of  the  chamber.  Various  ideas  as  to  their  uses  have  been 
given  out  from  time  to  time,  but  no  single  idea  advanced, 
has  ever  received  much  of  a  following.  But  the  real 
Masonic  student,  however,  can  read  volumes  in  every  cham- 
ber and  passageway  of  this  most  remarkable  structure. 


346  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

EARTH'S  DENSITY  NUMBER  IN  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID. 

The  Pyramid's  earth's  mean  density  comes  out,  if  at  all, 
most  simply,  and  to  an  accuracy  at  once  of  three  places 
of  figures,  certain,  from — the  cubic  contents  of  the  coffer  in 
Pyramid  inches,  divided  by  the  zoth  part  of  50  inches  cubed. 
Whence,  trusting  to  the  most  analytical  measures  yet  taken, 
it  is:  71,250  divided  by  12,500;  the  quotient  being  5.70; 
a  number  which  modern  science  may  confirm,  at  some 
future  day,  and  does  meanwhile  include  near  the  very  center 
of  its  best  results  thus  far.  While  the  grand  5 . 7  of  the 
seven  stones  forming  the  5th  and  topmost  course  of  the 
walls  of  the  King's  Chamber,  crown  the  conclusion. 

OF  TEMPERATURE  CORRECTIONS  AND  How  AFFECTED. 

(Sec.  72.)  Thus,  at  the  great  observatory  of  Pulkova, 
near  St.  Petersburg,  where  they  value  an  insight  into 
small  fractions  of  a  second  perhaps  more  than  anywhere 
else  in  the  world,  the  very  able  Russian  astronomers  have 
placed  their  chief  clock  in  the  "subterraneans,"  or  cellars, 
of  the  observatory.  Something  of  the  same  sort  is  now 
practiced  at  the  Royal  Observatory,  at  Greenwich;  while 
the  Paris  Observatory  has  beat  the  record  by  placing  its 
clock  95  feet  under  the  surface  of  the  ground,  in  the  very 
peculiar  'caves'  which  exist  there. 

Over  forty  years  ago,  at  the  Royal  Observatory, 
at  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  observations  were  taken  with 
very  long-stemmed  thermometers,  whose  bulbs  were  let 
down  into  rock  at  various  depths;  and  it  was  found  that, 
notwithstanding  the  possibly  disturbing  effect  of  rain- 
water soaking  down  through  fissures,  there  is  such  an  as- 
tonishing power  in  a  mass  of  stony  matter  to  decrease 
temperature  variations,  that  at  the  surface  of  the  ground — 
The  mean  semi-annual  variation  of  heat  amounts  to  50°  F. 

At  three  inches  under  the  surface 30°  F. 

At  three  feet  under  the  surface 16°  F. 

At  six  feet. under  the  surface 10°  F. 

At  twelve  feet  under  the  surface 5°F- 


KING'S  CHAMBER  TEMPERATURE  347 

At  twenty-four   feet  under  the   surface i°   F. 

At  95  feet,  then,  from  the  surface,  as  in  the  case  of 
the  Paris  Observatory,  how  very  slight  and  innocuous  to 
the  most  refined  observation  of  season  temperature. 
But  how  much  more  slightly  affected  still,  and  how  ad- 
mirably suited  to  a  scientific  observing  room,  must  not  the 
King's  Chamber  in  the  Great  Pyramid  be,  seeing  that  it 
is  shielded  from  the  outside  summer  heat  and  winter  cold, 
by  a  thickness  of  nowhere  less  than  1 80  feet  of  solid  masonry. 

TEMPERATURE  OF  THE  KING'S  CHAMBER. 

In  the  Great  Pyramid,  as  before  observed,  there  is  a 
grand  tendency  for  numbers,  things,  and  principles  going 
by  "fives";  and  this  seems  carried  out  even  in  its  temper- 
ature, for  it  may  be  described,  first  of  all,  as  a  temperature 
of  one-fifth ;  that  is,  one-fifth  the  distance  between  the  freez- 
ing and  boiling  points  of  water,  above  the  former. 

The  first  grounds  for  this  belief  were  certain  approx- 
imate observations  by  M.  Jomard,  in  the  "Description  de 
1'  Egypt";  and  which  indicate  something  like  68°  Fahr.  as 
nearly  the  original  temperature  of  the  King's  Chamber  of 
the  Great  Pyramid,  if  under  both  ventilation  and  other  in- 
tended normal  circumstances  of  its  foundation.  And  68° 
Fahr.  is  precisely  a  temperature  by,  and  according  to, 
nature  of  one-fifth.  And  I  learn  that  the  mean  annual 
temperature  of  the  city  of  Cairo  is  identical,  or  68°  Fahr.; 
the  authority  is,  from  a  five  years  record  of  the  Austrian 
Meteorological  Society,  A.  Buchan,  Esq.,  reporting. 

Thirty -seven  years  after  M.  Jomard  had  measured  in 
the  King's  Chamber  the  extra  temperature  of  71.6°  Fahr. 
(i.  e.  3.6°  extra  according  to  this  subsequent  theory), 
Colonel  Howard  Vyse  cleared  out  the  two  ventilating  chan- 
nels; and  reported,  without  having  heard  any  idea  that  the 
temperature  had  been  theoretically  too  high — that  inst- 
antly upon  the  channels  being  opened,  the  ventilation  re- 
established itself,  and  with  a  feeling  to  those  in  the  chamber 
of  most  agreeable  coolness.  But  no  sooner  had  he  left,  than 


348  THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

the  Arabs  most  perversely  stopped  up  the  ventilating 
channels  again ;  and  now,  the  temperature  ranges  anywhere 
from  70°  to  76°  Fahr.  according  to  the  number  and  class 
of  visitors,  just  preceding  the  recording  of  the  same. 

THE  VIBRATION  OF  THE  KING'S  CHAMBER  Is  SAID  To  BE 
THE  TONE  OF  NATURE,  THE  LETTER  "F." 

(Sec.  73.)  If  so,  this  was  important  in  the  pre- 
sentation of  certain  degrees  of  the  ancient  Cult.  It  is  stated 
by  certain  musical  experts  that  have  visited  this  chamber, 
that  when  not  more  than  half  a  dozen  persons'are  present, 
by  striking  on  the  coffer  with  a  drum-stick,  446  vibrations, 
or  the  musical  sound  of  the  letter  "F."  is  heard  . 

TEMPERATURE   AND    PRESSURE    DATA    FOR    THE    COFFER'S 
WEIGHT  AND  CAPACITY  MEASURE. 

The  coffer  at  the  present  moment,  in  no  more  of  its 
right,  or  original  temperature,  than  its  right  and  original 
size,  when  so  much  of  it  has  been  broken  bodily  away  by  the 
hammering  of  the  representative  men  of  modern  society  and 
their  attendant  trains.  But  the  barometric  pressure  in  the 
chamber  happily  defies  such  power  of  disturbance,  and 
keeps,  by  the  law  of  the  atmosphere  over  all  region,  ex- 
pressively close  to  30.000  Pyramid  inches. 

At  the  above  mentioned  atmospheric  pressure, 
68°  temperature,  and  the  coffer's  cubic  contents  of  71,250 
Pyramid  inches  of  capacity,  filled  with  pure  water  (though 
only  as  a  temporary  practice  expedient) — do  form  the 
grand,  earth-commensurable,  weight  standard  of  the  an- 
cient Great  Pyramid. 

Of  all  parts  of  the  Great  Pyramid  amenable  to  accurate 
linear  measure,  there  are  none  presenting  such  advantages 
therefore  as  the  King's  Chamber,  far  in  its  interior;  because 
the  said  Chamber  is — i.  Equable  in  temperature;  2.  Un- 
visited  by  wind,  sand,  or  other  such  natural  disturbances  cf 
the  outside  of  the  building ;  3.  Of  simple  rectangular  figure ; 
4.  Erected  in  polished,  dense,  hard,  red  granite,  and,  5.  It 
exhibits  the  longest  lines  of  any  part  of  the  Pyramid,  both 


KING'S  CHAMBEK  IN  DETAIL  349 

in  that  hard  material,  and  in  a  horizontal  position ;  with 
vertical  end-pieces  too,  in  rectangular  emplacement,  or  ex- 
actly as  most  suitable  to  the  modern  refinements  of  "end- 
measure"  (See  Plates  XIV.  and  XV). 

KING'S  CHAMBER  MEASUREMENTS  IN  DETAIL. 
BY  PROF.  P.  SMYTH. 

(Sec.  74.)  Probably  the  most  correct  statement  ever 
published  of  the  measurements  in  detail,  of  the  King's 
Chamber,  in  the  Great  Pyramid,  are  those  that  follow,  from 
the  pen  of  that  painstaking  Egyptologist,  Professor  Smyth, 
on  his  last  visit  there,  viz: 
LENGTH  of  South  side,  near  floor  level  Inches. 

Mean  of  four  measurements —412.6 

North  side,  Mean  of  three  measurements ^  412.47 

Mean  of  both  North  and  South  sides,  (British 

Inches) =  41 2 . 54 

(Pyramid  Inches)  =  412 . 13 

Assumed  true  length  on  the  whole,  (Pyramid  In.)  =412 .132 
(Or,  34  feet,  4  +  inches.) 
BREADTH  of  King's  Chamber  near  East  end 

Mean  of  two  measures =  206 . 3 

Near  West    end,  (British  Inches) =  206.3 

Mean  East  and  West  ends,  (British  Inches) .  .  .  =  206  .3 

(Pyramid  Inches)  =  206 . 09 
Assumed   true   Breadth   on   the  whole    (Pyra- 
mid Inches) .  .  =  206 . 066 

(Or,    17    feet,    2 -pinches.) 

HEIGHT  of  King's  Chamber  near  Northeast   angle 
of    room;    Mean   of    seven    measurements    in 

British  Inches —  230 .  70 

(In  Pyramid  Inches)  =  230.47 

Assumed  true  height  on  the  whole,  (Pyr.  In.)  =  230.389 
(Or,  19  feet,  2^  + inches.) 
DIAGONALS  OF  FLOOR: — 

From  Southwest  to  Northeast   corner =462.  o 

From  Northwest  to  southeast  corner =461 . 3 


350  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

Mean  measured  floor  diagonals,  (British  inches)  =  461 . 65 

(Pyramid  Inches)  =  461 . 19 
(Or,    38    feet,    5^   inches.) 
DIAGONALS  OF  EAST  WALL: — 

Low  Northeast  to  high  Southeast  corner  ......  —  309 .  2 

Low  Southeast  to  high   Northeast  corner,  sub- 
stracting  i .  6  inches  for  hole  in  low  Southeast 

corner ==310.0 

Mean  length  of  diagonals,  (British  Inches)  .  .      =  309.6 
Mean  length  of  diagonals,  (Pyramid  Inches) ....  ==  309 . 3 
DIAGONAL  OF  WEST  WALL: — 

Low  Southwest  to  high  Northwest  corner =310.4 

Substract   one   inch   for    a    sunken   floor   stone  —       i.o 
(The  other  diagonal  not  measureable  on  account 
of  a  large  and  deep  hole  in  floor  in  northwest 
corner  of  chamber,  whereby  men  entering  have 
gone  on  excavating  at  some  time  to  under- 
neath that  part  of  the  floor  whereon  the  coffer 
stands ;  but  are  not  known  to  have  found  any- 
thing but  solid  limestone  masonry  and  mortar.) 
Mean  of  the  west  wall,  (in  British  Inches)  .  .  .  .  —  309 . 4 

(In  Pyramid  Inches).  .  .  .  =  309.  i" 

Again  considering  Pyramid  inches  in  the  King's  Cham- 
ber to  signify  Pyramid  cubits  outside  the  building,  the  fol- 
lowing results  come  out  correct  to  six  places  of  figures: — 
Take  the  length  of  the  King's  Chamber  412. 132  to  express 
the  diameter  of  a  circle.  Compute  by  the  best  methods  of 
modern  science,  the  area  of  that  circle;  throw  that  area  into 
a  square  shape,  and  find  the  length  of  a  side  of  such  a  square. 
The  answer  will  be  365.242  Pyramid  cubits;  a  quantity 
which  not  only  represents  the  mean  of  all  the  measures 
of  the  length  of  the  Great  Pyramid's  base  side,  but  defines 
the  number  of  mean  solar  days  in  a  mean  solar  tropical  year. 

SYMBOLISMS  OF  THE  ANTE-CHAMBER. 

(Sec.  75.)  To  reach  the  King's  Chamber  of  the  Great 
Pyramid  we  have  to  pass  through  the  Ante-Chamber;  we 


T.HE  ANCIENT  AECHITECT  QUESTIONED  351 


have  already  gathered  some  useful  hints  from  there,  yet 
far  from  all  that  it  was  capable  of  giving. 

One  of  the  principal  features  mentioned  regarding  this 
Chamber,  in  a  previous  section  was,  the  three  curved  hollows 
in  the  higher,  or  western,  granite  wainscot.  There  are  no 
such  hollows  on  the  eastern  side,  and  it  is,  moreover,  cut 
off  at  the  top  to  an  absolutely  lower  level  than  what  the 
western  hollows  descend  to.  Nearly  every  investigator 
asks,  why  was  this  east  wainscot  so  cut  down;  evidently 
it  was  done  purposely,  from  the  perfection  of  the  work  by 
the  original  builders. 

The  architect  is  dead,  but  you  may  still  virtually  ques- 
tion him,  in  such  a  building  of  number,  weight,  and  measure, 
by  ascertaining  how  much?  What  height,  for  instance, 
was  the  eastern  wainscot  cut  down  to? 

The  answer  is:  103.0  inches;  since  assumed,  within 
the  limits  of  the  measures, — 103.033  Pyramid  inches. 
That  is  just  half  the  King's  Chamber  breadth,  and  is  therefore 
important.  It  has  been  found  that  the  floor  of  the  Ante- 
Chamber,  is  partly  in  granite  and  partly  in  limestone;  and 
that  the  length  of  the  former  portion  is  given  (in  the  mean) 
as  103.033  Pyramid  inches;  and  here  are  placed  two  similar 
and  of  the  place  characteristic  lengths  of  granite  in  rectangu- 
lar position  to  each  other.  This  is  said  to  represent  square 
measure;  but  what  is  the  circular  equal,  in  area,  of  such  a 
square?  The  mean  length  of  the  whole  ante-chamber  is 
given  at  116.  26  Pyramid  inches;  this  is  made  up  of  103.03 
of  granite,  and  13.23  of  limestone;  Major  U.  A.  Tracey, 
pointed  out,  that  116.  260  is  the  diameter  of  a  circle  having 
precisely  equal  area  to  a  square  of  103.033  in  the  side. 
Whereupon  the  Abbe  and  Chanovine  Moigno  exclaimed  in 
his  scientific  journal,  Les  Mondes,  "Who  could  pretend  now 
that  the  diversity  of  the  materials  forming  the  floor,  and 
their  relations  and  differences  of  length,  were  a  brute  accident 
on  the  part  of  the  ancient  architect  of  4,000  years  ago?" 
And  still  less  when  the  following  additional  features  are 
produced  by  these  numbers,  103.03  and  116.26,  in  their 


352  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

Pyramid  positions,  and  Pyramid  inch  units  of  measure  there : 
(i.)  103.033x5  (Pyramid  number)  =  515. 165;  or  is  the 

length  in  Pyramid  inches  of  the  cubic  diagonal  of 

the  King's  Chamber. 
(2.)     103.033x50  (the  number  of  masonry  courses  of  the 

Pyramid  the  chamber  stands  upon)  =  5151 .65 ;  or 

is  in  Pyramid  inches  the  length  of  the  side  of  square 

of  equal  area  to  a  triangle  of  the  shape  and  size  of 

the  Great  Pyramid's  vertical  meridian  section. 
(3.)     116. 260x2  =  232. 520;  or  is,  in   Pyramid  inches,  the 

mean,  nearly,  of  the   ist  and   2nd  heights  of  the 

King's  Chamber. 
(4.)     116.  26ox  pi  =  $6$.  242  .  .&c.;   or    shows   the  number 

of  mean  solar  days  in  a  mean  solar  tropical  year. 
(5)      116.  260x^x5x5  =  9131 .05;  or  is,  in  Pyramid  inches, 

the  length  of  a  side  of  the  base  of  the  Great  Pyramid 

from  a  mean  of  all  the  measures. 

(6.)  116.  260x50  =  5813.0;  or  is,  in  Pyramid  inches,  the 
ancient  vertical  height  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  from  a  mean 

of  all  the  measures. 

Hence,  as  the  earlier  of  the  above  cases,  including  the  103  .  - 
033,  show,  the  uses  of  the  east  wianscot  of  the  ante-chamber, 
in  being  lower  than  the  west  wainscot,  have  been  most 
remarkable.  But,  as  every  student  of  the  Great  Pyramid 
is  led  to  ask — "can  any  object  be  assigned  to  the  west  wain- 
scot being  of  the  greater  height  it  has  been  found  to  be  by 
measure,  viz: — in.8  Pyramid  inches?" 

It  being  so  signal  a  feature  of  the  chamber,  and  executed 
expensively  and  solidly,  shows  conclusively,  that  it  was 
purposely  intended  by  the  builders  of  the  Great  Pyramid 
through  their  architect.  And  for  the  purpose  to  have  an 
additional  design  to  assist  in  solving,  the  hidden  mysteries 
of  perfect  mathematics. 

Mr.  W.  C.  Pierrepont,  of  Pierre  Pont  Manor,  Jefferson 
County,  N.  Y.,  some  38  years  ago,  pointed  out,  that  "if 
a  model  of  a  meridian  section  of  the  Great  Pyramid  be  con- 
ceived to  stand  on  the  flooring  of  the  ante-chamber,  verti- 


INCH  MEASURE  OF  GEANITE  LEAF  353 

cally  over  the  center  of  the  granite  leaf,  then,  the  north  foot 
of  such  pyramidal  section  rests  on  the  great  step  at  the  head 
of  the  grand  gallery,  exactly  there  where  the  ramp  line  con- 
tinued comes  through ;  and  south  of  such  pyramidal  section 
rests  on  the  granite  floor  of  the  passage  leading  from  the  ante- 
chamber onwards  to  the  King's  Chamber;  and  is  defined 
there  to  within  a  tenth  of  an  inch  by  a  'joint'  line  in  the 
granite ;  the  only  joint  line  too  in  that  passage. 

From  that  joint  line  in  the  floor,  then,  the  vertical 
angle  to  the  ceiling  of  the  ante-chamber  immediately  over 
the  singular  and  most  important,  granite  leaf's  center  = 
51  °  51',  or  the  Great  Pyramid's  angle  side  rise;  and  from  the 
same  joint  line  to  the  center  of  the  lower  stone  of  the  granite 
leaf  (which  divides  the  whole  height,  into  base  side  and 
vertical  height  ~^-ioo)  the  angle  of  26°  18'  nearly,  or  the  angle 
of  all  the  inclined  passages  of  the  Pyramid." 

THE  GRANITE  LEAF  INCH  MEASUREMENT. 

A  strange  structure  is  the  granite  leaf  in  the  ante- 
chamber, standing  all  across  the  room  between  the  floor  and 
ceiling,  as  it  does,  is  hedged  about  with  important  symbols 
connected  with  the  scientific  theory  of  the  Great  Pyramid; 
some  objectors  to  the  Pyramid  scientific  theory  have  said, 
"We  do  not  admit  the  reality  of  Pyramid  inches  with  its 
original  builders,  when  such  inches  are  obtainable  by  sub- 
dividing immense  lengths;  but  show  us  a  single  such  inch, 
and  we  may  believe."  Whereupon  Major  U.  A.  Tracey, 
R.  A.,  pointed  out  that  such  single  inch  is  actually  marked, 
and  in  a  Pyramid  manner,  on,  or  rather  by  means  of,  the 
above  granite  leaf  in  the  ante-chamber;  and  is  thus  ex- 
plained : — 

"In  that  small  apartment  its  grand  symbol  on  the  south 
wall  is  the  already  mentioned  illustration  of  a  division  into 
five  :  and  if  the  symbol  had  virtue  enough  to  extend  into  and 
dominate  some  features  in  the  next  or  King's  Chamber 
(as  in  illustrating  its  now  undoubted  number  of  five  wall 
courses),  why  should  it  not  typify  something  in  its  own 

23 


354  THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID   JEEZEH 

chamber  as  well?  But  what  is  there  in  the  ante-chamber, 
divided  into  five?  "The  Great  Pyramid's  own  scientific, 
earth-commensurable,  cubit";  for  here  it  is  so  divided  in 
the  shape  of  this  projecting  boss  on  the  granite  leaf,  just 
five  inches  broad.  And,  further,  that  fifth  part  of  that 
cubit  of  the  Great  Pyramid's  symbolical  design  is  divided 
before  our  eyes  into  five  again;  for  the  thickness  of  this 
remarkable  boss  is  on  fifth  of  its  breadth.  So  there  you 
have  the  division  of  the  peculiar  Pyramid  cubit  into  5x5 
inches." 

Further  measures  of  the  BOSS  on  the  granite  leaf,  by 
Dr.  J.  A.  S.  Grant,  in  Dec.,  1874:  "We  measured  the  BOSS 
and  found  it  just  out  from  its  stone  one  inch;  and  also  to  be 
removed  from  the  center  of  the  breadth  of  its  stone  exactly 
one  inch;  measurements  which  corroberate  former  measure- 
ments." 

PRINCIPAL  AND  LEADING  MEASURES  CONNECTED  WITH  THE 
INTERIOR  OF  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID. 

(For  their  application  see  Plates  I.  to  XV.) 
(PRESENT)  ENTRANCE  INTO  GREAT  PYRAMID. 

(Sec.  76.)  This  is  at  present,  simply  a  hole,  or  door 
way,  at  upper  end  of  a  hollow  passageway,  inclining  thence 
downwards  and  inwards.  It  is  situated  on  the  northern 
flank  of  the  Pyramid,  in  a  very  broken  part  of  the  masonry 
now,  at  a  height  above  the  ground,  or  pavement,  rudely  and 
imperfectly  considered  about :  (in  Pyramid  feet  and  inches) — 
49  feet. 
Distance  of  the  center  of  that  doorway  hole 

eastward  of  center  of  the  Pyramid's  north-     Feet     Ins. 

ern  flank,  as  between  its  E.  and  W.  ends.  .        24       6 . 
Height  of  said  doorway,  transversely  to  length 

of  the  passage  way,    of    which    it    is    the 

outer,  northern,  end  •--• 3        n^ 

Breadth  of  the  same 3       5.56 

Angle  of  descent  of  the  floor  of  the  passage 

southwards .....  26°          28' 


UNFINISHED  SUBTERRANEAN  CHAMBER  355 

•  Length  along  that  downward,  and  southward, 
slope,  from  a  supposed  original  northern 
beginning  of  this  passage,  to  its  junction 
lower  down  with  the  first  ascending  passage 
inside  the  building,  in  Pyramid  feet  and  Feet  Ins. 

inches =    82     4. 

Thence  to  Caliph  Al  Mamoun's  broken  hole-  =    17     10. 
Thence,  cheifly  by  excavation  through  solid 
rock,  but  still  in  one  straight,  downwardly 
inclined   line  as  before,  to  the  well's  lower 

mouth =215     2. 

Thence,  to  the  end  of  the  inclined  and  full  bored 

part  of  the  passage =      24     8 . 

Thence,  in  horizontal  direction  to  the  north  wall 

of     Subterranean  Chamber :  ;    27      

Whole  length  of  descending  entrance  passage  —  367      

Part  length,  or  from"the  21 70  mark"  in  the  up- 
per part  of  the  passage  to  its  falling  into 

Subterranean  Chamber ~337     9  • 

Bore    in    horizontal    subterranean    region : — 

For  height =        3 

For  breadth =      2     9. 

SUBTERRANEAN  UNFINISHED  CHAMBER. 

Flat  finished  ceiling,  length  East  to  West .  .  .  =    46      

breadth  North  to  South  =27      i . 
Depth  of  walls  from  said  ceiling,  variously 
and  irregularly,  from  3   feet,  4  inches,  to   13 
feet,  4   inches;  floor  not  yet  cut  out   of  the 
rock,  and  walls  not  full  depth. 
Small    blind,     horizontal     hole     or     passage 
commencement,  penetrating  into  the  rock 
Southwards,  from  south  wall  of  this  cham- 
ber low  down ;  length =      52     9 . 

height =      2     7  . 

breadth =        2     5. 

THE   ASCENDING   PASSAGE;    (Limestone.) 
Starts  in  an  upward  and   Southward  direction,  from  a 
point  on  the  descending  entrance  passage,  82  feet,  4  inches 


356  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

inside  the  ancient  building ;  and  the  first  1 5  feet  of  its  length 
is  still  filled  up  with  the  fast  jammed  granite  plugs. 

(NOTE — If  this  passageway  was  cleaned  out   it  would 
reveal  a  part  of  the  real  entrance.) 
The  whole  length,  from  the  descending  passage 

up  to  junction  with,  and  entrance  into  the     Feet     Ins. 

Grand  Gallery  is ==128     6.4 

Measured  angle  of  floor's  ascent  southwards  =  26°     8' 
Transverse  height  of  the  passage  bore,  now  3 

feet,  1 1  inches,  to  4  feet,  1 1  inches ;  anciently  =      3     11.24 
Breadths  now,  in  broken  state  from  3  feet,  6 

inches  to  5  feet ;  anciently =      3       5  .  56 

GRAND  GALLERY;   (Limestone.) 
ALSO,  AND  FURTHER  ASCENDING. 

Length  of  inclined  floor  line,  from  N.  to  S.  wall  —156  10 

Measured  angle  of  ascent,  southwards =26°  17' 

Vertical  height,  at  any  one  average  point =  28  3^ 

Overlappings  of  roof,  in  number =  36 

Overlappings  of  the  walls,  in  number =  7 

Ramps  height =  i  9 

breadth.  ...........................=  i  8 

Breadth  of  floor  between  ramps =  3  6 

Breadth  of  gallery  above  ramps =  6  10 

Breadth  of  gallery  between  first  overlap =  6  4.2 

Breadth  of  gallery  between  2nd.  overlap  •  -...=  5  10.4 

Breadth  of  gallery  between  3rd.  overlap  .....=  5  4.6 

Breadth  of  gallery  between  4th.  overlap  ......  4  10.8 

Breadth  of  gallery  between  5th.  overlap  .....=  4  5 

Breadth  of  gallery  between  6th.  overlap  .....=  3  11.2 

Breadth  of  gallery  between  7th.  overlap  .....=  3  5.4 

Great  step  at  southern  end  of  gallery,  vertical 

height  of  north  edge =  3  .... 

Length  along  the  flat  top  from  north  to  south  =51 
Lower    and   further   exit,    or    South  doorway 

passage,  height =  3  7.7 

breadth =  3  5.4 

length  horizontally  from  G.  G.  to 

ante-chamber =  4 


ANTE-CHAMBER,  MATERIAL  OF  357 

Upper  exit,  at  top  of  eastern  wall  at  its  south-     Feet    Ins. 

ern  end,  height =      2     9 

breadth ==       i     8 

ANTE-CHAMBER;  (Limestone  and  Granite.) 

Extreme  length,  North  to  South —      9     8.26 

Extreme  breadth  at  top,  East  to  West =      5     5.2 

Extreme  height  at  top,  East  to  West =      12     5.3 

Eastern  wainscot,  granite,  high -        8     7 .03 

Western  wainscot,  granite,  high =      9     3.8 

Granite  (density  =  0.47 9,  earth's  density  — i) 
begins  to  be  employed  in  the  course  of 
the  length  of  this  room,  and  in  the  Gran- 
ite Leaf  which  crosses  it,  at  various  dis- 
tances, as  8  to  24  inches,  from  North  wall, 
in  floor,  and  side  walls. 

Exit  passage,  horizontal,  from  ante-chamber, 
southward  to  King's  Chamber,  in  granite  all 

the  way ;  length =        8     4.2 

height  at  the  North  end =        3     7.7 

height  at  the  South  end    » =        3     6 

breadth  at  the  South  end. ....=        3     5.4 

Number  of  vertical  grooves  on  South  wall .  .  .  =        4 
Length  of  each  groove =        8     11.4 

KING'S   CHAMBER.      (Granite.) 
Structure  entirely  in  granite,  form  rectangular, 

length,  East  to  West =:    34     4.132 

breadth,  North  to  South =      17     2. 066 

height,  floor  to  ceiling =       19     2.  389 

from  base  of  walls ,  below  the  floor ,  to  ceiling  —      19     7.35 

The  walls  are  in  5  equal  height  courses,  and 
composed  of  100  blocks,  no  two  of  which  are 
exactly  the  same  size;  except  the  top  course 
on  the  East  and  West  ends ;  and  they  extend 
the  entire  width  of  the  Chamber. 

The  hollow  coffer  therein ;  mean  length  outside  =      7     6  o  i 
The  hollow  coffer  therein ;  mean  length  inside.  —     6     5.85 


358  THE    GEEAT    PYKAMTD   JEEZEH 

Feet  Ins. 

The  hollow  coffer  therein ;  mean  height  outside  =     3     5.23 
The  hollow  coffer  therein ;  mean  depth  inside  =     2     10.31 
The  hollow  coffer  therein ;  mean  breadth  outside  =      3     2.61 
The  hollow  coffer  therein ;  mean  breadth  inside  =     2     2.7 
North  air  channel,  length  to  exterior  of  Pyr.  —233 
South  air  channel,  length  to  exterior  of  Pyr.  —  174     3 
Supposed  height  of  their  exits  there =  331 

The  lower  part  of  these  air  channels  just  before  entering 
the  King's  Chamber,  are  bent  at  a  large  angle  in  the  vertical 
and  the  Northern  one  is  further  tortuous  in  azimuth ;  so  that 
they  cannot  be  used  as  a  means  of  looking  through  to  the 
daylight  sky,  from  the  King's  Chamber — though  they  may 
ventilate  it  admirably  when  cleared  of  modern  obstructions. 

The  'hollows'  or  needlessly  called  'Chambers'  of 
Construction  above  the  King's  Chamber,  are  of  the  same 
length  and  breadth  of  floor,  but  not  above  30  to  50  inches 
high,  except  the  uppermost  of  the  five,  which  angular,  or 
gable,  roofed  (See  Plate  XIV.). 

HORIZONTAL  PASSAGE  TO  QUEEN'S  CHAMBER. 

Length   from   North   end  of  Grand   Gallery, 

Southward,  to  the  beginning  of  low  part  of  the     Feet  Ins. 

passage  under  Grand  Gallery  floor ==.18  1.8 

Thence  to  low  portion  of  floor =      90  5.5 

Thence  to  North  wall  of  Queen's  Chamber . .  .  -  =    18  

Average  height  of  longest  part =        3  10. 34 

Of  Southern  deep  part  =  5ft,  7  ^  ins . ;  breadth  —      3  5.15 

QUEEN'S  CHAMBER.     (Limestone.) 

Length  from  east  to  west  (in  Pyr.  ft.  and  ins.)  =  18  10.  7 

Breadth — north  to  south  (in  Pyr.  ft.  and  ins.)  —  17  1.8 

Height  at  north  and  south  walls  (in  Pyr.  ft.&  in. )—  15  2.4 

Height  in  center  of  gable  ridge  of  ceiling =  20  4.4 

Grand  niche  in  the  East  wall;  Height  of .  .  .  .  =  :  15  3 

Breadth,  greatest  below =  5  1.3 

Breadth,  at  ist.   overlap =  4  4.25 

Breadth,  at  2nd.  overlap =  3  5.5 


THE   WELL  359 


Feet  Ins. 

Breadth,  at  3rd.  overlap =        2     6 

Breadth,  at  4th.  overlap  . .      •  • =        i     7.5 

Eccentricity  of  Niche,  or  displacement  of  its 
vertical  axis  southward  from  central  verti- 
cal line  of  the  east  wall =  2  i 

Air  channels  exist  in  North  and  South 
walls ;  but  blinded  anciently  inside,  by  a  solidly 
left,  uncut-out  thickness  of  5  inches  of  stone 
and  their  outcrop  on  the  Pyramid  flank  now, 
not  known. 

Wall  courses,  number  of,  equally  heighted  all 
round  up  to  the  level  of  the  top  of  North  and 

South   walls —      6     ... 

Additional  wall  courses  in  the  upper  gables 
of  East  and  West  walls,  not  yet  examined. 

Wall  courses,  as  reported  by  Mr.  W.  Dixon 
approximately — 

ist.   or  lowest,  in  height =        3 

2nd.  from  floor,  in  height =      2     10 

3rd.  from  floor,  in  height ,  -        2     8 

^th.   from  floor,  in  height =      2     6 

5th.  from  floor,  in  height —      2     2 

6th.  from  floor,  in  height =      2 

THE    WELL.     (Lime-stone.) 

Enters  near  North-west  corner  of  Grand  Gallery 
shaft  square  in  bore ;  measures  in  length  of 
side  of  bore =  2  4 

Distance  of  center  of  entrance  from  the  North 

end  of  Grand  Gallery =  2  10 

Vertical  depth  to  grotto  in  rock,  under  masonry 

of  Pyramid =  58  6 

Further  vertical  depth,  with  some  horizontal 
distance,  to  junction  with  the  lower  part  of 
the  entrance  passage  near  the  Subterranean 
Chamber =  133  .  .  .  . 


360 


THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


PTAltlK  OP  OKITV  IDT  V  A  It  IOI  S  TONGUES. 

These  names  of  God  include  names  of  the  Supreme  Being,  or,  among  polytheists, 
th..seof  the  principal  deity  or  the  chief  of  the  gods;  also  the  generic  names,  with 
the  different  nationalities,  for  god  or  a  god.  The  alleged  names  of  God  range  them- 
selves in  three  classes:  (1)  Those  which  are,  beyond  doubt, properly  so  designated: 
(2)  those  which  are,  beyond  doubt,  improperly  so  called,— nre  erroneously  suid  to  be 
names  of  the  Deity:  and  (3)  those  of  a  doubtful  character,— are  said  to  be  Deiflc 
names,  but  for  which  the  evidence  is  not  conclusive.  Those  in  the  second  class 
llavebeen  excluded  from  this  list.  Those  in  the  third  class  have  been  included 
herein,  and  have  an  asterisk  (*)  preceding  them.  All  others  pertain  to  the  first 
class.  WM.  KMMKTTK  COLEMAN. 


DEITY.                   TONGUE. 

DEITY.                    TONGUE. 

DEITY.                    TONGUE. 

Adi-Buddha  Hindu 

Elohim  Hebrew 

Hodens  Keltic 

Adon  Hebrew 

El-Shad  dui  Hebrew 

Nuada.                         Keltic 

Adonat  Hebrew 

Elyon  Hebrew 

Nutn  Finnish 

Ahura  Mazda  Eranian 
Akua  Hawaiian 

Engai  Masai 

Odin  Norse 

Esus  Gaulish 
Gad  Hebrew 

Ogmios  Gaulish 
Olorun  .                     Yoruba 

Al                          ..  Hebrew 

Aleim                 Hebrew 

God  English 

Om  Hindu 

Allah  Arabic 
Almighty  English 

Godh  Icelandic 
Got  Old  German 

Omakuru  Damara 
*Omh  Keltic 

Amen  Egyptian 

Gott..-  German 
Govinda  Hindu 
Gud  Scandinavian 

Ormuzd  Persian 
Osiris  Egyptian 

Ammon  Egyptian 
Amun           Egyptian 

Ove  Fijian 

Amun-Ra  Egyptian 

Gudh  Icelandic 

Perkunos  Slavonian 

Ana  Chaldean 

Guth  _  Gothic 

Perun  Slavonian 

Anu  Chaldean 

Hara  Hindu 
Hari  Hindu 

Peryv  Welsh 

Phthah  Egyptian 

*Artugon  Tartar 

Haro-Hari  Hindu 

Pillan  Araucanian 

As  Teutonic 

Heavenly  Father.English 
Heitjubib  Hottentot 

Prajapati  Hindu 
Providence  English 

Assur  Assyrian 

Asura  Vedic 

Herre  (Lord)  „.  Swedish 

Ptah  Egvotlan 

Atua  Tahitian 

Hirany  agharba  Vedic 

Puthen  Assamese 

Aum  Hindu 

Hotoke  ....,       Japanese 

Quabootze  Nootka 

A  valokitesnwara  ....Hindu 
Baal  Phoenician 

»Hu  Celtic 

Ra  Egyptian 

Iddio  Italian 

Rama  Hindu 

Batara  Guru  Javanese 
Batava  Borneo 

lesous  Greco-Hebrew 
Ilu  Chaldean 

Rang!  Maori 

Kheen  Welsh 

Bel                      Babylonian 

Indra  Vedic 

Rongo  Polynesian 

Bel-Marduk  ....Babylonian 
*Belu  Welsh 

Inti  Peruvian 

Ruler  English 

lodhol  Gaelic 

Sabazios  Phrvpian 

Bhagavata  Hindu 
Bhagwan.              Gond 

Ion  Welsh 
Isten  Hungarian 
Iswara  Hindu 

Serapis  Egyptian 
Shaddai  Hebrew 

Bllu-Bill..        ..Babvlonlan 

Shang-ti  Chinese 

Bobowlssi.  Air.  Gold  Coast 
Bogh                    .  ...Russian 

Shin  Japanese 

•lunak  Slavonic 

Shiva  Hindu 

Bogti       Slavonic 

Jngannatha  Hindu 

Siva  Hindu 

»Boze  Polish 

Jah  Hebrew 

Supreme  Being  English 

Brahma  Hindu 
Brihaspati  Vedic 
Buddha  Hindu 

Jahweh  Hebrew 
»Jain  '.  Irish 
*Jao  Phoenician 

Svantovit  Baltic  Siuvoni'u 
Swayambhuva.  Hindu 
•Tamil  Lnpland 

•Call  Irish 

Jehovah  Hebrew 

Tando...  African  Ciold  Coast 
Tangeloa  Polynesian 

Cell  Welsh 
Chemosh  Moabite 
*Chodia                          Irish 

Jerroang  Borneo 
Jesus  Romano-Hebrew 

Teotl  Aztec 

Christ                       .English 

Juggernaut  Hindu 

•Tharsco  Gothic 

Christos  Greco-Hebrew 
Conshobar  Irish 
Creator                     English 

Theos  Greek 

Kami  Japanese 

Thian  Chinese 
Ti  Chinese 

*Crom  Irish 
Dea  (female).  Roman 
Deity                         English 

Keshava  Hindu 
Khoda                       Persian 

Tien  Chinese 

Tinia  Etruscan 

*Ko       Tamil 

Tivi  Icelandic 

Deon  Welsh 
Decs  Greek 
Deus  Roman 
Deva..     .        .            Hindu 

*Ku  Yucatan 
Logos  Greek 
Lord  English 
Mahadeva  Hindu 

Trimurti  Hindu 
Turn  Egyptian 
Tu-metua  Polynesian 
Tupanau  Brazilian 

Tuppa...          Borneo 

Dewas  Lettish 
Dla  Gaelic  and  Irish 
*Dia...  Esscquibo 
Dleu  French 
Dio                               Italian 

Manabozho  Algonquin 
Maneto...American  Indian 
Marang  Buru  Santal 
Mau  Dahomey 
Waul          Maori 

Uasar  Egyptian 

Varnna.  .         Vedic 

Vusudeva  Hindu 
Vishnu  Hindu 

Dios...  Spanish,  Portuguese 
Diu                               Welsh 

Melek  Hebrew 

Woden  Teutonic 
Word,  The  English 

Mithras  Greco-Persian 
Moloch  Ammonite 

Wnotan  Teutonic 

Dumnedeu  Roumanian 
Duw  _  Welsh 

Yah  Hebrew 

*Monimus  Syrian 
Morimo  Bechuana 
Motoro  Polynesian 
Mulungu  East  African 
!Nana-nyankupon,Afr.G.C. 
"Kdengel  .....Fijian 

Yahweh  Hebrew 
Yr  Hen  Ddlhenvdd.  Welsh 
Yuh-hwang.  China  (Taoist) 
Yumala  Finnish 
ZarvanaAkarana.Eranian 
Zeus  Greek 

Dyaus  Vedic 
Dvaush-Pitar  Vedio 
Ehveh  Hebrew 

El  Hebrew 

Eluah  Hebrew 

CAPACITY  MEASURE  OF  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  COFFER. 
PART     IV. 

(Sec.  77)  In  the  Great  Pyramid,  as  already  stated, 
is  given  the  grand  standard  of  capacity,  by  the  contents  or 
internal  cubical  measure,  of  the  granite  COFFER  at  the  further 
or  western  end  of  the  King's  Chamber;  and  that,  the  final 
and  crowning  apartment  of  the  whole  of  the  interior  of  our 
Earth's  most  gigantic  monument  of  stone. 

The  said  coffer,  however,  is  loose,  isolated,  standing  on  a 
flat  floor  without  any  guide-marks  to  show  how  it  should  be 
placed,  and  without  the  smallest  hinderances  (except  its 
prodigious  weight)  to  prevent  it,  in  its  present  lidless  con- 
dition, being  pushed  about  anywhere;  and  except  for  the 
contraction,  at  one  particular  point  in  the  first  ascending 
passage  way,  might  be  pushed  entirely  out  of  the  Pyramid. 
This  point  has  been  questioned  by  many,  but  Dr.  Grant,  of 
Cairo,  accompanied  by  Mr.  Waller,  a  medical  man  of  the 
same  place,  specially  looked  into  that  matter  in  1873;  and 
settled  then  and  there  by  direct  and  immediately  successive 
measures,  with  the  same  scale  on  both  the  passage  breadth 
at  the  indicated  place,  and  the  breadth  of  the  coffer  vessel; 
reporting  the  case  as  follows:.  ."The  coffer  in  the  King's 
Chamber,  although  turned  straight  into  the  axis  of  the 
first  ascending  passage,  could  not  have  passed  the  whole 
way  along  it.  Lower  end  of  ascending  passage,  measured 
close  to  north  end  of  portcullis,  in  British  inches:  breadth 
from  East  to  West,  across  the  top,  or  North  edge,  sensibly 
the  same  as  the  breadth  of  the  passage  itself  at  that  point 
38.38  Br.  inches;  breadth  across  middle  38.44  Br.  inches; 
breadth  across  bottom,  or  South  edge  38. 12  Br.  inches. 

COFFER  IN  KING'S  CHAMBER. 

Breadth  of  North  end  38.62;  and  breadth  at  South  end 
38 .  75  Br.  inches. 


362 


These,  says  Dr.  Grant,  "are  my  measures,  and  I  can 
vouch  for  their  accuracy  within  one-fourth  of  an  inch." 

That  being  the  case,  the  coffer  could  not  have  been 
introduced  by  the  regular  passage  way  leading  to  the  King's 
Chamber,  neither  can  it  be  taken  out  that  way  now. 

From  the  exactness  with  which  the  coffer  was  con- 
structed, it  is  self-evident  that  each  and  every  feature  of  it 
was  intended  by  the  ancient  architect.  Intended,  more- 
over, for  a  further  very  necessary  purpose;  for  though  the 
coffer  as  a  capacity  measure  is  larger  than  any  other  stan- 
dard unit  of  capacity  in  existence,  it  being  four  times  the 
size  of  the  English  "quarter," — yet  one,  single  coffer  measure 
is  a  very  small  thing  to  set  before  the  whole  world,  and  ask 
all  nations  to  accept  it  as  a  standard  in  preference  to  any 
other  box  or  cylinder  or  other  shaped  measure  which  they 
might  have  already  made,  or  be  thinking  of  making,  for 
themselves. 

All  this  difficulty  was  perfectly  foreseen,  however, 
by  the  ancient  architect,  as  well  as  the  possible  questionings 
as  to  the  authenticity  and  contemporaneousness  of  the  vessel 
with  the  building  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  after  the  thousands 
of  years  that  has  passed  over  its  head.  Therefore  it  was 
that  he  identified  the  coffer  by  certain  abstruse,  yet  pos- 
itively identifiable,  scientific  features  with  the  King's 
Chamber  in  which  it  is  placed;  and  that  chamber,  the  most 
glorious  hall  that  has  ever  yet  been  constructed  in  polished 
red  granite,  with  the  enormous  mass  of  the  Great  Pyramid 
itself ;  and  that  building  with  the  sector  shaped  land  of  Lower 
Egypt;  and  Lower  Egypt  with  the  center  of  the  inhabited 
land-surface  of  the  whole  world.  So  that,  small  though 
the  coffer  may  be,  in  itself,  there  cannot  be  another  vessel 
of  such  central  importance  in  the  eye  of  Nature,  and  to  the 
whole  of  mankind  also,  when  explained. 

Evidently  it  requires  some  one  who  has  been  favored 
with  more  than  oridnary  understanding,  to  explain  it. 
Professor  Smyth  gives  the  honors  to  Mr.  James  Simpson, 
a  young  bank  clerk,  in  Edinburgh,  during  the  early  seventies 


OUTSIDE  MEASURES  OF  COFFER  363 

of  the  last  century,  for  the  most  concise,  and  clear,  mathe- 
matical elucidation  yet  published.     As  follows: — 

For  the  full  measures  of  all  the  particulars  of  the  coffer, 
the  reader  is  referred  to  the  proceeding  pages.  But  for 
convenience  we  will  repeat  the  chief  results  here,  viz — 

OUTSIDE  MEASURES  OF  COFFER  IN  PYR.  INCHES. 
Length,  from  89. 92  to  89. 62  corrected  for  concavity  of  sides 
Breadth  from  38 . 68  to  38 . 61  corrected  for  concavity  of  sides 
Height    from  41.  23  to  41. 13  corrected  for  concavity  of  sides 

INSIDE  MEASURES  OF  COFFER  IN  PYR.  INCHES. 
Length — 77  . 85  supposed  to  be  true  to  within  1-20  of  an  inch. 
Breadth — 26.  70  supposed  to  be  true  to  within  1-20  of  an  inch. 
Depth — 34 .31  supposed  to  be  true  to  within  1-20  of  an  inch. 
Thickness  of  bottom,  6.91  Pyramid  inches.  Thickness  of 
sides,  5 . 98  Pyramid  inches. 

Now  all  these  numbers  are  necessary  to  be  kept  in  mind, 
for  they  have  all  a  part  to  play  in  the  proofs  to  come. 

We   have   already   shown,  and  Professor  H.  L.  Smith, 
of  New  York,  has  independently  confirmed,  with  regard  to 
the  coffer,  taken  in  and  by  itself  that — 
Exterior  cubic  size  (In  Pyr.  cubic  in.)  =  142,31 6  )        2 

Interior  cubic  contents —    71,317  J       ^ 

Also  that,  Sides  of  coffer,  cubic  size  =   47,508  )   2 

Bottom  of  coffer,  cubic  size =   23,758  j        ^ 

But  now  for  the  connections  with  the  red  granite  cham- 
ber, which  the  coffer  is  placed  in;  and  with  the  Pyramid 
building  itself.  By  Mr.  Simpson — 

(i.)  "The  chief  line  of  the  whole  King's  Chamber  is 
geometrically  its  cubic  diagonal,  and  that  has  been  cer- 
tainly now  ascertained  by  modern  measure,  assisted  by 
computation,  to  be  equal  to  515.165  Pyramid  inches. 
(This  is  Mr.  Simpson's  base  line  from  which  he  reaches 
up  to  the  Great  Pyramid  on  one  side  and  down  to  the 
coffer  on  the  other  thus: — ) 

(2.)   515  .  i65x  10  =  5151 .65=side  of  a  square  of  equa 
area  with  the  Great  Pyramid's  vertical  right  section. 


364  THE    GREAT    PYKAMID   JEEZEH 

|  (3.)    515  .  i65  =  twice  the  greatest  horizontal  circumfer- 
ence of  the  coffer  nearly — 

(4.)  ^^  ==  51 .  5165  =  (A.)  the  mean  length  of  all  the 

•    coffer's     "arris,"     or     edge 
lines. 

—  (B.)  Diameter  of  a  circle  whose 

area  is  represented  in  the 
coffer's  interior  horizontal 
area  i.  e.,  its  inside  floor. 
=  (C.)  Side  of  a  square  whose  area 
—  fnean  area  of  the  four  ex- 
ternal vertical  sides  of  coffer 
=  (D.)  The  diameter  of  a  sphere, 
whose  contents  (71,588) 
come  very  near  those  of  the 
hollow  part  of  the  coffer, 
and  do,  in  a  sense,  exist 
there. 

—  (E.)  The    diameter    of    a    circle 

in  which  the  natural  tan- 
gent of  a  Draconis  (the 
Pyramid's  Polar  star  at  the 
date  of  erection)  was  at  its 
higher  culmination,  viz.,  33  ° 
41'  20"  =34.  344  Pyramid 
inches  =  coffer's  depth. 

So  exactly,  though  extraneously,  appears  thus  to  be  given 
the  coffer's  depth,  that  every  element,  which  the  senseless 
hammerings  of  modern  travellers  breaking  off  specimens 
of  the  material — have  now  very  nearly  deprived  the  world 
of  seeing  again  in  the  body. 

(5.)  At  the  same  time  the  external  correlative  of  inside 
depth,  namely,  the  height  is  given  simply  by  the  tenth  part 
the  length  of  the  King's  Chamber  containing  it,  viz.,  41.213. 
(6.)  While  the  breadth  of  the  coffer  base  is  given  thus, 
based  on  the  number  of  days  in  the  solar  year : — In  a  circle 
with  circumference  =  36 5  .  242  Pyramid  inches,  the  natural 


COFFER'S  HEIGHT  SQUARED  365 

tangent  of  33°  41'  20",  or  the  Pyramid  Polar  star's  upper 
culmination  =  3 8.  753  Pyramid  inches  =  breadth  of  coffer's 
base;  and  again  =  ante-chamber's  length  116.260  divided 

by  3- 

(7)  The  depth  and  height  are  moreover  thus  related: 
—Depth  squared  :  height  squared  ::  so  is  area  of  side 
+  end.  If  103.033  Pyramid  inches  was  found  an  impor- 
tant touchstone  of  commensurability  in  the  King's  Chamber, 
bringing  out  the  "sums  of  squares  there,"  we  may  expect 
to  find  it  in  the  coffer  also ;  where  accordingly — 

(8.)  103  .O332  =  area  of  four  external  sides  of  the  cof- 
fer nearly. 

(9)   «*w  =  34 .344  =  depth  of  coffer. 

(10.)  ^fr  =  height  of  the  coffer  squared." 

This  last  theorem  brings  into  view  the  invaluable  quan- 
tity pi,  which  the  Great  Pyramid  commemorates  by  the 
shape  of  its  whole  external  figure.  And  now  to  that  good 
beginning  Mr.  Simpson  adds — 

(n.)  "Coffer's  internal  floor  has  a  boundary  whose 
length  =  the  circumference  of  a  circle  of  equal  area  to  coffer's 
outer  floor  or  base;  a  curious  result  this  of  the  long  shape 
of  the  coffer,  compared  with  the  cube,  or  cylinder,  which 
it  might  have  been  for  capacity  measure  alone. 

(12.)  Coffer's  depth  multiplied  by  2  pi  =  area  of  East 
and  West  (i.  e.,  the  two  long)  sides  of  the  coffer. 

side  +  end 
(13.)  Coffer's   height    squared  —area  of        : — 

(14.)  A  circle  with  diameter  38.753  Pyramid  inches 
(the  breadth  of  the  coffer's  base),  or  again 

A  square  with  side  34.344  Pyramid  inches  (the  depth 
of  the  coffer),  has  an  area  =  the  area  of  the  external  long 
side  divided  by  pi. 

(15.)  Finally,  if  two  vertical,  right,  sections  be  made 
through  the  middle  of  the  coffer,  then  such  are  the  propor- 
tions of  lengths,  breadths,  and  thicknesses,  that 

(A.)  Area  of  the  sections  of  the  walls  of  coffer,  is  to 
area  of  whole  section  included,  as  i  to  pi.  And 


366  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID   JEEZEH 

(B.)  Area  of  sectional  walls = height  of  coffer  'squared.' 
Then  follow  some  most  interesting  correspondences,  with 
distinctions,  between  these  three  apparently  most  diverse 
things,  the  pointed  Great  Pyramid,  the  enclosed  King's 
Chamber,  and  the  lidless  granite  coffer;  thus — 

(16.)  "In    each    of    these    three    structures,    one  rule 
governs  their  shape  viz.,  two  principal  dimensions  added 
together  are  pi  times  the  third. 
Illustrates  thus : — 

In  Great  Pyramid,  Length  +  breadth  =  pi  height. 

In  King's  Chamber,  Length  -r  height  =  pi  breadth. 

In  Coffer,  Length ~r breadth =pi  height. 
Wherefore  Pyramid  and  Coffer  have  their  radii  vertical, 
and  King's  Chamber,  horizontal." 

POSITION    OF    COFFER    IN    KING'S    CHAMBER. 

The  position  of  this  remarkable  vessel  having  been 
described  as  on  a  flat,  smooth,  unmarked  floor,  and  that 
a  nodule  of  hard  jasper  from  the  desert  outside,  had  been 
pushed  under  one  corner  of  the  south  end,  and  tilted  it  out 
of  position;  supposed  to  have  been  done  (by  the  native 
Arabs)  in  the  interest  of  some  investigator  of  modern  times, 
in  search  of  an  inscription,  which  was  never  found.  But 
in  so  doing  the  coffer  was  pushed  some  ten  inches  towards 
the  north,  of  where  it  had  been  intended  to  stand;  for  after 
subtracting  that  quantity  from  the  previous  measured 
distance,  from  the  south  wall,  each  distance  came  out  just 
4  feet  10.  2  Pyramid  inches  from  both  the  north  and  south 
walls,  which  distance  is  =  the  height  of  the  Great  Pyramid 
divided  by  100. 

We  have,  theoretically,  divided  the  King's  Chamber, 
transversely  to  its  length,  into  two  equal  halves.  Is  any- 
thing else  gained  by  that  ? 

This  most  important  illustration  of  the  very  ground- 
work of  the  claim  of  the  coffer  to  be  a  vessel  of  capacity 
having  an  earth  size  reference. 

The  earth  size  relations  then  of  the  coffer,  as  deducted 


PRACTICAL  APPLICATION  OF  COFFEE  367 

for  itself  alone,  are  justified  by  the  whole  King's  Chamber; 
and  the  actual  size  is  Pyramidally  recognized  by  the  lower 
course  capacity  of  the  chamber  being  50  times  the  contents 
of  the  coffer,  and  the  coffer  standing  on  the  soth  course 
of  the  masonry  of  the  whole  of  the  Great  Pyramid  from  the 
pavement  upwards.  But  the  shape;  yes,  the  shape  of  the 
coffer  as  a  capacity  measure — what  is  to  justify  that? 
John  Taylor  suggested,  but  not  very  strongly,  "that  the 
shape  of  the  coffer  was  derived  from  the  hot  bath,  the 
Calidarium,  long  known  in  the  East — a  long  and  deep  box 
shape  in  which  a  man  might  lie  down  at  full  length,  or  sit 
up;  and  such  a  shape,  he  showed  had  been  found  more 
convenient  for  a  corn  holder,  or  large  corn  measure,  than 
a  cube  of  the  same  contents." 

PRACTICAL  APPLICATION    OF  THE    COFFER    IN 
CAPACITY  MEASURE. 

The  practical  uses  in  capacity  measure  of  the  granite 
coffer  in  the  King's  Chamber,  as  its  architect  originally 
intended,  is  a  vessel  measuring  very  closely  to  71,250  cubic 
Pyramid  inches. 

The  whole  quantity  subdivides  itself  easily,  after  the 
manner  of  the  Pyramid  arithemetic  and  Pyramid  construc- 
tion, as  follows: — the  two  most  important  steps  being, 
first,  the  division  into  4,  as  typifying  the  four  sides  of  the 
Pyramid's  base;  and  second,  the  division  into  2,500,  or 
50x50  parts;  fifty  being  the  special  number  of  the  room, 
and  the  number  also  of  the  masonry  courses  of  the  whole 
structure  on  which  that  chamber,  or  rather  the  two  ad- 
joined chambers,  rest  in  their  places;  this  one,  containing 
10,000  ooo  cubic  inches. 


368 


THE    GKEAT    PYRAMID   JEEZEH 


PYRAMID  CAPACITY  MEASURE. 


Division     or 

1 

n  u  mber  of 
each  denomi- 

Interme- 
diate di- 

Capacity of  each  Equivalent 
denomination     in  weight  in  Pyra- 

Xame  proposed  to  be  given  to  each 

nation    c  o  n- 

visions 

Pyramid     cubic 

mid  pounds  of 

successive  portion 

tained  in  the 

inches 

water 

whole    coffer 

1 

0. 

71,250. 

2,500. 

Coffer. 

4     4. 

17,812.5 

625. 

Quarter. 

10 

2.5 

7,125. 

250. 

Sack. 

25     2.5 

2,850. 

100. 

Bushel. 

250 

10. 

285. 

10. 

Gallon. 

2,500 

10. 

28.5 

I. 

Pint. 

25,000 

10. 

2.85 

0.1 

Wine    glass   or   fluid 

oz. 

250,000 

10. 

0.285 

0.01 

Tea-spoon    or    fluid 

dr. 

25,000,000    10. 

0  .00285 

0.0001 

Drop. 

The  above  table  begins,  the  large  measured  and  scienti- 
fic quantity  of  the  coffer;  and  ends  with  a  unit  which,  in  an 
approximate  form  as  a  drop  (i.  e. ,  the  cubical  space  occupied 
by  a  drop  of  water  falling  freely  in  air  at  a  given  Pyramid 
temperature  and  pressure),  is  in  everyone's  hands,  and  is 
definable  accurately  upon  the  coffer  by  the  stated  propor- 
tion. 

PYRAMID  WEIGHT  MEASURE. 


Division      or 
n  u  m  b  e,r  of 
each  part 
contained  i  n 
the     weight 
standard 

Interme- 
diate di- 
visions 

Weight  of    the 
part  so   divided 
in  Pyramid  Ibs. 

,,        ..         .     ,    i  Capacity    of    the 
Capacity    of    the  parts  ^  Pvramid 
parts  in   Pyramid  eubica,   jnjhes  ((f 
cubical  mchrs  of  distilled  water  T 
earth  s  mean  den-  590  3  30   of  Pyr- 
slt>T                         amid 

Name  proposed  to 
be  given  to   each 
kind  of    part 

1 

2,500. 

12,500. 

71,250  . 

Ton. 

4 

4. 

625. 

3,125  . 

17,812.5 

Quarter. 

10 

2.5 

250. 

1,250. 

7,125. 

Wey. 

25 

2.5 

100. 

500. 

2,850. 

Cwt. 

250 

10. 

10. 

50. 

285. 

Stone. 

2,500 

10. 

1. 

5. 

28.5 

Pound. 

25,000 

10. 

0.1        I          0.5 

2.85 

Ounce. 

250,000 

10. 

0.01 

0.05 

0.285 

Dram. 

25,000,000 

10. 

0.0001 

0.0005 

0.00285 

Grain. 

We  consider  the  above  tables  an  improvement  on  the 
combination  measures  of  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain ;  and  should  in  time  become  International. 


SPECIFIC  GEAVITIES  AND  TEMPERATURES  369 

PYRAMID  WEIGHINGS  WITH  REFERENCE  TO  SPECIFIC 
GRAVITIES,  TEMPERATURES  AND  PRESSURES. 

(Sec.  78.)  Weights,  then,  on  the  Pyramid  system 
are  equally  referable,  as  with  the  French  system,  to  one 
given  and  scientifically  definable,  point  on  both  the  tem- 
perature and  pressure  scales,  but  when  nicety  is  required. 
But  that  given  point  in  the  Pyramid  case  is  an  easier, 
pleasanter,  and  a  better  known  one;  while  for  the  rough 
work  of  the  world,  the  Pyramid  weights  are  calculable  at 
once  from  Pyramid  linear  measure,  without  any  reference 
to  observations  of  thermometer  and  barometer  at  the 
instant,  much  more  accurately  than  the  French  can  be 
from  theirs,  under  similar  circumstances.  The  Pyramid 
rules,  too,  being  expressable  in  the  following  simple  manner : 

For  small  things,  ascertain  their  bulk  in  cubical  inches, 
divide  by  5,  and  the  result  is  the  weight  in  Pyramid  pounds, 
if  the  said  articles  are  of  the  same  specific  gravity  as  the 
earth's  average  material  of  construction. 

For  large  masses,  ascertain  their  bulk  in  cubical 
Pyramid  cubits,  add  J4,  and  the  result  is  the  weight  in 
Pyramid  tons — under  the  same  conditions  of  specific 
gravity. 

But  if  the  matter  measured  in  either  case  were  not 
of  earth's  mean  density,  but,  say,  ordinary  stone,  the  real 
weight  would  be  nearer  a  half,  and  if  of  the  more  common 
metals,  double,  the  amount  given  by  the  above  process; 
the  raw  number  first  procured  by  it,  requiring  for  accuracy's 
sake,  in  the  case  of  every  different  pyhsical  substance,  to 
be  multiplied  by  its  specific  gravity  in  terms  of  that  of  the 
earth's.  Hence,  such  tabular  multiplier  is  i  when  the 
specific  gravity  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  mean  of  the  whole 
earth  ball's  contents;  a  fraction  of  i  when  lighter;  and  i 
with  something  added  to  it,  when  heavier;  as  in  the  follow- 
table,  prepared  from  various  authors : — 


370 


THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID   JEEZEH 


68 


PYRAMID  SYSTEM  OF  SPECIFIC  GRAVITES. 
(Sec.  79.)    Earth's  mean  density  =i;    Temperature  = 
1  Fahr.;    Barometric  Pressure  =  3 0.02 5  English  inches. 


Cork 

.043 
.072 
.088 
.093 
.100 
105 

Desert  sand,  near  Sphinx 
Aluminum  
Red  granite  (Peterhead)  .  . 

.454 
.460 
.464 
.477 
.479 
.487 
.494 
.500 
.527 
.550 
.618 
.621 
.670 
.701 
.720 
.750 
.843 
.997 
.010 
.04 
.07 
.10 
.10 
.13 
.17 
.20 
.21 
.22 
.25 
.26 
.28 
.28 
.29 

1  33 

White  pine  (American)  .  .  . 
Oats  (loose  as  in  bushel)  .  . 
Larch  (Scotland)  . 

Iron,  wrought  

.1.36 
1  37 

1  37 

Red  granite,  Great  Pyr.  .  . 
Emerald 

Brass,  cart. 

1.37 

1    411 

Barley  (loose  as  in  bushel) 

.112 
.129 
.132 
.139 
.160 
.163 
.165 
.169 
.170 
.175 
.180 
.180 
.206 
.223 
.239 
.267 
.282 
.291 
.310 
.321 
.351 
.367 
.373 
.412 
.420 
.439 
.442 

Jasper  
Basalt  

Brass,  cast,  special  1  .47 
Mercury,  precipitated,  redl.47 
Cobalt         .                       1  4S 

Wheat  (as  in  bushel)  .... 
Alcohol,  pure  

Glass,  flint 

Sapphire  

Cadmium  

1.50 

1.50 

Ice  

Topaz  

Nickel  

..1.54 

Butter,  tallow,  fat  

Copper  wire,  drawn  .  .  . 

..1.56 
1  58 

Beeswax 

Old  oak  

Garnet               

Bismuth,  molten  

..1.72 

Distilled  water  .       .   . 

Ruby                  

1.76 

Loadstone  
Silver  ore  

Mercury,  precipitated. 

..1.91 
..2.00 

Blood  
Heart  of  oak    

.2.07 

Cannel  coal  
Aloes  

Chromium  1 
Tungsten  1 

Thallium 

.2.10 

Mercury,  fluent  

..2.38 
.2.75 

Chloroform  

Gold,  not  hammered.. 
Gold,  hammered  

..2.76 
..2.77 

Bone  of  an  ox  

Magnesium  
Ivory. 

Antimony  1 

Gold   22  carets  . 

.3.31 

Gold   24  carets 

3.38 

Brick  

Zinc  in  its  common  state  1 

Gold,    English    standard. 

Casing  stone  Great  Pyr  
Sulphuric  acid,  concen.  .  . 
Xumulitic  limestone,  Pyr. 
Porcelain  (China)  

Wolfram         .                  1 

3.42 

Platinum,  hammered.. 
Platinum  wire  drawn. 
Platinum,  compressed. 

..3.57 
..3.60 
..3.87 
3.90 

Tin,  pure,  Cornish  1 
Iron,  cast  1 
Iron  ore,  prismatic  1 

Glass,  crown  

No  efficient  system,  then,  of  determining  weights  by 
linear  measure,  can  possibly  go  unaccompanied  by  some 
kind  of  table  of  specific  gravities. 

HARMONIOUS  COMMENSURABILITY  OF  GREAT  PYRAMID 

AND  THE  EARTH,  BY  WEIGHT  OF  THE  WHOLE. 
If  we  desired  the  weights  in  Pyramid  pounds,  we  should 
begin  by  taking  the  linear  dimensions  of  each  of  the  bodies 
in  inches.  But  as  tons  are  usually  employed  for  large 
weights,  and  the  weights  to  be  dealt  with  are  large  enough 
in  this  case,  we  will  follow  that  custom  (our  tons,  however, 
will  be  Pyramid  tons),  and  begin  with  the  dimensions  of 


PYRAMID'S  LINEAR  ELEMENTS  371 

the  bodies  before  us,  in  linear  cubits,  of  the  Pyramid  (each 
cubit    25    Pyramid  inches   long,   and   each   Pyramid  inch 
1-250  millionth  of  the  earth's  semi-axis  of  rotation.) 
GREAT    PYRAMID'S    LINEAR    ELEMENTS    OF    SIZE. 

(Sec.  80.)  Pyramid  Cubits. 

Vertical   height   of    Great    Pyramid =232.52 

Inclined  height  of    Pyramid    face =  295  •  72 

Side  of  square  base  of  Great  Pyramid ~3&5  •  24 

Transverse  thickness  of  ancient  casing  stone  film  =     4 .  oo 

CUBICAL  CONTENTS  OF  SIZE  OF  GREAT  PYRAMID. 
Cubical  Pyramid  cubits  in  the  whole  building, 

computed  from  the  above  linear  elements 10,339,850 

Subtract  for  hollow  internal  spaces,  such  as 
the  grand  gallery,  chambers,  and  passages,  com- 
puted extraneously S.25° 

Balance 10,334,600 

Subtract  casing  stone   film's   cubical  con  tents  =       861,952 
Remains,  for  cubical  contents  of  general  mass.  .9,472,648 

All  these  calculations,  thus  far,  would  have  to  be  per- 
formed on  any  system  of  computing  weights  from  linear 
measurements,  even  on  the  French  metrical  system;  and 
there,  also,  we  should  have  still  further  to  ascertain  the 
specific  gravity  of  the  materials  we  are  dealing  with,  not 
one  of  them  being  the  same  as  water.  But  the  casing  stones, 
of  which  there  are  861,952  cubical  cubits,  have  a  specific 
gravity  (ascertained  by  direct  experiment  on  hand  speci- 
mens) of  0.367,  where  unity  represents  the  mean  density 
of  the  whole  earth;  while  the  general  residual  mass  of  the 
building,  of  which  there  are  9,472,648  cubical  cubits,  has 
a  specific  gravity,  under  the  same  circumstances  of  o .  41 2. 
WEIGHT  OF  GREAT  PYRAMID. 

The  conversion  of  the  previous  data  into  weight,  pro- 
ceeds thus: — 

Casing  stone    cubical   cubits =        861,952 

Add  }4  f°r  Pramid  cubits -         2i 


Total.  .  1,077,440 


372  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

Multiply  by  specific  gravity  0.367 =  tons      395,420 

And,  Residual  mass  in  cubical  cubits ==   9,472,648 

Add  }i s. 2,368,162 

Total.  .11,840,810 

Multiply  by  specific  gravity  =  0.41 2  .  .  .  .  —tons  4,878,414 
Wherefore,  395,420  +  4,878, 4i4  =  tons  5, 2 7 3, 834  =  weight  of 
whole  Great  Pyramid. 

Now  let  us  proceed  to  ascertain  the  mass  of  practical 
weight  of  the  whole  earth. 

LINEAR  ELEMENTS  OF  THE  EARTH. 

Polar  diameter •',-''•  =  20,000,000  Pyramid  cubits 

Equatorial  diameter  ..... -...   ==20,070,000  Pyramid  cubits 

Mean  of  all  diameters,  nearly  =20,047,000  Pyramid  cubits 

CUBICAL  ELEMENTS  OF  THE  EARTH. 

Cubical  Pyramid  cubits  contained  in  the  earth,  com- 
puted from  the  above  linear  elements,  on  the  usual  formula 
depending  on  value  of  />:  —  4,218,400,000,000,000,000,000. 

Now  to  turn  these  cubical  cubits  into  tons,  we  have 
merely  to  add  J4 ;  for  as  the  earth  itself  is  its  own ,  and  the 
Pyramid's  unit  of  density,  the  multiply er  there  is  simply 
unity.  Hence —  4,218,400,000,000,000,000,000 

+  1,054,600,000,000,000,000,000 

Weight  of  the  earth 

5,2"  3, 000,000, 000,000, 000,000 

•J  '          \J  ' 


in  Pyramid  tons 


', 


Comparing  now  this  weight,  with  that  of  the  Great 
Pyramid  as  given  above  in  the  same  tons  (5,273,834),  the 
first  four  places  of  numbers  are  found  to  be  identical ;  quite 
as  close,  or  rather  much  closer,  correspondence  than  could 
well  have  been  expected ;  while  the  difference  in  the  number 
of  times  of  figures,  or  the  number  of  times  that  the  weight 
of  the  earth  is  absolutely  greater  than  that  of  the  Great 
Pyramid,  is  in  the  proportion  of  iol0  to  i ;  or,  as  some  prefer 
to  express  it  io5x3  to  i. 

Now  this  very  proportion  is  in  peculiar  Pyramid  num- 
bers, and  must  further  be  considered  to  have  been  intended. 


373 


INTERNATIONAL  APPENDIX  TO  GREAT  PYRAMID 

WEIGHT  MEASURE. 
(Sec.  8 1.)  Pound  Weight  Measures,  Different  Countries. 


Country   or  City 

Name  of  Weight 

Weight 
in  Avoir- 
dupois 
Grains 

Great  Britain  —  United  States  

Pound  

7,000 

Portugal  

Arratel  or  Libra 

7,077 

Argentine,  Geneva  

Libra  

7,084 

Lyons  

Livre    poids  de  soie 

7088 

Bolivia,  Canary  Islands,  Chile,   Cuba, 
Guatemala,  Honduras,  Manila,  Mexico, 
Spain  and    Uruguay  

Libra  

7,098 

Colombia,  Venezuela  

Libra 

7  112 

Mecca  

Rotolo  .... 

7  144 

St.  Gall  

Light  Pound 

7  175 

Brunswick,  Leipsic  

Pound 

7  206 

Frankfort  

Light  Pound 

7  210 

Great  Pyramid  

"Pound".  .  .     . 

7  212 

Cologne  

Pound 

7  216 

Prussia  

Pound 

7  218 

Stettin  

Pound  

7  219 

Wurtemberg  

Pound  

7220 

Dantzig,  Konigsberg,  Berlin  ... 

Pound 

7231 

Zurich  

Light  Pound  .    .  . 

7  233 

Ulm,  Aix-la-Chapelle  

Pound  

7234 

Rotterdam  

Light  Pound 

7243 

Strasburg  

Livre  

7  266 

Constance,  Erfurt  

Pound 

7  285 

Augsburg  

Light  Pound 

7295 

Liege  

Pound  

7  330 

Guiana  

Livre  

7,539 

The  above  table  speaks  for  itself ;  and  while  no  one  of  the 
cities  or  countries  enumerated,  have  ever  adopted  the  exact 
number  of  grains,  that  the  Pyramid  pound  is  found  to 
contain  (7,212)  yet,  the  variation  of  less  or  more  is  only 
slightly  over  200  grains,  or  less  than  half  of  one  per  cent. 

LINEAR  AND  SURFACE  MEASURE  STRICTLY 
EARTH-COMMENSURABLE. 

(Sec.  82.)  The  commercial  arrangement  of  the  most 
important  of  all  the  measures  of  a  nation,  we  have  now 


374  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID   JEEZEH 

arrived  at;  and  that  one  which  requires  parctically  to  be 
attended  to  first,  and  which  was  first  attended  to,  and  se- 
cured with  more  than  sufficient  accuracy,  as  well  as  with 
the  grandest  of  suitable  and  harmonius  earth-commen- 
surability,  in  the  Great  Pyramid;  viz.,  linear,  or  length 
measure.  And,  after  all  that  was  accomplished  in  laying 
out  the  exterior  of  the  building  in  terms  of  this  standard, 
we  have  seen  in  previous  sections,  that  the  interior  arrange- 
ments of  the  Pyramid  arc  similarly  laid  out;  and  there, 
both  in  a  harder  material  and  in  a  constant  temperature 
which  brings  all  standards  of  all  materials  into  a  uniform 
and  intercomparable  condition,  most  unexceptionably. 

The  Great  Pyramid's  particular  standard  of  length 
measure  is,  viz.,  its  25  inch  cubit,  the  one-ten-millionth  of 
the  earth's  semi-axis  of  rotation,  and  nas  its  length  most 
exactly  ascertainable  by  modern  measure  (combined  with 
and  understanding  fromula,  so  as  to  take  advantage  of  a 
multiple  of  the  single  standard  arranged  by  the  original 
builders,  through  the  Architect  himself),  in  the  King's 
Chamber;  where,  as  Prof.  H.  L.  Smith  has  well  shown,  it  is 
given  with  surpassing  accuracy  by  the  expression:  "Cubic 
diagonal  of  the  room  multiplied  by  10,  and  divided  by  the 
breadth  of  the  floor.  That  is,  in  Pyramid  inches  deduced 
from  the  English  inches  of  actual  measurement,  |g^J£ 
=  25.0*00  Pyramid,  or  25.025  English  inches. 

Evidently  this  is  the  length  to  which,  in  a  concrete, 
single,  and  distinctly  separate  shape,  we  were  shown  to 
exist  in  the  granite  leaf  of  the  ante-chamber.  ^Vhile  the 
granite  leaf  still  further  shows  the  subdivisions  of  a  single 
cubit,  first  into  five  parts  (25th  parts  of  the  whole  cubit), 
which  parts  we  will  designate  as  "inches  of  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid." 

Any  one  of  these  inches  is  the  unit  standard  of  the  Great 
Pyramid  linear  measure.  Accurately  this  inch  is  the 
i -500, ooo,oooth  of  the  earth's  axis  of  rotation,  an  inch, 
too,  which  decimally  subdivided,  whereon  extreme  accuracy 
is  concerned. 


PYRAMID    AND  ENGLISH  LINEAR  MEASURE 


375 


Division  or  number  of 
each  part  in  the  grand 
Length  Standard 

Interme- 
diate 
division 

Length 
in  Pyr- 
miles 

Length  in  Pyramid 
cubits 

Length  in  Pyramid 
inches 

Name  of  each  division 

(       Earth's  half 

1 

4000- 

10,000,000. 

250,000,000. 

J  breadth  or  semi. 

/  axis  of  rotation 

1,000 

1000. 

4. 

10,000. 

250,000. 

League. 

4,000 

4. 

1. 

2,500. 

62,500. 

Mile. 

40,000 

10. 

0.4 

250. 

6,250. 

Furlong. 

100,000 

2.5 

100.00 

2,500. 

Acre-side. 

1,000,000 

10. 

10. 

250. 

Rod. 

10,000,000 

10. 

1. 

25. 

Cubit. 

(4,800,000 

0.48 

12. 

Foot.) 

250,000,000 

25. 

1. 

Inch. 

2,500,000,000 

10. 

0.1 

Tenths. 

25,000,000,000 

10. 

0.01 

Hundredths. 

250,000,000,000 

10. 

0.001 

Thousandths. 

A  small  standard,  viz.,  the  foot  of  12  inches  is  left  in 
place;  because,  although  not.  evenly  earth -commensurable, 
and  inappropriate,  therefore,  for  scientific  purposes,  there 
is  a  large  operative  use  for  it ;  and  it  is  connected  at  one  end, 
though  not  at  the  other,  with  the  Pyramid  system.  And 
if  we  next  compare  all  the  mutually  approximating  Pyra- 
mid items  with  the  British,  and  in  terms  of  present  English 
inches  (so  that  we  may  not  be  speaking  in  an  unknown 
tongue) ,  we  shall  have  the  following  table : — 

PYRAMID   AND  ENGLISH  LINEAR  MEASURE. 

Compared  through  the  temporary  medium  of  English 
linear  inches. 


Pyramid 

Inches.                                   English 

Inches. 

1  earth's  semi-axis 
of  rotation  .  .  = 

1  league..             — 

250,250,000,000 

250,250.000 
62,562.500 
2,502.500 
250.250 
25.025 
12.012 
1.001 

1  league    .  . 

218,721.600 
63,360.000 
2,504.525 
198.000 
24.000 
12.000 
1.000 

1-  mile  ss 

1  mile  

1  arce-side  = 
1  rod  = 

1  acre-side  ..... 
1  rod     

1  cubit  = 

2  foot  rule   .  .  . 

1  foot  .   .             - 

1  foot 

1  inch  — 

1  inch 

376 


THE    GEEAT    PYEAMID   JEEZEH 


INTERNATIONAL  APPENDIX  TO  GREAT  PYRAMID 
LINEAR   MEASURE. 

"Cloth  Measure,"  Close  to  Pyramid  Cubit. 


Country  or  City 

Name   of  Linear  Measure 

Lciigtli 
in 
English 
Inches 

Algears                             

Turkish  pic  

24.53 

Ancona                             

Braccio  

25.33 

Bergen    Copenhagen  

Ell  

24.71 

Betalfagui    Basoria    Mocha 

Guz  

25.00 

Bologna       

Braccio  (Woolen)  

25.00 

Candia  

Pic  

25.11 

EervDt 

Derah  

25.49 

Ferrara         .                           

Braccio  (Silk)  

24.75 

Great  Pyramid          .  .           

"Pyramid  Cubit"  

25  .025 

Mantua         .              

Braccio  

25.00 

Moldavia,  Roumania  

Kot  

24.86 

Nancy   

Aune  

25.18 

Padua 

Braccio  (Silk)  .  . 

25.30 

Parma                                        .        .  . 

Braccio  (Cloth)  

25.10 

Patras                        .          

Pic  (Silk)  

25.00 

Persia                         

Guerze  

25.00 

Smyrna       

Indise  

24.65 

Trieste            

Ell  (Silk)  

25.22 

Tunis  

Pic  (Silk)  

24.83 

Venice  

Braccio  (Silk)  

24.81 

Verona 

Braccio  (Silk)  .  .    . 

25  22 

Zante  .  . 

Braccio  (Silk)  .  . 

25.37 

THERMOMETERS  AND  THEIR  SCALES  IN  DIFFERENT  COUN- 
TRIES. 

(Sec.  83.)  A  "thermometer"  in  this  enlightened  age  is 
one  of  the  most  widely  essential  of  all  scientific  instruments 
and  there  is  probably  no  modern  science  which  can  advance 
far  without  its  aid. 

Prominently  connected  with  thermometers  is  the  name 
of  "Mynheer  Gabriel  Daniel  Fahrenheit,"  who  was  born 
at  Hamburg  as  some  say;  at  Dantzig,  according  to  others; 
while  all  allow  that  he  afterwards  lived  at  Amsterdam. 
Exactly  when  his  birth  took  place  is  not  known,  nor  is  the 
date  of  his  death,  but  his  "Dissertation  on  Thermometers" 


THEEMOMETBIC  SCALES  377 

was  published  in  London  in  1724,  not  many  years  after 
the  first  successful  introduction  of  quicksilver,  to  take  the 
place  of  air,  in  thermometers;  and  seems  to  have  been  the 
chief  agent,  over  and  above  his  own  practical  success  in 
the  manufacture  of  such  thermometers,  in  causing  his 
system  of  numbers  and  scale-graduations  to  become  such 
an  almost  universal  favorite  in  England.  And  yet  it  is 
now  alleged  that  Fahrenheit  was  not  the  original  inventor 
of  the  scale  which  bears  his  name ;  that  having  been  really 
divised  and  first  used  by  Olaus  Roemer,  the  celebrated 
astronomer  of  Copenhagen,  about  1709.  Touching  absolute 
cold,  is  seen  every  winter  to  be  a  mistake,  whenever  his 
thermometer  descends  below  its  own  carefully  marked  zero ; 
while  the  all-important  point  of  the  freezing  of  water  is 
left  at  the  not  very  signal,  but  certainly  rather  inconvenient 
number  of  32°;  and  the  boiling  point  at  the  not  more  con- 
venient one  of  212°. 

Many,  therefore  have  been  the  demands  that  either  the 
German  Reaumur,  or  the  French  Centigrade  should  be 
adopted ;  in  terms  of  any  of  which,  water  freezing  marks  o° ; 
and  all  degrees  below  that  notable  point  are  nagative; 
above,  positive. 

As  a  greater  number  of  states  of  temperature  are 
generally  demanded,  between  the  freezing  and  boiling 
points,  why  not  adopt  the  250  of  the  Great  Pyramid  scale? 
For,  by  so  doing,  not  only  will  the  world's  population  reap 
that  one  advantage  above  mentioned,  to  a  still  greater 
extent,  but  they  will  suffer  less  shock,  as  it  were,  in  their 
feelings,  when  talking  of  summer  temperatures,  than  even 
if  they  retained  the  Fahrenheit  degrees,  but  placed  at  o° 
at  freezing;  as  simply  illustrated  by  the  following  numbers 
giving  the  absolute  temperatures  in  terms  of  five  different 
thermometric  scales : — 


Fahrenheit        |  Mod-  Fahrenheit 

Centigrade        |        Reaumur         |           Pyramid 

122° 
104° 

90° 
72° 

50° 

40° 

40° 
32° 

125° 

100° 

'  The  Pyramid  system  which  so  often  ends  with  reference 


378  THE    GEE  AT    PYBAMID   JEEZEH 


to  the  four  sides  of  its  base,  again  comes  to  our  aid  in  the 
fixing  of  temperatures.  Multiply,  therefore,  the  250°  (of 
water -boiling  by  4,  making  1,000°;  at  the  notable  and 
dividing  line  of  heat,  where  it  causes  bodies  to  begin  to  give 
out  light.  Again,  multiply  this  1,000  by  5  (a  Pyramid 
number)  and  we  have  5,000°  of  the  Pyramid,  or  that  glow- 
ing white-hot  heat,  where  the  chemists  of  the  different 
nations  would  place  the  melting  point  of  the  most  dense 
and  refractory  of  all  metals,  platinum.  Or  descend  again 
to  — 400°  Pyramid,  and  we  find  a  point  regarded  by  some 
existing  chemists  as  the  absolute  zero  of  temperature. 

The  French  metrical  temperature  reference  was  original- 
ly intended  by  its  scientific  authors,  admirable  for  their 
day,  to  have  been  the  freezing  point  for  water;  on  the  arith- 
metical and  mathematical,  rather  than  physical  and  ex- 
perimental, conclusion — that  they  would  find  water  in 
its  densest  condition  when  coldest,  or  immediately  before 
passing  into  the  state  of  ice.  But  when  they  began  to 
experiment,  nature  refused  to  be  bound  by  human  ideas, 
and  water  was  discovered  to  be  of  the  greatest  density  at  a 
very  sensible  distance  of  heat  above  freezing,  or  at  39.2° 
Fahr. 

But  all  these  anomalies  are  corrected  at  once  at  the 
Great  Pyramid;  for  its  position  on  the  earth's  surface  in 
that  parallel  of  latitude  (viz. 30°)  which,  by  the  geometry 
of  a  sphere,  has  an  equal  amount  of  terrestrial  surface 
between  itself  arid  the  equator  on  one  side,  and  itself  and 
the  Pole  on  the  other,  evidently  points  to  something 
like  mean  terrestrial  surface  temperature  as  the  proper 
central  point  of  comparison  in  the  affairs  of  men.  Equally, 
too,  does  the  Pyramid  point  to  30  of  its  inches  of  mercurial 
pressure  of  the  atmosphere,  as  the  international  reference 
in  that  department  of  Nature.  Exhibiting  the  quantity 
also  as  the  very  clear  and  distinctly  separating  line  between 
good  and  bad  of  the  weather  all  the  world  over ;  above  30 
inches  of  the  barometer  meaning  dry  weather,  sun-shine 
and  bracing  Polar  air ;  below  30  inches,  rain,  clouds  moisture 
and  electric  equatorial  gales. 


DIFFEBENT  METALS  MEET 


379 


The  Pyramid  reference  indeed  for  pressure  would  not 
be  exact,  if  observed  very  scientifically  and  microscopically 
in  its  own  latitude  and  longitude  at  the  sea  l-evel.  But  that 
low  down  reduction  of  all  materiologists,  is  only  another 
case  of  their  going  011  one  side,  instead  of  to  the  middle,  of 
the  fact;  for  the  bulk  of  mankind  does  not  live  at  that 
most  dangerous  level,  where  the  record  of  the  "tidal- 
wave"  tells  its  own  story — but  at  such  a  mean  and  per- 
fectly safe  height  above  it,  as  that  of  the  King's  Chamber 
of  the  Great  Pyramid,  viz.,  4,297  inches  (or  358  ft.  i  inch) 
A  height  which  both  gives  out,  on  an  annual  mean  of  baro- 
metric observations,  the  required  30  inches;  and  at  the 
same  time  makes  the  temperature  observed  there,  under 
normal  circumstances,  the  true  Pyramidal  1-5  between 
boiling  and  freeing  of  water;  and  not  the  slightly  higher 
temperature  of  that  latitude  and  longitude,  if  reduced  to 
what  does  not  exist  there  the  sea-shore  and  its  level. 

TEMPERATURES  IN  PYRAMID  THERMOMETER  DEGREES. 

(Sec.  84.)    Atmospheric    pressure  =  30    inches,    except 
when  otherwise  stated. 


Platinum  melts 5000 

Wrought  iron  melts 4000 

Wrought  iron  melts 3750 

Steel  melts 3500 

Steel  melts 3250 

Cast  iron  melts 3875 

Cast  iron,  grey,  melts 3130 

Cast  iron,  white,  melts  . . .  .2625 

Gold,  pure,  melts 3125 

Gold,  alloyed  as  in  coinage2950 

Copper  melts 2875 

Silver,  pure,  melts 2555 

Silver,  pure,  melts 2500 

Bronze  melts 2250 

Sulphur  boils 1100 

Antimony  melts 1080 

Zinc-melts 1028 

Zinc  melts 900 

Iron  visible  in  the  dark.  .1000 


Mercury  boils 882 

Mercury  boite 875 

Sulphuric  acid,  strong  boils  845 

Sulphuric  acid  boils 812 

Lead  melts 815 

Cadmium  melts 788 

Phosphorus  boils 725 

Bismuth  melts 575 

Water  boils  under  20  at- 
mospheres     535 

Under  15  atmospheres..  500 

Under  10  atmospheres..  450 

Under     5  atmospheres..  381 

Spirit  of  Turpentine  boils  325 

Acetic  acid  boils 290 

Sulphur  melts 278 

WATER  BOILS 250 

Sodium  melts 238 

Benzol  boils..  .   200 


380 


THE    GREAT    PYRAMID   JEEZEH 


Alcohol,  pure,  boils 198 

Alcohol,  pure,  boils 195 

Stearic  acid  melts 174 

White  wax  melts 170 

Wood  spirit  boils 166 

Potassium  melts 158 

Yellow  wax  melts 155 

Greatest    observed    shade 

temperature 1 39 

Stearine  melts 138 

Spermaceti  melts 122 

Summer    temperature    at 

Great  Pyramid 100 

Ether,  common,  boils 92 

Blood  heat 91.5 

Butter  and  lard  melts.  ...     82 
Mean  temperature  at  level  of 
King's  Chamber  in  Great 

Pyramid 50 

Pyramid  temperature — T  I 
Mean  temperature  of  all 
lands  inhabited  by  man, 
and  temperature  of  the 
most  suitable  degree  to 
man. .  50 


Ether  boils 28 

Mean  temperature  of  Lon- 
don   :  .  .  .  .     25 

Low  winter  temperature  at 

Great  Pyramid 20 

Water  freezes 0 

Freezing     mixture,     snow 

and  salt — 50 

Sulphuric  acid  freezes — 87 

Mercury  freezes — 98 

Greatest  cold  experienced — 125 
Greatest  artificial  cold,  ni- 
trious  oxide  and  carbonic 
disulphide,  in  vacuo.  .  .  . — 350 
Absolute      zero      (Miller's 

Chemistry — 400 

Theoretical  base  of  air 
thermometer;  or  air  sup- 
posed to  be  so  excessive- 
ly contracted  in  bulk  by 
cold,  as  at  last  to  occupy 
no  space  at  all,  and  in 
that  case  to  become  of 
infinitely  great  specific 
gravity —682 


PYRAMID    ANGLE    MEASURE. 

(Sec.  85.)  Astronomical  scientific  development,  feels 
the  necessity,  and  demands  an  angular,  as  well  as  a  linear 
measure  to  refer  to  for  distances;  while  the  same  demand 
for  angular  measure  is  experienced  in  each  of  the  purely 
terrestrial  sciences  as  well. 

The  French  savants  of  the  Revolution  attempted  to 
introduce  into  their  decimally  arranged  metrical  system 
an  angular  graduation  where  the  quadrant  contained  100, 
and  the  whole  circle  aoo,  degrees.  But.  after  trying  it 
for  some  years,  they  had  to  give  it  up;  for  it  seems  the 
influence  of  "Great  Babylon,"  which  is,  by  many  persons, 
believed  to  have  originally  invented,  and  then  fixed  on  the 
world,  our  present  sexagesimal  system,  or  360°  to  the  circle, 
and  60'  to  the  degree,  was  too  powerful  for  the  then, 
mathematicians  of  Paris,  to  contend  successfully  against. 


SYSTEM  OF  ANGLE  MEASURES 


381 


But  there  could  have  been  no  more  community  feeling 
among  the  Babylonians,  and  the  extreme  ancient  Builders 
of  the  Great  Pyramid  in  their  goniometry,  than  in  their 
methods  of  astronomical  orientation,  which  we  have 
already  seen  were  entirely  diverse.  What  system,  then, 
for  angle  was  more  probably  employed  at  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid ? 

A  system,  apparently,  of  1000°  to  the  circle;  250°  to  the 
quadrant.  This  conclusion  has  been  ventured,  by  promi- 
nent Egyptologists,  to  be  deducted  from  the  following 
features  at  the  Pyramid: — 

(a.)  The  angle  of  rise  of  the  Pyramid's  flanks,  and  the 
angle  of  descent  or  ascent  of  its  passages,  are  both  very 
peculiar  angles,  characteristic  of  the  Great  Pyramid;  and 
though  rough  and  incommensurable  on  either  the  Baby- 
lonian, or  French,  or  any  known  angular  system,  are  in  a 
practical  way  evenly  commensurable  on  the  Pyramid 
svstem. 


Pyramid  Feature 

System  of  Angle  Measures 

Babylonian     |     French     |  Vulgar 

Pyramid 

A  whole  circumference 
Angle  of  side  with      ) 
horizon  \ 
Angle  of  passages  .  . 

360° 

50°  51'  14" 
26°  18'  10" 

400° 

57°.62 
29°.  23 

32° 
4°.6i 

1OOO° 
I44°-  05 

73°.o8 

(b.)  Whereas  the  King's  Chamber  has  been  in  a  manner 
utilized  as  the  chamber  of  the  standard  of  50,  and  the 
Queen's  as  that  of  the  standard  of  25,  and  are  both  of  them 
witnessed  to  by  the  number  of  Pyramid  courses  on  which 
they  stand,  the  subterranean  chamber  may  be  considered 
the  chamber  of  angular  measure;  and  does,  at  its  center, 
view  the  whole  pyramid  side,  at  an  angle  of  75°  15'  j" 
Babylonian,  but  209°. 03  Pyramid.  And  though  there 
are  now  only  202,  there  are  shown  to  have  been  in  the 
original  finished  Pyramid  somewhere  between  209  and  218 
complete  masonry  courses;  or  agreeing  within  the  limits 
of  error  of  those  researches,  with  the  angular  result  of  209°. 

(c.)  And  then   there  follows  a  useful  practical  result 


382  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID   JEEZEH 

to  Navigation,  and  its  peculiar  itinerary  measure,  the 
'knot,'  or  nautical,  or  sea-mile;  i>iz.,  the  length  of  a  mean 
minute  of  a  degree  of  latitude. 

At  present  there  is  much  inconvenience  from  the  large 
difference  in  the  length  between  our  land  and  sea  miles; 
for  they  measure  5,280  and  6,085  .88 -f  feet  respectively. 
(See  index  for  length  of  statute  and  nautical  mile  compared.) 
But  granted  that  a  Pyramid  knot  shall  be  1-2 5th  part  of 
a  Pyramid  degree,  then  the  respective  lengths  of  a  Pyramid 
land,  and  a  Pyramid  sea,  mile  will  be  the  comparatively 
approaching  quantities,  in  inches,  of  62,500  and  62,995. 

MONEY.    (WHY  NOT  PYRAMID  MONEY?) 

(Sec.  86.)  Many  inquirers  have  demanded,  "What 
about  money  on  the  Pyramid  system?" 

Nothing  whatever  has  been  discovered  up  to  this  date 
(except  coincidence)  that  has  coupled  the  subject  of  money 
with  the  Great  Pyramid.  And,  no  wonder,  for  no  one  has 
as  yet  defined  exactly,  what  money  is. 

The  nearest  approximation  to  the  subject  (we  nave 
ever  seen)  we  think  is,  in  a  small  volume  entitled  "A  Thirty 
Years'  War  on  Silver,"  by  Supreme  Judge  Fitsgerald, 
of  the  State  of  Nevada.  Look  at  any  piece  of  (coin)  money 
whatever:  whose  image  and  superscription  does  it  bear) 
That  of  some  earthly  Caesar  or  other.  None  of  the  present 
or  past  coinages,  with  which  we  are  familiar,  have  any 
fixed  weight  or  measurement,  relative  to  any  other  fixed 
weight  or  measurement;  with  the  single  exception  of  the 
"5  cent  nickel"  of  the  United  States,  which  is:  "a  milli- 
metre in  thickness,  and  is  said  to  weigh  15  grammes," 
in  its  relation  to  the  "French  metric  system."  The  fol- 
lowing astonishing  coincidence,  however,  is  worth  quoting; 
given  to  the  world  by  Dr.  Watson  F.  Ouinby,  of  Wilmington 
Delaware,  some  forty  years  ago,  as  follows: — 

"Our  (U.  S.)  silver  coinage  corresponds  in  grains  to  the 
measures  of  the  King's  Chamber  in  the  Great  Pyramid,  in 
English  inches.  So  that  the  length  of  that  chamber  being 


TRANSCENDENTALISMS  OF  ASTRONOMY  383 

412.5  of  those  inches,  the  standard  weight  of  the  "Dollar 
of  the  Fathers"  is  412.5  grains;  the  half-dollar,  weighing 
206  .  2  grains  represents  the  breadth  of  the  same  chamber  — 
206.25  English  inches;  and  the  quarter  -dollar  of  103.1 
grains  represents  in  inches  the  half  breadth  of  the  same 
chamber,  or  the  'touch-stone'  length  as  it  has  been  called 
of  so  many  of  the  Great  Pyramid's  measurements. 

"At  the  same  time  the  grander  golden  coin,  the  Ameri- 
can Eagle,  contains  232.5  grains  of  pure  gold,  or  the  number 
of  Pyramid  cubits  in  the  vertical  height  of  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid; and  the  'half-eagle'  contains  116.  25  of  the  same  gold 
in  grains,  equal  almost  exactly  to  the  length  of  the  Ante- 
Chamber  of  the  King's  Chamber  in  the  same  Pyramid 
expressed  in  Pyramid  inches." 

TRANSCENDENTALISMS  OF  GREAT  PYRAMID  ASTRONOMY 


Prof.  Piazzi  Smyth,  R.  A.,  with  comments  by  the 
author.] 

(Sec.  87.)  "Now  the  only  source  from  whence  one  uni- 
form system  of  siderial  chronology,  and  which,  though 
endued  with  some  change  in  respect  to  the  seasons,  yet 
alters  so  slowly  year  by  year  and  generation  after  generation 
as  to  require  25,827  years  before  it  passes  through  all 
the  seasons  —  the  only  source,  I  say,  from  whence  it  could 
have  emanated  in  that  early  age  of  the  world,  and  have  been 
impressed  upon  the  origines  of  all  races  of  mankind,  is, 
was,  and  ever  will  be,  Divine  inspiration;  and  the  Divine 
intention  touching  that  mystery  of  God,  the  human  race 
on  earth. 

"Bat  not  by  any  means  implying  that  the  terrestrial 
human  race  is  the  only  object  cared  for  by  God,  through- 
out all  the  siderial  universe.  For  had  it  been  so,  they 
might  have  been  created  for  man's  chronological  purposes 
alone  —  instead  of  man  being  taught,  as  in  this  case,  to 
make  the  best  practical  use  of  pre-existant,  pre-created 
means.  Here,  accordingly,  what  we  are  called  upon  to 
note,  may  rather  remind  us  of  that  which  Josephus  records 


384  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

of  the  descendants  of  Seth,  viz.,  that  no  creation  miracles 
were  wrought  for  them,  but  that  they,  though  favored 
with  Divine  assistance,  had  to  study  astronomy  in  the  laws 
of  the  stars  as  they  already  existed.  And  pushing  our 
calculations  to  the  extreme  of  modern  science,  we  shall 
undoubtedly  find  that  those  stars  were  by  no  means  in 
themselves  absolutely  perfect  for  this  one  end  alone.  But 
take  them  as  they  were  4,000  years  ago,  and  after  they  had 
been  already  set  in  motion  by  the  divine  power  aeons  and 
a;ons  of  ages  before  the  Pyramid  day — and  you  will  find 
that  they  did,  at  that  epoch,  come  quite  near  enough  to 
form  an  excellent  practical  chronological  system  of  the 
kind  indicated;  and  no  better  mode  of  utilizing  those  actual 
phenomena  of  the  starry  sky,  nor  any  better  choice  among 
the  stars,  ever  has  been  imagined  since  then,  in  any  country 
of  the  world. 

Thus,  to  moderate  observation  (and  with  far  greater 
accuracy  than  the  annuals  of  the  profane  history  of  man- 
kind have  been  kept  to)  all  these  hereinafter-following 
features  may  be  said,  in  ordinary  terms,  to  obtain— 

1.  The  Great  Pyramid  is  astronomically  oriented  in  its 
sides;  and  its  passages  are  in  the  plane  of  the  meridian. 

2.  The  entrance  passage,  with  its  alt.  angle  of  26°  16' 
nearly,  points  3°  42'  vertically  below  the  Northern  Pole 
of  the  sky. 

3.  In  the  year  2170  B.  C.,  a  Draconis  was  3°  42'  from 
the  Pole  of  the  sky,  and  therefore  looked  down  the  axis 
of  the  entrance  passage,  when  at  its  lower  culmination. 

4.  When  a  Draconis  was  so  looking  down  the  entrance- 
passage  in  the    North,    then    Tauri,  the  chief  star  in  the 
Pleiades  group,  was  crossing  the  local  terrestrial  meridian, 
towards  the  South ;  in  the  vertical  plane  of  direction  of  the 
Grand  Gallery,  but  at  a  point  high  up  in  the  sky,  near  the 
equator. 

5.  At  the  same  moment  of  that  year,  2170  B.  C.,  the 
celestial  meridian   of  the  Vernal  Equinox  also   coincided 
with  that    same    Tauri    star,  and  gave  it  for  the  time   an 
extraordinary,  chronological,  super-eminence  over  all  others. 


THE  POLE  STAB  385 


6.  That  whole  stellar  combination  had  not  taken  place 
for  25,827  years  previously,  and  will  not  take  place  again 
for  25,827  years  subsequently.  It  has  not  consequently 
repeated,  or  confused,  itself  yet  in  all  the  history  of  the 
human  race;  through  the  Sothiac  cycle,  the  Phoenix  cycle, 
and  other  chronological  inventions  of  the  profane  Egyptian 
priests,  men  long  after  the  Pyramid  day,  and  supposed 
generally  to  have  been  the  most  learned  of  the  ancients — 
have  done  so  again  and  again ;  to  the  lamentable  confound- 
ing of  dates  in  the  old  Pagan,  and  modern  Egyptological 
world  too." 

NOTE. — It  will  be  observed  in  the  above  quotation,  that 
Professor  Smyth  reaches  back  in  his  astronomical  calcula- 
tions, nearly  30,000  years,  but  he  does  not  go  back  with  his 
dates,  "to  the  first  advent  of  man  upon  the  earth"  beyond 
4,004  B.  C.,  thereby,  rather  mixing  his  theory,  of  the 
"4th  day  of  Creation,"  as  recorded  in  the  first  chapter  of 
Genesis.  Again  he  says: — 

"But  if  the  calculations  on  which  the  above  Pyramid 
results  are  founded,  shall  be  pushed  to  much  greater 
refinement,  or  to  proportions  of  space  invisible  to  the  naked 
eye, — it  then  appears  that  (i.)  the  Pole  star,  when  it  was 
3°  42'  from  the  Pole,  (2.)  the  equatorial  star  opposite  to  it, 
and  (3.)  the  celestial  meridian  of  the  equinox,  were  not  all 
of  them  on  the  Pyramid's  meridian,  below  and  above  the 
Pole,  precisely  at  the  same  instant,  either  in  the  year  2170 
B.  C.,  or  in  any  other  year. 

But  this  difficulty  is  not  by  any  means  entirely  depen- 
dent on  the  stars,  in  their  places,  not  being  as  exact  as  if 
they  had  been  created  originally  for  no  other  than  the  above 
purpose ;  for  there  are  hindrances  also  to  modern  astronomy, 
in  precisely  realising  every  simple  thing  in  number,  weight, 
and  measure,  that  has  taken  place  in  Nature  dnring  the  last 
4,000  years.  Two  astronomers,  for  instance,  using  the  same 
data,  may  compute  back  the  place  of  a  given  star  4,000 
years  ago  from  its  present  place,  and  they  shall  agree  to  a 
second  in  the  result;  but  it  does  not  therefore  follow  that 


25 


386  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

the  star  was  precisely  there  at  that  time,  as  though  a  con- 
temporary astronomer  had  observed  it  then;  because  pro- 
per motion,  and  variations  of  proper  motion,  may  exist, 
quite  unknown  to  the  short  period  of  surveillance  over  the 
second  in  the  result;  but  it  does  not  therefore  follow  that 
the  star  was  as  precisely  there  at  that  time,  as  though  a  con- 
temporary astronomer  had  observed  it  then ;  because  prop- 
er motion,  and  variations  of  proper  motion,  may  exist,  quite 
unknown  to  the  short  period  of  surveillance  over  the  stars 
yet  enjoyed  by  modern  astronomy.  Some  of  the  quantities 
too,  of  the  celestial  mechanics  concerned  ,such  as  the  precise 
amount  of  the  very  precession  of  the  equinoxes  itself,  and 
its  accompanying  phenomena  of  nutation  and  aberration, 
may  have  been  erroneously  assumed,  and  never  can,  or  will 
be  ascertained  perfectly  by  man.  The  accepted  numerical 
values  of  such  quantities  do,  in  fact,  vary  at  the  same  time 
between  one  astronomer  and  another  (unless  both  were 
brought  up  in  the  same  school,  and  then  both  may  differ 
from  truth),  and  also  between  one  generation  and  another 
of  astronomers  in  the  same  place.* 

[At  the  request  of  Prof.  Smyth,  in  1871,  Dr.  Brunnow, 
(then  Astronomer-Royal  for  Ireland,)  prepared  the  follow- 
ing table  on  the  Pyramid  star  calculations],  viz.— 
( i .)  "a  Draconis  was  for  the  first  time  ( t )at  the 

distance  of  3°  41'  50"  from  the  pole  in  the 

year  -  - =  3443  B-  c- 

(2.)  "It   was   at   the   least  distance  from  the 

Pole,  or  o°  3'  25",  in  the  year =  2790  B.  C. 

(3.)  "It  was  for  the  second  time  at  the  distance 

of  3°  41'  42"  from  the  Pole  in  the  year.  .  .  =  2136  B.  C. 

*  Viz — Astronomers  even  of  40  years  ago  are  no  longer 
quoted  authoritively ;  for  it  is  found  that  the  theories  of 
Mercury,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  Uranus  and  Neptune,  are  all  in 
need  of  revision.  The  Tables  of  the  Planets  by  Professor 
M.  Le  Verrier,  and  Newcomb,  differ  materially  from  present 
observations. 

t  How  did  he  kiio-ic  that  it  was  there  for  the  first, time? 


STARS  CROSS  THE  POLE  387 

(4.)   "Tauri  (Alcyone  of  the  Pleiades)  was  in 
the  same  right  ascension  as  the  equinoctial 

point  in  the  year  •  • - =  2248  B.  C. 

when  it  crossed  the  meridian  above  the  Pole 
3°  47'  north  of  the  Equator,  with  a  Draconis 
crossing  below  the  Pole,  nearly  but  not  ex- 
actly at  the  same  instant;  and  a  Draconis 
was  then  nearly  90°  (89°  16')  from  Alcyone 
in  the  meridian,  measured  through  the  Pole. 
(5.)  "a  Draconis  and  Tauri  were  exactly 
opposite  to  each  other,  so  that  one  of  them 
could  be  on  the  meridian  above  the  Pole, 
and  the  other  on  the  meridian  below  the  Pole 
at  the  same  absolute  instant,  only  at  the 

date  of =  1574  B.  C. 

but  when  all  the  other  data  diverged  largely. 

"We  have  now  to  deal  with  the  last  three  dates.  Of 
these  three,  the  first  two  evidently  include  between  them 
my  own  previous  quantity  of  2170  B.  C.;  but  the  third 
differs  extravagantly.  Nevertheless,  the  visible  effect 
in  the  sky  of  that  one  apparently  very  large  difference  in 
absolute  date,  is  merely  this,  according  to  Dr.  Brunnow's 
computation;  viz.,  that  when  Tauri,  or  the  Pleiades, 
were  crossing  the  meridian  above  the  Pole,  at  my  Pyramid 
date  of  2170  B.  C.,  a  Draconis  was  not  doing  the  same  thing, 
exactly  beneath  the  pole,  at  the  same  instant;  for  the  star 
was  then  at  the  distance  of  o°  17'  west  of  the  meridian. 
But  it  would  have  been  doing  the  same  thing  perfectly, 
according  to  an  entrance-passage  observation  of  it,  if  the 
northern  end  of  that  passage  had  been  made  by  the  builders 
to  trend  17'  westward,  still  keeping  to  its  observed  angular 
height  in  the  vertical  plane;  viz.,  26°  18'. 

"Whereupon  comes  the  question  whether — granting 
temporarily  that  Dr.  Brunnow's  excellent  calculations 
in  modern  astronomy  replace  everything  that  has  happened 
in  Nature  during  the  last  4,000  years — whether  that  17'  of 
the  Pole  star's  west  distance  from  the  meridian  was  a  thing 


388  THE    GREAT   PYRAMID   JEEZEH 

of  moment; — and  if  so,  is  this  the  first  occasion  on  which 
the  divergence  has  been  discovered? 

"Seventeen  minutes  of  space,  or  less  than  the  thousandth 
part  of  the  azimuthal  scale,  is  but  a  small  quantity  for 
any  one  to  appreciate  in  all  the  round  of  the  blue  expanse, 
without  instruments ;  and  the  first  effort  of  Greek  astronomy 
i, 800  years  after  the  Pyramid  was  built,  [?  how  did  he, 
or  how  does  any  other  human  being,  living,  know  just 
when  it  was  built?]  is  reported  to  have  been  the  discovery 
that  the  Pole  star  of  that  day,  then  6°  from  the  Pole,  was 
not  as  they,  the  Greeks,  had  previously  held,  exactly  on  the 
Pole.  Greek  and  other  profane  nations,  then,  had  been  in 
the  habit  of  overlooking,  long,  long  after  the  epoch  of  the 
Pyramid,  an  error  twenty  times  as  great  as  this  which  is 
now  charged  on  the  Great  Pyramid  astronomy,  by  the 
present  day  science  of  precision,  which  has  been  at  last 
elaborated  amongst  men  after  a  further  consumption  of  4,- 
ooo  years. 

"And  yet  it  was  not  all  error  either,  on  the  part  of  the 
Great  Pyramid.  For  here  we  should  take  account  of  the 
results  of  my  observations  in  1865,  when  I  succeeded  in 
comparing  the  directions  of  both  the  outside  of  the  Pyramid, 
the  internal  axis  of  the  entrance  passage,  and  the  axis  of  the 
azimuth  trenches  separately  and  successively  with  the 
Polar  star.  These  observations  were  made  with  a  powerful 
altitude-azimuth  instrument,  reading  of  its  angles  with 
micrometer-microscopes  to  tenths  of  seconds ;  and  the  con- 
clusions from  them  were,  that  everything  at  the  Great 
Pyramid  trended,  at  its,  north  end  towards  the  west — the 
azimuth  trenches  by  19  minutes,  the  socket  side  of  the  base 
by  5  minutes,  and  the  axis  of  the  entrance  passage  by  more 
nearly  4  minutes  and  a  half.  What  could  all  these  features 
have  been  laid  out  for  with  this  slight  tendency  to  the  west 
of  north  ?  was  a  question  which  I  frequently  pondered  over 
at  the  Great  Pyramid,  and  sometimes  even  accused  the 
earth's  surface  of  having  shifted  with  respect  to  its  axis 
of  rotation  during  4000  years.  But  now  the  true  ex- 


ASTBONOMICAL  CONCLUSIONS  389 

planation  would  appear  to  be,  that  the  Seth -descended 
acrhitect,  knowing  perfectly  well  the  want  of  exactly  the 
12  hours,  or  50  inch,  correspondence  between  his  Polar  and 
Equatorial  stars  (though  they  were  the  best  in  the  sky),  had 
so  adjusted  in  a  minute  degree  the  position  of  the  Great 
Pyramid  when  building  it,  as  to  reduce  any  error  in  his 
Pleiades  system  of  chronology  arising  out  of  the  stellar 
discrepance,  to  a  minimum.  Whence  the  fact  of  the 
western  divergence  of  the  north  pointing  of  the  entrance- 
passage,  as  detected  by  the  modern  astronomy  observa- 
tions in  1865,  combined  with  the  computation  in  1871 — 
becomes  the  most  convincing  practical  proof  of  inten- 
tion, and  not  accident,  having  guided  all  these  time 
arrangements  of  the  Great  Pyramid. 

"On  discussing  recently  with  some  of  the  astronomers 
who  were  sent  to  Egypt  in  December  1874,  to  observe  the 
Transit  of  Venus  (ns  a  stepping  stone  toward  attaining  a 
knowledge  of  the  sun  distance) — the  palm  of  merit  for 
the  best  time  observations  seemed  to  be  unanimously 
accorded  to  those  of  them  who  had  adopted  a  new  method 
of  using  their  transit  instruments,  recently  elaborated 
by  M.  Otto  Struve,  of  the  Central  Russian  Observatory: 
and  which  consisted  in  observing,  not  exactly  in  the  plane 
of  the  meridian  (as  usually  done  or  tried  to  be  done), 
but  in  the  vertical  of  the  Pole  star  at  the  in  si  ant; — or,  as  nearly 
as  possible,  on  the  very  method  of  ultra-refinement  adopted 
at  the  ancient  Great  Pyramid.  Hence  the  object  of  this 
chapter  is  now  fully  obtained :  for  not  only  does  the  ancient 
monument  fix  an  absolute  date  for  itself,  viz.,  something 
very  close  to  2170  B.  C.,  which  all  the  profane  monuments 
were  confessed  to  be  incapable  of  even  approximately 
attempting,  but  it  does  so  by  methods  unknown  of  old 
elsewhere,  and  only  recently  begun  to  be  appreciated  in 
the  best  European  astronomy." 

The  foregoing  copious  notes,  from  Professor  Smyth's 
final  effort,  before  he  passed  to  the  beyond,  in  his  attempt 
to  fix  the  date  of  the  building  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  is 


390  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID   JEEZEH 

one  of  the  best  efforts  of  his  life,  and  is  indicative  of  the 
man.  He  was  a  noted  astronomer' and  mathematician,  and 
wrote  nothing  but  what  he  thoroughly  believed  to  be  true. 
But  his  science  was  narrow,  and  warped,  at  times,  in  his 
vain  attempt  to  prove,  that  a  "Deified  Atchitect"  directed 
the  building  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  in  the  year  2170  B.  C. 

With  the  perfect  mechanical  skill  which  he  knew  was 
necessary,  to  construct  the  inner,  finished  portions  of  the 
Great  Pyramid;  and  the  mathematical  and  astronomical 
intelligence  requisite  for  its  architect  to  lay  out  and  plan 
such  a  building,  his  knowledge  of  past  history  taught  him : — 
that  no  such  individual,  or  set  of  individuals  had  preceeded 
our  present  scientific  age,  within  the  last  6,000  years,  or 
even  existed  today. 

And  with  his  further  belief,  (and  to  him,  knowledge) 
that  this  earth  of  ours  was  only  about  5,883  years  old  in 
the  year  1879  A.  D. ;  it  was  perfectly  natural  that  he  should 
not  only  suggest,  but  believe  that  the  Architect  was  gifted 
with  Deific  intelligence.  But  in  his  great  enthusiasm  for 
his  Deified  Architect  he  neglected  to  apply  that  same  term 
to  the  mechanics  and  laborers  on  the  Great  Pyramid, 
which  were  certainly — equally  necessary.  That  the  Great 
Pyramid  is  the  most  perfect  building  in  the  world  for  a 
"Depositary  of  Weights  and  Measures,"  geographically, 
astronomically  and  mathematically,  every  person  who  has 
read  up  the  subject  must  confess.  And,  every  Fraternal 
man,  no  matter  as  to  what  organization  he  represents, 
must  also  acknowledge  its  perfect  adaptability,  as  an 
asylum  or  lodge  outfit. 

But  just  what  use  it  could  be  to  religious  worshipers, 
we  are  at  a  loss  to  know,  and  Professor  Smyth  has  not 
informed  us.  For,  as  a  matter  of  course,  if  its  architect 
was  Deified,  it  was  for  a  purpose;  and,  that  purpose  should 
stand  out  somewhere  in  that  grand  structure,  to  point  out 
one  "God,"  or  the  "Father  and  Son";  or,  Heaven,  and 
Hades.  But,  no  such  significence  has  been  pointed  out, 
by  any  Egyptologist  as  existing  therein. 


AGE  OF  THE  EAETH  391 

Our  theory  therefore,  comes  to  the  front.  For,  as 
no  human  being  has  appeared  upon  the  face  of  the  earth 
in  the  record  of  history ;  or  that  can  be  found  today  in  the 
whole  civilized  world,  that  would  be  egotistical  enough 
even  to  assert:  that  he  could  plan,  and  cause  the  erection 
of  a  similar  structure,  as  that  of  the  Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh; 
therefore,  as  the  building  really  exists,  somebody  must  have 
been  the  architect,  and  some  body  of  intelligent  human 
beings  must  have  assisted  him  in  its  erection.  Who  were 
they? 

Let  us  reason  together.  The  earth  is  proven  to  have 
been  several  millions  of  years  in  existence,  by  both  geo- 
logy, and  astronomy.  If  that  is  so,  will  any  one  attempt  to 
argue  in  this  enlightened  age,  that  is  has  only  been  peopled 
for  6,000  years?  Suppose  in  minimum  figures,  that  the 
earth  has  stood  just  1,000,000  years;  and  that  it  has  been 
inhabited,  off  and  on,  for  one-fourth  of  that  period,  or 
250,000  years;  and  that  during  some  one  of  those  inhabited 
periods,  the  geneology  existed  through  more  than  50,000 
years;  could  not  they  as  a  race  of  people,  have  gained  more 
knowledge,  general  intelligence,  scientific  and  mechanical 
skill,  in  50,000  years,  than  we  have  stored  up  in  our  little 
insignificant  6,000  years?  The  internal  fires  of  the  earth, 
and  the  changing  of  the  earth's  polarity  from  various 
causes,  has  caused  most  of  the  continents  to  change 
places  with  the  waters  of  the  earth,  many  times, 
but  at  long  intervals.  During  some  one  of  these 
long  inhabited  periods,  the  wise  men  of  their  day,  dis- 
covered' that  there  was  a  small  peice  of  territory  located 
near  to  30°  N.  Lat.,  and  31°  10'  i"  E.  Lon.  that  would  not 
again  change  places  with  the  watery  deep,  for  at  least  500,- 
ooo  years.  On  this  spot  they  erected  that  "Great  First 
Wonder  of  the  World,"  that  has  kept  our  geology  guessing 
for  over  5000  years.  We  have  in  a  previous  section  of  this 
work  stated,  the  purpose  that  led  to  its  erection.  Before 
closing  this  volume  we  will  picture  one  of  the  'degrees' 


392 


taken  in  this  asylum  over  50,000  years  ago.  But  first, 
a  little  more  conservative  information  in  measurement  and 
capacity. 

THE  ARK  OF  THE  COVENANT  OF  MOSES. 

(Sec.  88.)  The  size  of  that  Ark-box  of  Moses  is  given 
in  the  Old  Testament  as  being  2^  cubits  long,  i)^  cubits 
broad,  and  i)^  high;  which  measures  being  reduced  to 
Pyramid  inches,  on  Sir  Isaac  Newton's  valuation  of  the 
sacred  cubit  of  Moses,  =  62  .5x37. 5x37. 5  of  those  inches. 

But  was  this  outside  measure  or  inside  measure?  for 
that  must  make  a  very  material  difference  in  the  cubical 
result. 

Outside  measure,  without  a  doubt,  and  for  the  following 
reasons : — 

Because  the  vertical  component  is  spoken  of  as  height, 
and  not  depth;  and  because  the  lower  lid  of  gold,  or  the 
Mercy-seat,  being  made  only  the  same  stated  length  and 
breadth  as  the  Ark  itself,  it  would  have  stood  insecure,  and 
run  a  chance  of  tumbling  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  box, 
if  that  length  and  breadth  had  signified  the  top  of  the 
box's  inside,  and  not  its  outside  area.  Scripture  does  not 
inform  us  just  what  thickness  the  sides  were,  and  therefore 
we  do  not  know  exactly  how  much  to  subtract  from  the 
outside,  to  give  the  inside  dimensions;  but  the  outside  hav- 
ing been  given,  and  the  material  stated,  the  limits  within 
which  such  thickness  must  be  found  are  left  very  narrow 
indeed.  Let  the  thickness,  for  instance,  be  assumed  to  be 
1.8  Pyramid  inches;  then  the  length,  breadth,  and  depth 
will  be  reduced  from  an  outside  of  62.5x37.5x37.5  to 
an  inside  of  58.9x33.9x35.7;  which  gives  71,282  cubic 
inches  for  the  capacity  contents  of  this  open  box  without 
a  lid. 

Or,  if  we  place  the  sides  and  ends  at  1.75  inch  in  thick- 
ness, and  the  bottom  at  2  inches — which  are  very  fair 
proportions  in  carpentry  for  such  a  sized  box  in  such  a 
quality  of  wood,  as  that  from  which  it  was  constructed, — 
then  its  inside  measure  would  be  59 .  o  x  34 .  o  x  35  .  5  ;  which 


SOLOMON'S  MOLTEN  SEA  393 

makes  the  cubical  contents  =  7 1,2 13  cubic  inches.  Which 
makes  it  almost  identical  with  the  capacity  of  the  coffer  in 
the  King's  Chamber  of  the  Great  Pyramid;  or  within  0.37 
of  a  cubic  inch. 

The  brazen  lavers  of  Solomon's  Temple  were  also  of  the 
same  cubic  capacity  as  the  coffer  in  the  Great  Pyramid ;  and 
measured  on  the  Hebrew  system  40  baths  or  4  homers; 
while  each  of  those  homers  was  of  equal  value  in  capacity 
as  the  Anglo-Saxon  'quarter,'  used  for  corn  measure 
amongst  that  people. 

SOLOMON'S  MOLTEN  SEA. 

(Sec.  89.)  This  vessel,  by  name  the  "Molten  Sea" 
was  cast  in  bronze,  though  of  a  shape  and  size  which  have 
defied  all  essayists  hitherto  to  agree  upon.  Even  in  the 
Bible,  something  of  what  is  said  there  about  it,  is  stated 
variously  in  different  books  thereof,  as  in  that  of  Kings, 
the  cubical  contents  are  given  as  2,000  baths,  while  in 
Chronicles  they  are  set  down  as  3,000.  As  the  latter  is 
only  fragmentary,  we  will  take  the  former  statement;  and 
then  find  that  the  statement  in  baths,  that  the  'molten 
sea'  would  have  contained  the  contents  of  a  laver  50  times; 
or  a  Pyramid  number  at  once. 

In  I.  Kings,  VII.  23-26,  we  are  told  that  the  'molten 
sea'  "was  ten  cubits  from  one  brim  to  the  other ;  it  was  round 
all  about,  and  its  height  was  five  cubits;  and  a  line  of  thirty 
cubits  did  compass  it  round  about  and  it  was  a  hand's- 
breadth  thick." 

To  realize  the  shape  is  the  first  point.  Some  devout 
students  have  imagined  it  cylindrical;  some  of  a  swelling 
cauldron  form,  but  the  greater  numbers,  a  hemispherical 
shape;  and  this,  perhaps,  is  most  agreeable  (i.)  to  the 
phrase  "round  all  about,"  (2.)  to  its  diameter  being  twice 
its  height,  and  (3.)  to  the  traditionary  testimony  of  Josephus 
that  it  was  hemispherical. 

If  this  point  is  settled,  are  the  measures  given,  of  the 
inside,  or  outside  denomination?  Bv  the  rule  established 


394  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID   JEEZEH 

for  the  Ark,  the  breadth  and  height  are  outside,  of  course; 
but  in  that  case,  what  is  the  meaning  of  a  circle  of  10  cubits 
in  diameter,  having  a  circumference  of  30  cubits?  That  is 
a  total  impossibility;  and  wholly  against  the  principal 
measurements  of  the  Great  Pyramid  itself,  which  proves 
in  various  ways  that  the  circumference  of  a  circle  having 
10  for  diameter,  cannot  be  less  than  31 .4159,  etc. 

We  conclude  therefore,  (as  an  indication  of  the  thick- 
ness of  the  vessel  is  given,  viz.  at  a  hand-breadth)  that  the 
inside  circumference  was  alluded  to,  but  the  outside  dia- 
meter. 

A  hemisphere,  then,  with  an  inside  circumference  of 
30  Pyramid  cubits,  its  diameter  would  be  238.73  Pyramid 
inches,  giving,  with  an  outside  diameter  of  10  cubits, 
nearly  5 .  5  inches  for  thickness  (or  the  space  which  the  hand 
of  a  strong  man  spread  out  would  easily  cover).  The 
cubic  contents,  then,  of  such  internal  hemisphere  will  be 
3,562,070  Pyramid  cubit  inches;  and  divided  by  the  Pyra- 
mid number  of  50,  give  71,241  of  the  same  cubic  inches; 
i.  e.,  within  a  seven-thousandth  part  the  same  as  either 
the  Ark  of  the  Covenant,  or  the  Coffer  of  the  Great  Pyramid. 

Solomon's  reason  for  making  his  "molten  sea"  50  times 
larger  than  his  already  large  brazen  vessels,  the  lavers, 
was  most  probably  occult;  and  used  only  for  the  purpose 
of  demonstrating  some  of  the  mysteries  of  the  great 
Unknowable.  Think  of  it,  this  "molten  sea"  of  Solomon's 
had  a  capacity  of  over  15,420  U.  S.  gallons;  could  it  have 
been  used  for  storing  corn,  wine  or  oil? 

The  cubit  used  by  Solomon  at  the  building  of  the  Temple 
being  also  of  the  sme  25  inch,  and  earth-commensurable, 
length  as  that  employed  by  Moses  on  the  Tabernacle  in 
the  Wilderness;  and  that  again  identical  with  the  cubit 
chiefly  monumentalized  in  the  design  of  the  Great  Pyramid : 
yet  we  have  been  obliged  to  conclude  that  Moses,  though  he 
lived  long  in  Egypt,  could  never  have  been  inside  of  the 
Great  Pyramid,  and  had,  therefore,  no  opportunity  of 
humanly  copying  the  cubic  contents  of  the  coffer;  or  supply- 


OTHER  BOOMS  IN  THE  PYRAMID  395 

ing  himself  with  a  note  of  the  length  of  its  cubit;  vastly 
more  certain  may  we  be  that  King  Solomon  was  never  inside 
the  Great  Pyramid  either,  or  in  a  position  to  note  the  exact 
amount  of  cubic  contents  of  the  lower  course  of  the  coffers' 
containing  chamber,  or  to  copy  the  Pyramid  cubit  length 
and  its  subdivisions  from  the  granite  leaf  in  the  a  te- 
chamber. 

Whence,  then,  came  the  metrological  ideas  common  to 
three  individuals  in  three  different  ages;  and  involving 
reference  to  deep  cosmical  attributes  of  the  earth,  under- 
stood by  the  best  and  highest  of  human  learning  at  none  of 
those  times?  We  leave  the  subject  with  you. 

ARE  THERE  OTHER  ROOMS  STILL  UNDISCOV- 
ERED WITHIN  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID? 

(Sec.  90.)  Modern  quarrying  into  this,  nearly  solid 
structure,  at  different  periods,  is  evidence  on  its  face,  that 
the  delvers  into  this  massive  structure,  expected  to  dis- 
cover other  open  space.  And,  as  only  about  i-2oooth 
of  the  whole  mass,  is  found  to  be  open  space,  it  is  not  to 
be  wondered  at;  and  we  believe  it,  as  we  have  previously 
stated. 

Several  important  personages  have  delved  into  the 
floor  of  the  Queen's  Chamber,  in  years  past,  expecting  to 
find  a  passageway  leading  to  the  "Sphinx."  While  we 
firmly  believe  that  such  a  passage  way  exists,  we  think  it 
will  be  found  to  enter  somewhere  beneath  the  N.  E.  corner. 
As  the  "Sphinx"  is  located  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile 
away  from  the  S.  E.  corner  of  the  Pyramid,  the  passage 
way  would  have  to  run  in  a  circuitous  course  and  quite 
deep  down  to  enter  the  building  at  the  point  we  have  sug- 
gested . 

Everyone  has  read  or  been  told  the  story  of  Caliph  Al 
Mamoun,  after  blasting  his  way  from  the  middle  of  the 
northern  side  into  the  solid  fabric  of  the  Great  Pyramid 
for  six  weeks,  was  just  about  to  give  up  the  research  when 
he  heard  a  stone  fall  in  a  hollow  space  close  on  one  side 


396  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

and  breaking  on  further  in  that  direction,  he  presently 
found  himself  in  the  entrance  passage ;  while  the  stone  which 
had  fallen  at  that  precise  instant,  was  a  £mm-shaped 
block  that  had  been  anciently  inserted  in  the  ceiling. 
While  the  space  to  be  filled  up  by  the  base  of  the  stone  is 
square,  the  two  sides  parallel  with  the  walls  of  the  passage 
require  to  be  triangular,  on  account  of  the  angle,  at  which 
the  bottom  of  the  portcullis  block  of  the  ascending  passage 
meets  the  ceiling,  of  this  entrance  and  descending  passage 
prismoidal  shape  meets  the  case  exactly.  Professor 
Smyth  asks : — 

"Would  that  first  ascending  passage,  then,  never  have 
been  discovered,  if  that  faithless,  perhaps  timer ous,  block 
had  not  fallen  out,  whether  in  Al  Mamoun's  or  any  other 
day?  Let  the  following  facts  indicate: — When  measuring 
the  cross  joints  in  the  floor  of  the  entrance  passage  in  1865, 
I  went  on  chronicling  their  angles,  each  one  proving  to  be 
very  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  axis,  until  suddenly  one 
came  which  was  diagonal;  another,  and  that  was  diagonal 
too,  but  after  that  the  rectangular  position  was  resumed. 
Further,  the  stone  material  carrying  these  diagonal  joints 
was  harder  and  better  than  elsewhere  in  the  floor,  so  as  to 
have  saved  that  part  from  the  monstrous  central  holes 
and  ditches  perpetrated  in  other  parts  of  the  same  inclined 
floor  by  some  moderns.  Why  then  did  the  builders 
change  the  rectangular  joint  angle  at  that  point,  and  execute 
such  unusual  angle  as  they  chose  in  place  of  it,  in  a  better 
material  of  stone  than  elsewhere;  and  yet  with  so  little 
desire  to  call  general  attention  to  it,  that  they  made  the 
joints  fine  and  close  to  such  a  degree  that  they  had  escaped 
the  attention  of  all  men  until  1865  A.  D.  ? 

"The  answer  came  from  the  diagonal  joints  themselves, 
on  discovering  that  the  stone  between  them  was  opposite 
to  the  butt  end  of  the  portcullis  of  first  ascending  passage, 
or  to  the  hole  whence  the  prismatic  stone  of  concealment 
through  3,000  years,  had  dropped  out  almost  before  Al 
Mamoun's  eyes.  Here,  therefore,  in  a  peculiar  relation 


QUEEN'S  CHAMBEE  ONCE  CONCEALED  397 

of  position  to  something  concealed,  was  a  secret  sign  in 
the  pavement  of  the  entrance  passage,  appreciable  only  to 
a  careful  eye  and  a  measurement  of  angle,  but  made  in  such 
hard  material  that  it  was  evidently  intended  to  last  to  the 
end  of  human  time  with  the  Geat  Pyramid,  and  has  done 
so  thus  far." 

Again  the  Professor  is  at  sea,  and  lost  both  as  to  his 
reasoning,  and  to  account  for  another  hidden  mystery;  our 
answer  is: — that  this  is  one  of  the  doors,  or  inlets,  that  lead 
to  other  hidden  passages,  and  chambers;  of  which  there  are 
many  more  to  be  brought  to  light.  There  are  no  'doors' 
on  hinges,  nor  padlocks,  hasps  or  staples,  to  allow  or  pre- 
vent the  entering  to  any  part  of  the  Great  Pyramid. 
But,  in  time,  it  will  be  found,  that  there  is  a  perfect  system 
of  inlets  and  outlets,  through  the  apparently  solid  walls; 
by  a  system  of  pressure,  which  we  have  yet  to  discover. 
Still  another  as  great  a  mystery  exists;  how  did  they  light  it  ? 
certainly  not  by  torches  or  candles. 

THE  QUEEN'S  CHAMBER,  Now  OPEN,  WAS  ONCE  So 
CONCEALED. 

(Sec.  91 .)  There  was  once,  at  or  just  inside  the  northern 
end  of  the  Grand  Gallery,  and  in,  or  beneath,  the  rising 
floor  thereof — a  more  extensive  trap-door,  which  then 
concealed  all  access  to  the  now  so-called  Queen's  Chamber 
and  the  horizontal  passage  in  these  days  leading  so  clearly 
to  it.  At  present,  when  the  traveller  enters  the  north  end 
of  the  grand  gallery  from  the  sloping  difficulties  of  the  first 
ascending  passage,  he  is  delighted  to  meet  with  a  level  floor ; 
but  following  that  southward,  he  finds  that  it  guides  present- 
ly, not  to  the  further  end  of  the  grand  gallery,  but  to  a 
hole  under  a  steep  escarpment,  only  a  few  feet  further  on, 
formed  by  a  cleft  broken  down  of  that  gallery's  true  floor; 
in  fact  to  the  beginning  of  the  low  horizontal  passage  lead- 
ing to  the,  in  modern  times,  so-called  Queen's  Chamber. 
(See  Plates  IX.,  X.,  and  XI.)  The  floor  surface  of  the 
grand  gallery  itself  is  inclined  upwards  at  the  typical 


398  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID   JEEZEH 


angle  of  26°  18';  and  did  once  run  from  the  lowest  north 
end,  directly  up,  through  150  feet  of  distance,  to  the  "great 
step"  at  the  south,  or  upper,  and  further,  termination  of 
the  gallery,  in  one  continued  slope.  But  now  we  are  met, 
at  the  very  beginning  by  a  great  hole,  or  absence  of  gallery 
floor.  Yet  there  are  traces  still  visible  in  the  masonry  on 
either  side  of  that  hole,  well  interpreted,  first  by  Mr. 
Perring,  and  later  by  Mr.  W.  Dixon,  both  engineers;  show- 
ing, that  a  neatly  laid  and  joist-supported  flooring,  nine 
inches  thick,  did  once  exist  all  along  over  that  hole,  com- 
pleting thereby  the  grand  gallery's  floor;  and  in  that  case 
entirely  concealing  and  utterly  shutting  out  all  approach 
to,  or  knowledge  touching  the  very  existence  of,  the  Queen's 
Chamber. 

The  Queen's  Chamber  seems  to  have  given  the  principal 
Egyptologists,  more  than  the  average  food  for  thought. 
Mr.  Perring,  for  instance,  imagined  that  it  was  used  for 
a  store  room  during  the  building  of  the  Pyramid.  To 
which  others  queried: — "and  if  so,  to  what  end  are  all  the 
following  features;  features,  too,  which  are  more  certain 
than  that  use;  for  the  features  exist  still,  and  can  be  seen 
every  day ;  but  who  ever  witnessed  the  alleged  use? 

(i.)  The  central  axis  of  the  niche  in  the  east  wall  (and 
that  niche  is  this  Queen's  Chamber's  only  architectural 
adornment,  but  a  most  noticably  grand  one)  is  strangely 
not  in  the  central  vertical  line  of  that  wall  but  is  removed 
southward  therefrom,  by  just  one  Pyramid  cubit  (=  25  .025 
English  inches).  See  Plate  XI.) 

(2.)  The  height  of  the  niche,  multiplied  by  that  grandlv 
fundamental  quantity  in  the  Great  Pyramid,  pi,  and  that 
multiplied  by  the  Pyramid  number,  io  =  the  height  of  the 
Great  Pyramid;  ori85.x/n"x  10  =  5812,  in  place  of  5813 
inches.  This  very  close  approach  must,  however,  be  acci- 
dental, for  the  height  of  the  niche  is  uncertain,  on  account 
of  the  roughness  of  the  floor,  by  2  or  3  inches."  One  of 
the  most  curious  points,  however,  regarding  this  chamber,  is : 
its  salt-encrusted  stone,  both  from  the  floor  and  on  one  side. 


THEOREMS  OF  PROF.  H.  S.  SMITH  399 

(?)  is  there  not  another  chamber  adjoining,  filled  with  salt? 
used  to  demonstrate  the  'life-giving'  qualities  of  this 
mineral  substance? 

(3.)  The  hieght  of  the  niche,  less  the  height  of  its  inner 
species  of  long  shelf,  equals  similarly  the  half  of  the  base- 
side  length  of  the  Great  Pyramid;  or  185  ( — 39.6)  x  10  pi  = 
4568,  in  place  of  4566  inches.  (The  shelf's  height  is  by 
the  very  rough  measures,  between  38  and  40  inches.) 

(4.)  The  height  of  the  north  and  south  walls  of  the 
Queen's  Chamber  measured  =  1 5  feet  2.22  Pyramid  inches 
=  i  inch,  and  assumed  182.62  give — 

182. 62  x 100 
(a.) -  =9131^=  length   of    Great     Pyramid's 

2 

base  side  in  Pyramid  inches. 

(b.)    182  .62  x  2  =  365  .  24  =  solar  days  in    solar    tropical 
3rear. 

(5.)  The  breadth  of  the  Queen's  Chamber  measured •= 
205  . 6  assumed  205  .  o,  gives — 

182.62:205  ::  205  :  230.  i  =  height  of  King's  Chamber  from 
floor  to  ceiling:  i.  e.,  the  first  height  there. 

(6.)  The  square  root  of  10  times  the  height  of  the  north 
or  south  wall,  divided  by  the  hieght  of  the  niche  =  pi;  or, 
,7182.62  x  10 


_; 

All  of  the  above  theorems,  save  the  first,  are  the  dis- 
coveries of  Professor  Hamilton  L.  Smith  (of  Hobart  College, 
Geneva,  New  York),  who,  without  having  been  to  Egypt, 
has,  by  successfully  interpreting  the  principal  authorities 
on  the  Great  Pyramid,  constituted  himself  in  a  most  un- 
exceptional manner  the  chief  authority  on  the  Queen's 
Chamber.  'Either,'  said  he,  "there  is  proof  in  that  cham- 
ber of  supernatural  inspiration  granted  to  the  architect; 
or — that  primeval  official  possessed,  without  inspiration,  in 
an  age  of  absolute  scientific  ignorance,  4,000  years  ago, 
scientific  knowledge  equal  to,  if  not  surpassing,  that  of  the 
present  highly  developed  state  of  science  in  the  modern 
world." 


400  THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID   JEEZEH 

Mr.  W.  Dixon,  in  1872,  discovered  that  the  Queen's 
Chamber  is  supplied  with  two  perfect  ventilating  channels 
in  its  north  and  south  walls,  nearly  similar  to  those  in  the 
King's  Chamber ;  although  aparently  they  have  never  been 
put  to  use.  Through  the  aid  of  a  hired  man  with  a  hammer 
and  chisel,  Mr.  Dixon  has  a  hole  driven  into  each  of  those 
ventilating  channels;  and  in  each,  the  said  hired  man  lost 
(by  accident)  a  steel  chisel,  in  endeavoring  by  over  zealous 
force,  to  break  into  the  said  channels.  Some  day  those 
chisels  TV-ill  be  found,  and  then  the  cry  will  go  forth,  "oh! 
the  Pyramid  is  only  a  modern  structure;  I  told  you  so." 

THE  QUEEN'S  CHAMBER'S  AIR  CHANNELS 
— Unexplained  Feature. 

When  the  inner  ends,  or  ports,  were  proved  to  have  been 
separated  from  the  air  of  said  chamber  merely  by  a  thin 
plate  of  soft  limestone  (so  easily  pierced  by  the  laborer's 
chisel),  that  the  general  impression  was,  that  they  had 
originally  been  in  use,  but  had  been  stopped  by  some 
mediaeval  traveller  with  a  small  stone  patch.  But  this 
was  not  the  case;  for  Dr.  Grant  and  Mr.  Dixon  successfully 
proved  that  there  was  no  jointing,  and  that  the  thin  plate 
was  a  'left,'  and  a  very  skillfully  and  symmetrically  left, 
part  of  the  grand  block  composing  that  portion  of  the  wall 
on  either  side.  That  block,  had  had  the  air  channel  tube 
(9  x  8)  inches  sculptured  into  it  (from  the  outside  direction 
as  of  the  whole  building),  neatly  and  beautifully  so  far  as 
it  went;  but  that  distance  was  not  quite  through  the  whole 
block  and  into  the  room,  by  the  typical  quantity  in  the 
Great  Pyramid  of  five  inches.  The  whole  air  channel  then, 
save  that  little  unopened  bit,  was  in  place;  but  could  never 
have  been  xised.  Not,  too,  that  it  had  been  tried,  found 
inconvenient,  and  was  then  stopped  up  by  the  original 
builders;  for  they  would  in  that  case,  according  to  their 
usual  style  of  masonry,  either  have  filled  the  port  with  a 
long  plug,  or  would  have  replaced  the  whole  block  carrying 
the  inner  end  of  the  channel,  with  another  solid  block 


ENTRANCE  TO  PYRAMID  DISCUSSED  401 

The  whole  air  channel,  however,  is  in  place,  but  just  how 
far  the  channels  courses  are  carried  through  the  300  feet 
of  masonry  which  separate  this  chamber  from  the  outer 
air,  is  not  yet  known,  but  believed  to  have  had  an  outer 
entrance. 

ENTRANCE  INTO  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID. 

(Sec.  92.)  What  sort  of  entrance  had  the  Great  Pyramid 
originally?  The  front  and  chief  gate,  or  door,  of  almost 
every  other  species  of  public  building,  from  temples  to 
churches,  and  castles  to  palaces,  is  usually  the  most  elabor- 
ated and  ornamental  part  of  the  whole  structure  to  which 
it  belongs;  but,  excepting  only  the  obscure  mention  of  a 
movable  stone  in  Strabo's  time,  by  which  a  man  might 
just  creep  into  the  descending  entrance  passage — it  is 
believed  there  was  nothing  to  mark  any  entering-in  place 
at  all  at  the  Great  Pyramid;  but  that  the  smooth,  planed- 
down  surface  of  the  casing-stones  covered,  and  concealed, 
all  that  region;  and  in  fact  did  most  effectually  hide  the 
essential  point  from  any  one  who  approached  without  tra- 
ditional information  to  guide  him. 

Nothing  of  what  we  see  now  connected  with  the  internal 
masonry  and  constructive  arrangements,  ever  projected 
through  the  casing  stone  film;  and  the  very  fact  of  Caliph 
Al  Mamoun  making  his  excavation  in  a  different  place, 
may  be  taken  as  a  proof  that  nothing  ever  did,  in  any  con- 
spicuous manner,  externally  mark  the  spot. 

Then  why  did  the  builders  commemorate  the  one  and 
only  (apparently]  outside  entrance,  not  on  the  exterior, 
but  in  the  interior  masonry;  and  so  grandly,  with  four 
inclined  stones,  which  we  can  now  see? 

The  above  and  similar  questions  have  been  kept  before 
the  public,  from  820  A.  D.,  down  to  the  present  date. 

But,  what  sort  of  entrance  had  the  Great  Pyramid 
originally?  We  will  try  to  present  a  "key  to  the  Mystery." 
In  the  first  place,  we  can  see  no  reason  why  there  should 
be  any  exception  to  the  generally  accepted  conditions, 

26 


402  THE    GEEAT    PYRAMID   JEEZEH 

for  a  large  and  "elaborate  entrance"  to  the  Great  Pyramid, 
than  for  any  other  prominent  building  in  the  world ;  in  this, 
or  during  any  other  age.  Acknowledging  as  we  do,  that 
the  builders  of  the  Great  Pyramid  were  far  wiser  than  the 
wisest  of  our  present  civilization,  then  what?  Why,  they 
did  leave  a  very  elaborate,  and  appropriate  entrance  to 
that  building.  What  kind  of  an  entrance  would  be  appro- 
priate for  a  structure  of  that  magnitude,  irrespective  of  its 
character  ? 

Let  us  draw  a  pen  picture  of  its  size:  The  Great  Pyra- 
mid when  it  stood  perfectly  enveloped  with  all  its  angle 
stones  in  place,  in  and  previous  to  the  year  820  A.  D.: 
covered  an  area  of  about  13%  (English  measurement) 
acres;  it  stood  in  perfect  pyramidal  shape,  with  its  apex 
486  feet  above  the  pavement  on  which  it  stands;  and 
weighed  5,273,834  (Pyramid)  tons. 

Such  a  large  mass  of  material  as  that,  could  not  (con- 
sistanily)  be  represented  by  an  entrance,  so  Insignificant  as 
the  present  (supposed)  entrance  on  the  north  side  of  the 
building  represents ;  with  an  opening  of  only  47  by  42  inches. 
But,  you  will  say;  that  is  the  only  entrance  visible,  or  that 
can  be  found.  Let  us  see:  imagine  yourself  standing  on  the 
top  of  the  Great  Pyramid  in  its  present  dilapidated  con- 
dition, near  the  center  of  the  structure,  then  cast  your 
eyes  away  in  a  southeast  direction ;  and  at  a  point  5,380  feet 
from  where  you  stand,  or  about  J/g  of  a  mile  from  the  S.  E. 
corner  of  the  Pyramid,  you  will  discover  the  (very  much 
abused  'Sphinx,'  looking  away  from  you  in  the  same 
direction.  This  inaminate  stone  being  is  the  Guardian, 
(or  Tyler)  of  this  greatest  of  all  structures,  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid. The  entrance  to  which,  we  firmly  believe,  will  be 
found  to  be,  beneath  the  body  of  this  oldest  and  most  re- 
markable statute  in  the  world  today.  Which,  if  it  could 
speak — would  say: — "Knock,  and  you  may  enter  here." 

The  distance  we  have  given  above,  of  the  location  of 
the  "Sphinx"  away  from  the  S.  E.  corner  of  the  Pyramid, 
is  found  to  be  just  fire  times  the  distance  of  the  ''diagonal 


THE  GREAT  SPHINX  403 

socket  length'  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  from  the  center  of 
the  Subterranean  Chamber,  under  the  Pyramid,  to  the 
supposed  entrance  under  the  Sphinx. 

We  quote  from  the  'American  Cyclopaedia,'  a  little 
modern  history  of  the  Sphinx,  viz. — "The  great  Sphinx  at 
the  pyramids  was  supposed  by  Lepsius  to  represent  King 
Cephren,  the  builder  of  the  second  pyramid;  but  an  in- 
scription has  Jately  been  discovered  which  renders  it  pro- 
bable that  it  was  sculptured  even  before  the  time  of  Cheops, 
the  builder  of  the  first  pyramid.  The  Egyptians  called  it 
Hor-em-khu,  or  Har-ma-khu,  the  'setting  sun,'  the  name 
of  the  god  to  whom  it  was  dedicated,  which  was  converted 
by  the  Greeks  into  Armachis.  It  is  near  the  eastern  edge 
of  the  platform  on  which  the  pyramid  stands,  with  its 
head  turned  toward  the  Nile.  The  head  measures  28  feet 
6  inches,  from  the  top  to  the  chin.  The  total  length  of  the 
body,  which  is  that  of  a  lion  crouching  close  to  the  ground, 
is  146  feet.  Across  the  shoulders  it  measures  36  feet,  and 
the  paws  are  extended  about  50  feet.  Between  the  paws 
was  built  a  small  temple,  which  was  of  masonry,  as  were 
the  paws,  while  all  the  rest  of  the  Sphinx  seems  to  be  carved 
out  of  solid  rock.  Col.  Vyse  drilled  a  hole  27  feet  deep  into 
one  of  the  shoulders,  and  found  that  it  was  one  piece  of  stone 
throughout.  Near  the  sphinx  Mariette  discovered  a  vast 
temple  buried  in  the  sand,  which  is  supposed  to  have  been 
dedicated  to  the  worship  of  the  divinity  of  the  sphinx. 
The  countance  is  now  so  much  mulitated  that  the  outline 
of  the  features  can  with  difficulty  be  traced.  The  head  has 
been  covered  with  a  cap,  the  lower  part  of  which  remains, 
and  it  had  originally  a  beard,  the  fragments  of  which  were 
found  below.  Immediately  under  the  breast  stood  a 
granite  tablet,  and  another  of  limestone  on  either  side 
resting  against  the  paws.  The  first  contains  a  representa- 
tion of  Thotmes  IV.  offering  inscense  and  making  libation 
to  the  sphinx,  with  a  long  inscription  in  hieroglyphics 
reciting  the  titles  of  the  king.  On  the  paws  are  inscriptions 
of  the  Roman  times,  expressive  of  adoration  to  the  sphinx 
or  to  the  Egyptian  deities." 


404  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID   JEEZEH 

FURTHER  FROM  THE  CRITICS  OF  THE 
"GREAT  SPHINX." 

(Sec.  93.)  Nearly  every  Egyptologist,  and  writer  upon 
the  subjects  of  antiquity  and  Egyptology  have  studiously 
avoided  giving  any  deatils  regarding  the  Great  Sphinx. 
When  they  have,  it  has  usually  been  couched  in  a  language 
of  abuse  for  its  designers,  and  sculptors ;  designating  them — 
as  idolaters  and  pagans.  Apparantly  avoiding  the  sub- 
ject as  though  it  were  dangerous.  Let  us  quote  from  Prof. 
Smyth : — 

"But  the  reign  of  the  Great  Sphinx  over  the  souls  of 
some  men,  is  not  over  yet. 

"Long  since  I  had  remarked  that  there  is  no  agreement 
possible  between  the  Great  Sphinx  and  the  Great  Pyramid. 
Those  who  admire  the  one  cannot  appreciate,  and  rather 
war  against,  the  other. 

"So  it  was  given  lately  to  a  pure  Egyptologist,  quite 
anti-Pyramidal  in  sentiment — the  eminent  Mariette  Bey, 
to  set  the  whole  of  his  world  alight  (for  a  time)  with  a 
supposed  monumental  proof  that  the  Sphinx,  instead  of 
belonging,  as  hitherto  so  generally  supposed,  to  the  nth 
or  1 5th  dynasty,  was  far  older  than  the  Great  Pyramid  in 
the  4th  dynasty;  and  was,  in  fact,  so  ancient,  that  it  had 
become  an  object  of  dilapidated,  but  revered,  antiquity 
in  the  time  of  King  Cheops  himself;  who  immortalized  his 
name,  in  his  very  primeval  day,  by  repairing  it."  Again, 
Mariette  Bey  states  in  his  fourth  edition  of  his  "Catalogue 
of  the  Museum  of  Egyptian  Antiquities  at  Boulak : — 

"A  fragmentary  stone  which  may  be  supposed  to  have 
formed  once  part  of  a  wall  of  a  certain  building,  or  temple, 
some  problematical  ruins  only  of  which  have  been  found 
near  one  of  the  small  Pyramids  on  the  east  side  of  the  Great 
Pyramid." 

"The  stone  is  abundantly  inscribed  with  little  hierogly- 
phics; in  good  preservation,  but  of  mediocre  style." 

Dr.  Grant,  of  Cairo,  said  to  a  friend,  that  the  hierogly- 
phics on  the  Sphinx,  were  'more  like  scratches  than  any- 


THE  GREAT  SPHINX  405 

thing  else.'  And  adds  further  that  'Mariette's  Sphinx 
temple  stone  bears  a  lie  on  the  face  of  it — that  the  style  of 
sculpture  is  not  very  ancient,  and  that  the  whole  inscription 
is  simply  a  legend  that  has  been  scratched  upon  it  at  a  late 
date,  and  that  it  cannot  be  quoted  as  an  authority  on  any 
of  the  points  mentioned  in  it.'  ' 

That  is  just  what  we  should  have  expected  to  have  found. 
As  we  -firmly  believe  that  every  scratch  or  hieroglyphic 
carved  upon  trie  Great  Sphinx,  or  upon  any  thing  adjoining 
or  in  close  proximity  to  it  have  all  been  done  by  others 
than  the  original  sculptors,  thousands  of  years  after  the 
original  was  placed  in  position. 

The  builders  of  the  Great  Pyramid  (and  that  includes 
the  Sphinx)  placed  no  names,  numbers,  or  hieroglyphics, 
upon  their  work;  but  by  the  looks,  and  mathematical  pro- 
portions, the  intelligence  of  their  followers  knew  what  each 
design  meant.  Every  chamber,  passage-way,  and  layer 
of  stone,  had  its  meaning.  So,  that  at  each  step  taken 
by  a  candidate  for  higher  honors,  the  unwritten  lesson 
appealed  to  his  intelligence,  but,  was  whispered  in  his  ear. 
In  comparison  with  which  a  "French  ist  degree  in  Masonry 
was  boys'  play. 

Let  me  paint  a  little  pen  picture  of  the  Great  Sphinx, 
appealing  to  all  intelligent  'travelers'  who  are  unable,  or 
cannot  visit  the  Great  Pyramid  and  Sphinx: — -imagine  a 
perfectly  sculptured  image  of  a  "lion's"  body  146  feet  in 
length,  with  the  strong  grip  of  his  paws  extending  fifty  feet 
from  his  shoulders;  the  whole  body  covered  by  a  propor- 
tionate sized  intelligent  human  head.  Then  ask  yourself 
if  the  greatest  human  intelligence,  coupled  with  the  greatest 
animal  strength;  appeals  to  your  sense  of  being  raised  from 
the  grave  and  an  ignominous  death,  and  asked  to  live  on? 

Then  as  a  fitting  climax  to  close  this  subject  of  the 
"Sphinx"  we  will  ask — is  this  a  suitable,  proper,  and  suffi- 
ciently imposing  "entrance"  to  a  building  486  feet  high, 
wieghing  5,273,834  tons,  and  covering  13%  acres  in  area? 


40(5  THE    GREAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

THE  SPHINX  HAS  AT  LEAST  ONE  INVESTIGATOR. 

For  several  years  previous  to  1896  A.  D.,  Mr.  Geo. 
E.  Raum,  a  resident  of  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  has  been  delving 
under  the  Great  Sphinx  with  the  aid  of  a  number  of  Egyptian 
natives.  His  friends  say  that  he  has  issued  a  small  book 
on  the  subject  of  the  Sphinx,  giving  his  discoveries.  If  so 
(?)  we  have  been  unable  to  trace  it,  or  to  have  the  pleasure 
of  meeting  Mr.  Raum.  A  rumor  exists,  however,  that 
he  has  discovered  something  regarding  the  Sphinx,  that 
he  desires  to  keep  as  a  secret  for  the  present.  Be  this  as 
it  may,  we  have  written  the  above  in  self  defense,  that  our 
friends  will  not  charge  our  theory  of  the  Sphinx  to  have  been 
taken  from  any  person  or  publication. — THE  AUTHOR. 

THE  VERTICAL  Axis,   AND   THE   N.   E.   CORNER  OF 
GREAT  PYRAMID — Conclusions  of  Mr.  C.  Miiir. 

(Sec.  94.)  The  length  of  the  King's  Chamber  is  now- 
known  to  be  412  . 132  Pyramid  inches.  Subtract  from  that 
quantity  half  the  already  well-measured  breadth  of  the 
doorway,  viz.,  20.606  Pyramid  inches,  at  the  east  end,  to 
get  the  place  of  the  central  plane  of  the  passages  themselves; 
and  then  subtract  from  the  other  end  loodth  of  the  Pyra- 
mid's base-side,  or  91.310,  and  we  have  left  300.216 
Pyramid  inches,  displacement  of  the  passage  plane,  east 
of  the  meridian  plane  of  the  whole  Great  Pyramid ;  and  the 
horizontal  distance  from  the  north-east  corner  of  the  coffer 
to  the  central  vertical  axis  of  the  Pyramid,  in  meridian 
direction.  That  is  not  at  present  to  be  tested  accurately 
but  it  cannot  be  far  from  the  truth ;  and  it  places  the  north- 
east corner  of  the  coffer  in  a  very  remarkable  position 
vertically  over  the  Great  Pyramid's  base,  it  reminds  also 
that  the  northeast  corner  socket  of  the  four  corner  sockets 
of  the  base,  is  the  largest  of  the  whole  of  those  sockets ;  and 
that,  of  the  northeastern  socket's  own  corner's,  its  north- 
east one  is  the  most  accurately  finished ;  and  is  the  one  which 
defines  the  ancient  position  of  the  northeast  angle  of  the 
whole  basal  plane. 


CUBIC  CONTENTS  DIFFERENT  CHAMBERS  407 

What  then  shall  we  make  of  the  300 .216  Pyramid  inches 
quantity  obtained  in  this  manner?  The  first  use  is  to 
multiply  it  by  10,  as  with  the  cubic  diagonal  of  the  King's 
Chamber,  to  translate  it  into  whole  Pyramid  proportions; 
and  then  to  use  it  as  the  sine  for  its  actually  overlying  radial 
quantity,  the  inclined  height  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  other- 
wise determined  =  7 391 .  55  Pyramid  inches;  when  it  yields 
the  angle  =  23°  57'  50".  Which  is  within  49  seconds  of 
arc  of  what  the  obliquity  of  the  ecliptic  was  in  2170  B.  C." 

CUBIC  CONTENTS  IN  PYRAMID  INCHES. 

(Sec.  95.)  Of  the  Queen's  Chamber  =  10,000,000;  or 
69,444.44  cubic  feet. 

Of  the  King's  Chamber  =  20, 000,000;  or  138,888  88 
cubit  feet. 

Of  the  Grand  Gallery  =  36, 000,000;  or  250,000  cubit 
feet. 

The  Grand  Gallery  has  exactly  3  6  roof  stones  =  i  ,000,000 
cubic  inches  capacity,  for  each  roof  stone. 

THE  GRAND  GALLERY'S  RAMPS  AND  RAMP  HOLES. 

The  ramps,  or  inclined  stone  benches,  that  extend  along 
the  entire  length  of  the  Grand  Gallery  number  28  on  each 
side;  if  you  count  one  on  each  end  of  the  great  step.  Of 
these  28,  on  either  side  25,  viz.,  all  except  the  lowest  two 
and  upper  one,  are  distinguished  by  a  piece  of  stone  some- 
thing like  13  Pyramid  inches  broad  and  18  high,  but  with 
considerable  variations, being  let  into  the  wall  vertically 
and  immediately  over  them;  while  of  those  25,  no  less  than 
24  (on  either  side)  are  crossed  slantingly,  not  by  another 
let-in  stone,  says  Dr.  Grant,  but  by  a  broad,  transverse, 
shallow  groove,  measuring  more  or  less  about  22  inches  long 
12  broad,  and  i  deep;  with  its  lower  edge  about  three  inches 
above  the  ramp's  surface. 

Our  aim  in  placing  this  volume  before  the  general 
public  at  this  time  is ;  that  every  important  point  existing 
in  the  Great  Pyramid,  or  regarding  the  Great  Sphinx,  that 


408  THE    GREAT    PYEAMID    JEEZEH 

has  really  been  discovered,  and  positively  knou'ii  to  exist 
at  this  date;  shall  find  a  place  somewhere  in  these  pages. 
And,  not  be  dependent  upon  a  score  of  'other  references.' 
The  purely  theoretical,  'of  others,'  will  only  be  used,  for 
comment  in  self  defense. 

At  a  point  about  180  feet,  10  inches,  (or  2170  inches,  as 
Professor  Smyth  puts  it),  from  the  entrance  of  the  north 
passageway  (or  present  way  of  entering  the  Great  Pyramid) 
there  exists  a  double  joint;  with  a  line  ruled  across,  or  cut 
into  the  stone,  that  has  created  considerable  comment,  from 
the  time  it  was  first  given  publicity  in  1865,  down  to  this 
date.  It  is  located  at  a  place  where  two  adjacent  wall- 
joints,  similarly  too,  on  either  side  of  the  passage,  and  al- 
most vertical;  while  every  other  wall-joint  above  and  below 
it,  are  rectangular  to  the  length  of  the  passage,  and  therefore 
largely  inclined  to  the  vertical.  It  has  been  speculated  on 
by  various  persons  as  possibly  pointing  to  some  still  un- 
discovered chamber;  and  it  may  do  so,  just  as  the  diagonal 
joints  in  the  floor  at  a  lower  level  are  now  clearly  seen  to 
point,  to  the  xipper  ascending  passage,  and  all  that  it  leads 
to.  This  mark  was  a  line,  nothing  more,  ruled  on  the  stone, 
from  top  to  bottom  of  the  passage  wall,  at  right  angles  to  its 
floor.  Such  a  line  might  be  ruled  with  a  blunt  steel  instru- 
ment, but  by  a  master  hand  for  power,  evenness,  straightness 
and  still  more  eminently  for  rectangularity  to  the  passage 
axis.  Every  engineer  that  has  placed  his  square  upon  this 
line,  in  modern  times,  that  supposed  it  was  out  of  true, 
on  reversing  his  instrument — was  led  to  remark,  "I  cannot 
positively  accuse  the  ancient  line  on  the  stone  of  anything 
wrong."  There  is  one  such  line  on  either  wall,  the  west  and 
the  east,  of  the  passage;  and  the  two  lines  seem  to  pretty 
accurately  opposite  to  each  other;  nor  is  any  such  agree- 
ment required  for  mere  mechanical  considerations  in  the 
masonry  simply  as  such;  for  that  is  rather  in  favor  of  the 
joints  on  one  wall  'breaking  joint'  with  those  on  the  other. 
This  is  the  point,  where  Professor  Smyth,  gets  his  date  of  the 
building  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  viz.,  in  2170  B.  C.,  as  it  is 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ROSETTA  STONE  409 

located  just  that  many  Pyramid  inches  from  the  beginning 
of  the  angle  passage  on  the  north  side  of  the  building. 
We  think,  that  it  simply  shows  the  anniversary  of  'a  Dra- 
conis'  being  central  in  that  passageway,  at  that  time,  if 
it  means  anything  regarding  a  date. 

DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ROSETTA  STONE. 

(Sec.  96.)  The  discovery  of  the  "Rosetta  Stone"  by 
Young  and  Champollion,  occurred  in  1802;  this  'trilin- 
gual,' or,  as  it  is  known,  "Rosetta  Stone,"  takes  its  name 
from  the  village  of  the  same  name,  located  some  36  miles 
E.  N.  E.  of  Alexandria,  on  the  westerly  or  Rosetta  branch 
of  the  Nile;  and  about  6  miles  from  the  Mideterranean , 
by  way  of  the  river.  The  vivifying  of  this  noted  'relic' 
by  Professors  Young  and  Champollion,  in  1820,  was  followed 
and  most  ably  developed,  by  Professors  Birch,  Brugsch, 
Chabas,  De  Rouge,  De  Saulcy,  Lepsius,  Mariette,  Osburn, 
Poole,  Rossellini,  and  many  others.  The  interpretation  of 
which,  makes  it  rank  among  the  most  extraordinary 
discoveries  of  the  last  century.  Of  which,  more  later. 

CHRONOLOGY  OF  THE  EGYPTOLOGISTS. 

(Sec.  97.)  The  leading  principal,  of  the  best  Egyptolo- 
gical chronologists  is  to  seek  out  and  confide  in  monuments; 
to  consider  nothing  fixed  in  Egyptian  history  or  fact  unless 
there  is  a  monument  for  it  it  to  show,  and  that  monument 
contemporary,  or  nearly  so,  with  the  facts  which  ft  relates — 
they  allow  faithfully  that  they  know  of  no  monuments  what- 
ever at  all  earlier;  Dr.  Lepsius  is  very  clear  on  this  point. 
In  his  "Letters  from  Egypt,"  he  wrote  from  his  encampment 
amongst  the  tombs  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Great  Pyra- 
mid in  1843; — "Nor  have  I  yet  found  a  single  cartouche 
that  can  be  safely  assigned  to  a  period  previous  to  the 
fourth  dynasty.  The  builders  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  seem 
to  assert  their  right  to  form  the  commencement  of  monu- 
mental history." 


410  THE    GEEAT    PYKAMID    JEEZEH 

To  make  an  exhibit  of  how  little  any  of  the  Egyptological 
scholars  know  regarding  back  dates;  especially  regarding 
the  first  fifteen  Dynasties  of.  Egypt :  Let  us  quote : — The 
date,  of  the  first  dynasty  is  placed  in  the  year  5735  B.  C.  by 
Lesueur,  Mariette,  Renan,  etc.,  and  in  3892  B.  C.,  by 
Lepsius,  Bunsen,  Fergusson,  etc.;  and  in  2700  B.  C.,  by 
Lane,  Wilkinson,  Rawlinson,  etc.;  and  by  William  Osburn 
in  2429  B.  C.,  a  difference  between  the  two  extremes,  of 
3306  years.  The  difference  is  not  a  very  great  quantity; 
only  about  one  half  the  present  age  of  the  earth,  (as  figured 
by  biblical  scholars) ;  but  just  think  of  our  depending  upon 
these  eminent  gentlemen  for  real  information.  The  extremes 
between  the  above  named  eminent  gentlemen,  in  the 
1 5th  dynasty  dates  is  only  201  years.  But  even  that  makes 
us  turn  grey  at  21  and  feel  young  at  five  score. 

ARCHITECTURAL   FACTS  OF  THE   GREAT   PYRAMID. 

(Sec.  98.)  From  all  the  Egyptological  writings,  and 
from  all  the  authors,  whose  works  we  have  been  privileged 
to  investigate,  and  quote;  those  of  Professor  James  Fer- 
guson have  been  of  the  most  satisfying  character.  Es- 
pecially where  sound,  theoretical  judgment  was  necessary; 
of  the  detective  character.  And,  this  class  of  judgment, 
is  needed  at  every  step  in  Egyptological  research. 

Speaking  of  the  Great  Pyramid  professionally,  and 
because  professionally  with  him,  learnedly,  Mr.  Ferguson 
allows  it  to  be  "the  most  perfect  and  gigantic  specimen 
of  masonry  that  the  world  has  yet  seen";  and  that,  accord- 
ing to  mere  human  methods  of  development  and  all  ration- 
alistic theories  of  progression,  almost  infinite  myraids  of 
years  must  have  intervened  between  the  first  rude  tumuli , 
(or  stone  sepulchres)  erected,  or  which  he  believes  were,  or 
should  have  been,  erected  in  Egypt,  and  the  building  of 
such  a  Pyramid. 

But  in  steps  a  dozen  other  Egyptologists,  with  the 
query:  "In  that  case,  there  ought  to  be  vastly  more  stone 
monuments  scattered  around  Egypt,  representing  the  work 


THE  NOACHIAN  DELUGE  411 

of  man  before  the  day  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  than  after  it; 
especially  as  in  the  dry  Egyptian  climate,  we  are  told  again 
and  again  that  nothing  decays."  In  reply  to  this  we  repeat 
what  we  said  in  the  early  portion  of  this  work:  that,  the 
builders  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  obtained  their  experience 
(through  thousands  of  generations)  in  another  country,, 
with  a  different  climate,  that  now  lies  at  the  bottom  of  an 
ocean ;  now  covered  by  over  500  feet  of  chalk;  the  formation 
and  accumulation  of  thousands  of  years.  And  some  day^ 
it  will  again  be  a  continent;  and  reveal  to  survivors  of 
other  parts  of  the  earth,  or  the  new  created  population;  the. 
wonders  of  the  misty  past. 

Professor  Ferguson,  Dr.  Lepsius,  and  many  other  Egyp- 
tologists announce:  "that  however  multitudinous  may  be 
the  Egyptian  mounments  after  the  Great  Pyramid,  there 
are  no  monuments  at  all  in  and  throughout  Egypt  older 
than  the  Great  Pyramid." 

We  claim,  and  the  substantial  theory  of  our  reasoning  is: 
that  when  the  Great  Pyramid  was  erected,  on  the  banks  of 
(what  we  now  call)  the  Nile,  that  there  were  no  inhabitants 
then  living  in  the  whole  of  Egypt.  And,  if  there  were,  they 
represented  the  lowest  class  of  intelligence  of  that  age. 
This  Pyramid  was  placed  there,  (as  we  have  previously 
stated)  because  it  was  the  center  of  all  the  land  of  the  earth... 
And,  would  withstand  a  "cataclysm." 

THE   NOACHIAN   DELUGE  OF  THE   BIBLE. 

(Sec.  99.)  Dates  of,  by  prominent  Divines,  and  Biblical 
scholars,  viz. — -A  letter  written  41  years  ago,  by  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  states:  (i.)  "The  Church  of  England 
has  assigned  no  date  to  the  Noachian  Deluge.  (2.)  the 
Church  has  not  fixed  any  dates  between  which  it  must 
have  taken  place.  (3.)  The  Church  of  England  has  not 
authorized  the  insertion  into  the  authorized  copy  of  the 
English  Bible,  of  any  system  of  dates." 


412  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 

Authorities.  Date  of  Deluge,  B.C. 

Septuagint,    Alexandrine    (Kitto's    Palestine =  3246 

Jackson  - .  - \ =3170 

Hales. =  3155 

R.  Stewart  Poole  (Smith's  Bible  Dictionary) =3129 

Samaritan  (Kitto's  Palestine) —  2998 

W.  Osburn  (Monumental  History  of  Egypt) =  2500 

Elliot's    Horae    Apocalypticse —  2482 

Browne's  Ordo  Saeclorum =  2446 

Playfair . •.  =  2351 

Usher —  2348 

Petavius  (Smith's  Bible  Dictionary) .............  —  2327 

Smyth,  Mean  of  the  whole =2741 

Variation  of  the  extremes — 919  years. 

FUTURE  OF  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID. 

(Sec.  100.)  Of  all  the  Egyptologists  and  writers  on  the 
past,  present,  and  future  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  none  have 
been  so  devoted,  and  persistent,  in  their  efforts  to  establish 
a  theory  of  their  own,  as  Professor  Piazzi  Smyth.  He  has 
devoted  hundreds  of  pages  in  his  different  issues  regarding 
the  'Great  Pyramid,'  to  substantiate  his  theory  of  the 
'Divine  origin'  of  this  "First  Great  Wonder  of  the  World." 
Hundreds  of  quotations  from  the  prophesies  of  the  Bible 
have  been  lined  up  by  Professor  Smyth  to  prove  his  measure- 
ments. The  most  noted  point  that  we  now  desire  to  call 
attention  to  is,  his  measurement  of  the  principal  passage- 
way, up  to  a  point  in  the  Grand  Gallery;  which  distance, 
as  measured  is:  1881 .4  Pyramid  inches.  The  beginning  of 
this  passage  way  (to  him)  indicated  the  birth  of  Christ. 
The  measurement  '1881.4  inches'  up  that  passage  way 
appealed  to  him — that  some  great  religions  change  would 
occur,  about  the  year  1881 ,  A.  D.,  or  before  the  (4th)  fourth 
month  of  1882.  He  did  not  think,  (so  he  wrote)  that  it 
would  bring  us  to  the  end  of  all  things  terrestrial ;  but  some- 
thing equal  to  the  "Second  Coming"  would  occur. 


SEVEN  NATURAL  WONDEKS  413 

As  the  Professor  passed  to  the  beyond  (peace  to  his 
ashes),  just  before  the  final  months  of  that  date,  he  was 
not  present  at  the  peaceful  passing  of  that  year ;  barring  the 
usual  'earthquake  reminders,'  of  the  frailness  of  this  orb 
which  we  still  inhabit. 

Professor  Howard  Vyse  made  the  length  of  the  Grand 
Gallery  only  1872  inches;  this  (1872  A.  D.)  was  his  date  for 
the  phenomena.  And,  a  Mr.  Lane,  had  a  date  (1894), 
for  extraordinary  occurrences. 

As  all  those  dates  have  come  and  gone  we  must  seek  other 
conditions  to  satisfy  our  tape  line  and  square. 

THE   SEVEN    NATURAL  WONDERS  OF  THE 

WORLD. 
i.  THE  GRAND  CANYON  OF  THE  COLORADO  RIVER. 

(Sec.  101.)  Nature  has  prepared  the  most  wonderful 
combination  of  chaos  and  harmony  for  many  miles  along 
the  Colorado  river,  that  can  be  found  in  the  known  world. 
The  views  to  behold  from  "Rowe's  Point"  and  at,  or  near 
the  site  of  the  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  Co.'s  new  hotel,  located  some 
59  miles  north  of  Williams,  on  the  main  line,  on  the  south 
side  of  the  river,  are  simply  indescribable.  At  the  points 
above  mentioned  in  viewing  the  north  shore  of  the  canyon, 
known  to  be  some  400  feet  greater  elevation,  than  on  the 
south  side  at  the  points  mentioned;  it  is  so  deceptive, 
that  you  imagine  with  a  good  rifle  you  could  kill  a  deer  on 
the  opposite  bank  from  where  you  stand,  yet  you  are  told 
that  the  distance  is  13  miles  away;  and  the  stream  itself 
over  a  mile  beneath  your  feet.  Wrapped  in  such  an  in- 
extricable and  bewildering  labyrinth  of  matter  and  color, 
as  to  deaden  your  senses. 

It  is  noted,  that  all  visitors  irrespective  of  character, 
on  first  viewing  the  scenes  above  mentioned,  either  remain 
mute  for  some  minutes,  or  speak  in  subdued  tones. 

2.  THE  MAMMOTH  CAVE  OF  KENTUCKY. 

The  largest  cavern  known,  is  situated  in  Edmondson 
County,  near  Green  river,  and  about  75  miles  S.  S.  W. 


414  THE    GREAT    PYRAMID   JEEZEH 

of  Louisville,  Kentucky.  The  entrance  to  which  is  reached 
TDV  passing  down  a  wild,  rocky  ravine  through  a  dense 
forest;  it  is  an  irregular,  funnel-shaped  opening,  from  50  to 
100  feet  in  diameter  at  the  top,  with  steep  walls  about  50 
feet  high.  The  cave  extends  about  nine  miles,  and  it  is 
said  that  to  visit  the  portions  already  traversed  requires 
from  150  to  200  miles  of  travel.  This  vast  interior  con- 
tains a  succession  of  marvelous  avenues,  chambers,  domes, 
abysses,  grottoes,  lakes,  rivers,  cataracts,  etc.,  which  for 
size  and  wonderful  appearance  are  unsurpassed.  One  of 
its  avenues  (Stillman's)  is  about  i^  miles  long,  from  20 
to  200  feet  wide,  and  from  20  to  40  feet  high.  The  "Temple 
or  Chief  City"  in  it,  is  a  chamber  having  an  area  of  about 
five  acres,  and  covered  by  a  single  dome  of  solid  rock  1 20 
feet  high.  There  are  several  bodies  of  water  in  the  cave, 
the  most  considerable  being  Echo  River,  which  is  about 
24  of  a  mile  long,  200  feet  wide  at  some  points,  and  from 
TO  to  30  feet  deep;  its  course  is  beneath  an  arched  ceiling 
of  smooth  rock  about  15  feet  high.  This  river  has  invisible 
communication  with  Green  River,  the  depth  of  water  and 
the  direction  of  the  current  in  the  former  being  regulated 
T}y  the  stage  of  water  in  the  latter.  The  river  Styx,  450 
feet  long,  from  15  to  40  feet  wide,  and  30  to  40  feet  deep, 
is  spanned  by  an  interesting  natural  bridge  about  30  feet 
above  it.  Two  remarkable  species  of  animal  life  are  found 
in  the  cave,  in  the  form  of  an  eyeless  fish  and  an  eyeless 
crawfish,  nearly  white  in  color.  Another  species  of  fish 
lias  been  found  with  eyes,  but  totally  blind.  The  atmos- 
phere of  the  cave  is  pure  and  healthful ;  the  temperature  is 
about  59°  and  the  same  in  winter  and  summer. 

3.  CALAVERAS  GROVE  OF  BIG  TREES. — (Arba  Vita.} 

This  grove  (which  includes  South  Grove  3  miles  distant) 
is  located  14  miles  north  of  Murphy's  in  Calaveras  County, 
California;  and  contains  about  275  trees  (of  Arba  Vita} 
that  are  from  16  to  38  feet  in  diameter,  and  from  175  to  350 
feet  in  height.  One  of  the  fallen  'Monarchs'  of  this  grove. 


SEVEN  NATURAL  WONDERS  415 

Icnown  as  the  "Father  of  the  Forest,"  stood  450  feet  in 
height,  and  40  feet  in  diameter.  Some  375  feet  of  this 
remarkable  tree  still  remains.  It  is  estimated  that  this 
tree  was  4,500  years  old  when  it  fell;  and  as  another  tree 
known  as  the  "Mother  of  the  Forest,"  has  grown  up  since, 
on  the  same  spot  where  this  tree  was  uprooted,  that  is 
estimated  to  be  now  over  2,500  old,  the  "Father  of  the 
Forest"  (the  fallen  •monarch]  must  have  stood  over  7,000 
years  ago. 

Some  25  years  ago  the  proprietors  of  the  Calaveras 
Big  Tree  Grove,  had  the  ground  pieced  near  where  the 
Father  of  the  Forest  lies ;  with  the  result  that  their  auger  ran 
into  an  arba  vita  log  in  perfect  preservation  at  some  30  feet 
below  the  surface.  How  old  must  that  log  have  been 
before  the  Father  of  the  Forest  was  even  a  seed  ?  And  still 
they  say  the  earth  is  only  5,900  years  old. 

4.  YOSEMITE   VALLEY. 

This  noted  valley,  through  which  flows  the  Merced 
River,  is  located  in  Mariposa  County,  California;  distant 
some  88  miles  from  Merced  (on  the  S.  P.  Co.'s  R.  R.)  and 
is  now  reached  by  the  Y.  V.  R.  R.  via  Merced  to  El  Portal, 
(80  miles)  thence  by  stage  (12  miles)  into  the  valley. 

The  valley  proper  is  about  3^  miles  long,  and  varies 
from  3^  to  i^  miles  in  width;  with  walls  almost  perpen- 
dicular (of  natural  rock)  on  either  side  of  the  valley,  from 
%  to  i  mile  high.  The  climate  is  so  mild,  that  (although 
the  surrounding  peaks  are  covered  with  snow  and  ice  for 
six  months  in  the  year)  the  wild  flowers  are  in  bloom  the 
year  around,  throughout  the  valley. 

Its  waterfalls;  'The  Cascades,'  'Bridal  Veil,'  and 
'Nevada  Fall,'  are  noted  for  their  beauty;  but  the  'Yosem- 
ite  Fall'  near  the  center  of  the  valley,  is  probably  the  high- 
est waterfall  in  the  world.  During  the  spring  and  early 
summer  months,  this  fall  has  a  clear  descent  of  2,600  feet. 

But  the  wonderful  features  of  this  valley,  consist  of  what 
can  be  seen  pictured  on  the  face  of  the  rocks  that  surround 


416  THE    GBEAT    PYBAMID   JEEZEH 

it.  Viz. — On  the  face  of  the  rock,  or  peak,  'El  Capitan,' 
can  be  seen  the  perfect  figure  of  an  'Indian  Chief,'  in  full 
dress,  standing  erect,  looking  down  the  valley.  This 
figure  is  estimated  to  be  over  80  feet  in  length,  and  is 
situated  at  least  half  a  mile  vertically  above  the  valley. 
There  are  many  other  pictures  of  human  beings  on  the 
adjacent  rocks,  but  of  lesser  importance. 

Also  on  the  face  of  a  peak  in  the  upper  end  of  the  valley 
known  as  'The  South  Dome,'  if  viewed  about  the  hour 
of  sunset,  will  reveal  what  would  startle  an  astronomer: 
viz. — a  perfect  picture  of  the  principal  constellations  of 
the  northern  heavens.  Just  after  a  visit  to  this  valley 
during  the  year  1865,  the  Rev.  T.  Star  King,  was  asked, 
if  the  above  assertion  was  a  fact?  King  replied:  "Well, 
yes,  but  I  would  rather  some  one  else  would  tell  the  story." 

5.  NIAGARA  FALLS. 

Located  in  the  Niagara  River,  connecting  the  great 
lakes  of  Erie  and  Ontario,  between  the  State  of  New  York 
and  the  Province  of  Ontario;  although  only  164  feet  in 
height,  and  less  than  a  mile  wide,  has  the  largest  body  of 
water  passing  over  it  of  any  single  waterfall  in  the  world 
besides  being  the  most  beautiful  clean-cut  waterfall  known. 
The  scene  from  the  Suspension  Bridge,  below  the  falls  in 
midwinter,  when  almost  encased  in  ice  is  almost  beyond 
description. 

This  fall  ran  dry  once  in  the  history  of  the  U.  S.;  it 
occurred  on  March  31,  1848,  caused  by  an  ice  jam  in  the 
river  between  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  and  the  Canadian  side; 
coincident  with  a  strong  east  wind  which  drove  the  waters 
of  Lake  Erie  to  the  west  side.  It  lasted  about  a  whole  day. 
During  which  time  a  lady  walked  from  "Table  Rock" 
one  third  of  the  way  across  to  Goat  Island  and  returned 
in  safety. 


SIXTH  NATURAL  WONDER  417 

6.  THE  ROCKING  STONE  OF  TRUCKEE,  CALIFORNIA. 
Owned  and  Housed  by  Hon.  C.  F.  McGlashan. 

There  are  several  rocking  stones  throughout  the  U.  S. 
and  Europe ;  but  none  of  them  so  completely  mystifies  the 
observer,  as  the  one  located  as  above  stated.  This  one  is 
so  isolated  from  the  surrounding  rocks,  and  the  rocking  stone 
itself  so  perfectly  and  delicately  poised  in  the  center  of  its 
perfectly  level  (on  top)  table  stone,  as  to  leave  a  doubt 
in  the  minds  of  most  visitors,  as  to  whether  a  freak  of  nature 
did  the  work,  or,  as  some  important  personages  claim,  it 
was  done  by  an  extinct  race  of  giants  that  flourished  in  the 
time  of  the  'giant  Og,'  who  was  16  feet  tall.  (See  Deuteron- 
omy 3-11.) 

The  table  (stone)  upon  which  this  particular  rocking 
stone  rests,  is  shaped  (very)  like  the  'human  heart'  and 
stands  on  the  small  end,  perfectly  poised,  some  30  feet 
high,  with  the  strata  or  grain  of  the  rock,  running  perpen- 
dicular. The  top  almost  perfectly  level,  and  some  25  feet 
in  diameter.  The  Rocking  Stone  itself,  shaped  also  like 
the  'human  heart'  (but  more  perfect  than  its  table  stone), 
is  located  almost  exactly  in  the  center  of  the  one  on  which 
it  stands,  (also  poised  on  its  small  end)  and  weighs  about  16 
tons ;  and  yet  it  is  so  perfectly  balanced  that  a  child  of  five 
years  can  move  it  either  way.  The  table  stone  upon  which 
this  Rocking  Stone  rests,  may  contain  a  considerable  amount 
of  'radium' ;  but  whether  it  does  or  not,  it  is  noted  that  snow 
(which  lies  all  around  it  during  the  winter  season,  for  weeks 
at  a  time)  has  never  been  known  to  remain  upon  this  rock 
more  than  a  few  hours  after  any  snow  storm. 

7.  ANCIENT  ANIMAL  AND  HUMAN  FOOTPRINTS  (OR  TRACKS) 

ON  THE  FLOOR  OF  THE  STATE  PRISON  YARD  AT 

CARSON,  NEVADA. 

The  tracks  of  a  'Mastoden'  or  'mammoth  elephant' 
showing  a  stride  of  between  6  and  seven  feet  and  a  track 
nearly  2  feet  in  diameter ;  together  with  a  trail  of  human 


418 


(moccasined  feet)  foot  prints  that  are  over  18  inches  in 
length,  and  well  proportioned;  and  bird  tracks  that  are 
larger  than  those  of  our  ostrich,  are  some  of  the  preserved 
curiosities  to  be  seen,  on  the  floor  of  the  State  Prison,  at 
Carson,  Nevada. 

Over  40  feet  in  thickness  of  rock,  limestone  in  character, 
apparently  of  original  formation,  was  removed  from  over 
the  tracks,  when  the  prison  was  built.  Geologists  assert: 
that  over  40,000  years  elapsed  during  the  formation  of  the 
rocks,  that  overlaid  the  footprints  above  mentioned. 

The  bones  of  one  'Baby  Elephant'  were  found  here; 
also  a  single  piece  of  'horn-blende  granite,1  over  30  feet 
down  in  the  limestone,  large  enough  for  a  doorstep;  they 
have  preserved  it. 


THE  SCIENCES  IX  A  NUTSHELL  419 


EMPIRICISM— PHYSICAL  SCIENCE-POSITIVISM. 

Modern  science  accepts  sensal  ions,  emotions,  thoughts  and  volitions  as  the 
ultimate  premises  irom  which  all  our  knowledge  is  derived.  The  spiritual  and 
'be  supernatural  it  relegates  to  the  domain  of  the  unknowable,  and  takes  no 
cognizance  of  them  as  facts.  As  mankind  are  divided  into  Aristotelians  and 
Platonists,  the  modern  scientist  would  call  himself  an  Aristotelian  minus  meta- 
physics. Science  proper  as  we  know  it  to-day  dates  back  lo  the  17lh  cen- 
tury—the sge  of  Baconand  Harvey;  but  the  greatest  strides  in  its  progress  have 
been  made  since  1830.  IK  was  not  till  then,  that  a  philosophical  classification  of 
the  sciences  was  attempted.  Even  to-day  the  method  of  arranging  the  sciences 
is  a  matter  of  serious  debate.  According  to  Com  te  (1840)  the  dependence  and 
order  of  the  sciences  follow  the  dependence  of  the  phenomena.  The  more  par- 
ticular and  complex  depend  upon  the  simpler  and  more  general.  The  latter  are 
easier  to  study.  Therefore  science  will  begin  with  those  attributes  and  objects 
which  are  most  general,  and  pass  on  gradually  to  others  that  are  combined  in 
greater  complexity.  Each  science  rests  on  the  truths  of  the  sciences  that  pre- 
cede it,  while  it  adds  to  them  the  truths  by  which  it  is  itself  constituted.  Comte's 
series  or  hierarchy  of  the  sciences  is,  in  its  main  divisions,  as  follows:  Math- 
ematics, i.  e.,  number,  geometry,  mechanics;  Astronomy,  Physics,  Chemistry, 
Biology,  Sciology,  Ethics.  Each  member  of  the  series  is  one  degree  m-  ire 
special  than  the  science  preceding  it,  and  depends  upon  the  facts  of  all  the 
former  members,  and  can  not  be  fully  understood  without  them.  Herbert  Spen- 
cer takes,  issue  with  Comte  and  denies  that  the  principle  of  the  development  of 
the  sciences  is  the  principle  of  decreasing  generality.  He  asserts  that  there  a  re  as 
many  examples  of  the  advent  of  a  science  being  determined  by  increasing  gen- 
erality as  by  increasing  specialty.  He  holds  a?ain  that  any  grouping  of  the  sciences 
in  a  succession  gives  a  radically  wrong  idea  of  their  genesis  and  interdependence; 
no  true  filiation  exists;  no  science  develops  itself  in  isolation;  noone  of  them  is  in- 
dependent either  logically  or  historically.  Huxley  agrees  with  Spencer;  but  still 
Comte  has  a  large  following  all  over  the  world.  For  the  purpose  of  this  work  it 
will  suffice  to  set  down  the  greatest  of  the  sciences  in  an  order  that  will  be  in- 
telligible and  conform  in  some  degree  with  theirorigin  and  development.  Math- 
ematics and  mechanics  are  treated  at  some  length  in  other  parts  of  this  work. 

General  Classification. — Mathematics,  pure,  arithmetic,  algebra  geom  try, 
trigonometry,  calculus,  applied,  mechanics.  Astronomy,  physics,  solids, 
fluids,  gases,  heat,  lisrht,  sound,  magnetism,  etc.  Chemistry,  inorganic, organic, 
practical,  pure.  Biology,  science  of  life,  protoplasm,  protein,  germs,  evolution, 
species,  development.  Sociology,  social  science,  human  society — yet  in  its 
infancy.  Before  there  can  be  reached  in  sociology  generalizations  worthy  of 
being  called  scientific,  there  must  be  definite  accounts  of  the  institutions  and 
activities  of  societies,  of  various  types  and  in  various  stages  of  evolution,  so 
arranged  as  to  furnish  the  means  of  ascertaining  what  social  phenomena  are 
habitually  associated.  Sociology  will  narrate  how  men  became  grouped  in  polit- 
ical communities,  how  they  constituted  authority  and  property,  how  they  orig- 
inated castes  and  guilds,  and  by  degrees  separated  into  high  and  low,  rich  and 
poor.  To  this  comprehensive  science  many  will  be  subservient,  especially,  an- 
thropology, ethnology,  philology,  history,  archaeology,  politics,  religion,  lit- 
erature, and  political  economy.  In  all  the  main  divisions  there  are  number- 
less subdivisions.from  elementary  mathematics  to  ethics.  The  modern  tendency 
is  to  specialize,  and  a  lifetime  now  is  not  long  enough  for  the  mastery  of  one  of 
the  special  sciences.  Unfortunately,  the  moral  sciences,  f  r  those  dealing  with 
man,  are  least  developed,  and  have  not  yet  been  rescued  by  philosophy  from  em- 
piricism. A  disposition  is,  however,  manifest  now  all  over  the  world  to  employ 
in  the  moral  sciences  those  methods  which  have  heaped  up  such  useful  and 
undisputed  truths  in  the  physical  sciences,  especially  in  astronomy,  physics, 
chemistry  and  physiology.  Beyond  sociology,  a  further  step  remains  to  be 
taken,  viz.,  to  morals.  At  this  point  theory  and  practice  tend  to  coincide,  be- 
cause every  element  of  conduct  has  to  be  considered  in  relation  to  the  general 
good.  In  the  final  synthesis  all  the  previous  analyses  will  have  to  be  used  as 
instrumental— all  the  great  laws  which  regulate  the  phenomena  of  the  inorganic 
world,  of  organized  beings,  and  of  society,  must  be  the  material  from  which 
ethics,  the  coping-stone  of  the  sciences,  is  to  be  wrought.  Before  there  can  be 
satisfactory  human  morals,  based  on  rational  altruism,  every  field  of  inquiry 
must  be  diligently  explored  in  order  that  every  real  quality  o'f  things  an<1  men 
may  bemade  to  converge  to  the  welfare  of  humanity.  This  is  the  creed  of  many 
si  modern  scientist. 


420  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZfiH 


TRANSCENDENTALISM,  METAPHYSICAL  PHILOSOPHY  MYSTICISM. 


The  platonist,  idealist,  or  speculative  philosopher  of  the  German  school  asserts 
that  sensations,  emotions,  thoughts  and  volitions  are  not  ultimate  premises  or 
fundamental  truths,  but  only  derivative  and  dependent  for  their  validity  on  a 
spiritual,  intangible,  and  universal  reality  or  nouuienon,  the  Pure  Reason  or 
Idea,  of  which  all  material  phenomena,  including  sensations,  etc.,  are  only 
evidences.  It  is  from  this  reality  that  mind  and  matter  spring.  There  have 
been  only  two  complete  encyclopedic  constructions  in  philosophy,  viz.,  Aris- 
totle's (323  B.C.)  and  Hegel's  (1830).  They  embodied  the  philosophic  aspects  of  all 
human  experience  in  their  respective  epochs.  Though  the  ancient  Greek  has 
not  been  wholly  superseded  by  the  modern  German,  it  accords  with  the  tenor 
of  this  work  to  presen  t  only  a  scheme  of  the  Hegelian  system.  The  Great  Intro~ 
dwc<io»  opens  with  a  review  of  man's  experience,  showing  his  mind,  in  respect 
to  nature,  under  six  aspects,  viz.:  mere  consciousness,  self-consciousness,  reason, 
spirit,  religion,  philosophy.  He  can  not  rest  till  he  has  found  absolute  knowl- 
edge (absolutes  wissen).  He  discovers  that  truth  has  three  phases,  dogmatism, 
skepticism,  mysticism,  or  thesis,  anithesis,  synthesis.  The  universe  is  the  selfl 
evolution  of  the  idea,  or  pure  spirit,  which  first  expands  in  nature,  endued  with 
mind,  the  product  of  both.  The  logic,  which  is  at  the  same  time  a  metaphysic, 
isan  account,  called  transcendental  dialectic,  of  the  process  in  its  infinite  grada- 
tions, subdivided  into  three  stages:  (1)  Being,  becoming,  and  pure  number  and 
quantity  by  which  Being  is  measured.  (2)  Essence,  those  correlative  terms,  law 
and  phenomenon,  cause  and  effect,  substance  and  attribute,  by  which  we  ex- 
plain the  world.  (3)  Motion,  the  subjective  terms,  conception,  judgment,  syllo- 
gism, appearing  in  forms  mechanical,  chemical  and  teleological,  leading  to  life 
and  science  as  thecomplete  interpretation  of  thought  and  objectivity,  called  the 
perfect  Idea,  with  which  begins  the  philosophy  of  nature.  Here  thought  be- 
comes perception,  dialectic,  gravitation,  and  causation,  sequence  in  time.  (1) 
Mechanics,  space  in  time,  matter,  force.  (2)  Physics,  the  laws  of  heat,  motion, 
sound,  light,  electricity,  chemical  affinity,  and  all  material  movements  of  change 
and  interchange.  (3)  Organic,  the  completed  work  of  these  forces  in  space  and 
time,  ending  in  geology,  botany  and  animal  physiology.  With  the  perfection  ol 
organized  existence,  begins  the  philosophy  of  mind.  (1)  Subjecti  e  deals  with 
anthropology,  or  the  natural  soul,  races,  ages,  dreams,  insanity,  phrenology, 
etc.,and  under  phenomenology,  with  simple  consciousness,  self-consciousness^ 
reason,  spirit;  under  psychology,  with  theoretical  and  practical  mind  tracing 
the  course  of  intelligence  from  the  animal  sensitivity  of  the  Dryad  up  to  the 
realization  of  spirit  by  mind.  (2)  Objective,  including  philosophical  jurispru- 
dence, morals,  politics,  and  the  philosophy  of  history.  (3)  Wisdom  (absolutes 
wissen),  the  final  grasp  of  the  absolute  in  art,  religion,  and  philosophy— the 
aesthetic,  the  philosophy  of  religion,  and  the  history  of  philosophy.  This 
wonderful  construction  of  Hegel  gave  a  great  impetus  to  science  by  prov- 
ing the  sameness  of  many  apparently  different  forces.  He  pointed  out  in  the 
logic  the  path  to  be  followed  by  philosophic  inquirers,  viz.,  a  criticism  of  the 
terms  of  ordinary  and  scientific  thought  in  their  filiation  and  interdependence. 
Thetogtfeof  Hegel  is  the  only  rival  of  the  logic  of  Aristotle.  What  Aristotle  did 
for  the  theory  of  demonstrative  reasoning,  Hegel  attempted  to  do  for  the  whole 
of  human  knowledge.  Though  Hegelianism  has  now  ceased  to  exist  as  an  isso- 
lated  system,  its  spirit  and  method  have  leavened  the  whole  mass  of  philosophic 
thought.  French  criticism  of  modern  German  metaphysicians  declares  that  their 
vast  constructions  now  hang  in  ruins,  because  with  a  high  notion  of  human 
powers,  they  had  none  of  human  limitations.  Abstraction  is  a  German  failing; 
cold  "act,  the  English.  Spencer,  finding  that  sensible  knowledge  alone  can  be 
proved,  declares  that  our  own  and  all  other  existence  is  a  mystery,  absolutely 
and  forever  beyond  our  comprehension.  Modern  agnosticism  and  transcen- 
dentalism are  antipodes  of  thought.  Hegel's  philosophy  is  so  hard  to  under- 
stand that  he  once  said,  "Only  one  man  has  understood  me,  and  even  he  has 
not."  It  has  been  eloquently  said:  "From  all  periods  of  history;  from  medieval 
piety  and  stoical  pride;  from  Kant  and  Sophocles,  science  and  art,  religion  and 
philosophy,  Hegel  gathered,  in  the  vineyard  of  the  human  spirit,  the  grapes 
from  which  he  crushed  the  wine  of  thought." 


EXPLANATION  OF  CHARACTERS 

Used  in  Calculating,  Mathematics,  Etc. 
(Sec.    102).  

—  Equal  to,  as  12  inches  =  1  foot,  or  3  feet  =  1  yard. 
4-  Plus  or  More,  signifies  addition;  as  7+9+8=24. 

—  Minus  or  Less  signifies  subtraction;  as  21—7+10=24. 

X  Multiplied  by,  or  into,  signifies  multiplication;  as3x8=24. 

-r  Divided  by,  signifies  division;  as  a-j-6;  that  is,  a  divided  by  b;  72-=-3=24. 

£3TDivision  is  also  indicated  thus:  -;  that  is,  a  divided  by  6;  j2=24. 

:    /*  to;  also,  To;  the  ratio  of;  >  —signifies  proportion;  as  3  :  6  : ;  12  :  24;  that  is,  at 
'.'.  As;  or  So  is;  equals;  f  3  is  to  6,  so  is  12  to  24. 

~   Vinculum,  or  Bar,  signifies  that  the  numbers,  etc.,  over  which  it  is  placed, 
ire  to  betaken  together;  12—2+14=24,  or  3+5x3=24. 
.  Decimal  point  signifies,  when  prefixed  to  a  number,  that  that  number  has  some 

power  of  10  for  ils  denominator;  as  .1  is  xff»  -12  is  iVi)'  -123  is  TT$n?>  -1234  is  TTiWb, 
.12345  is  TVoWff»  etc. 

—  Difference  signifies,  when  placed  between  two  quantities,  that  their  difference  is 
to  be  taken,  it  being  unknown  which  is  the  greater. 

c    /     //    ///  sjgnjfy  Degrees,  Minutes,  Seconds,  and  Thirds  of  Seconds. 

.^Signifies  Angle.     _1_  Signifies  Perpendicular.    A  Signifies  Triangle. 

n  Signifies  Square,  as  D  inches;  and  ^  Cube,  as  cubic  inches,    m  Rectangle. 

>  Is  ffreater  than  or  n  Is  greater  than;  as,  a  >  b;  that  is,  a  is  greater  than  b;  6>5. 

<  Is  less  than,  or  L  Is  legs  than;  as,  a  <  ft;  that  is,  a  is  less  than  6;  5  <  6. 

3>  Is  not  greater  than;  the  contradictory  of  >;  as,  a  £>  b;  that  is,  a  is  not  greater 
than  b;  may  be  equal  to,  or  less  than,  but  not  greater. 

<t  Is  not  lets  than;  the  contradictory  of  <;  as,  a  <£  &»  that  is,  a  is  not  less  than  6; 
may  be  equal  to,  or  more  than,  but  not  less. 

»  Indefinitely  grea'.;  infinite;  infinity;— used  to  denote  a  quantity  greater  than  any- 
finite  or  assignable  quantity.  A  Finite  difference. 

0  Indefinitely  small;  infinitesimal;— used  to  denote  a  quantity  less  than  any  assign- 
able quantity;  also,  naught;  nothing;  zero. 

.'.  signifies  Therefore  or  Hence;  '.'  signifies  Because. 

()[]  Parenthesis  and  Brackets,  signify  that  all  the  figures,  etc. ,  within  them  are  to 
be  operated  upon  as  if  they  were  only  one;  thus,  (6+2)x3=24;  [8— 2]x4=24. 

|  Parallel;  is  parallel  to;  as,  AB  ||  CD. 

p  or  ir  is  used  to  express  the  ratio  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle  to  its  diam- 
eter=3.1416 

0  Circle;  circumference;  360°.    "^  Arc  of  a  circle;  arc.    a'  a"  a'"  signify  a  prime, 
a  second,  a  third,  etc. 

1  -p  signify  that  the  formula  is  to  be  adapted  to  two  distinct  cases. 

\/.  or  \/  Root  or  radical  sign;  indicating  when  used  without  a  figure  placed 
above  it,  the  square  root ;  as,  \/4=2;  \/4a2=2a.  To  denote  any  other  than  the  square 
root,  a  figure,  (called  the  index)  expressing  the  degree  of  the  required  root,  is  placed 
above  the  sign;  as,  3\/a,  6%/a,  \3\/a,  &c. ;  that  is,  the  cube  root,  the  fifth  root,  the 
thirteenth  root,  &c. ,  of  a.  4^The  root  of  a  quantity  is  also  denoted  by  a  fractional 
index  at  the  right-hand  side  of  the  quantity  and  above  it,  the  denominator  of  the 
index  expressing  the  degree  of  the  root;  as,  aj,  aj,  e-4;  that  is,  the  square,  cube,  and 
sixth  roots  of  a,  respectively;  or,  as  43  is=4x4x4=64. 

g  is  the  common  expression  for  gravity=32.166;  20=64.33;  A/20=8.02  feet. 

SJ  signifies  Dead  Flat,  or  the  location  of  the  frame  of  a.  vessel  at  its  greatest  trans- 
verse section.  '  "  set  superior  to  a  figure  or  figures,  signify  feet  and  inches. 

R.  (Lat.  Recipe.)  Take;  aa,  of  each;  Ib,  pound;  §  ,  Ounce;  5  »  Drachm; 

3  Scruple;  i^,  Minim,  or  drop;  O  or  o,  Pint;  f  5  .  fluid  Ounce;  f  5  .  fluid  Drachm; 
as,  g  ss,  half  an  ounce;  §i,  one  ounce;  5  iss,  one  ounce  and  a  half;  gij,  two  ounces; 
etc.,  etc. 

*  Asterisk;  t  Dagger;  1  Double  Dagger;  §  Section;  ||  Parallels;  ^  Paragraph; 
<2T  Index;  and  *,*  or  ,%  Asterism,  are  used  in  printing  and  writing  as  a  reference  to 
a  passage  or  note  in  the  margin,  and  take  precedence  in  th«  order  arranged  above,  when 
MM  or  more  than  one  are  u*ed> 


422 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


DAY  OF  THE  WEEK   OF  ANY   GIVEN   DATE, 
For  Six';/  Cmturiet. 


RATIOS  FOR  CENTURIES. 


4 

3 

o 

5  ! 

4 

a 

0 

5 

4 

3 

• 

5 

* 
400 
'••mi 
1200 
1COO 

100 
500 
900 
1300 
1700 

200 
600 
1000 
1403 

1803 

300 

700 
1100 
1500 
1900 

2000 
2400 
2800 
3200 
3600 

2100 
2500 
2900 
3300 
3700 

2200 
2600 
3000 
34(10 
3800 

2300 
2700 
3100 
3500 
3900 

4000 
4400 
4800 
5200 

5600 

4100 
4500 
4900 
5300 
5700 

4200 
4600 
5000 
54410 
5800 

4300 
4700 
5100 
5500 
5900 

ive. 

RATIOS  OF  MOUTHS. 


January 3 1  April 3  September 

Leap  Year 3 1  May 4  (October 

February  6   June O 

"       Leap  Year 5   July 3 

March 6    August 5 


November. 
December. 


RULE.  —  Of  the  figures  denoting  the  year,  strike  off  those  occupying  the  place 
of  units  and  tens;  to  this  number  add  its  one-fourth  part,  (disregarding  the  reuiain- 
3er,  if  any)  the  day  of  the  month,  the  ratio  for  the  century  and  the  ratio  for  ihe 
month.  Divide  the  sum  by  7,  and  the  remainder  will  denote  the  day  of  the  week. 
If  the  remainder  be  1  the  day  denoted  is  Sunday. 


2 

"  "  3 
"  "  4 
"  "  6 

"        "        6 
If  there  be  no  remainder 


Monday. 

Tuesday. 

Wednesday. 

Thursday. 

Friday. 

Saturday. 


EXAMPLE  1.  —  Upon  whnt  day  of  the  week  dtd  Columbus  discover  America? 
Solution.—  Date  ________  October  12,  14  [  92 

One-fourth  of  92  ........        23 

Day  of  month  ..........        12 

Ratio  for  century  1400  .  .  0 
Ratio  for  month  of  Oct  .  .  3 
Ratio  for  Old  Style  Date  2 


Divide  by 7  )  132 

18 — 6    remainder,  Jeiiot- 
ug  that  the  day  of  the  week  was  Friday. 

EXAMPLE  2 — Upon  what  day   of   the   week    was  George   Washington  bom  ? 

Solution.— Date February  22,  17  |  32 

One-fourth  of  32 8 

Day  of  the  month 22 

Ratio  for  century  1700. .          2 
Ratio  for  month  of  Feb.          5 

Divide  by 7  )  69 

9 — 6   remainder,  denot- 
ing- that  the  day  of  the  week  was  Iriday. 

THE   OLD   AND    NEW  STYLE. 

A  year  is  the  time  required  for  the  revolution  of  the  earth  around  the  sun, 
viz.:  365  days,  5  hours,  48  minutes,  and  49  7-10  seconds.  To  include  the  fraction 
of  a  day  Julius  Caesar  decreed  that  every  fourth  year  should  consist  of  306  days. 
This  is  the  Julian,  or  Old  Style,  and  is  an  excess  for  each  year  of  11  minutes,  and 
10  3-10  seconds,  so  that  in  1582  there  had  been  an  over-reckoning  of  ten  days.  To 
correct  this  the  5th  of  October  of  that  year  was  reckoned  the  loth.  Still  there 
v,-as  an  overplus  amounting  in  a  century  to  IS  hours,  37  minutes  and  10  seconds 
PO  it  was  agreed  that  every  ceuturial  year  that  was  not  divisable  by  400  should 
not  be  a  leap  year.  This  is  the  Gregorian  or  New  Style,  and  was  adopted  by  to, 
act  of  the  British  Parliament,  September  3,  1752.  The  difference  between  the 
New  and  Old  Style  is  twelve  days.  The  dates  of  some  of  the  events  previous  to 
tluit  year  of  that  century  (the  date  of  Washington's  birth,  forexample)  were  changed 
to  accord  with  the  New  Style.  In  using  the  above  rule  regarding  dates  of  events 
previous  to  1752,  care  must  be  used  as  to  what  style  they  belong. 


MATHEMATICS. 


DEFINITIONS. 

Fraction  U  one  or  more  parts  of  a  unit. 

Decimal  IB  a  fraction,  baring  for  its  denominator  a  unit  with  as  many  cipher* 
•nnexed  as  the  numerator  has  places.  It  is  usually  expressed  by  writing  the  numer- 
ator only  with  a  point  at  the  left  of  it. 

Kale  of  Three  applies  to  cases  in  which  three  terms  or  numbers  are  given  n> 
ascertain  a  fourth  and  ia  direct  or  inverse. 

Compound  Proportion — resolves  into  one  statement  questions  which 
require  several  statings  in  rule  of  three 

Involution  is  multiplying  any  number  into  itself  a  certain  number  of  times, 
the  products  are  called  powers,  and  the  number  is  called  the  root  or  first  power.  , 

Evolution  Is  finding-  root  of  any  nnmbet.  Is 

Properties  of  Numbers. — If  the  sum  of  the  digits  constituting  any  number 
Is  divisible  by  8  or  0,  the  whole  is  divisible  by  them.  A  square  number  cannot  end 
with  an  odd  number  of  ciphers.  No  square  number  can  end  with  two  equal  digits 
except  two  ciphers  or  two  fours.  No  number,  the  last  digit  of  which  is  2,  S,  7  or  8, 
Is  a  square  number. 

Position  Is  single  or  double  and  determined  by  the  number  of  suppositions. 

Fellowship  is  a  method  of  ascertaining  gains  or  losses  of  individuals eniragWI 
In  Joint  operations. 

Permutation  determines,  in  how  many  different  ways  any  number  of  things 
may  be  varied  in  their  position. 

Arithmetical  Progression  is  a  series  of  numbers  increasing  or  decreasing 
by  a  constant  number  or  difference. 

(geometrical  Progression  is  any  series  of  numbers  continually  i en r easing 
by  a  constant  multiplier  or  decreasing  by  a  constant  divisor. 

Alligation  discovers  the  mean  rate  or  quality  of  materials  when  mixed  together. 

Discount  or  Rebate  is  a  deduction  from  money  paid  before  it  is  due. 

Perpetuities  are  annuities  that  continue  forever. 

Unit  Of  Circular  Measure  is  an  angle  which  is  subtended  at  center  of  a 
circle  by  an  arc  equal  to  radius  of  that  circle.  Circular  measure  of  an  angle  is  equal 
to  a  fraction  which  has  for  its  numerator  the  arc  subtended  by  that  angle  at  center  of' 
any  circle,  and  for  Its  denominator  the  radius  of  that  circle. 

Probability  that  an  event  will  occur  is  the  ratio  of  the  favorable  cases  to  all  the- 
eases  which  are  similarly  circumstanced  in  reference  to  that  event.  The  probabilities 
of  two  or  more  single  events  being  known,  the  probability  of  their  occurring  in  suc- 
cession may  be  determined  by  multiplying  together  the  probabilities  of  their  events*. 
considered  singly. 

Reciprocal  of  a  number  is  the  quotient  arising  from  the  division  of  1  by  the 
number.  The  product  of  a  number  and  its  reciprocal  is  always  equal  to  1.  The  recip- 
rocal of  a  vulgar  fraction  is  the  denominator  divided  by  the  numerator. 

logarithms  facilitate  numerical  computation  and  the  logarithm  of  a  number  is- 
the  exponent  of  a  power  to  which  10  must  be  raised  to  give  that  number  •  Addition 
is  substituted  for  multiplication,  substruction  for  division,  multiplication  for  Involu- 
tion, and  division  for  evolution. 

Cone  is  made  by  the  revolution  of  a  right-angled  triangle  about  one  of  Its  legs. 

Conic  Sections  are  made  by  planes  cutting  a  cone. 

Ellipse  1s  made  by  an  oblique  plane  cutting  a  cone  above  its  base. 

Parabola  Is  made  by  a  plane  cutting  a  cone  parallel  to  its  side. 

Ifiyperbola  is  made  by  a  plane  cutting  a  cone  at  any  angle  with  base  greater  than 
that  of  the  side  of  the  cone.  The  ptrimtter  of  a  figure  la  the  sum  of  all  its  sides.  A 
problem  is  something  proposed  to  be  done.  A  pottulats  is  something  supposed  or 
assumed.  A  theorem  la  something  proposed  to  be  demonstrated.  A  isrm/m  Is  some- 
thing premised,  to  render  what  follows  mere  easy.  A  corollary  follows  from  a  pre- 
ceding demonstration.  A  echoliuir.  Is  a  remark  upon  something  which  precedes  It. 


41' I 


THE    GREAT    PYRAMID    JEEZEH 


Table  of  Geometrical  Progression. 

Whereby  any  Questions  of  Geometrical  Progression  and  of  Double  Jeatto  may  Se 
solved  by  Inspection,  the  Number  of  Terms  not  Exceeding  56. 


1 

1 

15 

16384 

29 

268435456 

43 

4398046511104 

2 

2 

16 

32768 

30 

536870912 

44 

8796093022208 

3 

4 

17 

65536 

31 

1073741824 

45 

1759218C044416 

4 

8 

1* 

131072 

32 

2147483648 

46 

35184372088832 

5 

16 

19 

262144 

33 

4294907296 

47 

70368744177664 

6 

32 

20 

524288 

34 

8589934592 

48 

140737488355:i'J.S 

7 

64 

21 

1048576 

35 

17179869184 

49 

281474976710656 

8 

128 

22 

2097152 

36 

34359738368 

50 

562949953421312 

9 

256 

23 

4194304 

37 

68719476736 

51 

1125899906842624 

10 

612 

24 

8388608 

38 

137438953472 

52 

2251799813685248 

11 

1024 

25 

lf.777216 

39 

27487790G944 

53 

450:3599fi2737049f> 

12 

2048 

26 

33554432 

40 

549755813888 

51 

9007199254740992 

13 

4096 

27 

67108864 

41 

1099511627776 

55 

1801439H509481984 

14 

81'.)2 

28 

1342177281 

42 

2199023255552 

5!> 

3f>0'287970189639fi8 

ILLUSTRATIONS— The  13th  power  of  2=8192,  and  the  8th  root  of  256=2. 
GEOMETRICAL  DEFimTIONS. 
CUBVIFORM  FIGURES. 

A  CIRCLE  is  a  plain  figure  bounded  by  a  regular  curved  line,  every  part  of  which  is 
Squally  distant  from  a  point  within  it  called  the  center. 

The  CIRCUMFERENCE  of  a  circle  is  the  curved  line  by  which  the  circle  is  bounded. 

The  DIAMETER  of  a  circle  is  a  straight  line  terminating  in  the  circumference  and 
passing  through  the  center;  or,  the  longest  straight  line  that  can  be  drawn  within  a 
circle. 

The  RADIUS  of  a  circle  is  a  straight  line  extending  from  its  center  to  any  point  in  its 
circumference;  or,  the  semi -diameter  of  a  circle. 

An  ARC  is  a  portion  of  a  circumference. 

A  CHORD  is  a  straight  line  uniting  the  extremities  of  an  arc  of  a  circle,  but  does  not 
pass  through  the  center. 

A  SEGMENT  is  that  part  of  a  circle  included  within  a  chord  and  an  arc;  or,  that  part 
of  a  circle  cut  off  by  a  chord. 

A  SECTOR  is  that  part  of  a  circle  bounded  by  two  radii  and  the  included  arc. . 

A  SEMI -CIRCLE  is  half  of  a  circle. 

A  QUADRANT  is  one  quarter  of  a  circle. 

A  PERIPHERY  is  the  circumference  of  a  circle,  ellipse  or  other  curvilinear  figure. 

An  ELLIPSE  is  a  figure  bounded  by  an  oval  curved  line  having  one  lo..gand  one  short 
diameter  at  right  angles  to  one  another. 

A  CTCLOID  is  a  curve  generated  by  a  point  in  the  plane  of  a  circle  when  the  circle  is 
rolled  along  a  straight  line,  keeping  always  in  the  same  plane.  A  common  cycloid  is 
the  curve  described  whea  the  generating  point  is  on  the  circumference  of  the  general, 
ing  circle;  the  curtate  cycloid  when  that  point  is  without  the  circumference;  the  pro- 
late or  inflected  cycloid  when  the  generating  point  lies  within  the  circumference. 

A  PARABOLA  is  formed  by  the  intersection  of  the  surface  of  a  cone  with  a  place 
parallel  to  one  of  its  sides. 

ANGLES. 

An  ANGLE  is  the  opening  of  two  lines  that  meet  at  one  point,  or  that  would  meet  if 
sufficiently  extended.  The  point  of  meeting  is  called  the  vertex  af  the  »ngle. 

The  number  of  degrees  of  a  circle  contained  in  the  arc  of  a  sector  is  the  measure 
of  the  angle  formed  by  the  two  radii. 

A  RIGHT  ANGLE  is  one  formed  by  a  line  joining  another  perpendicularly,  or,  at  o-.« 
angle  of  90°  marked  by  a  quarter  circle. 

An  ACUTE  ANGLE  is  less  than  a  ri^ht  angle;  or,  less  than  90°. 

An  OBTUSE  ANGLE  is  more  than  a  right  angle;  or,  more  than  90° 
TRIANGLES. 

A  TRIANGLE  or  TRIGON  is  a  figure  of  three  sides. 

An  EQUILATERAL  TRIANGLE  has  all  of  its  sides  equal 

An  T30sc*LB9  TRIANGLE  has  only  two  of  its  sides  equal 

A  SCALENE  TRIANGLE  has  all  of  its  sides  uneqi">4. 

A  RIGHT-ANGLED  TRIANGLE  has  one  right  angle. 

An  ACUTE-ANGLED  TRIANGLE  has  all  of  its  angles  acute. 

An  OBTUSE-ANGLED  TRIANGLE  has  one  obtuse  angle. 


PROPOSITIONS    AND    FORMULAS  425 


QUADRANGLES. 

A  QUADRANGLE  is  a  figure  of  four  sides. 

A  PARALLELOGRAM  has  its  opposite  sides  parallel,  and  its  opposite  angles  equal. 

A  SQUARE  or  TETRAGON  has  its  four  sides  equal  and  four  right  angles. 

A  RECTANGLE'nas  its  opposite  sides  equal  and  four  right  angles. 

A  RHOMBUS  has  four  equal  sides  and  its  opposite  angles  equal,  two  of  the  angles 
toeing  acute  and  two  obtuse. 

A  RHOMBOID  is  the  same  as  a  parallelogram. 

A  TRAPEZOID  has  only  two  opposite  sides  parallel. 

A  TRAPEZIUM  has  no  two  sides  parallel  or  equal. 
POLYGONS. 

A  POLYGON  is  a  plane  and  right  lined  figure. 

A  REGULAR  POLYGON  has  its' sides  equal. 
'  An  IRREGULAR  POLYGON  has  its  sides  unequal. 

SOLIDS. 

A  CUBE  or  HEXAHEDRON  is  a  solid  with  six  equal  faces. 

A  SPHERE  is  a  solid,  every  part  of  whose  surface  is  equally  distant  from  a  point 
within  called  a  center. 

A  SPHEROID  is  a  sphere  flattened  or  depressed  at  two  opposite  sides ;  an  oblate 
spheroid  is  a  sphere  flattened  or  depressed  at  the  poles  ;  a, prolate  spheroid  is  a  sphere 
extended,  or  elongated  at  the  poles. 

A.  PARABOLOID  is  a  solid  described  by  the  revolution  of  a  parabola  about  its  axis. 

A  CYLINDER  is  a  solid  described  by  the  revolution  of  a  rectangle  about  one  of  its 
sides. 

A  CONE  is  a  solid  described  by  the  revolution  of  a  right-angled  triangle  about  one 
of  its  sides. 

A  PYRAMID  is  a  solid  the  base  of  which  is  any  kind  of  a  polygon,  and  its  other 
faces  triangles  uniting  at  a  common  point  called  a  vertex. 

A  FRUSTUM  of  a  cone  or  pyramid  is  the  part  which  remains  after  the  top  is  cut 
off  by  a  plane  parallel  to  the  base. 

An  UNGULA  is  the  part  of  a  cone  or  cylinder  which  remains  after  the  top  is  cut  off 
by  a  plane  oblique  to  the  base. 

A  PARALLELOPIPED  is  bounded  with  six  parallelograms. 

A  PRISM  is  a  solid  whose  ends,  called  bases,  are  equal  polygons,  and  whose  sides  or 
faces  are  parallelograms. 

A  PRISMOID  is  a  prism  cut  obliquely  at  the  ends. 

A  PERIMETER  is  the  sum  of  all  the  sides  of  a  figure  plane  or  solid 

POLYHEDRONS. 

A  POLYHEDRON  is  a  solid  contained  by  many  faces  or  planes. 
A  REGULAR  POLYHEDRON  is  a  solid  its  faces  or  planes  being  equal. 
An  IRREGULAR  POLYHEDRON  is  a  solid  its  faces  or  planes  being  unequal. 

UNITS  OF  MEASURE. 

The  unit  of  measure  for  lines  is  a  linear  unit. 
The  unit  of  measure  for  area  or  surface  is  a  square  unit. 
The  unit  of  measure  for  solidity  or  contents  is  a  cubic  unit. 
All  similar  lines  are  to  each  other  as  their  like  dimensions. 

All  similar  areas  or  surfaces  are  to  each  other  as  the  squarm  of  their  like  dimen- 
sions. 
All  similar  solids  are  to  each  other  as  the  cubes  of  their  like  dimension*. 


426  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

PROPOSITIONS  AND  FORMULAS. 

1.  The  diameter  (d)  of  a  circle  being  given,  required  the  circumference  (c)- 

2.  The  circumference  (c)  of  a  circle  being  given,  required  the  diameter  (d) : 

c.  -i-3.1416=d. 

3.  The  diameter  (d)  of  a  circle  being  given,  required  the  area  (a) : 

d*X  .7854-0. 

4.  The  diameter  (d)  and  circumference  (c)  of  a  circle  being  given,  required  the> 

area  (a) : 

dxc-=-4=o. 

5.  The  number  of  degrees  (a)  contained  in  an  arc,  and  the  diameter  ((/)  of  the* 
circle  being  given,  required  the  length  (c)  of  the  arc: 

oXdX3.1416-=-360    c. 

6.  The  chord  (a)  of  an  arc  and  the  chord  (b)  of  one-half  the  arc  being  given,  re- 
quired the  length  (c)  of  the  arc: 

6X8— a-=-3=c. 

7.  The  base  (a)  and  height  (c)  of  a  segment  of  a  circle  bting  given,  required  the> 

diameter  (d) : 

(OH-2)*-=-3    c=d. 

8.  The  number  of  degrees  (c)  in  the  arc  of  a  sector  and  the  diameter  (</)  of  the 
circle  being  given,  required  the  area  (a)  of  the  sector: 

cX3.1416-=-360xd-=-2x  fcd  =  a. 

9.  The  greater  (c)  and  less  (d)  diameters  of  a  circular  ring  being  given,  required 
the  area  (a): 

c*— d*X.7854  =  a. 

10.  The  greater  (c)  and  less  (d)  diameters  of  a  ellipse  being  given,  required  the 
area  (a) : 

cxdx.7854-a. 

11.  The  diameter  (d)  of  the  generating  circle  of  a  common   cycloid  being  given, 
required  the  length  (a)  of  the  cycloid: 

12     The  diameter  (d)  of  tne  generating  circle  of  a  common  cycloid  being  given, 
required  the  area  (a)  of  the  cycloid: 
d^X- 7854X3    a. 

)3.    The  base  (b)  and  parameter  (c)  of  a  common  parabola  being  fdven,  required 
the  altitude  (a) : 

14.     The  base  (6)  and  altitude  (a)  of  a  common  parabola  being  given,  required 
the  area  (c) : 


15.  The  base  (6)  and  perpendicular  (c)  of  a  triangle  biiug  given,  required  th 
area  (a): 

6Xc-^2  =  a. 

16.  The  base  (a)  and  perpendicular  v'6)  of  a  right  angled  triangle  being  yiv»n,  re- 
quired the  hypotenuse  (c): 

N/o*  ,  b*=-c. 

17.  The  hypotenuse  (c)  and  one  of  the  sides  (6)  of  a  right-angled  triangle  being 
given,  required  the  other  side  (a) : 

N/c*—  6*--  a. 

18.  The  longer  (n)  and  short  (6)  parallel  sides  of  a  trapezoid  and  the  distance  (« 
between  them  being  given,  required  the  area  (d) : 

a  -  6xc-H2-d. 

19.  The  diameter  (d)  or  circumference  (c)  of  a  circle  being  given,  required  th» 
tide  (a)  of  an  inscribed  squaie: 

dx.7071  -aor  cX-2251  -  a. 

30.    The  diameter  (d)  or  circumference  (c)  of  a  circle  being  gives;,  required  the> 
side  (a)  of  a  square  of  equal  area: 

dX.8862---aorcX.2P2_  a 


PROPOSITIONS    AND    FORMULAS 


427 


TABLE  OF  REGULAR  POLYGONS  WHOSE  SIDES  ARJE  ONE. 


NAME. 

No. 

Sides. 

AREA  (A;) 

Radius  (n) 
Inscribed  Circle. 

Radius  i) 
Circumscribed 
Circle. 

Trigon....  

3 

.4330127 

.2886751 

.5773503 

Tetragon  

4 

i.tooooco 

.5000000 

.7071068 

5 

1.7204774 

.6881910 

.8506506 

6 

2.5980762 

.8660254 

1.0000000 

Heptagon  

7 

3.6339124 

1.0382617 

1.1523824 

Octagon...  

8 

4.8284271 

1.20710C8 

1.3065628 

Nonagon  

9 

6.1818242 

1.3737387 

1  4619022 

10 

7  6942088 

1  6388418 

1  6180319 

TJndecagon.  
Dodecagon  

11 

12 

9.3656399 
11.1961524 

1.2(28437 

1.8660254 

1.7747324 
1.9318517 

21.  A  side  (a)  of  a  regular  polygon  being  given,  required  the  area  (c). 

kXa2-  c. 

22.  A  side  (a)  of  a  regular  polygon  being  given,  required  the  radius   (r)  of  ail 
Inscribed  circle; 

nX<*=r. 

23.  A  side  (a)  of  a  regular  polygon  being  given,  required  the  radius  (r)  of  a  cir- 
cumscribed circle: 

tX«=r. 

24.  The  diameter  (d)  of  a  sphere  being  given,  required  its  surface  (s)  : 

dX3.1416X<*-  *• 

25.  The  diameter  (d)  of  a  sphere  being  given,  required  its  cubic  contents  (c)  : 


26.  The  greater  (a)  and  less  (b)  diameters  of  an  oblate  spheroid  being  given, 
required  its  cubic  contents  (c). 

a*X&X-5236    c. 

27.  The    greater  (a)  and  less   (6)  diameters  of  a  prolate  spheroid  being  given, 
required  its  cubic  contents  (c): 

&*XaX-5236=c. 

28.  The  diameter  (d)  and   altitude  (a)  of  a  paraboloid  being  given,  required  its 
cubic  contents  (c) 

d2X«X-3927     c. 

29.  The  length  {at  and  diameter  (d)  of  a  cylinder  being  given,  required  its  con- 
vex  surface  (s)  : 


30.    The  length  (a)  and  diameter  (d)  of  a  cylinder  being  given,  required  its  cubic 
contents  (c)  : 


31.    The  diameter  (d,  of  the  base  and  the  slant  height  (a,  of  a  cone  being  gi^en, 
required  its  convex  surface  (s)  : 


32.  The  diameter  (c?)  of  the  base  and  the      altitude      ictl   of  a  cone  being  given, 
required  its  cubic  contents  (c)  : 

d*X-7854Xa-i-3=C. 

33.  The  perimeter  (a)  of  the  base  and  the  slant  height  (6)  of  a  regular  pyramid 
being  given,  required  its  slant  surface  (s)  : 

«X&T-2    s. 

34.  A  side  (6)  of  the  base  and  the  altitude  (a)  of  a  regular  pyramid  being  given, 
required  its  cubic  contents  (c)  : 

fcX&*X«-3-3-  e. 

35.  The  greater  (a)  and  less  (6)  diameters,  and  the  slant  heighth  (c)  of  the  frus- 
tum or    a  cone  being  given,  required  its  convex  surface  (s)  : 

(aX3.1416l  -(-  (6X3.1416)  --2xc  <  s. 

36.  The  perimeter  (a)  of  the  greater  base,  the  perimeter  (6)  of  the  less  base,  ancl 
the  sUut  height  c)  of  the  frustum  of    a  regular  pyramid  being  given,  required  the 
slant  surface  (s)  : 

a    6-=-2Xc    *. 

:«.    The  greater  (a)  and  less(&)diarneters,  and  the  altitude  (d)  of  the  fnistnitn  at 
a  cor  «  being  given,  required  its  cubic  coments  (c)  : 

a*  i  62  i  (aX*>)  X.7854Xd-*-3=fc 


428 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


38.     A  side  (a)  of  the  greater  base,  a  Bide  (b)  of  the  lesser  base  and  the  altitude  (<•) 
of  the  I'rustrum  of  a  regular  pyramid  being  given,  required  the  cubic  contents  (<l.) 


30.    The  perimeter  (a)  of  the  base  and  the  altitude  (6)  of  a  prism  being  given, 
required  the  convex  surface  (s)  : 
axb=i. 

40.    A  side  (a)  of  the  base  and  the  altitude  (b)  of  a  regular  prism  being  given, 
required  its  cubic  contents  (c)  : 


TABLE  OF  BEGULAB  POLYHEDBONS. 


NAME. 

No. 
Faces 

Surface  (v) 
Edge  of  Poly- 
hedron being 
one. 

Cubic  Contents 
(x)  Edge  of 
Polyhedron 
being  one. 

Diameter  (y)  In- 
scribed Sphere 
being  1  the  Edge 
of  Polyhedron  is 

Diameter  (z) 
Circumscribed 
Sphere  being  one 
the  Edge  of 
Polyhedron  is 

Tetrahedron.. 
Hexahedron  .  . 
Octahedron  .  . 
Dodecahedron 
Ico^ahedron  .  . 

4 

6 
8 
12 
20 

1.7320508 
6.0000000 
3.4641016 
20.6457288 
8.6602540 

.1178513 
1.0000000 
.4714045 
7.6631189 
2.1816950 

2.4494897 
1.0000000 
1.2247447 
.4490279 
.6615845 

.8164966 
.5773503 
.7071068 
.3568221 
.5257309 

41.  An  edge  (a)  of  a  regular  polyhedron  being  given,  required  its  surface  (s) : 

»X0»=*. 

42.  An  edge  (a)  of  a  regular  polyhedron  being  given,  require  its  cubic  contents  ( c] 

zXa3  -  c. 

43.  The  diameter  (<f)  of  an  inscribed  sphere  being  given,  required  the  edge  (a) 
of  the  circumscribing  polyhedron: 

VXd    a. 

44.  The  diameter  (d)  of  a  circumscribed  sphere  being  given,  required  the  edge 
(it)  of  the  inscribing  polyhedron : 


NUMERALS,  OR   NOTATION. 


Anibic.  Rom. 

Arubic.  Rrnn. 

Arabic.  Rom. 

Naught         0 

Thirteen               13     XIII 

Eighty                             KO     LXXX 

One               1      I 

Fourteen              14     XIV 

Ninety                              'JO      XC 

Two              2     II 

Fifteen                  15     XV 

One  hundred                 100     C 

Three           3     III 

Sixteen                 16     XVI 

Two  hundred               200     CO 

Four             4      IV 

Seventeen            17     XVII 

Three  hundred             300      CCC 

Five             5     V 

Eighteen              18     XVIII 

Four  hundred              400      CCCC 

Six                <;     VI 

Nineteen              19     XIX 

Five  hundred               500      I> 

Seven           7     VII 

Twenty                20     XX 

Six  hundred                 CO.)     DC 

Eight            8     VIII 

Thirty                   30     XXX 

Seven  hundred             700     DCC 

Nine              9     IX 

Forty                     40     XL 

Eight  hundred             800     DCCO 

Ten              10     X 

Fifty                      50     L 

Nine  hundred              900     CM 

Eleven        11      XI 

Sixty                      60     LX 

One  thousand            1,000      M 

Twelve       12     XII 

Seventy                70     LXX 

Two  thousand           li.UOO      MM 

Aruhic.  Rom. 

Arabic,  Roman. 

Three  thousand  3,000  MMM 

Fifty  thousand                              50,000  L~ 

Four  thousand  4,000  IV~ 

Sixty  thousand                              60,000  LX 

Five  thousand    5,000  V 

One  hundred  thousand              100  ,000  IT 

Six  thousand      6,000  VI 

One  million                               1,000,000  3VI 

Seven  thousand  7,000  VII 

Ten  million                             10,000,000  CCCCCIOOOOO 

Eight  thousand  8,000  VIII 

One  hundred  million          100,000,000  CCCCCCIOOOOCG 

Nine  thousand  9,000  IX 

One  thousand  million*    1,000,000,000  CCCCIOOOO 

Ten  thousand  10,000  X~ 

One  billiouf                1,000,000,000,000  CCCCCCCI0338393 

As  often  as  a  character  is  repeated,  so  many  times  is  its  value  repeated. 

A  less  character  before  a  greater  diminishes  its  value,  as  IV=I— V,  or  1  sub- 
tracted from  5=4. 

A  less  character  after  a  greater  increases  its  value,  as  XI=X  -  I,  or  1  added  10=11. 

For  every  Q  annexed  the  sum  is  increased  10  times. 

For  every  C  and  3  placed  one  at  each  end  (of  the  character  I),  the  sum  bee-onus 
twice  as  many  as  the  Q  placed  singly. 

A  bar,  thus ,  over  any  number  increases  it  1,000  times.     Illustration.— 10,OU<J 

=CCIOO,  or"X.  1883.MDCCCLXXXIII;  1,883,000   MDCCCLXXXIII. 
*  French  and  American  for  a  billion,     f  English 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


LINEAR  Oil  LONG  MEASURE. 


12  Inches  =  1  Foot 
3  Feet  =  1  Yard 
&1A  Yards  =  1  Rod  or  Pole 

40      Bods    =  1  Furlong 
8      Furl'gs---'  1  Mile  (Statute) 
3      Milec.  —  1  League 


Inches. 
36 

198    ~ 

7,920    = 

63,360     = 


Feet. 


660 
5,280 


190,080    =     15,840 


faros. 


220 
1,760 
6,280 


Boas,      fur 


960    •=•    24 


The  English  Standard  unit  of  long  measure  is  the  yard,  which  is  determined  from 
the  length  of  a  pendulum  vibrating  seconds  of  mean  time  in  vacuo  in  London  at 
the  level  of  the  sea.  The  measurement  is  made  on  a  brass  scale  at  a  temperature  of 
623  Fahrenheit.  The  length  of  the  pendulum  thus  measured  is  39  13929  Imperial 
inches;  the  length  of  the  standard  yard  is  36  inches  of  that  measurement  of  inches. 

The  United  States  standard,  of  which  the  State  standards  are  copies,  is  a  brass 
scale  82  inches  in  length  which  is  in  the  office  of  Weights  and  Measures  at  Washing, 
ton  ;  and  was  prepared  in  London  for  the  survey  of  the  coast  of  the  United  States. 
The  English  and  United  States  standards  are  identical. 


LENGTH   OF  A    PENDULUM  VIBRATING  SECONDS    AT  THE  LEVEL  OF  THE 
SEA  IN  VARIOUS  PLACES. 

Latitude    00°    00*    00"...  , 39.0152  inches 

Latitude    45°    00<    OU" 39.1270  inches 

Washington,  Latitude    38"    53'    23'1 39.0958  inches 


New  York,      Latitude    40° 
London,          Latitude    51° 


42'    40* 39.1017  inches 

31'    00" 39.1393  inches 


Stockholm,    Latitude    59°    21'    30'' 39.1845  incliee 


SURVEYORS  '  AND  ENGINEERS'  MEASURE. 


7.92  Inches  =  1  Link  Inches. 

25  Links  =  1  Rod  or  Pole  =  198 

4  Rods  =  1  Chain  =  792 

80  Chains  =  1  Mile  (Statute)  =  63,360 


Feet.  Kd».  Lies.        Rods. 

=          16  H=  5}$ 

=          66     =  22    =  100 

=     5,280    =  1,760     =  8,000     -=    330 


Engineers  use  another  chain  which  consists  of  100  links,  each  one  foot  long. 
MARINERS'  MEASURE. 


Feet 

Fathoms 

Cable-lengths 


1  Fathom 

1  Cable-length 

1  Mile 


Feet. 

720 

5,280 


FUts. 

880 


.'  Statute  mile 
1  Nautical  mile 
1  Equatorial  degree 


=     5280  feet 

=     6083.889568  fret 
=    60  Nautical  miles 


0.8675806    Nautical  mile 

1.1526306   Statute     mile 

69.1578372  Statute    miles 


The  nautical  term  knot  refers  to  a  division  of  the  log  line  which  is  used  to  ascer- 
tain a  vessel's  motion.  The  number  of  knots  which  run  off  the  reel  in  half  a 
minute  shows  the  number  of  miles  the  vessel  sails  in  one  hour.  When  a  vessel 
goes  eight  miles  an  hour  she  is  said  to  make  eight  knots.  (Nautical  miles) 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


CIRCULAR  MEASURE 

6«  Seconds  =  1  Minute  •''  ' 

6G  Minutes  =  1  Degree  =  3,600 

30  Degrees  =  1  Sign  *=  108,000  =  1,800 

12  Signs  =  1  Circle  =  1,296,000  =  21,600    =             300 

Every  circle,  large  or  small,  Is  divided  into  360  equal  parts,  called  degrees. 
A  degree  has  no  fixed  linear  extent;  it  is  always  the  360th  part  of  any  circle  to 
vhirh  it  is  applied. 

90*  =  a  Quadrant,  or  Right  Angle. 
60"  =  a  Sextant;  or  ',  of  a  circle. 

to 

TIME  MEASURE. 
80  Seconds  =  1  Minute  SECONDS.          MINUTES.  HOURS. 


60  Minutes 

= 

1  Hour 

=          3,600 

2*  Hour? 

= 

1  Day 

=         86,400  = 

1,440 

7  Days 

= 

1  Week 

=       604,800  = 

10,080    = 

1C8 

365  Days 

= 

1  Year 

=  31,536,000  = 

525,600     = 

8.  7  f* 

366  Days 

= 

1  Leap  year 

=  31,622,400  = 

527,040    = 

8.784 

The  time  in  -which  the  earth  makes  one  revolution  is  divided  into 
24  hours  and  2&&*  =  lo°  per  hour. 

RECKONING  TIME  FROM  LONGITUDE. 

To  reduce  longitude  iato  time,  divide  the  number  of  degrees,  minutes  and  teconds 
by  15;  the  quotient  is  the  time.  This  is  equivalent  to  finding  the  dillereuce  in  time 
between  a  designated  longitude  and  the  meridian. 

EXAMPLE  1— Reduce  the  longitude  of  San  Francisco  into  time. 

Solution.  122*  21'  531*  -=-  15  =  8  hours,  9  minutes,  39.5  seconds. 

To  fine1  the  difference  in  time  between  two  places  divide  the  difference  in  longitude 
by  15;  the  quotient  is  the  difference  in  time . 

EXAMPLE  2— Required  the  difference  in  time  between  New  York  and  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

Solution— Longitude  of  San  Francisco,  122*    24'    53" 

Longitude  of  New  York,  74*    00'    03* 

Difference  in  Longitude,  48*    24'    50* 

48*  24'  50"  -T-  15  —  3  hours,  13  minutes,  39H  seconds,  the  difference  in  time.  When 
it  is  12  M.  at  the  Russian  Hill  Observatory  in  San  Francisco,  it  is  3  hrs.  13  min.  39>i 
sec.  P.  M.  at  the  City  Hall  iu  New  York. 

TO  DETERMINE  LONGITUDE  FROM   TIME. 

FJCAMPLE  3— A  vessel  sails  from  New  York  to  Liverpool,  after  having  been  at  90? 
for  one  week,  the  difference  in  time  with  New  York  was  found  to  be  1  h.  51  m.  45  i. 
Required  the  longitude  from  New  York. 

Solution.  1  h.51  m.45s.  X  15  =  27°  56'  15*  from  New  York. 

>»—  . 

PENDULUMS. 

THB  lenrths  of  pendulums  for  different  vibrations  in  the  latitude  of  Washington  are 
S9  0938  in.  for  one  second;  9.774  in.  for  half  a  second; 4.344  in.  for  third  of  a  second; 
2  4435  in.  for  quarter  of  a  second.  At  the  equator,  N.  Y.,  Pans,  London,  and 
latitude  45  degrees,  the  pendulum  is  only  a  small  fraction  of  an  inch  shorter  o: 
longer  than  at  Washington. 

Time  Measure.— The  standard  unit  of  time  is  the  sidereal  day,  23  h.  56  m. 
4  09?  sec  in  solar  or  mean  time.  Sidereal  time  i»  the  period  which  elapses  between 
time  of  a  fixed  s'ar  being  in  meridian  of  a  place  and  time  of  its  return  to  that  place. 
Mean  solar  time  is  deduced  from  the  time  in  which  the  earth  revolves  on  its  axis,  as 
compared  with  th«  Bun,  making  365.242218  revolutions  in  a  mean  solar  or  Grego.-iaa 
year. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


431 


Apparent  time  is  shown  by  the  sun-dial,  and  is  deduced  from  observation; 
of  the  sun. 

The  solar  day  is  24  hours  3  minutes  56.555  sec.  in  sideral  time. 

The  civil  day  begins  at  midnight,  and  the  astronomical  day  at  noon  of  the 
civil  day,  12  hours  later. 

The  marine  day  begins  12  hours  before  civil  time  or  one  day  before  the 
astronomical. 

Solar  equinoctial,  tropical,  civil  or  calendar  year  is  the  time  in  which  the 
sun  returns  from  one  vernal  equinox  to  another,  and  its  average  time  is 
365.242218  solar  days,  or  365  days,  5  hours,  48  minutes,  and  47.6  seconds. 

The  mean  lunar  month  is  29 days,  12  h'rs,  44  min.,  2  seconds,  and  5.24  thirds. 

Gregorian  or  New  Style  is  now  adopted  by  all  Christian  countries  except 
Russia  and  Greece. 

Standard  time  for  the  five  divisions  of  the  U.  S.  went  into  effect  Nov.  18, 
1883.  When  the  sun  crosses  the  75th  meridian  at  Washington,  it  is  noon,  and 
the  difference  from  E.  to  W.  for  every  15  degrees  is  just  one  hour,  so  that  when 
it  is  noon  or  12  M.  in  New  York  it  is  8  A.  M.  in  San  Francisco. 

TIDES. 

The  elevation  of  a  tidal  wave  towards  the  moon  slightly  exceeds  that  of  the 
opposite  one,  and  the  intensity  of  it  diminishes  from  equator  to  the  poles. 
The  sun  by  its  action  twice  elevates  and  depresses  the  sea  every  day,  follow- 
ing the  action  of  the  moon,  but  with  less  effect.  Spring  tides  arise  from  the 
combined  action  of  the  sun  and  moon  when  they  are  on  the  same  side  of  the 
earth.  Neap  tides  arise  from  the  divided  action  of  the  sun  and  moon,  when 
they  are  on  opposite  sides  of  the  earth,  and  the  greatest  elevations  and  de- 
pressions do  not  occur  until  the  second  or  third  day  after  a  full  or  new  moon. 
When  the  sun  and  moon  are  in  conjunction,  and  the  time  is  near  the  equi- 
noxes, the  tides  are  highest.  The  mean  effect  of  the  moon  on  the  tidal  wave 
is  4.5  times  that  of  the  sun.  The  various  conformations  of  shores,  straits, 
cape;«,  rivers,  lengths  and  depths  of  channels,  shoals,  etc.,  disturb  the  general 
rules.  A  rolling  wave  20  feet  high  will  exert  a  force  about  one  ton  per  square 
foot.  The  action  of  waves  is  most  destructive  at  low  water  line.  Waves  of 
oscillation,  when  reflected,  will  produce  no  effect  at  a  depth  of  12  feet  below 
the  surface.  Waves  of  translation  are  nearly  as  powerful  at  a  great  depth  as 
at  the  surface.  The  semi-diurnal  or  free  tide  wave  is  produced  by  the  action 
of  sun  and  moon,  and  its  period  is  about  12  hours  and  21  minutes. 

Tides  and  Waves.— The  rise  of  water  which  takes  place  in  tidal  rivers  is 
not  due  to  the  direct  action  of  the  moon  on  their  waters,  but  in  consequence 
of  the  change  of  level  in  the  surface  of  the  ocean,  caused  by  the  tidal  wave 
passing  the  mouth  of  the  river.  The  direction  of  strong  winds,  as  well  as  the 
varying  pressure  of  the  atmosphere,  considerably  affects  both  the  times  and 
the  heights  of  high  water.  The  tidal  wave  in  the  deep  sea  is  merely  an  un- 
dulation; but,  when  shallow  seas  or  bays  are  reached,  the  movement  of  the 
water  is  discernible.  The  general  principle  is,  that  in  the  deep  sea  there  is 
a  quick  movement  of  the  wave  and  a  slow  movement  of  the  water;  in  the 
shallow  sea  there  is  a  slow  movement  of  the  wave  and  a  quick  movement  of 
the  water,  which  is  called  the  Tidal  Current.  Such  currents  have  much  to 
do  with  the  formation  of  bars  at  the  mouth  of  rivers.  Therefore,  unless  the 
harbor  engineer  have  a  full  knowledge  of  their  set  and  force,  and  of  their  con- 
junction with  or  opposition  to  Ocean  Currents,  his  plans  of  improvement 
may  be  rendered  abortive. 

THE  PLANETS. 


NAME. 

Diame- 
ter. 

Mean  Distance 
from  Sun. 

Least  Distance 
from  Earth. 

Greatest  Dis- 
tance 
from  Earth. 

No.  of  Days 
in  its 
Year. 

Mercury.  .  . 
Venus  
Earth  
Mars  

Miles. 
2,962 
7,510 
7,916 
4,920 
85,390 
71,904 
33,024 
36,620 

Miles. 
35,000,000 
66,000,000 
91,000,000 
139,000,000 
476,000,000 
872,000,000 
1,753,000,000 
2,746,000,000 

Miles. 
47,000,000 
23,000,000 

Miles. 
136,000,000 
160,000,000 

88 
225 
365 
687 
4,333 
10,759 
30,687 
60,127 

62,000,000 
419,000,000 
831,000,000 
1,746,000,000 
2,629,000,000 

245,000,000 
952,000,000 
1,014,000,0011 
1,929,000,000 
2,863,000,000 

Jupiter... 
Saturn  
Uranus.  .. 
Neptune... 

It  is  supposed  that  A*  Centauri,  one  of  the  brightest  stars  of  the  Southern 
Hemisphere,  is  the  nearest  fixed  star  to  the  earth.  Its  distance  from  the 
earth  is  reckoned  to  be  20,000,000,000  miles.  A  ray  of  light  from  this  star  is  3 
years  and  3  months  in  reaching  the  earth. 

Magnetic  Pole  is  nearer  to  the  U.  S.  by  1,400  miles  than  the  geographical 
pole,  and  is  the  pole  of  Aurora  Borealis  or  center  of  greatest  electrical  mani- 
festation. This  center  is  now  due  north  of  U.  S.,  but  is  constantly  changing 
from  E.  to  W.,  and  400  years  ago  was  near  Spitzbergen.  At  this  magnetic 
pole  the  compass  needle  refuses  to  perform  its  regular  function,  and  the  dip 
needle  in  a  vertical  plane  stands  straight. 


THK  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


SQUARE  OR  SURJ4CE  MEASURE. 

224     Square  Inches  (sq.  in.)  =  1  Square  Foot,  sq.  ft 

9     Square  Feet,  =  1  Square  Yard,  sq.  yd. 

30J£  Square  Yards,  =1  Square  Rod,  sq.  rd. 

or  Perch,  p. 

40      Square  Bods,  or  Perches  =  1  Rood,  r 

4      Roods,  =  1  Acre,  a. 

640      Acres  =  1  Square  Mile,  sp.  ni 

36      Square  Miles,  (6  miles  iiq.)  =  1  Township,  T 

16      Perches,  =  1  i^uare  Chain,  sq.  ch. 

10      Square  Chains,  =  1  Acre,  a, 

SQUARE  INCHES.   SQUARE  FEET.   SQUARE  YARDS.   SQUARE  RODS. 

1  Square  Foot  =  144 

I  Square  Yard  =  1,296=  9 

ISqmareBod  =  39,204=  272fc  =  30% 

1  Square  Chain  =  627,364=  4,356  -----  484    =                       16 

1  Rood  =  1,568,160-=  10,890  =  1,210    =                       40 

1  Acre  =  6,272,640-=  43,560  =  4,840    =                     160 

1  Square  Mile  =  4,014,489,600=  27,878,400  =  3,097,600    =              102,400 

1  Township  =144,521,625,600=1,003,622,400  =  111,513,600    =  3,686,400 

A  square,  as  used  by  mechanics,  is  10  feet  square,  or  100  sqi.are  feet. 

More  frequently  than  many  might  suppose,  square  inches  and  inches  square,  square 
feet  and  feet  square,  etc.,  are  regarded  as  being  of  no  difference.  By  9  feet  square 
is  meant  a  square  figure  each  side  of  which  is  9  feet;  but  by  9  square  feet  is  meant  9 
small  squares,  each  1  foot  long  and  1  foot  wide.  It  will  then  be  seen  that  there  is 
no  difference  between  1  foot  square  and  1  square  foot;  but  by  increasing  the  number 
»bove  1,  the  difference  rapidly  increases. 

The  difference  between  5  feet  square  and  5  square  feet  is  20  square  feet. 

Th*  difference  between  1,000  feet  square  and  1,000  square  feet  999,000  square  feet, 

CUBIC,  OR  SOLID  MEASURE. 

1,728      Cubic  Inches  =    1  Cubic  Foot. 

27      Cubic  Feet  =     1  Cubic  Yard. 

16      Cubic  Feet  =     1  Cord  foot. 

8      Cord  Feet  =     1  Cord  of  Wood. 
24%  Cubic  feet,  or  16  X  feet  long,  1  ^  feet ) 

high  and  1  foot  wide  f 

40      Cubic  Feet  of  round  timber,  or            \                 ,  _,      ,  ,    , 

50      Cubic  Feet  of  hewn  timber  }                    Ton  or  Load. 

A  cubic  yard  of  earth  is  called  a  load. 

A  square  of  earth  is  a  cube  ineasuriug  G  feet  on  each  side,  and  is  equivalent  to  21(J 
2ubic  feet. 

In  civil  engineering  the  cubic  yard  is  the  unit  to  which  estimates  for  excavations, 
embankments  and  levees  are  reduced. 

Jn  commerce,  the  cubic  foot  is  often  the  unit  on  which  charges  are  estimated  and 
made  for  freight,  the  space  occupied  being  measured. 

ORIGIN  OF  TROY  AND  AVOIRDUPOIS  WEIGHTS. 

From  the  time  of  William  I  to  Henry  VII  of  England,  the  standard  of  weight  wa» 
determined  by  the  weight  of  grains  of  wheat;  32  grains  taken  from  the  middle  of  the 
ear  and  well  dried,  made  the  weight  of  a  penny,  or  a  pennyweight,  20  pennyweights  an 
ounce,  and  12  ounces  a  pound.  Henry  VII  changed  this  weight  and  introduced 
another  pound  in  its  place,  which  was  %  of  an  ounce  heavier  than  the  old  pound. 
The  same  divisions  were  retained,  but  the  number  of  grains  in  a  pennyweight  was 
changed  to  24;  although  the  name  was  still  used,  it  had  no  reference  to  the  weight 
of  grains  of  wheat.  This  is  the  Troy  pound  of  the  present  time. 

Henry  VIII  introduced  another  weight,  for  the  purpose  of  weighing  meat  in  the 
market,  which  is  the  Avoirdupois  pound  of  the  present  time. 


WHKiHTS  AND  MEASURES 


433 


TROY  OR  MINT  WEIGHT. 

24  Grains  =       1  Pennyweight.  drains.  Pennyweights. 

20  Pennyweights  =      1  Ounce.  480 

12  Ounces  =      1  Pound.  =          5,760        =  240 

The  Troy  pound  is  the  standard  unit  of  weight  of  the  United  States  Mint.  It  is 
identical  with  the  Troy  pound  of  England  and  derives  its  name  from  Troy  Novant, 
the  ancient  name  of  the  city  of  London. 

The  Troy  pound  is  eqiiivalent  to  the  weight  of  22.79442  cubic  inches  of  distilled 
water.,  at  its  maximum  density,  or  22.8157  cubic  inches,  62*  Fahrenheit,  barom- 
eter at  30  inches,  in  both  cases. 

SIDE  OF  A.  SQUARE  CONTAINING  A  (JIVEN  NUMBER  OP  ACRE?,. 


Acres. 

Side. 

Acres. 

Side. 

Acres. 

Side. 

Acres. 

Side. 

Ft.     In. 

Ft.     In. 

Ft.     In. 

.F«.     In. 

1-640 

8      a 

3}$.. 

390      55$ 

10^.. 

838      2% 

175$. 

873      1« 

1-360 

11 

3  3-5 

396 

10}$.. 

676      3% 

17%. 

879      3% 

1-100 

16      6 

3%.. 

404      2 

10%.. 

684      3% 

18    . 

885      5% 

1-98 

22 

417      5 

11     .. 

692      2}$ 

18M. 

891      7% 

1-49 

33 

**'.'. 

430      3% 

UK.. 

700        % 

18}$. 

897      9% 

2-45 

44 

4*.. 

442      8% 

ii}$.. 

707      9!* 

18%. 

903      9 

5-72 

55 

4%.. 

454    1054 

1134.. 

715      5 

19    . 

909      9 

1-10 

M 

5     .. 

466      s'i 

12     .. 

722    11% 

19^. 

915      l\i 

*.. 

73      9,4 

•¥.. 

478      2% 

12^.. 

730      5% 

19}$. 

921      7* 

8-40 

99 

5}$.. 

489      5% 

12}$.. 

737    10% 

19%. 

927      6}< 

*.. 

104      4^ 

5%.. 

495 

123i.. 

745      2% 

20     . 

933      4% 

5-18 

110 

5%.. 

500      5% 

13     .. 

752      6% 

20^. 

939      2i£ 

%.. 

127      9% 

6     .. 

511      2% 

13^.. 

759      8% 

20M. 

944    10% 

2-5. 

132 

«!<.. 

521      9>< 

13}$.. 

766    10  K 

20%. 

950      8% 

*.. 

147      T 

6  2-5 

528 

13%.. 

773    11 

21     . 

956      5X 

%... 

165 

•  X,. 

532      1^ 

14     .. 

780    11  ^ 

21ii. 

962      2 

%.. 

180      9 

6%.. 

542      3 

14fc.. 

787    10^ 

21M. 

967      9 

%.. 

195      2% 

7     .. 

552      2% 

14  2-5 

792 

21%. 

973      4*4 

9-10 

198 

Tfc.. 

561    11  5« 

Mtf.. 

794      8% 

22     . 

978    10^ 

1.... 

308      8J$ 

7^.. 

571      6% 

14%.. 

801      6% 

22^. 

984      5% 

1M.. 

233      4^ 

7*.. 

581         }£ 

15     .. 

808      4 

22}$. 

990 

1*.. 

255      1\ 

8     .. 

590      3% 

1554.  . 

815        }j 

22%. 

995      5% 

13-5. 

264 

Bit.. 

599      5% 

15}*.. 

821      8^ 

23     . 

1000    10% 

1*... 

276      \\i 

85$.. 

608      5% 

15%.. 

828      3}$ 

23  J*. 

1006      4% 

2.  ... 

295      1% 

8%.. 

617      4'$ 

16     .. 

834    10^ 

2S}$. 

1011      9*< 

2*.'! 

313        % 

9    .. 

626      IX 

16}*.. 

841      4 

23%. 

1017      1J$ 

2*.. 

330 

9^.. 

634      9H 

16%.. 

847      9% 

24    . 

1022      5* 

2%.. 

346      1M 

9}$.. 

643      3% 

16%.. 

854      2^ 

24%. 

1027      9% 

3.... 

361      6 

9%.. 

651      8% 

17     .. 

860      6% 

24)$. 

1033        % 

3H.. 

376      3X 

10     .. 

660 

17i£.. 

866    10 

25  3-5 

1056 

The  number  of  acres  (a)  in  a  square  piece  of  ground  being  given  required  ike 
length  of  a  side  of  the  square  ia  feet  («). 

j/43560  X  a.  =  *. 

HILLS  IN  THE  AREA  OF  AN  ACRE. 


Feet 
Apart. 

Number. 

Feet 
Apart. 

Number. 

Feet 
Apart. 

Number. 

Feet 
Apart. 

Number. 

170 
151 
134 
108 
69 
48 
35 
27 

1 

1H 
2 
2M 
3 
3* 
4 
4X 

43560 
19360 
10890 
69(59 
4840 
3556 
2722 
2151       1 

5 
5* 
6 
6}$ 
T 
7J< 
8 
8}4 

1742 
1440 
1210 
1031 
889 
775 
680 
602 

9 
9* 
10 
16H 
12 
13 
14 
'     15 

538 
4SS 
435 
394 
302 
258 
225 
193 

16 
17 
19 
30 
25 
30 
36 
40 

434 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  .JKK/KH 


16 

16 

25 
4 
20 


Grains 

Drams 

Ounces 

Pounds 

Quarters 

Cwt. 


2?  Grains 

16  Drams 

16  Ounces 

112  Pounds 

20  Cwt. 


AVOIEDUPOIS  WEIGHT. 

SHORT  Tos. 
1  Dram  Grains.  Dram*. 


Ott. 


Lbt, 


1  Ounce 

=             437.5 

1  Pound 

=          7,000    = 

256 

1  Q'rter 

=      175,000     = 

6,400 

=         400 

1  Cwt. 

700,000    = 

25,600 

=     1,600 

=      100 

1  Ton 

=  14,000,000     = 

512,000 

=   32,000 

=  2,000 

=    80 

ENGLISH  OR  LONG  TON. 


1  Dram 
1  Ounce 
1  Pound 
ICwt. 
ITon 


Ozs. 


Grains.  Drams. 

437.5 

7,000  =  256 

784,000   =  28,672  =  1,792 

15,680,000   =  573,440  =  35.840 


Lbt. 


=     2,240 


The  avoirdupois  weight  of  the  United  States  and  England  areidentic.il.  They 
rest  in  fact  upon  existing  pieces  of  brass  which  have  been  declared  by  law  to  be 
the  units  of  the  system  ;  and  252.458  of  these  units  are  supposed  to  be  exactly  equal 
in  weight  to  a  cubic  inch  of  distilled  water  when  the  conditions  named  below  arc 
observed. 

1  cubic  inch  of  distilled  water  at  its  maximum  density  =  252.693  grains ;  or, 
252 .458  grains  62°  Fahrenheit,  barometer  at  30  inches  in  both  cases. 

1  cubic  loot  of  distilled  water  at  its  maximum  density  =  62.37907  pounds  Avoir- 
dupois  ;  or,  62.32104  pounds  Avoirdupois  62°  Fahrenheit,  barometer  at  30  inches  in 
both  cases. 

1  pound  Avoirdupois  =  27.7015  cubic  inches  of  distilled  water  at  its  maximum 
density;  or,  27. 7274  cubic  inches  6'J*  Fahrenheit,  barometer  at  30  inches  in  b  .ih 
cases. 


RELATIVE  VALUE  OF  AVOIBDUPOIS  AND  TROY  WEIGHTS. 


Avoirdupois  Ozs.  Beduced  to  Grains  ft  Troy  Weights. 


Troy  Ozs.  Seduced  to  Grains  &  Avcirdspcis  Weights.' 


AVOIRDUPOIS.      |            TBOY. 

TROY. 

AVOIRDUPOIS. 

Ozs. 

=    Grs.     =      Ozs. 

Pwts. 

Grs. 

Ozs.  =     Grs.    =  Ozs. 

Drna. 

Grs. 

1 

437  5 

18 

5.5 

1 

480 

1 

1 

15.15625 

2 

875 

1 

16 

11 

2 

960 

2 

3 

2.96875 

3 

1,312.5 

2 

14 

16.5 

3 

1.440 

3 

4 

18.12500 

4 

1,750 

3 

12 

22 

4 

1,920 

4 

6 

5.93750 

5 

2,187.5 

4 

11 

3.5 

5 

2,4t,0 

5 

7 

21:09375 

6 

2,625 

5 

9 

9 

6 

2,880 

6 

9 

8.90625 

7 

3,062.5 

6 

7 

14.5 

7 

3,360 

7 

K 

24.06250 

8 

3.500 

7 

5 

20 

8 

3.H40 

8 

12 

11.87500 

9 

3,937.5 

3 

4 

1.5 

9 

4.320 

9 

13 

27.03125 

10 

4,375 

9 

2 

7 

10 

4,sOO 

10 

15 

14.84375 

11 

4.812.5 

10 

12.5 

11 

5,C  80 

12 

1 

2.65635 

12 

5,250 

10 

18 

18 

12 

5,700 

13 

2 

17.81250 

13 

5,687.5 

11 

16 

23.5 

14 

6,125 

12 

15 

5 

15 

6,562.5 

13 

13 

10.5 

16 

7,000 

14 

11 

16 

Idram    Avoirdupois      =     27^  or  27.34375  grains. 
1  pound  Avoirdupois      =     '  4 f  of  1  pound  Troy. 
1  ounce  Avoirdupois      =     i  9  <•  of  1  ounce  Troy 


WKKMI-TS  A  XI)  MEASURES  435 

APOTHECARIES'  WEIGHT. 

20  Grain*—  (gr.)  1  Scruple        =       gr.              £ 

3  Scruples—  (^)  1  Dram                         60 

8  Drains—  (z.)  1  Ounce          =          480    =      24 

12  Ounces—  (3)  1  Pound           =      5,760     =    288        =    96 

The  grain,  the  ounce  and  the  pound  of  this  weight  are  the  same  as  those  of  Troy 
weight. 

MEDICAL  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  GALLON. 
60  Minims—  (M)  1  Fluidram  M       f  z  f  5 

SFluidrams—  (f  z.)        =  1  Fluldounce        =        480 

16  Fluidounces  —  (f  5)    =  1  Pint  =     7,680  =      128 

8  Pints—  (O)  1  Gallon  (Cong.)  =    61,440  =  1,024  =  128 

O  is  an  abbreviation  of  octans,  the  Latin  for  one-eighth;  Cong,  for  oongiarium,  the 
Latin  for  gallon  . 

1  Common  teaspoonfal  =  45  drops. 

1  Common  teaspoon!'  ul  =  %  common  tablespoonful     =    1  fluidram. 

1  Common  tablespoonful  =  %  common  teacup     =    about  J$  fluidounce. 

1  Common  teacup  =  about  4  fluidouuces. 

1  Pint  of  water  =  about  1  pound. 

Be  is  an  abbreviation  for  recipe,  or  take;  £  aa.,  for  equal  quantities;  j.  for  1;  ij.  for 
2;  iij.  for  3;  *s.  for  semi,  or  half;  gr.  for  grain;  P  f  or  particula,  or  little  part;  P.  »q. 
for  equal  parts;  q.  p.,  as  much  as  you  please. 

LIQUID  MEASURE. 

Gallant. 


4      Gills 

=        IPint 

Gills. 

Pints. 

Quarts. 

2     Pints 

=        1  Quart 

8 

4     Quarts 

=        1  Gallon 

32     = 

8 

31  H  Gallons 

=        1  Barrel 

1,008     = 

252     = 

126 

2     Barrels 

=        1  Hogshead      — 

2,016     = 

504     = 

252 

63 
The  United  States  standard  unit  for  liquid  measure  is  the  gallon  =231  cubic  in- 

ches =8.  3388822  pounds  of  the  standard  pound  avoirdupois  of  distilled  water. 
The  English  standard  is  the  Imperial  gallon  =277.  2738  cubic  inches=  10  pounds 

avoirdupois  of  the  standard  pound  avoirdupois  of  distilled  water. 
In  gome  States  the  barrel  is  estimated  at  31  %  gallons,  and  in  others  at  32.28. 

DRY  MEASURE. 

2  Pints  1  Quart  Pints.  Quarts. 

8  Quarts  1  Peck  16 

4  Pecks  1  Bushel  64  32 

The  United  States  standard  unit  for  dry  measure  is  the  old  English  Winchester 
bushel,  and  contains  2,150.42  cubic  inches  or  77.627413  pounds,  of  the  standard 
pound  avoirdupois  of  distilled  water. 

The  heaped  bushel,  the  cone  of  which  is  6  incites  above  the  brim  of  tho  measure, 
contains  2,747  .  7  cubic  inches. 

In  New  York  a  bushel  contains  2,218.191  cubic  inches,  which  is  the  same  as  th« 
Imperial  bushel  of  England.  33  English  or  Imperial  bushels  are  equal  tj  34.04 
Winchester  or  United  States  bushel* 


436 


THE  GKEAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


WHEAT  GKADES. 

vVei^ht,  color  and  cleanliness  are  the  principal  considerations  in  determining  the 
grade  of  wheat. 

The  word  club  is  used  in  America  and  other  countries  to  designate  a  kinder  species 
of  wheat,  but  in  Liverpool  it  is  used  only  to  designate  the  best  quality  or  the 
highest  grade,  and  in  that  market  any  kind  or  specits  of  wheat  of  the  quality  of 
the  grade  is  called  Club  Wheat. 

In  Liverpool  the  grades  are  Club  and  Average,  and  buyers  are  further  guided  by 
subdivisions  of  these  grades. 

LIVERPOOL  WHEAT  GRADES. 


Grades. 

Tirst  Division. 

Seco 

nd  Division. 

Weight  ptr 
Bushel. 

Color.. 

Cleanliness. 

No. 

Name. 

No. 

Name. 

No. 

f 

1 

Choice  

1 

63     Ibs. 

i  Extra  ) 

Clean. 

. 

\  White  f 

"1 

2 

Common.  | 

1 
2 

63     Ibs. 
63     Ibs. 

While.... 
Light  

Clean. 
Clean. 

f 

1 

63     Ibs. 

Dark  

Clean.       [other  grain 

1 

Choice..  .  .  -j 

3 

63     Ibs. 
60     Ibs. 

Dark  
Light  

Mixed  with  dust  and 
Clean. 

2 

Average.. 

I 

4 

60     Ibs. 

Dark  

Clean-      [other  grain. 

f 

1 

60     Ibs. 

Dark  

Mixed  with  dust  and 

2 

Common,  j 

2 

67J.S  Ibs. 

Light  

Clean. 

1 

3 

57  >£  Ibs. 

Dark  

Clean,      [other  grain. 

1 

4 

57  %  Ibs. 

Dark  

Mixed  with  dust  and 

In  some  of  the  wheat-growing  districts  of  California  buyers  have  introduced  thre* 
grades,  which  have  been  adopted  only  to  a  limited  extent,  they  are: 

1.  Weight,  63  pounds;  Color,  light;  Clean. 

2.  Weight,  62  pounds;  Color,  dark;  Clean. 

3.  Weight,  57i  pounds;  Color,  dark;  Mixed  with  dust  and  other  grain. 

TUR  ENGLISH  QUARTER.  -The  English  Quarter,  at  which  wheat  is  quoted  in  the 
English  reports,  is  560  pounds,  or  one-fourth  of  the  ton  gross  weight  of  2,240  pounds. 
The  English  legal  bushel  is  70  pounds,  and  consequently  8  of  those  bushels  is  a- 
quarter — equal  to  9J  of  our  statute  bushels  of  60  pounds. 

WEIGHT  OF  GRAIN,  PRODUCE,  ETC.,  PER  BUSHEL. 

Minimum  Weight  according  to  the  Laws  of   the   United    States. 

Wheat per  bushel 

Corn,  in  the  ear.. 
Corn,  shelled 


Buckwheat 

Barley 

Oats 

Peas 

White  Beans 

Castor  Beans 

Irish  Potatoes 

Sweet  Potatoes... 

Onions 

Turnips 

Dried  Peaches 

Dried  Apples 


eoibg 

70  Ibs 
56  Ibs 
561bs 
48  Ibs 
481bs 
32  Ibs 
60  Ibs 
60  Ibs 
46  Ibs 
60  Ibs 
55  Ibs 
57  Ibs 
55  lb> 
33  Ibs 
26  Ibs 

Clover  S«ed  perb 
Flax  Seed  

ushel.  .80  Ibs 
..56  Ibs 
-.50  Ibs 
.  .50  Ibs 
..45  Ibs 
..44  Ibs 
..44  Ibs 
.  167  Ibs 
.151  Ibs 
..48  Ibs 
.  .24  Ibs 
..38  Ibs 
..20  lb» 
..801b» 
..30  lbs 

Millett  Seed  

Hungarian  Grass  Seed 
Timothy  Seed  

Blue  Urass  Seed  

Fine  Salt  

Salt,  coarse  

Corn  Meal  

Malt  

Bran  

Stone  Coal  

Lime,  unslacked  
Plastering  Hair  

The  number  of  I'nited  States  bushels  in  a  quanty  of  grain  is  equal  to  its  measure- 
ment in  cubic  inches  divided  by  2,150.42. 

EXAMPLE  1.  Required  the  number  of  bushels  in  a  bin  even  full  of  grain  the  in- 
side dimtosions  being— length,  12  feet;  width,  7  feet  5  inches;  depth,  6  feet  6  iiicnes. 

Jf»l«*i<m.     Heduce  to  inches.    144x89x78-^-2150.42^464.8(1  bushels. 

In  nie*»«r.'ng  fruit,  vegetables  and  other  substances,  the  "heaped  bushel  "  is  the 
me-ienrecnent;  for  this  divide  the  number  of  cubic  inches  by  2,747." 

Note. — For  bins  of  wheat  where  machinery  causes  jar,  add  6°/0  to  9°/0  to 
tk«  aboYw  solution.  Still  bias  filled  with  No.  1  wheat,  add  2^%. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


437 


•Foreign  Weights  and  measures  in  IT.  S.  Kquivalents. 


Abyuinia.* 

1  Pic,  stambouili...26.8  ins. 
1  Pic,  geometri'l...  30.37    " 
1  Wakea                    400  grs 

Argentine  Republic.  ?t 

1  Pie.  11.3736  ins=0.9478ft 
1  Vara    34.12  ins 

1  Guz,  Bombay  27  ins. 

1    "     Bengal  36    " 

1  Corah,  minim  3.417tt. 
1  Coss,  Bengal  1.136  mi. 

1  Legua        3.266  ft. 

1  Mocha  1  oz.,  troy 
1  Rottolo           10  ozs.  troy 

1  Arroba  .        .  ...25.36  Ibs 

1     "    Calcutta.  ..1.2273    " 
1  Kutty  9.8175  sq.  yds. 

1  Quintal               101  42  " 

1  Madega  3,466  bush. 
1  \rdeb                :>4  66  bush 

1  Biggah,  Bengal  

1  Suertes  de  Estancia  
27  000  sq  varas 

.'.0.3306  acre 

1  Ardeb-Musah...  83.184  " 
Africa,      Alexandria. 
Cairo  ami  Kgypt. 

1  Cubit                    '"0  65  ins 

1  Biggah,  Bombay  

1  Baril                ^0  0787  gals 

0.8114  acre 

L  Fanega  1.5  bush. 

1  Seer,  Factory..0.68  cu.  in. 
1  Covit,  Bombay  

Anfttralasia. 

1  Land  Section  80  acres 
AuNtria.f 

1  Zoll  1.0371  ins. 
1  Fuss  1.0371  fc. 

1  Derah  25.49    " 
1  Pic                       21  25   " 

12.704  cu.  ft. 

1  Maund,  Bombay  

1  Pic,  geometric..  .'29.t3    " 
1  Kassaba  11.65  ft. 
1  Mile  2,146yds. 

28  Ibs.  avoir. 
1  Maund,  Bengal  
82.285  Ibs.  avoir. 

1  Feddan  al-risach  
55248  acre 
1  Feddan  1.03  acres 

1  Jochart  6.884  sq.   " 
1  Klafter,  quadrat  
35.854  sq.   " 

1  Candy,  Bombav  
560  Ibs.  avoir. 
1  Seer,  Bombay  1.234  pt. 

1  Rottol  9S21  Ib. 
1  Oka  2.7235  Ibs. 

1  Cube  Fuss  1.1155  cu.  ft. 

1  Mooda  112.0045    " 

1  Roobak  1.684  gals. 

1  Pfund  1.2347  Ib. 

Liquids  and  grain  meas- 
ured by  weight. 
Bohemia. 
1  Foot,  Prague  11.88  ins. 
1    "     Imperial  ...12.45  " 
Also  same  as  Austria. 
Bolivia,  Chile  and 
Pern.t 
1  Vara                   33  367  ine 

1  Maragha  15°orl  hr. 

1  Centner  123.  47  Ibs. 
I  Achtel                1  692  gals 

Aleppo  and  Syria. 

IDra  Mesrour  21.845  ins. 
1  Pic      26.63  " 

1  Viertel  3.1143    " 

1  Eimer      12.774    " 

I  Metze              1  6918  bush 

Road  measures  are  com- 
puted by  time. 
Algeria.* 
1  Rob  (Turkish)  3.11  ins. 
1  Pic  (Arabic)  18.89   " 
1  Pic  (Turkish)....  24.92   " 
Alicante,  Spain. 
1  Palmo  8.908  ins. 
1  Vara                ..  3">  632    " 

Baden. 

1  Fuss  11.81  ins, 

1  Klafter  5.9055  ft. 

1  Ruthe  9  8427  " 

1  Fanegada  1.5888  acres 
1  Libra                     1.014  Ib. 

1  Stunden  4,860  yds. 

1  Morgen  0.8896  acre 

1  Arroba                 25  36  Ibs 

1  Pfund  1.1023  Ibs. 
1  Stutze  3.3014  gals. 
1  Malter  4.1268  bush. 

1  Quintal  101.61  " 
1  Fanega,  Peru.140  Cas.  " 
1  Gallon                   0  74  gal 

Am»terdam,  Holland. 

1  Voet  11.  144  ins. 

Barbary  State*. 

1  Pic,  Tunis  linen.18.02  ins. 

t  Faiiega  1.572  gals. 

Brazil. 

1  Palmo,  Bahia...  8.5592  ins. 

1E1  21.979  " 

1    "    Tripoli       ...21.75  " 

1  Faden  5.57  ft. 

Bavaria  f 

1  Fuss  11.49  ins. 

IBraca  7.132  " 

1  Geora  1.448  acre 

1  Morgen  2.0095    " 

1  Klafter  5.74536  ft. 
1  Ruthe  3.1918  yds. 

1  Arroba  32.38  Ibs. 
1  Quintal  130.06  Ibs.  avoir. 

Km  in  .  -ill  . 

1  Paulgat  1  in. 

I  Vat                    40  cub  ft 

Antwerp,  Belgium. 

I  Meile          8  060    " 

1  Ruthe  quadrat  

1  Elle  (Cloth)  26.94    " 
1  Bonnier  3.2507  acres 

10.1876  sq.  yds. 
1  Morgan  (Tagwerk)  
0.8410  acre 

1  Dain  4.277  vds. 
1  Viss  3.6  Ibs. 
1  Taim            55  " 

Arabia    (Mocha)     and 
Baaoria,  Turkey.; 

1  Foot,  Arabic  1.0502  ft. 
1  Covid,  Mocha  19  ins. 
IGuz  25  " 

1  Kubic  Klafter  
...4.097  cu.  vds. 

ISaading  22  " 
Also  same  as  England. 
Canary  Inland*. 

1  Onza                      0.927  in. 

1  Pfund     8,642  grs. 

1  Eimer  15.05856  gals. 
1  Soheffel  (dry).  ..6.119  gals 
1  Metze  1.0196  bush. 

1  Pic,  Castilian...ll.l28  ins. 

1  Kassaba  12.3  ft. 
1  Mile,  6.000  ft.     2,146  yds. 
1  Farsakh               5  2.80  '  ' 

Belgium  and    II?  l- 
land.t 

1  Fanegada          .  .0.5   " 

1  Libra  1.0148  Ib. 

IBaryd  21,120  " 

1  Last  85.134  bush. 

Cape   of  Good    Hope. 

1  Feddan  57,600  sq.  ft. 
1  Noosfia  Arabic    

Bengal,  Bombay    and 
Calcutta. 

1  Moot        Sins. 

1  Morgen  2.11654  acres 
Ceylon. 

1  Seer              1  qt. 

138  cu  ins 

IMaund  3  Ibs. 
1  Tomand                  168   " 

1  Span  9   " 
1  Ady,  Malabar...  .10.46   " 
IHath  18    " 

1  Parrah  5.62  gals. 

1  Gudda  2  gals. 

Alxi)  name  as  England. 

*  Also  same  as  Egypt  and  Cairo,  t  Also  Metric  System.  J  Other  measures  like 
those  of  Egypt;  see"  Africa,  etc.  §  Includes  Bueno*  Ayres,  Paraguay,  Uruguay, 
and  Patagonia.  J  All  other  measures  same  as  English. 


438 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEXF.H 


Foreign  Weights  and  measures,  Etc.— Continued. 


China. 

1  Fen  0.141  in. 

France. 

See  Index  for  Metric  Sys- 
tem. 
Germany.* 

The  old  measures  of  each 
State  differ;  but  generally, 
1  Foot  Rhineland  
12.357  ins. 

1  Foot,  Architects'  11.73  ins. 
1  Braccio                30  73    " 

1  Li  (small)  0.486  " 

1  Miglio                 16'7S  vds 

1  Tsun  1.41  " 

1  Chin,  engineers'  12.71  ins. 
1     "     or  Covid...  13.125  " 
1     "     legal  14.1  " 
1  Pu  4.05  ft. 

I.MI-.  :t    and    Tuscany. 

1  Palmo  11.49  ins. 

IPie  1194    " 
1  Braccio  22.98   " 

1  Li  (large)  486  " 
13-18-t-Chang  1  mile 

1  Meile  4.603  miles 
Greece.* 
1  Pike  27  ins 

I  Passo  5.74  " 
1  Miglio  1.0277  mile 

1  Chang,  fathom.,10.9375  ft. 
1  Li  (sq.  meas.)...7.26  sq.  " 
1  Hao(sq.  meas).72.6  "    " 
1  Pu  or  Kung  (sq.  meas.) 

1  Stadium  0.6155  mile 
1  Stremma  ...       .  ..  %acre 

1  Saccato     1.324    " 

Japan.* 

1  Shi  0.00011S7.1  in. 
1  Mo    10  Shi    .O.OOll^T.7)  •• 

1  Livre  "f.l  Ib. 
lOke  2.8  Ibs. 

1  Fen  (sq.  meas.  j  726  sq".  ft. 
1  Mu  or  Mau  (sq.  meas.) 

1  Cnntar        .       ..123.2  " 

1  Rill     10  Mo      0  011875  " 

1  Baril  (wine)  l«.3:;gals. 
1  Kilo  1.0'J4  bush. 

1  Bu—  10  Riu  0.11875  " 
1  Sun—  10  Bu  1.1875  " 

1  King,  100  Mu  16,485  acres 
1  Fen  (avoir.)  5.8333  grs. 
1  Tsein  (avoir.)..58.333   " 
1  LiangorTael  1.333  oz. 
1  Kin  or  Cattv     ..    1%  Ib 

Hamburg.* 

1  Fuss  11.2788  ins. 

1  Ki—  10  Sun  11.875  ins. 
1  Kivoka-shakutll.875  " 
1  Kuji  a-shakuj  14.84375  ins 
I  Ken—  6Ki....5ft.  lUi  " 
1  Go—  10  Ki  9  ft.  10%  " 
1  Cho  1.06%  mil* 

I  Klafter  5.6413  ft. 

1  Morgan  2.386  acres 
1  Cube  Fuss  0.8311  cu.  ft 
I  Tehr                99.73  cu  ft. 

1  Tan  or  Picul       133%  Ibs 

1  Tau      .    .              1.13  gal 

1  Pfund  .               1  10232  Ib 

1  Ri  (marine)  1.1507    " 
1  Ri  (long  meas.)  2.4403  ms. 
1  Tsuboisq.)..3.9538sq.  yds. 
1  Tan  (sq.)  0.2451  acre 

NOTE  —  In   the  coast  towns   or 
China  these  weights  are  called  by 
their  Malay  n«mes.  Til.  :  Oanrtar'en 
(tor  Feu  I,   Mace  (for  Tslen).  Tael 
[for  Llanul,  Oatty  (for  Kin),  and 
Picnl  (f-r  Tan). 
Coebln  China 
1  Thuoc  or  Cubit.  ..19.2  ins. 

1  Ton  .   .           ...2135.8  IDS. 

Hanover. 

1  Cho  (sq.)  2.4507  acres 

Illndostan. 

1  Borrel  1.211  in. 

1  Ri  (sq  )  5.9552     " 

1  Shi  (avoir)  0.005833  gr. 
1  Mo,  10  Shi"  ...0.05S333  " 
1  Rin,  10  Mo  "  ...0.58333  " 
1  Fun,  10  Rin  "  ..5.8333  gr». 
1  Momme        "  ....58%  " 
1  Kin  or  Catty  "  if-ilb. 
1  Kwan  (avoir.)  8.28171  Ibi. 
1  Picul        "        130  " 
1  Sai  (liquid).  ...0.012706  gill 
1  Shaku"    0.12706  " 
1  Go,  10  Shaku  (liquid)... 
1  2706  gill 

1  Gerah  2.387  ins. 

1  Haut  19.08    " 

1  Tael  (Trov)  590.75  grs. 
1  Hen  (avoir.)  0.8594  Ib. 
I  Hao                    6  222  gals 

1  Kobe   29.065    " 

1  Coss  3.65  miles 

1  Tuda  1.184  cu.  ft. 

1  Bhita                 12  444    " 

1  Candy  14.209  '•    " 

Colombia   and    Vene- 
sa«la.* 

1  Vara                  33  384  ins 

Hungary. 

1  Fuss  12.  445  ins 

1  Elle  30.67  " 

1  Libra  1.0161  Ib. 

1  Meile  8297  vds 

1  Oiicha  25  IDS. 

Denmark,            Green- 
laiKl.     Iceland     and 
JKorway.* 

1  ^rnme  1.0297  in. 
1  rod  1.0297  ft. 

lOka  3.0817  Ibs. 
1  Oka  (liquid).,.  .2.5  pints 
Indian  Empire. 

1  Ady,  Malabar.  ...10.46  ins. 
IGuz  27.125  " 
1  Yard.  Benares  33  " 
I  Cowrie  1  sq.  vd. 

1  Sho,  10  Go  (liq.)  1.5881  qt. 
1  To,  10  Sho  (liq.)  3,9703  gaL 
1  Koku,  10  To  (liquid)  
39.7033  gals. 
1  Sai  (drv)  0.003229136  pt. 
1  Shaku,"  10  Sfti  (drv)  
0.03229136  pt. 

1  Favn,    3  Alen...  6.1783  " 
1  Mil    ..     .          4.6<<065m's 

I  Sen  (cubic)  61.0254  cu.'in. 
1    "     (avoir).  ...2.204737  Ibs. 

1  Go,  10  Shaku  (drv  meas- 
ure)     0.3229136  pt. 

1  Mil,  nautical...4.61072  " 
1  Fund  1.1023  Ib. 

See  separate  provinces. 
Italy.* 
The  metric  system  is  in  use, 
the  Italian  names  of  which 
are:    Mctra.    Ara,    Litro. 
Gramma,  Stero,    Tondata 
de  Mare. 
Kaples  and  Sicily. 
1  Palmo                10  3^1  inc 

1  Sho,  10  Go  (drv  meas- 
ure)                  1  614568  qt. 

1  Lispund         ....17.367  Ibs. 

1  Centner       110.11  " 

1  To,  10  Sho  (dry  meas 
ure)  2.01S21  pecks 

1  Anker  8.0709  gals. 

1  Skeppe        ..  ..0478  bush. 

1  Koku,  10  To  (dry  meas- 
ure)             5  045525  bush. 

1  Fjerdmgkar...0.9o5S    " 
1  Tonde            3  94783    " 

Java. 

1  Puim                 1.3  in. 

Genoa,  Sardinia    and 
Turin. 

1  Oncie        .  .       .1.6^6  in. 

I  Kll  ..                27.0-<ins. 

1  Canna                   0  9°1  ft    I  Dions:  1.015  acres 

1  Palmo  9.8076  ins. 
1  Piede,  Manual..l3.488  " 
1  Piede,  Liprando  
20.23  ins. 
1  Trabuco,  Tesa  10.113  ft. 
1  Miglio  1.3835  mile 

1  Miglio  1.U06  mile 
1  Migliago  0.7467  acre 
1  Moggia  086    " 
1  Pezza,  Roman..0.6529    " 
KOIIIMII  States, 
Old  Measure. 
1  Palmo  8.347  ins 
1  Foot  11.592   " 

1  Cattv  1.356  Ib. 
1  Tael    5936grains 

il  Sach                  ..61.034  IbB. 

jl  Pecul       122.068  " 

1  Pecul  (Batavia)..135.1  " 
il  Foot         "         12.357  ins. 
1  Covid       "         27 
1  El              "          27.75     " 

1  Giomaba  0.9394  acie 
1  Starello  0.9804    " 

*Also  Metric  System,    f  Used  for  measuring  land,    t  For  measuring  cloth. 

S   AM)   MEASURES 


439 


Mexican  Weights  and  Measures. 

MARINERS'  MEASURE. — The  Braza  (used  for  making  soundings)  =  2  varas  of 
burgos,  =  1.6718  metre.  2,220  varas  of  burgos  =  1  marine  mile  ;  3  marine  miles 
(or  6,660  varas  of  burgos)  =  1  marine  league. 


Mexican  Land  or  Square  Measure. 

Equivalents  Metric. 

Equivalents  English 
Square  Measure. 

=      0.702244  sq  metr 

=      3.5663  hectares. 
=    42.7953         " 
=  101.223136     " 
=  195.06  7-9      " 
=  438.9025         " 
=  780.27  1-9      " 
=1755  61 

=  1,089.  sqr.  inches 

=         8.813  acres. 
=     105.75      " 
=     249.9        " 
=     482.          M 
=  1084.5        «' 
=  2928.          « 
=  4338.          " 

1-12    Caballeria    or 
276x184  varas  

1104x552  varas  

=  1  Fanega  legal  de 
sembradura   de 

=  1    Caballeria    de 
tierra  

1,200  Varas  gqnar-e  .  . 
H  Legua  square  

\        "       - 
%        "       «       ..... 
'*        .... 

=  1     Fundo     legal 
para  pueblos.  .. 
=  1  Criadero  de  ga- 
nadomenor  
=  1  Criadero  de  ga- 
nado  mayor  
=  1  Sitio  de  ganado 
menor  

=•  1  Sitio  de  ganado 
mayor  

NOTE.— The  fanega  of  land  was  divided  Into  almudes  and  cuarteroties,  as  the  fanegm 
of  grain  was  divided  (.see  dry  measures  below).  The  fanega  rural  was  twice  the  fanega 
legal. 


MEXICAN  (OLD) 

DPT  MEASURE. 

Equivalents  Metric. 

Eng.  Dry  Measure. 

1-10  Almud  

—  1  Copa  

—     0.472994    litre 

.  .     0  833  pint 

j£         " 

—  1  Cuartilla(id.id) 

—     0.945988     " 

=  .   .  0  833  quart 

%        " 

—     1.891977     " 

—         i  065     " 

1-12  Fanega  

—  1  Al'd  or  celemiu 

=      7.567907  litres 

=  ....0.833  peck 

1  ,200  Cubic  puigadas 

—  1  Fanega  

—    90.814888     " 

—  ....2  498  bushels 

14,400    " 

=  1  Cargu  

=  181.629775      " 

=  4.996      " 

MEXICAN  (OLD) 

OIL  MEASURE. 

Equivalents  Metric. 

English 
Liquid  Measure. 

%  Cuartillo  

—  Panilla   

.=    0.12654    litre 

—  0.89  ....  gill  . 

£      ••        

=  1  Libra-mensural 

=    0.506162     " 

=  0  89  ....  pint     ... 

25  Cuartillos  

=  1  Arroba-mensu'l 

=  12.65405    litres 

=  2.785  gallons. 

MEXICAN  LIQUID  MEASDBE. 
(Excepting  Oil.) 

Equivalents  Metric. 

English 
Liquid  Measure. 

)4  Cuartillo  

=  1  Medio  Cuartillo 
—  1  Cuartillo 

=  0.22815  litre 
=  0.4563      " 
=  1.825 
=  3.65       litres 

=  1.01  ....  gill  
—  0  805         pint 

2    Medio  cuariillos. 
Q    Cuartillos  
8           "           

=  1  Azumbre  
=  1  Galon  

=  1.61  ....  quart.  ... 
=  0.805  gallon.. 

NOTE.— The  cantara  was  given  as  1  arroba  of  32  cuariillos.  The  bo/ija  orjarra 
was  given  as  '3d  cuartillos  ;  it  wns  also  given  (in  some  districts)  as  18  cuariillos,  or  one- 
ninth  part  of  the  barrll  medido,of  16-  cuartillos.  Various  smaller  barri/es  were  also 
given,  down  to  140  cuartillox.  The  castafkil  wasM  of  a  barril.  The  name  cuarterota 
suggests  ]4  of  a  tonelwla  weight. 


Mexican  (old)  Kunning 
Water  Measure. 

Equivalents  Metric. 

English 
Cubic  Measure. 

1-9  Dedo  
%  Real   

=  1  1'aja  
=  1  Dedo.   ... 
=  1  Keal  
=  1  Narauja.. 
=  1  Surco  
=  1  Buey  

=     0.015    litre  per  sec. 
=     0.135 
=     0.27%       " 
=      2.161    litres         " 
=     6.5 
=  312. 

=    0.00053  cubic  fc.  per  sec. 
—    0.00478     " 
=    0.00956     '  
=    0.0765      " 
*=    0.23 
=  11.02     cubic  feet      " 

!j  Xaranja  
%  Surco  

1-48  Buey  
•  1  Square  vara. 

*  1  Square  vara=33  x  33  ins.-=I.OS9  square  ins.    A  fall  of  1  pulgada  to  every  1  varaa 
box  tunning  full, but  no  head  was  required. 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEK/KH 


The  following  table  gives  the  principle  old  weights  based  oh  the  libra, =460.24634 
grammes.  The  ca-ga,  was  sometimes  taken  as  14,  and  at  other  times  as  16  arrobas, 
in  weighing  metals. 


MEXICAN  WEIGHTS, 
\rith  Relative  Equivalents. 

Equivalents. 
Metric. 

Equivalents. 
Avoirdupois. 

1-36  Adarine... 
f-48Onza  
1-16  Oiiza  
1-8    Oiiza  

.  =1  Grauo  
.  =1  Toinin  

=            0.04994  gramme 
=            0.5993         " 
=            1.7978 
=            3.5957  gra'rues 
=          28.765 
=        230.123 
=        460.246 
=   11,506.00 
=   46,025.00 
=  138,074.00 
=  920,493.00 

=     0.77      grain. 
=     9.26     grains. 
=  27.8       grains. 
=  55.6       grains. 
=    1.0150  ounce.  • 
=    0.5075  pound.  ' 
=     1.0150  pound.  ' 
=   25.4        pounds.- 

.  =1  Adarnie  

1-16  Libra  

.  =1  Oiiza  

1-2   Libra.... 

.  =1  Marco  

1       Libra  ... 
25      Libras... 

.  —  2  Marcos  

100    Libras... 
12     Arrobas.. 
2000  Libras... 

—  1  Quintal 

.  =1  Carga  (most  goods) 
.  =1  Toueladademar..  . 

=304.4        pounds. 
=     0.90f>    tun. 

The  unit  of  long  measure  was  the  "  Mexican  I'aara,"  \  of  1  per  cent,  longer  than 
the  "vara  of  Burgos."  The  "Mexican  vara,"  as  fixed  by  law  now,=83B  milli- 
meters. 


MEXICAN  LINEAB  OB  LONG  MEASCBE. 

Equivalents.              -Equivalents. 
Metric.              Eng.  Long  Measure. 

1-12  Linea  —  1  Pimto  .  ._    . 

-       O.OC016    m€ 

jtre   =    O.OOG4  inch. 
,=     0.0763     ' 
=     0.687 
=     O.'.IKJ 
=     8.25      inches. 
=  11.00 
=  33.00 
?tres  =  137.5       feet. 
;tres  =    2.  CO     mi  Us. 

1  I'7  Pul«ada 

=       0.00194 
=       0.017458 
=       0.0232  7-9 
0.2095 

1-48  Vara 

—  1  Decio            

1  12  Pie 

—  1  Pulgada 

1-4    Vara      .  .     . 

—  1  Palmo 

1-3    Vara  

=  1  Pie  
=3  Pies  

=       0.279  1-3 
=       0.838 
=     41.9            in< 
—  4190.            m< 

50     Varas 

—1  Horrlfl 

5000  Varas  '  —  1  Legua  .  .  . 

Madras,    India. 

1  Ady  (L  meas.)._10.46  ins. 
1  Covid  (1.  meas.)  18.6    " 
1  Guz  (long  meas.)  ..33   " 
ICuly         '     "       20.92ft. 
1  League  "     "     8472  yds. 
1  Tola  (avoir,  wt.)  180  grs. 
ISeer       "       "      .626  Ib. 
1  Visa       "        "  1.086  Ibs. 
1  Maund  "        "  24.686  " 
1  Candy  "       M       500  " 
1  Puddy  (liquid)  0.338gaL 
1  Marcal      "      2.704  gals. 
Malacca. 
1  Hasta  or  Covld,18.12Mns. 
IDepa  6ft. 
1  Orlong  80  yds. 
Malta 
1  Palmo  10.8125  In*. 
IPie  11.167  " 
1  Cann»..._._.._    82.5  " 
1  Sal  ma...  4.44  acres 
91  iAcel  laneon  v 
1  Centner,  Darmstadt... 
„...    110.24  Iba. 

1  LivTe,Guiana_.1.0791  Ib. 
1  Picul,  Borneo..l35v64  Ibs. 
1  Picul,  Celebes,  135.64  Ibs. 
1  Picul  of  hemp,  Manilla 
139  45  Ibs. 

1  Parasang  6076  yds. 
1  Chenica._    80.26  cu.  ins. 
1  Miscal  71  grs. 

1  RateL  _...    Z1136  Ibs. 

1  Batman,  Maund,  649  " 
1  Maund  27.32   " 
1  Artaba  _    1.809  bush 
Unuidt  an  measured  by 
wfight. 
Poland. 
1  Trewice™  14.03  ins. 

1  Picul  of  sugar,  Manilla 
_  140  Ibs. 

1  Quarter.Eng.  8.252  bush. 
1  Vara,  Curacoa,  33.375  in, 
Moldavia,    Koumsi- 
nla. 
1  Foot  8  ins. 

1  Kot  (silk)......    24.86  ins. 
1  Fathom  „..    8  ft. 

1  Pretow  4.7245yds. 
1  Mile  (short)....    6075  " 
1  Morgen  1.3843  acr« 

Fortujral   and    Mo- 
zaiublque.t 

1  Foot  _  13  ins. 

Molucca   Iilandn. 
1  Covid  18>ilns 

Morocco. 
1  Tomin_  Z81025  ins. 
1  Cadee-  „    20.34   " 
1  Cubit  21  " 

1  Milha  L2788  milt 
1  Arratel  or  Libra  1.011  Ib. 
1  Arroba  _.    32.38  Ibs. 
1  Almude  4.422  gais. 
1  Fanga_  1.488  bush. 
lAlguleri  8.6    " 
PriuMla, 
1  Fuss  ^—.    12.358  ins. 
1  Ruthe  4.1192  yds. 
1  Meile  —     24,000  ft. 
1  Quadrat  Fuss..  

1  Rotal  or  ArtaL_    1.12  Ib. 
1  Muhd  3.08135  gals. 
1  Kula  (oil)....    8.356    '• 
Litjuidi  other  than  oU  art 
toldoy  weight. 
M;»»or»,  India 
1  Angle  2.12  ins. 

1  Centner,  Zollverein.... 
_  110.24  Ibs. 

1  Centner,  Nuremberg.. 
~  112.43  Ib*. 

1  Haut  _  19.1  " 
IGuz.  88.2  " 

1  Centner,  Brunswick.™ 
117.5  ibs. 

Netherlands  ' 

1  Elle.  1  French  meter 
Persia 
1  Gereh  Z3751ns. 

^     L0603  sq.ft. 
1  Morgen  0.63103  acrt 
1  Cube  Fuss_    L092cu.ft. 
1  Pound  -~.«    7217  grrs. 
1  ZoUpfund.™.    L1023"lb. 
1  Centner.  118.44  Ibm. 
1  Anker  7.559  g&ls. 
1  Scheffel  1.5121  bush. 
1  Last  112.28     " 

1  Centner,  Vienna™  
123.6  Iba. 

1  Centner,  Bremen..  
._  127.5  Ibs. 
Uachtan,  Guinea..    12ft. 

1  Lait    England  

1  Gueaa,  common  ...25  " 
1     "    Moukeb^er,  37.5  " 
1  Archin,  Schah,  31.55  " 
1        "       Arish...  88.27  " 

r....    82.52  bush. 

iateo  DM  UM  Matrie  Systca. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


441 


Hnssiaii  Weights  and  Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 


NAMES. 

OF  WEIGHTS. 

EQUIVALENTS. 

96  Dolei 
3  SolatniK- 
96  Solatnikof  = 
l,280Latof           r= 
400  Pounds       = 

=  1  Solatnikou 
=  1  Latou  
32  Lotam  =  1  Pound  
40  Pounds  =  1  Pudou  .... 
10  Pud      =  IBerkovetsou. 

=    2.408  Drams,                 Avordupois, 
=3   0.451  Ounce,                            " 
=    0.903  Pound,                            " 
=  36.120  Pounds,                          " 
=   3.612  Quintals  =  361.2  Ibs.  " 

DRY  MEASURE. 


NAMES  OF  MEASURES. 

EQUIVALENTS  in  Ei 

ig.  Dry  Measure. 

30  Chast      == 
8  Garnets  = 
32  Gurnets  = 
8  Chetverik  = 
24  Osmina  — 

1  Garnets 
1  Chetverik 
4  Chetverik 
2  Osmina 
12  Chetvert 

=  V*  Chetverikit. 
—  %  Osiriini.. 
=    1  Osmina.. 
=    1  Chetvert. 
—    ILast  

=  12.887  quarts. 
=  2  pecks  7.1  quarts. 
=  2  bushels,  3  pecks, 
=  5  bushels,  3  pecks, 
=  8  quarters,  5  bus.,] 

4.4  ouarts. 
0.8  c  uart. 
.184  pk.,  or  09.3  bus. 

APOTHECARIES'  WEIGHT. 


Medical  Divisions. 

Equivalents  in  Troy  Weight. 

1  S  ilutuik     —  1-H1  Pound  

7  Snlotuikof—  1-12  Pound  

—     1  ounce  =     480  grains,  troy. 

81  Snlotnika  =1       Pound  

=     1  pound  =  5,760  grains,  troy. 

LINEAR  OR  LONG  MEASURE. 

NOTE. — Since  1831,  the  English  foot  of  12  inches,  each  inch  of  ten  parts,  has 
been  used  as  the  ordinary  standard  of  length  measures. 


Measures  of  Length. 


Equivalents  in  Long  Measure. 


1     Skroople  =    1  line 

10     Skrooplof  —    1  Linia  =  1  line 
10     Linii          = 
l%Duima 
Duimof     = 
Footof 


19 

7 

1     Arshine 

1     Versta 


1  Duim  =  1-12  foot 

=    1  Vershok 

=    1  Foot 

=  3  Arshine  =  ISajen. .. 
=  16  Verstak  =  28  Duim. . . 
=  500  Sajen  =  3,501  Feet 


0.01    inch. 

0.10  inch. 

1.       inch. 

1.750  inch.       «* 
12  inches  =  1  foot. 

7  feet  =  1.167  fathom. 
28  ins.  =  2H  feet  =  .778  yard. 
0.663  mile  =  212 .160  f  urlo'gs  =  3501  ft. 


SQUARE  OR  SURFACE  MEASURE. 


Square  Measure. 


English  Equivalents. 


144  Square  Duim  =  1  sqr.  foot 

9  Square  feet  =1,296  sqr.  Duim 

1  Square  Arshine  =  256  Sq.  Vershkoff. 

49  Sq.  ft.  =  9  sq.  Arshine  =  1  sq.  Sajei 

2,400  Square  Sajen  =  1  square  Desiatiua. 

80  x  30  sqr.  Sajen  =  1  Russian  Acre 


1  Square  foot. 
1  Square  yard. 
0.605  Square  yard. 

49  Square  feet  =  5  sqr.  yds.  4  sqr.  ft. 
432  Sqr.  rods  =  2.45  sqr.  Acres. 
2.45  sqr.  Acres. 


CUBIC  OR   SOLID  MEASURE. 


Cubic  Measure. 


English  Equiva'ents. 


1  Cubic  foot 
1  Cubic  Arshine 
1  Cubic  Sajen 


:  1,728  Cubic  Duim 

4,096  Cubic  Vershok.. 
;     343  Cubic  Feet 


=       1  cubic  foot  =  1,728  cubic  inches. 

=     12.704  cubic  feet. 

=       2.68  cords  =  343  cubic  feet. 


LIQUID  MEASURE. 


Measures  for  Liquids. 

Equivalents  in  U.  S.  Liquid  Measure. 

1  Krusbka   —  10  Charok  

—       2.166  pints 

1  Vedro        =    8  Shtoff  =  10  Krushka..  .  . 
1  Botchka    —  40  Veder  

=     10.828  quarts  =  2.707  gallons. 
—      0  859  pipe      —  1  718  hogshead 

1  Chetverik  contains  

1  Vedro                "      

30    "     "     "         " 

44-2 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Slam. 

1  Arrotm,  Castile  S.554  gals. 
I  Arroba,  wiue  4.26     " 
1  Fanega  1.5077  bush. 

1  Klafter  5.Y7ft. 

1  Meile  4.8568  miles 

1  Covid                      18  " 

1  Juchart,  Berne...0.85  acre 
1  Pfund  1.1023  Ib. 

1  Ken                         39  " 

Stettin,  Primula 

1  Fuss  11.12  ins. 

1  Jod  0.09848  mile 
1  Boeneng  2.462  miles 

IMass  2.6412  pts. 
1  Eimer  8.918  gals. 

1  Catty  1.35  Ib. 
Silecla. 

1  Fuss                    11  10  ins 

12.357  ins. 
1  Elle               25.6  " 

1  Malter  4.1268  bush. 
Tripoli. 

1  Pik.  3Palmi  26.42  ins. 
1  \lm'id           319  4  cu    " 

1  Morgen  1.5729  acre 

1  Ruihe  4.7238  vds. 

Sumatra. 

1  Jankal,  or  span  9  ins. 
1  Elle  18    " 

1  Killow            2023  "      " 

1  Meile          .       ...7086    " 

1  Kottol                    7680  grs. 

1  Morgen  1.3825  acre 

1  Oke                     2  8286  Ibs 

Singapore. 

1  H«sta  or  Cubit  18  ins. 

1  Hailoh  3  feet 

1  Barile               14.267  gals 

1  Fathom  6   " 

1  Temer            0  7383  bush 

1  Tung  4  vds. 

Turkey. 

1  Pik.small  27.9  ins. 

1  Orlong  80  yds. 

1  Catty  2.12  Ibs. 
SIM  ni    India. 
1  Tussoo,  cloth  1.161  in. 
1  Guz,  cloth  27.864  ins. 
ICovid  18.5  " 

Sm.vrna. 

1  Pie   26.48  ins. 

1  Berri   1  82S  yd. 

!  Oka  (avoir.)....  2.82838  Ibs. 
1  Cantar  124.7036  " 
1  Alma                    1  154  gal 

]  Indise  24.648    " 
1  Berri  1828yds. 

Manilla.  <>ii:tlain:i  la 
nml   lloiidiirao 

1  Pie.  11.128  ins. 

I  Biggah  0.51  acre 
Sweden  * 

1  Fot  11.6928  ins. 

W  n  i  i  <  •  1  1  1  be  nc  • 
1  Fuss        11  812  ins. 

1  Elle  2.015  ft. 
1  Meile  8146.25  vds. 

^ara  33.384    " 
1  Milla  0.865  mile 
1  Legua,  8,000  Varas  

1  Ref.  32.4703  vds. 
1  League  33564  miles 
1  Mil                  6  6417      " 

1  Morgen  _0.7793acre 
I  Cube  Fu.;s...0.h3045cu.  ft. 
1  Pounn  7217  gs. 

1  Fanegado  1.6374  acre 
1  Vara,  cubo...21.531  cu.  ft. 
1  Libra,  7100grs...l.0144  Ib. 
1  arroba                  25  36  Ibs 

1  Tummland  1.2198  acre     scheffei  4  878  bush 
i  rv»ntn»r              11-xi^ir.c      scncnei  mJflo  rjusn. 

1  Anker  8.641  gals,  i  FU«S                   l"l  812  ins 

1  Spann  1.962  bush,  i  Rim                   <KK<>Z   - 

1  Quintal  Castile   

SM  i  l/.'i  l.in  •: 

1  Fuss,  Berne  11.52  ins. 
1  Fuss      11.54    " 

1  Klafter         .         5.9062ft. 

101.61  Ibs. 
ITonelado  2028,2  " 
1  Cuartilla  O.sfegal. 

1  Meile  4.8568  miles 

I  .larhart                  n  SOS  nrrft 

1  Vaud  11.81    "     1  Cube  Klafter....l44  en.  ft. 

*  Also  Metric  System. 

Metric  Weight*  and  Measures  Converted  into  I 


MeUes  into  Yards. 

Litres  into  Gallon* 
and  Quarts. 

Hectolitres  into 
Quarts  and  Bushel'. 

Kilogrammes  iuto 
Cwts.  Qrs.  Lbs.Oz. 

Hectares  into 
Acres.   •.  t. 

1=     1.094 

1=  0  0.8SO 

1=     0    2.751 

1_  0     0       2    3'4 

J=      2     1     3S 

2=     2  187 

2=  0  1.761 

2=     0    5.502 

2=  0     0       4    61A 

2=      4    3    31 

3—    3.281 

3=  0  2.641 

3=     1    0  254 

3=  0     0      6    9^ 

3=       7     1     26 

4»=     4.374 

4=  0  3.521 

4=     1     3.005 

4=  0     0      8  13 

4=       9    3    22 

5=     5468 

5=      0.402 

5=     1    5.7.56 

5=  0     0     11    OM 

5=     12     1     17 

6=     6  5«2 

6=       1.282 

6=     2    0.507 

6—0     0     13    3'u 

6=     14    3     12 

7=    7.655 

7=      2.1ffi 

7=    2    3.258 

7=  0     0     15    7 

7=     17    1      8 

8=    8.749 

8—      3.043 

8=    2    6.010 

8=  0     0     17  10M 

8=-     19    3      3 

9=     9.843 

9=       3.923 

9—    3    0761 

9^.  0     0     19  13?$ 

9=     22    0    38 

10=  10  936 

10=  2  0  804 

10=     3    3512 

10==  0     0     22    oy 

10=     24    2    34 

20=  21.873 

20=  4  1.608 

20=    6    7.024 

20-0     1   ,19    1'4 

20—    49    1     2» 

*)=  3-.2.H09 

30=  6  2.412 

30=  10    2536 

30=  0     2     16    2'4 

30=     74    0    21 

40—  43.745 

40=  8  3.215 

40=  13    6048 

40=  0     3     13    3 

40=     98    3    1* 

50=  54682 

50=11  0.019 

50=  17    1.560 

50=   1      0     10    3*4 

50=    i  ±»    2      9 

60=  «5  618 

60=13  0.823 

60=  20    5.072 

60—  11       7    4'6 

60=   148    1      3 

70=    -6.554 

70=15  1.627 

70=  24    0.58--> 

70=  1     2       4    5',, 

70=  172    3    37 

80=  t;.4!.l 

80-17  2.431 

80=  27    4  097 

80=  1     3       16 

80=   197    2    38 

90=  98.427 

90=19  3.235 

90—  30    7.609 

90=  1     3     23    61) 

90=  2-.'2     1     24 

100=109363 

100=2.'  0  039 

100=  34    3.121 

100=  2     0     20    ','•- 

101)=  247    0    1» 

200=218.727 

200=44  0.077 

200=  fi8    6.242 

200=  4     1      15  15 

200=  ^94    0    37 

300=328.09(1 

300=6B  0.116 

3flO=103    1.362 

300=  6     2     11    6'2 

300=  741     1     15 

400=437  453 

-100=88  0.155 

400=1.37    4.4S3 

400=  83       6  14 

400=  988     1    33 

50n=.->)6  8ifi 

500=10  0  1931 

500=171    7.604 

600=11      1       2    5% 

500=1235    2     11 

NOTE.— The  United  States  unit  of  length  is  the  same  as  the  English  unit;  so 
also  are  our  Ib.  avoirdupois  and  Ib.  Troy  identical  with  the  English,  but  our 
gallon  is  different;  it  contains  231  cubic  inches,  while  the  imperial  gallon  of 
England  contains  277.274  cubic  inches.  To  reduce  English  gallons,  quarts,  or 
pints,  to  the  United  States  standards,  multiply  by  1.20024,  and  to  reduce  Englteh 
bushels  to  United  States  bushels,  multiply  by'l.0313644.  *  Roods,  f  Perches. 


WKKJHTS  AND  MEASURES 


443 


Supplemental  1.1st  of  Foreign  Weight*  and  Measures. 


Argentine. 

1  Frasco  2.5096  quarts 
1  Libra  (pound).  1.0127  Ibs. 

Austria-Hungary. 

Guiana. 

ILivre  (pound),  1.0791  Ib. 
India. 

1  Bongkal  832  grains 

1  League  (land),  4,633  acres 
1  Quintal  100  Ibs. 

1  Vara  34  inches 

Peru. 

1  Quintal  101.41  Ibs. 

Belgium  and  Holland 

1     "       (Madras).  5(0   " 
1  Maund  (Bengal  ),82f    " 
1  Seer  lib.  13  ounces 

Honduras. 

1  Milla  1.1493  mile 

Philippine  Islands. 

IPicul  137.9  Ibs. 

Bremen  and  Bruns- 
wick. 

1  Centner  117.5  Ibs. 
British  (England). 
Crot  (hundred  weight).  .  . 
112  Ibs. 

Portugal. 

1  Almude  4.422  gallons 
1  Arratal  or  libra.  1.011  Ib. 
1  Arroba  32.38  Ibs. 

Isle  of  Jersey. 

1  Vergees  71.1  sq.  rods 
Japan. 

1  Catty  (or  "kin"),  1.31  Ib. 
1  Se  0.02451  acre 

Poland  (Russian). 
1  Garnice  0.88  gallon 
1  Last  11%  bushels 

1  Last  (dry  malt)  . 

82.52  bushels 

Russia. 

1  Berkovets  .  .   .  361  .12  Ibs. 
1  Chetvert  .5.7748  bushels 
1  Funt        0.9028  Ib. 

1  Load  (timber)  square,  50 
cubic  ft.;   unhewn,  40 
cubic  ft.  ;  inch  planks, 
600  superficial  feet. 
1  Quarter  8.252  bushels 
1  Quarter  (coal)...  36  bush. 
1  Stone  14  Ibs. 

1  Tsubo  6  feet  square 

Java  and  Malacca. 

1  Catty  1.35  Ib. 

1  Klafter  ...  .216  cubic  feet 
1  Pood  (pud)  ....  36.112  Ibs. 
1  Sagene  (sajen)  —  7  feet 

Sarawak. 

1  Coyan  ...   3,098  Ibs. 

Luxemburg. 

IFuder  264.17  gals. 

Bolivia. 

]  Marc                      0  507  Ib 

Malta. 

1  Barrel  (customs)  

Borneo  and  Celebes. 

1  Pecul  135.64  Ibs. 

Spain. 

1  Arroba  4.263  gallons 
1  Barrel  (raisins)  .  .100  Ibs. 
1  Butt  (wine)..  140  gallons 
1  Dessiatine...  1.599  bushel 
1  Fanega  (liquid),  16  gal's 
1  Frail  of  raisins.  .  50  Ibs. 
1  Last  (salt).  4,760   " 

11.4  gallons 

1  Caffiso  5.4       " 

•Castile. 

1  Quintal  101.41  Ibs. 
Central  America. 

1  Centaro....4.2631  gallons 
1  Fanega  1.5745  bushel 

Chile. 

1  Fanega  4.5745  bushels 

1  Cantaro  (cantar),1751bs. 
1  Salm.  490  " 

Mexico. 

1  Carga  300  Ibs. 

1  Fanega  (New)  

1.54728  bushel 

Slam  (Koyan). 
1  Catty  185  Ibs. 

1  Frasco  2.5  quarts 

1  Libra  (Ibs.).  .  .  .1.01465  Ib. 
1  Quintal  101.41  Ibs. 

1  Coyan  2,667   " 

1  Quintal  101.41  Ibs. 
China. 

Morocco. 

ICantar  113  Ibs. 

Sweden. 

1  Tunna  4.5  bushels 

1  Catty  1%  Ibs. 
iLi  2,115feet 

1  Faneuga..strike=701bs. 
f  ull=118  Ibs 
Nicaragua. 
1  Manzana  1.727  acre 

Syria  (Damascus). 
1  Cantar  575  Ibs. 

Cuba. 

1  Arroba  (liquid).4.263gal. 
1  Fanega  1.599  bushel 
Costa  Rica. 
1  Manzana  1  5/6  acre 
Cnrarao. 
IVara  33.375  inches 
Denmark. 
1  Centner...  110.1T  pounds 
1  Tondeland  1.36  acre 
Germany. 
1  Last  4,480  pounds 

1  Fund  ..1.102   " 
1  Quintal  125   " 

1  Milla  1.1493  mile 
Newfoundland. 

1  Quintal.  ..(fish).  .112  Ibs. 

Norway. 

1  Centner  110.11  Ibs. 

Uruguay. 

1  Cuadra...  nearly  2  acres 
1  Fanega  (single)    

3.888  bushelf 

1  Libra  (pound).  1.0143  Ib 

Nuremberg. 

1  Centner  112.43  Ibs. 

Venezuela, 

1  Arroba  (dry),  25.4024  Ibf. 
I      "     (liquid),  4.263  gal's 
1  Fanega  (dry),  1.599  bush. 
Zanzibar. 
IFrasila  35  Ibs, 

Palestine: 

1  Rottle  61bs. 

Paraguay. 

dreeee. 

1  Drachme  Half-ounce 
1  Quintal....  123.2  pounds 

1  Cuadra  78.9  yards 

ZoIIverein. 

1  Centner  110.24  Ibs, 

1     "  (square)..  8.077  sq.ft. 

*Although  the  metric  weights  are  used  officially  in  Spain,  the  Castile 
quintal  is  employed  in  commerce  in  the  Peninsula  and  colonies,  saveia  Cat- 
alonia; the  Catalan  quintal  equals  91.71  pounds. 


444  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JKKZKII 

METRIC  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES, 

Metric  Weights. 

Milligram  (1/1000  gram)  equals  0.0154  grain. 

Centigram  (1/100  gram)  equals  0.1543  grain. 

Decigram  (1/10  gram)  equals  1 .5432  grains, 

Gram  equals  15.432  grains. 

Decagram  (.10  grams)  equals  0.8527  ounce. 

Hectogram  (100  grams)  equals  8.5274  ounces. 

Kilogram  (1,000  grams)  equals  2.2046  pounds. 

Myriagrem  (10,000  grams)  equals  22  046  pounds 

Quintal  (100,000  grams;  equals  220.46  pounds.   . 

Millier  or  tonnea— ton  (1,000,000  grams)  equals  2,204.6  pounds. 

Metric  Dry  Measures, 

Milliliter  (1/1000  liter)  equals  0.061  cubic  inch. 
Centiliter  (1/100  liter)  equals  0.6102  cubic  inch. 
Deciliter  (1/10  liter)  equals  6.1022  cubic  inches. 
Liter  equals  0.908  quart. 
Decaliter  (10  liters)  equals  9.08  quarts. 
Hectoliter  (100  liters)  equals  2.838  bushels. 
Kiloliter  (1,000  liters)  equals  1.308  cubic  yards. 

Metric  Liquid  Measures. 

Milliliter  (1/1000  liter)  equals  0.0388  fluid  ounce 
Centiliter  (1/100  liter)  equals  0.338  fluid  ounce- 
Deciliter  (1/10  liter)  equals  0.845 gill. 
Liter  equals  1.0567  quarts. 
Decaliter  (10  liters)  equals  2.6418  gallons. 
Hectoliter  (100  liters)  equals  26.417  gallons. 
Kilobter  (1,000  liters)  equals  264.18  gallons. 

Metric  Measures  of  Length. 

Millimeter  (1/1000  meter)  equals  0.0394  inch. 

Centimeter  (1/100  meter)  equals  0.3937  inch. 

Decimeter  (1/10  meter)  equals  3.937  inches. 

Meter  equals  39.37  inches. 

Decameter  (10  meters)  equals  393.7  inches. 

Hectometer  (100  meters)  equals  328  feet  1  inch. 

Kilometer  (1,000  meters)  equals  0.62137  mile  (3,280  feet  10  iochefc) 

Myriameter  (10,000  meters)  equals  6.2137  miles. 

Metric  Surface  Measures. 

Centare  (1  square  meter)  equals  1,550  square  inches. 
Are  (100  square  meters)  equals  119.6  square  yards. 
Hectare  (10,000  square  meters)  equals  2.471  acres. 

The  Money,  Weights,  and   Measures  of  India,  and  the  British  ftotf  U.  9 
Equivalents,  are  as  follows: — 

The  pie— J^  farthing 

3  pie=l  pice=l  farthing. 

4  pice,  or  12  pie,=l  anna=l  penny=2  133/4800  cents. 
16  annas=l  rupee=ls.  4d.=32  cents. 

15  rupees=£l=$4.86  6^. 

The  rupee  weighs  1  tola  (a  tola^lSO  grains)  0.916  fine. 

Tt«  sum  of  100,000  rupees  is  called  a  "lac,"  and  of  10,000,000  a  "crore."<W 
rupees. 

•fhe  maund  of  Bengal  of  40  seers=82  2/7  pounds  avoirdupois. 

The  maund  of  Bombay=28  pounds,  nearly. 

The  maund  of  Madras=25  pounds,  nearly. 

The  tola=180  grains. 

The  guz  of  Bengal=36  inches. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  445 


THE   METRIC   SYSTEM 


WEIGHTS     AND      MEASURES 


The  system  derives  its  name  from  the  metre,  -vhich  is  the  primary  base  or  unit 
om  which  the  other  units  of  the  svstem  are  derived. 


The  Metre,  the  Unit  of  Length,  is  equal  to— 
39. 37079  inches. 
3.28089916  feet. 
1.093633055  yard. 
.1988423737  rod. 
.0049710593  furlong. 
.0006213824  mile. 

The  Are,  the  Unit  of  Surface,  is  a  square  whose  side  is  10  metres,  and  whose 
surface  is  100  square  metres.  It  is  equal  to — 

155,005.91052241    square  inches. 
1,076.429934183  square  feet. 
119.603326020  square  yards. 
3.953828959  square  rods. 
.098845723  rood. 
.024711430  acre. 
.000038611  square  mile. 

The  Litre,  the  Unit  of  Capacity,  is  a  vessel  whose  volume  is  equal  to  a  cube 
whose  edge  is  one-tenth  of  a  metre,  and  whose  capacity  is  one-thousandth  of  a 
cubic  metre.  It  is  equal  to— 

61.027051519365944039  cubic  inches. 

.035316580740373810  cubic  foot. 
8.453963846838572320  United  States  gills. 
2.113490961709643080  United  States  pints. 
1.056745480854821540  United  States  quart. 
.264186370213705385  United  States  gallon. 
7.043094762720856448  Imperial  gills. 
1.760773690680214112  Imperial  pint. 
.880386845340107056  Imperial  quart. 
.220096711335026764  Imperial  gallon. 
1.816264402879167936  Winchester  pint. 
.908132201439583968  Winchester  quart. 
113516525179947096  Winchester  peck. 
.028379131294986999  Winchester  bushel. 
1100483S5667513382  Imperial  peck. 
.027512088916878345  Imperial  bushel. 

The  fif  rntnnte,  the  Unit  of  Weight,  is  the  weight  of  a  cube  of  pure  water,  weighed 
in  a  vacuum,  each  edge  of  which  is  one-hundredth  of  a  metre.     It  is  equal  to — 
15.4H234874  grains. 
.0321507265  ounce  troy. 
.0352739399  ounce  avoirdupois. 
.0026792272  pound  troy. 
,  .0023046212  pound  avoirdupois. 


4-u; 


THE  GREAT   PYRAMID  .)  F.K/KII 


The  changes  from  the  standard  unit*  ire  according  to  the  decimal  scale  of  tens. 

The  descending  changes  are  designated  by  prefixing  the  Latin  ordinals  to  the 
names  of  the  standard  units. 

The  ascending  changes  are  designated  by  prefixing  the  Greek  cardinals  to  the 
•names  of  the  standard  units. 

DECI,  expresses  the  10th  part.  DECA,  expresses  10  times  the  value. 
CENTI,  expresses  the  100th  part.  HECTO,  expresses  100  times  the  value. 
MILLI,  expresses  the  1,000th  part.  KILO,  expresses  1 ,000  times  the  value 

MTRIA,  expresses  10,000  times  the  value. 


MEASURES  OF 


LENGTH. 

SURFACE. 

CAPACITY. 

WEIGHT. 

Millimetre  

Millilitre  

1  000th  part 

Centimetre  

Centiare.. 

Centilitre  

100th  part 

Decilitre  

10th  pan 

Metre  
Decametre  

Are  

lAtre  
Decalitre  

Oramme  

Decagramme  

1 

10  times 

Hectometre  .... 
Kilometre  

Hectare  .  . 

Hectolitre  
Kilolitre  or  Stere. 

Hectogramme  
Kilogramme  

100  times 
1,000  times 

Myrialitre  

Myriagramme  

10,000  times 

Quintal  

100,000  times 

Millier  or  Tonneau. 

1,000,000  times 

Methods  of  Reading.— The  number  37,426.958  metres  according  to  the  English 
method,  is  read: 

Thirty-seven  thousand  four  hundred  and  twenty-six  metres  and  nine  hundred 
and  fifty-eight  thousandths  of  a  metre. 

In  the  language  of  the  Metric  System  it  is  read: 

Three  myriametres,  7  kilometres,  4  hectometres,  2  decametres,  6  metres,  9  deci- 
metres, 5  centimetres  and  8  millimetres. 

It  is  also  read  in  a  reversed  direction  by  beginning  -with  the  lowest  denomination 
instead  of  the  highest. 

The  methods  of  reading  in  all  the  tables  of  tiie  system  are  the  same  as  thosa  here 
explained. 


MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


10  Millimetres 
10  Centimetres 
10  Decimetres 
:0  Metres 
10  Decametres 
10  Hectometres 
10  Kilometres. 


1  Centimetre. 
1  Decimetre. 
1  Xetre. 
1  Decametre. 
1  Hectometre. 
1  Kilometre. 
1  Myriametre. 


MEASURES  OF  SURFACES. 


IOC  Square  Millimetres 
100  Square  Centimetres 
100  Square  Decimetres 

1  Square  Metre 
100  Centimres 
100  Am 


1  Square  Centimetre. 
1  Square  Decimetre. 
1  Square  Metre. 

1  Centiare. 
1  Are. 
1  Hectare. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASUBES 


447 


MEASURES  OF  VOLUMEP. 
1  Cubic  Centimetre  1  Millilitre. 


10  Millilitres 

10  Centilitres 

Id  Decilitres 

10  Litre/I 

10  Decalitres 

10  Hectolitres 

10  Kilolitres  or  Steres 


1  Centilitre, 

1  Decilitre. 

1  Litre. 

1  Decalitre. 

1  Hectolitre. 

1  Kilolitre  or  Stere. 

1  Myrialiire. 


WEIGHTS. 


10  Milligrammes 
10  Centigrammes 
10  Decigrammes 
10  Grammes 
10  Decagrammes 
10  Hectogrammes 
10  Kilogrammes 

10  Myriagrammes 
10  Quintals 


1  Centigramme. 
1  Decigramme. 
1  Gramme, 
1  Decagramme 
1  Hectogramme. 
1  Kilogramme. 
1  Myriagrainme. 

1  Quintal. 

1  Millier  or  Tonneau. 


EQ.UIVAI.KNTS 

OF  METRIC  WEIGHTS   AND    MEASURES  IN  DENOMINATIONS  OF  ENGLISH 
AND   AMERICAN  SYSTEMS. 

Table  No.   1. 


LONG  MEASURE. 


LENGTH. 

MILES. 

FCBLONGB. 

RODS. 

TAKD8. 

FEET. 

INCHES. 

1  Millimetre  

.0393 

1  Centimetre  

.  3937 

3  9370 

1  Metre  

1 

3  3707 

1  Decametre  

1 

5 

1 

3.7079 

19 

4 

2 

7  079 

1  Kilometre  *  

4 

38 

4 

1 

10.79 

1  Myriametre  

6 

1 

28 

2 

11.9 

"lie  Kilometre  is  the  Unit  of  Itinerary  measure,  and  is  nearly  %  of  an  English 


Table  No.   2. 


MEASURES  OF 


SQUARE  MEASURE. 


SURFACES. 

ACRES 

HOODS. 

SQ    BODS. 

SQ.  YARDS. 

SQ.  FEET. 

SQ.  INCHES 

1  Square  Millimetre..  .  . 

.0015 

1  Square  Centimetre.  .  . 

.1550 

1  Square  Decimetre.  .  . 

15.5005 

1  Centiare  or  1  Sq.  Metre 

1 

1 

110.0591 

1  A  rs  

3 

28 

7 

97  9105 

1  Hectare  *   

2 

1 

35 

11 

5 

35.0522 

1  Sq.  Kilometre  t  

217 

18 

8 

6 

121.2241 

*  The  Hectare  is  the  Unit  of  Land  measure,  and  is  nearly  2>j  English  acres, 
t  The  Square  Kilometre  is  the  Unit  for  the  Area  of  countries,  and  is  .HHG1161  of 
an  English  square  mile. 


44S 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Table  V..    3. 


CUBIC  MEASURE. 


MKASCBES   OF    VOLUMES. 

CUBIC   YARDS. 

CUBIC  FEET. 

CUBIC  INCHES. 

1  Millilitre   

0610270515193 

1  Centilitre  

6102705151936 

1  Decilitre  

6  1027051519365 

I  Litre  

61  0270515193659' 

610  2705151936594 

1  Hectolitre  . 

3 

918  7051519365944 

1  Kilolitre  or  Stere  *  
1  Myrialitre  

1 

13 

8 
2 

547.0515193659440 
286  5151936594403 

*  The  Cable  Metre,  Kilolitre  or  Stere,  is  sometimes  used  as  the  Unit  of  measures 
of  Solidity. 


Table  No.  4. 


MEASURES  OP 
VOLUMES. 

LIQUID  MEASURE. 
(U.  8.  Gallon.) 

LIQUID  MEASURE. 

(Imperial  Gallon.) 

GALLONS. 

QUARTS 

PINTS. 

GILLS. 

GALS. 

QTS. 

PDTTS. 

GILLS. 

1  Millilitre 

.0084 

.0070 
.0704 
.7043 
3.0430 
2.4309 
.3094 
3.0947 
2.9476 

1  Centilitre     

.0845 

1  Decilitre             . 

8453 

1  Litre  

1 

2 

1 

.4539 

1 

1 

1  Decalitre  

2 

26 

264 
2641 

1 
1 
1 

.5396 
1.3963 
1.9638 
3.6384 

2 
.   22 
220 
2200 



1  Hectolitre  

1  Kilolitre  or  Stere. 
1  Myrialitre  

3 

3 

1 

Table   N ...   5. 


MEASUBES  OF 
VOLUMES. 

MEDICAL  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  GALLON. 

GALLONS. 

PINTS. 

FLUID- 
OUNCES. 

FLUIDRAM8. 

MINIMS. 

1  Millilitre  

16.2316 
42.3161 
3.1610 
31.6105 
16.1058 
41.0585 
50.5859 
25.8593 

1  Centilitre  

2 
3 

6 

1 
4 
6 

4 

1  Decilitre  

3 
1 
2 
5 

7 
14 

1  Litre  

2 

5 
3 
1 
6 

1  Decalitre..  .. 

2 
26 
264 
2641 

1  Hectolitre  
1  Kilolitre  

1  Myrialitre  

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


449 


Table  No.  0. 


MEASURES  OF 
VOLUMES. 

DRY    MEASURE. 
(U.  S.  or  Winchester  Bushel.) 

DRY  MEASURE. 
(Imperial   Bushel.) 

BUSHEL. 

PECKS. 

QUABTS 

PINTS. 

BUSH. 

PECKS 

QTS. 

PINTS. 

1  Millilitre  

.0018 

.0017 
.0171! 
.17CO 
1.7fX)7 
1.0077 
.0773 
.773S 
1.7369 

0181 

1  Decilitre 

1816 

1.8162 

1 
3 

1 

3 

1 
2 
4 
1 

.1626 
1.6264 
.2644 
.6440 

1 

1  Hectolitre  

2 

28 
283 

2 

27 
275 

3 
2 

1  Kilolitre  or  Stere. 

3 

Table  No. 


WEIGHTS. 

TROY  WEIGHT. 

AVOIRDUPOIS  WEIGHT. 

POUNDS. 

OUNCES 

PWTS. 

GBAINS. 

LBS. 

OZ8. 

lil;  SMS. 

GBAINS. 

0154 

.0154 
.1543 
1.5432 
15.4323 
17.6047 
11.9848 
10.4737 
2-2.7061 

8.3115 
1.0837 

.1543 

1  Decigramme  

1  5432 

15  4323 

6 
4 
3 
10 

1 

14 

10.3234 
7  2348 
.3487 
3.4874 

10.874 
12.74 

5 
8 
4 
11 

6 
15 

1  Hectogramme  

3 

8 
9 

11 
2 

""2 

22 

220 
2204 

3 
3 

7 
9 

1  Kilogramme*  
1  Myriagramme  

1  Quintal  

2 

26 

2fi7 
2679 

1  Millier  or  Tonneau. 

*  The  Kilogramme  is  the  Unit  of  Commercial  Weight,  and  is  2  1-5  pounds  avoir- 
lupois. 


Table  No.   S. 


APOTHECARIES  WEIGHT. 


WEIGHTS. 

POUNDS. 

OUNCES. 

DRAMS. 

SCRUPLES. 

GRAINS. 

1  Milligramme  



.0154 

1  Centigramme.         

.1543 

. 

1  5432 

1  Gramme  



15  4323 

1  Decagramme.        

2 

1 

14.3234 

1  Hectogramme  

3 

1 

2 

3.2348 

1  Kilogramme  

2 

8 

1 

12.3487 

1  Myriagramme  

26 

9 

4 

3.4874 

450 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


MULTIPLIERS 

TO  REDDCE  FKOM  THE  DENOMINATIONS  OF  ONE  SYSTEM  TO  THE  OTHER. 
Table  No.  9. 


MEASURES  or 
LENGTH. 

LONG  MEASURE. 

MILFS. 

FUR- 
LONGS. 

BODS. 

TABD8. 

FEET. 

INCHES. 

1  Millimetre  

.00019 
.00198 
.01988 
.19884 
1.98842 
19.88423 
198.84237 
1988.42373 

.00109 
.01093 
.10936 
1.09363 
10  93033 
109.36330 
1093.63305 
10936.33055 

.00328 
.03280 
.MM 
3.28089 
32.80899 
328.08991 
3280.89916 
32808.99166 

.00881 
.MK 

3.93707 
39.37079 
393.7079 
3937.079 
39370.79 
393707.9 

1  Centimetre  

.00004 
.00049 
.00497 
.04971 
.49710 
4.97105 
49.71059 

1  Decimetre  

.00006 

.00062 
.00621 
.06213 
.62138 
6.21382 

1  Metre    

1  Hectometre  

1  Kilometre  

1  My  ri  a  met  re  

Example — Reduce  523  kilometres  to  miles: 
523X  .62138=324.98  miles. 


Table  No.   1O. 


MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


LONG  MEASURE. 

WTRIAMETKES. 

KILOMETRES 

HECTOMETRES. 

DECAMETRES. 

1  Inch  

.00002 

.00025 

.00-253 

i  yoot  

.00003 

.00030 

.00304 

.030*7 

\  Yard  

.00009 

.00091 

.00914 

.09143 

i  I?at  horn  

.00018 

.00182 

.01898 

.18287 

1  Bod         

.00050 

.00502 

.05029 

.50291 

1  Furlong  

.02011 

.20116 

2.01164 

20.11643 

1  Statute  Mile  

.16093 

1.60931 

16.09314 

160.93149 

1  Nautical  Mile  

.18549 

1.85494 

18.54945 

185.49456 

1  Statute  League  

.48279 

4.82794 

48.27944 

482.79447 

1  Nautical  League  .  . 

.55648 

5.56483 

55.64836 

556.48368 

MEASURES 

J  OF  LENGTH. 

LONG  MEASURE. 

Metres. 

DECIMETRES 

CENTIMETRES. 

MILLIMETRES. 

1  Inch                   .... 

02539 

.25399 

2.53995 

25.39954 

1  Foot  

.30479 

3.04794 

30.47944 

304.79449 

1  Yard  

.91438 

9.14383 

91.43834 

914.38348 

1  Fathom  

1.82876 

18.28766 

182.87669 

1828.76696 

1  Rod  

6.02910 

50.29109 

502.91091 

5029  .  10914 

1  lurlong  

201  16436 

2011.64365 

20116.43657 

1  Statute  Mile  

1609.31492 

16093.14926 

1  Nautical  Mile 

1854  94562 

18549  45C28 

1  Statute  League  .  .  . 

4827  9*477 

48279.44778 

1  Nautical  League.  .  . 

5564.836-8 

55648.36886 

Example — Reduce  146  yards  to  metres: 
146X. 91438     133.5  metres. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


451 


Table  No.   11. 


MEASURES  OF 


SQUARE  MEASURE. 


SURFACES. 

ACRES. 

ROODS. 

8Q.  RODS. 

SQ.  YARDS. 

SQ.  FEET. 

SQ.  INCHES 

1  Sq   Millimetre. 

.00001 
.00107 
.10764 

10.76429 
1076.42993 

.00155 
.1550.) 
15.50059 

1550.0591C 

1  Sq.  Centimetre.  .  . 

.00011 
.01196 

1.19603 
119.G03.i2 
11960.33260 

.00039 

.03953 
3.95382 
395.38289 

39538.28959 

1  Centiare  

.00024 
.02471 
2.47114 

247.11430 

.00098 
.09884 
9  88457 

988.45723 

1  Are  

1  Hectare  

1  Sq.  Kilometre  .... 

Example— Reduce  647  hectares  to  acres: 
647X2.47114=1,598.82  acres. 


Table  No. 


SQUARE 


MEASURES  OF  SCTRFACES. 


MEASURE. 

SQUARE 

KILOMETRES. 

HECTARES. 

Ares. 

CENTIARE8. 

.00064 

00092 

09289 

1  Square  Yard.  .  . 

.00008 

.00836 

83609 

1  Square  Hod  .  .  . 
1  Rood  

.00002 
.00101 

.00252 
.10116 

.25291 
10.11677 

25.29193 
1011.67755 

00404 

.40467 

40  46710 

4046  71020 

1  Square  Mile... 

2.58989 

258.98945 

25898  94531 

SQUABE 


MEASURES  OF  SURFACES. 


MEASURE. 

BQ.  METRES. 

SQUARE 
DECIMETRES- 

SQUARE 
CENTIMETRES. 

SQUARE 
MILLIMETRES. 

1  Square  Inch..  . 
1  Square  Foot... 

.00064 
.09289 
83609 

.06451 
9.28996 
83  60971 

6.45136 
928.'J9(>8:J 
8300  97149 

645.136C8 
9289'.).G8.*U 

25  29193 

2529.19387 

1  Rood  

1011.67755 

4046  71020 

1  Square  Mile  .  . 

Example — Reduce  160  acres  to  hectares: 
160X.  40467=64. 74. 


452 


THE  GEEAT  PYBAMID JEEZEH 


Table  NI>.   IS. 


MEASURES   OF 


CUBIC   MEASURE. 


VOLUMES. 

CORDS. 

CUBIC  YARDS 

CUBIC  FEET. 

CUBIC  INCHES. 

1  Millilitre  

OOOfT02 

0000313 

0000351 

1  Centilitre  

00.  00  '1 

0000130 

0003531 

1  Decilitre  

000(1275 

0001  M08 

0035316 

1  1,'ttre.  

0002759 

00130NO 

0353165 

1  Pecslitre  

00:27591 

0130S02 

353165S 

1  Hectolitre  
1  Kilolitre  

.0275910 
2759107 

.1308021 
1  3080215 

3.5316580 
35  316*5807 

610-2.  7051  519 
610O7  051  519'* 

1  Myrialiire  

2.7591078 

13  0802150 

353  1658074 

610°70  5151936 

Example— Reduce  132  kilolitres  or  steres  to  cords: 
132 X. 2759107 =36. 42  cords. 


Table   No.  14. 


MEASURES  OF  VOLUMES. 


CUBIC  MEASURE. 

MI  HI  A  LITRES. 

KILOLITRES. 

HECTOLITRES. 

DECALITRES. 

1  Cubic  Inch..  . 

.00001 

.00016 

.00163 

1  Cubic  Foot  
1  Cubic  Yard 
1  Cord  



.00283 
.07645 
.36243 

.02831 
.76451 
3.62435 

.28315 
7.64513 
36.24359 

2.83153 
76.45134 
362.43599 

CUBIC  MEASURE  . 

MEASURES  OF  VOLUMES. 

Litres. 

DECILITRES. 

CENTILITRES. 

JflLI.lLITRES. 

1  Cubic  Inch  
1  Cubic  Foot  
1  Cubic  Yard  
1  Cord  

.01638 
28.31531 
764.51342 
3624.3599-2 

.163S6 
283.13311 
7645.13422 
36243.59927 

1.63861 
2831.53119 
76451.34221 

16.38617 
28315.31193 

Example— Reduce  234  cords  to  kilolitres  or  steres: 
234X3.62435=848.09  kilolitres  or  steres. 


Table  No.   15. 


MEASVRKS  OF 
VOLUMES. 

LIQUID  MEASURE—  (U.  S.  Gallon.) 

GALLONS. 

QfARTS. 

PINTS. 

GILLS. 

1  Millilitn-  
1  Centilitre  
1  Det-ilitre  
1   l.itn-      

.OOU20 
.00264 
.02641 
.26418 
2.64186 
26.41863 
264.18637 
2641.86370 

.00105 
.01050 
.10507 
1.05074 
10.56745 
105.67454 
1056.74548 
10567.45480 

.00211 
.02113 
.21134 
2.11349 
21.13490 
211.34909 
2113.49096 
21134.90961 

.00845 
.OS453 
.84539 
8.45396 
84.53963 
845.396% 
845 
84539.638 

1  Decnlitre  
1  Hpct<>litre  
1  Kilolitre  
I  Mvrialitre    .  . 

Example— Reduce  548  litres  to  U.  8.  gallons: 
548X. 26418  =  144. 77  U.  S.  gallons. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


Table   No.   16. 


LIQUID  MEASURE 
(U.  S.  Gallon.) 

MEASURES  OF  VOLUMES. 

MTRIA  LITRES. 

KILOLITRES. 

HECTOLITRES. 

DECALITRES. 

1  Gill  

.00001 
.001)04 

.00009 
.00037 

.00011 

.00047 
.00094 
.00378 

.00118 

.00473 
.00946 
.03785 

.01182 
.04731 
.09403 
.37852 

1  Pint  

1  Quart  
1  Gallon  

LIQUID  MEASURE 
(U.  S.  Gallon.) 

MEASURES  OF  VOLUMES. 

JAtrvs. 

DECILITRES. 

CENTILITRES. 

MILLILITRES. 

1  Gill  

.11828 
.47315 
.94030 
3.78520 

1.18287 

4.73150 
9.46301 
37.85206 

11.82877 
47.31508 
94.63016 
378.52066 

118.28770 

473.1  r,082 
94fi.30IG5 
3785  20062 

1  Pint  

1  Quart  

1  Gallon  

Example— Reduce  7.30  U   S.  gallons  to  litres: 
730X3.7852-2,763.19  litres. 


Table   No.   17. 


MEASURES  OF 


LIQUID  MEASURE— (Imperial  Gallon.) 


VOLUMES. 

GALLONS. 

QUARTS. 

PINTS. 

GILLS. 

1  Millilitre  
1  Centilitn  
1  Decilitre  
1  JAtre  

.00022 
.00220 
.02200 
.22009 

.00088 
.00880 
.08803 
.880J8 

.00170 
.0171.0 
.17607 
1.70077 

00704 
.07043 
.70430 
7  04309 

1  Decalitre  
1  Hectolitre..   .. 
1  Kilolitre  
1  Myrialitre  

2.20096 
22.00967 
220.09671 
22i'0.  90711 

8.80386 
88.03868 
880.38084 
880J.K6K45 

17.00773 
176.07736 
1760.77369 
17C07.  7:5690 

70.43094 
704.S0917 
7043.09476 
70430  94762 

Example — Reduce  548  litres  to  Imperial  gallons: 
548X- 22009 ^120.01  Imperial  gallons. 


Table  No.  18. 


LIQUID  MEASURE 

JM.EASUlt.lD3  L 

V    VUL.UMLS. 

(Imp.  Gallon.) 

MYRIALITEES. 

KILOLITRES. 

HECTOLITRES. 

DECALITRES. 

1  GUI     

.00001 

.00014 

.00141 

.01419 

1  pint  

.00005 

.00056 

.00507 

.0.3679 

1  Quart     

.00011 

.00113 

.01135 

.11358 

1  Gallon  

.00045 

.00454 

.04543 

.4S434 

LIQUID  MEASURE 
(Imp.  Gallon.) 

MEASURES  OF  VOLUMES. 

Litres. 

DECALITRES. 

CENTILITRES. 

MILLILITEES. 

1  Gill  

.14198 
.56793 
1.13586 
4.54345 

1.4ir83 
5.  679.12 
11.35804 
45.43457 

14.19830 
f-6.  79321 
113.58643 
454.34572 

141.98303 
567.93215 
1135.80431 
4543.45725 

1  Pint.            .... 

1  Quart    

1  Gallon  

Example— Reduce  730  Imperial  gallons  to  litres: 
730X4.54345^3,316.71  litres. 


4.14 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID JKEZEH 


Table   No.  19. 


MEASURES  or 
VOLUMES. 

MEDICAL  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  GALLON. 

GALLONS. 

PINTS. 

FLUIDOUNCES 

FLUIDRAMS 

MINIMS. 

1  Millilitre  ...... 

.00026 
.00264 
.02641 
.26418 
2.64186 
26.41863 
264.18637 
2641.86370 

.00211 
.02113 
.21134 
2.11349 
21.13490 
211.  3490? 
2113  49096 
21  1:'4.  90961 

.03381 
.33815 
3.38158 
33.81585 
338.15855 
3381  .  58553 
33815.  8553P 

.27052 
2.70526 
27.05268 
970.52634 
2705.26843 
27052.68430 

16.2.°1 
162.31610 
1623.16105 
16231.61058 

1  Centilitre  
Decilitre  

Litre  

Kilolitre 

Myrialitre  

Example— Reduce  7  litres  to  fluidounces; 
7X33.81585=236.71  fluidounces. 


Table   No.   HO. 


MEDICAL  Drv  OF 

THE  GALLON. 

MEASURES  OF  VOLUMES. 

MYRIALITBES 

KILOLITRES. 

HECTOLITRES. 

DECALITRES. 

1  Minim  .  . 

.00003 
.00029 
.00473 
.03785 

.00036 
.00295 
.04731 
.37K52 

.00002 

,00047 
.00378 

1  Pint     

OC004 
,00037 

1  Gallon  

MEDICAL  x>rv.  OF 
THE  GALLON. 

MEASURES  OF  VOLUMES. 

Litres. 

DECILITRES. 

CENTILITRES. 

MILLILITKES. 

1  .tliuiu  

.00006 
.00369 
.02957 
.47315 
3.78520 

.00061 

.036% 
.29571 
4.73150 
37.85206 

.00616 

.36964 
2.95719 
47.31508 
378.52066 

.06160 
3.69649 
29.57192 
473.15082 
3785.20662 

1  Fluidram.,  
1  Fluidounce..  .. 
1  Pint  

1  Gallon  

Example — Reduce  14  fluidcunces  to  centilitres: 
14X2  95719 =41. 4  centilitres. 


Table   No.   21. 


MEASURES  OF 


DRY  MEASURE— (Winchester  Bushel.) 


VOLUMES. 

BUSHELS. 

PECKS. 

QUARTS. 

PINTS. 

1  Millilitre  
1  Centilitre  
1  Decilitre...... 
1  Litre  

.00002 
.00028 
.00283 
.02837 

.00011 
.00113 
,01135 
.11351 

.00000 

.00908 
.09081 
.90813 

.00181 
.01816 
.18162 
1.81626 

1  Decalitre  
1  Hectolitre  
1  Ki.olitre  
1  Myrialitre  

,28379 
2.83791 
28  37913 
283.79131 

1.13516 
11.35165 
113.51652 
1135.  16525 

9.08132 
90.81322 
908.13220 
90C1.322'! 

18.16264 
181.62644 
1816.2G44C 
181li2.fi4402 

Kxamp't — Reduce  631  hectolitres  to  Winchester  bushels; 
0^1X2.83791=1.790.72  Winchester  bushels. 


WKKiHTS  AND  MEASURES 


Table  No. 


DBX  MEASURE. 

MEASURES  C 

F  VOLUMES. 

(Winch.  Bushel.) 

MYRIALITRKS. 

KILOLITRES. 

HECTOLITRES. 

DECALITRES. 

1  Pint  ...  ...... 

.00005 

.00055 

.00550 

.05505 

1  Quart  

.00011 

.00110 

.01101 

.11011 

1  Pe.-k     

.00088 

.00880 

.08809 

.88092 

1  Bushel  

.00352 

.03523 

.35237 

3.52371 

DRY  MEASURE. 
(Winch.  Bushel.) 

MEASURES  OF  VOLUMES. 

Litres. 

DECILITRES. 

CENTILITRES. 

MLLLILITRES. 

1  pint  

.55058 
1.10116 
8.80929 
35.23716 

5.50580 
11.01161 
88.09290 
352.37160 

55.05806 
110.11612 
880.92900 
3523.71fi03 

550.58063 
1101.10126 
8809.25)008 
35237.16034 

1  Quart  

i  Peck  

1  Bushel  

Example—  Reduce  123  Winchester  bushels  to  litres: 
123X35.23716=4,334.17  litres. 


Table  No.  23. 


MEASURES  OF 
VOLUMES. 

DRY  MEASURE-  (Imperial  Bushel.) 

BUSHELS. 

PECKS. 

QUARTS. 

PINTS. 

1  Mlililitre  
1  Centilitre  
1  Decilitre  
1  Liitre  

.00002 
.00027 
.00275 
.02751 
.27512 
2.75120 
27.51208 
275.12088 

.00011 
.00110 
.01100 
.11004 
1.10048 
11.00483 
110.04835 
1100.48355 

.00088 
.00880 
.08803 
.88038 
8.80386 
iS.  03868 
880.38684 
8803.86845 

.00176 
.01760 
.17607 
1.76077 
17.60773 
176.07736 
1760.77369 
17607.73690 

J  Decalitre  
]  Hectolitre  
1  Kilolitre   
I  Myrialitre  

Example — Reduce  631  hectolitres  to  Imperial  bushels: 
631X2.7512  =  1,736  Imperial  bushels. 


Table  No.  24. 


MEASURES  OF  VOLUMES. 


DRY  MEASURE. 

(Imperial  Bushel.) 

MYRIALITRES. 

KILOLITRES. 

HECTOLITRES. 

DECALITRES. 

Pints  

.00005 

.  OD056 

005G7 

0-"(i79 

Quarts  

.00011 

.00113 

011H5 

11358 

Pecks  

.00090 

.00908 

09086 

'.Misr.il 

Bushels  

.00363 

.03034 

36347 

3  63476 

456 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Table  No.  84 — CONTINUED. 


DBT  MEABUBE. 

(Imper  al  Bushel.) 

MEASUBES  OF  VOLUMES. 

Litres. 

DECILITRES. 

CENTILITRES. 

MILLILITHES. 

Piut*  

.56793 
1.13586 
9.08691 
36.34765 

5.67932 
11.35864 
90.869U 
363.47658 

56.79321 
113.58643 
9U8.  69145 
3634.7G580 

567.93215 
1135.86431 
9086.91451 
36347.65804 

Quarts.  

Pecks  

Bushels..  

Example — Reduce  123  Imperial  bushels  to  litres: 
123X36  34765 ^4470. 76  litres. 


Table   No.   35. 


WEIGHTS. 

TKOY  WEIGHT. 

POUNDS. 

OUNCES. 

PENNYWEIGHTS. 

GRAINS. 

1  Milligramme.  ...... 

.00003 
.00032 
.00321 
.03215 
.32150 
3.21507 
32.15072 
321.50726 

3215.07265 
3-2150  7-2654 

.OOO.'M 
.00043 
.00430 
.61301 
6.4:014 
64.30145 
643.01453 
6430.14530 

64301.45308 

.01343 
.15482 
1.543-23 
15.4C39I 

154.3-2:!4* 
1543.23487 
15432.34874 

1  Centigramme  

.00002 
.00026 
.00267 
.02679 
.26792 
2  67922 
26.79227 

267.92272 

2fi"0  92721 

1  Decigramme  

1  Hectogramme  

1  Kilogramme.  

i  Mvriagr»mm6  

i  vuintai    

I  Millieror  Tonnein. 

Example — Reduce  432  grammes  tc  ounces  troy: 
432X  .03215=13. 88  ounces  troy. 


Table  No.   26. 


WEIGHTS. 


VBOY  WEIGHTS. 

MILLIER  OR 
TONNEAU. 

QUINTALS. 

MYRIA- 
GRAMMES. 

KII.O- 
GRAMMES. 

IIIICTOGBAMMES. 

1  Grain  

.OOOOG 

.00004 

1  Pennyweight. 

.00001 

.00015 

.00155 

.01555 

00003 

00031 

00311 

.03110 

.31103 

1  Pound  

.00037 

.00373 

.03732 

.37324 

3.  732  a 

WEIGHTS. 

DEOA- 
ORAMMKS. 

Grammes. 

DECI- 
GRAMMES. 

CENTI- 
GRAMMES. 

MILLIGRAMMES 

1  Grain  

.00647 

OR479 

.64798 

6.47989 

64  W9i 

1  Pennyweight. 
1  Ounce  

.15551 
3.11034 

1.55517 
31  10349 

15.55174 
311.03496 

155.51748 
3110  34963 

1555.17431 
31103  49631 

1  Pound  

37.32419 

373.24195 

3732.4190.') 

37324.19557 

Example — Reduce  115  troy  ounces  to  grammes: 
115\31.10349=3,576.9  grammes. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MKASUJKS 


4.1? 


Table   No.   27. 


AVOIttDUPOIS  WEIGHT. 


»\  EIGHTS. 

POUNDS. 

OUNCES. 

DRAMS. 

G  I!  A  INS. 

.00003 

00056 

01543 

00002 

00035 

00564 

1  543'1 

00022 

.00352 

05643 

1  54323 

00220 

.  03527 

.56438 

15  43234 

.02204 

.35273 

5  64383 

154  32348 

.22046 

3.52739 

56.43830 

1543.23487 

2  20402 

35  27393 

564  38H03 

15432  34874 

22  01621 

352  73939 

5643  83038 

1  Quintal  

220.46212 

3527.39399 

56438.30384 

1  Millicr  or  Tonneau 

2  '04.  C2  124 

35273.9b990 

Example— Reduce  432  grammes  to  ounces  avoirdupois: 
432X- 03527=15. 23  ounces  avoirdupois. 


Table   No.   28. 


AVOIRDUPOIS 


WEIGHTS. 


WEIGHTS. 

MILLIER  OR 
TONNEAU. 

QUINTALS. 

MYHIA- 
GRAMMES. 

KILO- 
GBAMMES. 

HECTO- 
GRAMMES. 

1  Grain  

.00006 

.coor.4 

.00001 

00017 

.00177 

.01771 

1  Ounce  

.00002 

.(  OOJ8 

.00283 

.02834 

.28349 

1  Pound  

.00045 

.00453 

.04535 

.45359 

4.53592 

I  Hundredweight.. 
1  Ton  (2,000  IDS.)... 
'-  Ton  (2,240  IDS.)... 

.04535 
.90718 
1.01604 

.45359 
9.07185 
10.16047 

4.53592 
90  71853 
101.60475 

45.35926 
907.185  0 
1016.04754 

453.59265 
9071.8S309 
10160.  47o46 

AVOIRDUPOIS 


WEIGHTS. 


WEIGHTS. 

DECA- 
GRAMMES. 

Grammes 

DECI- 
GKAMMES. 

CENTI- 
GKAMMES 

MILLI- 
GRAMMES. 

1  Grain  

.00647 

.06479 

.64798 

6.47989 

64.79895 

1  Dram   

.17718 

1  77184 

17.71846 

177.1H463 

1771.846oO 

1  Ounce  

2  83495 

28.34954 

283.49.540 

2834.95409 

28349.  C  4090 

1  Pound    .            

45  35926 

453  .  59265 

4535.92653 

45359.26545 

1  Hundredweight. 

4535  92654 

45359.26540 

1  Ton  (  2,000  Ibs.)... 
1  Ton  (2,240  Ibs.)... 

90718.53090 
101604.75461 





Examplf— Reduce  4fi8  pounds  avoirdupois  to  kilogrammes: 
468X  .45359  -212.28  kilogrammes. 


THK  GREAT  PYRAMID  .IKKXKII 


Table  No.   29. 


WEIGHTS. 

APOTHECARIES  WEIGHT. 

POUNDS. 

OUNCES. 

J'KAMS. 

SCRUPLES. 

GRAINS. 

1  Milligramme 

.00003 
.000^2 
.00321 

.cms 

.32150 
3.21507 
32  .  15072 
321.50726 

.00025 
.00257 
.02572 
.25720 
2  57205 
25.72058 
257.20581 
2572.0.3812 

.00077 
.00771 
.07716 
.77161 
7.71617 
77.16174 
771.61743 
7716.17437 

.0154* 
.15432 
1.54323= 
15.4:1234 
154.3234* 
1543.21487 
15432  34874 

1  Centigramme... 
1  Decigramme.  .  .. 

1  <;  i  ti  HI  nit-  

1  Decagramme  .  .  . 
1  Hectogramme  .. 
1  Kilogramme  .  .  . 
1  Myriagramme  .  . 

.00002 
.0(1026 
.00267 
.02679 
.26792 
2.67922 
26.79227 

Example — Reduce  25  uramnies  tj  drains: 
SSx  .2572^6.43  drams. 


Table  No.   SO. 


APOTHECARIES 
WEIGHT. 

WEIGHTS. 

MYBIAGRAMMES. 

KILOGRAMMES. 

HECTOGRAMMES. 

DECAGRAMMES, 

1  Grain  

.00006 
.OU129 
.00388 
.03110 
.37324 

.00064 

.012*8 

.03887 
.31103 
3.';3241 

.00647 
.12959 
.38879 
3.11034 
37.32419 

.00012 
.00038 
.00311 
.03732 

1  l>r«m  

1  Pound  

APOTHECARIES 
WEIGHT. 

WEIGHTS. 

Grammes. 

DECIGRAMMES. 

CENTIGRAMMES. 

MILLIGRAMMES, 

1  Grain  

.Of>479 
1.29597 
3.88793 
31.10349 
373.24195 

.64798 
12.95979 
38.87937 
311.0349C. 
3732.41955 

6.47989 
129.59790 
388.79370 
3110.34963 
37324.19557 

64.79895 
1295.97901 
3887.93703 
31103.  49631 

1  Scruple  

1  Dram  

1  Ounce  

1  Pound  .... 

Example — Reduce  2  scruples  to  grammes: 
2x1. 29597  -2 . 59  grammes. 


THE  GRAMME. 

Different  authors  give  the  following  values  for  the  gramme  in  grains.    The 
second  in  the  list  is  now  generally  adopted : 


15.432 
15.43234874 
15  43234875 
15.4323488 


15.432349 

15.43-27 

15.433159 


15.434 
15.43402344 
15. 438393 


15.44 
15.4402 
15.44242 
15.44402 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


Constituting 


TABLE    OF     M  i:i:<  II  \  M»I-I. 
Ton  by  Weight  or  Measurement,  also  a  Car  Load. 


ARTICLES. 

Size, 
cub.  ft. 

Per  Ton. 

Car  load, 
br'd  gauge. 

Weight. 

Measur'm' 

Acid,  carboys  each  

6.8 

6  carboys 

120carbova 
630  sacks" 
340  sacks 
120  bbls. 
250%  bbls. 
180  pkgs. 
200  cases 
6000  brick 
240  pkgs. 
1200  boxes 
18  to  20  hd 
140  bbls. 
80  casks 
40  casks 
740sacks 
13  casks* 
340  sacks 
10  tons 
400  sacks 
260  sacks 
400  cases 
80  boxes 
900  cases 
450  cases 
140  cases 
30  cases 
60  cases 
90  bales 
40  crates 
20  crates 
40  casks 
20  casks 
140  bbls. 
600  doors 
60  bales 
89  ca>es 
400  sacks 
900  sacks 
280  sacks 
90  bbls. 
190%  bbls. 

400  cases 
540  cases 
800  boxes 
540  boxes 
400  boxes 
320  sacks 
SOO  sacks 
160  bushels 
7^.0  bushels 
340  sacks 
>00  sacks 
40  sacks 
6S0  bushels 
520  sacks 
>0  bales 
0  bales 
80  bales 
00  cases 
40  cases 
0  tons 
0  tons 
MO  bdls. 
00  rolls 
0  bbls. 
->40  cases 

Beans  sacks  60  Ibs  each 

34  sacks 
17  sacks 

Beans,  sacks,  gunny,  120  Ibs.  each  

Beef  and  pork,  bbls.,  each  

7 
8.6 

6  bbls. 
12K%bbls 
9pkgs. 
10  cases 
837  brick 
12  pkgs. 
60  boxes 
1  head 
7  bbls. 
5  casks 
3  casks 
8  sacks 

13  sacks 
40  cu.  ft. 

Beef  and  pork,  %  bbls.,  each  

Blinds,  packages  each 

9 

4 

Boots  and  shoes,  cases,  each  

Brick,  8x4%x2%  inches  

393  brick 

Brooms,  packages,  each  

3.5 

Candles,  boxes,  each  

.8 
40 
6.3 
8 
14 
5.3 

""3.1'2" 

74  boxes 
1  .9  head 
6.66  bbls. 
4  casks 
2  casks 
37  sacks 
1.33  casks 
17  sacks 
2240  Ibs. 
20  sacks 
13  sacks 

Cattle  head  of         

Cement,  bbls.,  each  
Chain,  casks,  500  Ibs.  each  

Chain,  casks,  1,000  Ibs.  each  

Charcoal,  sacks,  55  Ibs.  each  

Coal,  casks,  1,500  Ibs  each  
Coal,  sacks,  150  Ibs.  each         .  .  , 

Coal  (loose),  2,240  Ibs.,  per  ton  
Coffee,  sacks,  100  Ibs.  each  

Coffee,  sacks,  150  Ibs.  each  ..  ...... 

Coffee,  cases,  each  

2.3 

20  cases 

Copper  boxes,  600  Ibs  each  . 

4  boxes 

Cordage,  coils,  small,  each  

1 
2 

e 

10 
15 
10 
20 
40 
20 
40 
6.3 

40  cases 
20  cases 
7  cases 
4  cases 
3  cases 
4  bales 
2  crates 
1  crate 
2  casks 
1  cask 
7  bbls. 
30  doors 
i  bales 
5  cases 

Cordage  or  Rope  coils  2  each 

Cordage,  or  Rope,  coils  3  each 

Cordage,  or  Rope,  coils,  4  each  

Cordage  or  Rope  coils  5  each 

Cotton,  bales  of,  475  Ibs.  each  

4%  bales 

Crockery,  crates,  small,  each  

Crockery,  crates  large  each 

Crockery,  casks   small  each       

Crockery  casks  large  each 

Crockery,  bbls  ,  each               .  ... 

D.iors  

Excelsior,  ba'es,  each  

15 
9 

Furniture,  cases  chairs,  each  

Flour,  sacks,  100  Ibs.  each 

20  sacks 
40  sacks 
14  sacks 
9%  bbls. 
19%  bbls. 

Flour,  sacks,  50  Ibs.  each  

Flour  gunnies,  150  Ibs  each 

Flour,  bbls.,  each  

6.3 
3.6 

2 
1.6 

7  bbls. 
14%  %  bbls 

20  cases 
27  cases 
40  boxes 
11  boxes 
20  boxes 

Flonr,  J  bbls.,  each  

Fruits—  apples,  oranges,  pears,  quinces, 
grapes,  etc.,  in  cases  

Fruits,  preserved,  cases  

Glass,  boxes,  each  

1 
1  6 

Glass,  boxes,  each 

Glass,  boxes,  each  

2 

Grain  —  Barlev  burlap  s'ks  130  Ibs  each 

L6  sacks 
40  sacks 
28%  bush. 
36  bushels 
17  sacks 

"       Bran,  sacks,  50  Ibs.  each 

"       Corn,  ear,  70  Ibs.  per  bushel... 

16.77  bush. 
32.1  bush. 

"    shelled,  56  Ibs.  per  bushel. 
"    sacks,  120  Ibs.  each..  . 

"       Middlings,  sacks,  80  Ibs.  each. 

25  sacks 
J2  sacks 
2000  Ibs. 
16  sacks 

"       Oats,  burlap  sacks,  95  Ibs.  each 
loose  

32.1  bush. 

"       Wheat,  burlapsacks,  130  Ibs.  ea 
Gunnies,  bales,  each  (small)  

14 
20 
15 

i  bales 
2  bales 
i  bales 
5  cases 
7  cases 

"            "        "      (large)  

Hair  and  Moss,  bales  of  

Hams  and  Bacon,  cases,  each 

9 

1.4 

Handles,  Ax,  cases,  each  

Iron,  cast  pipes,  castings,  etc  

2240  Ibs 

"     pig,  2,240  Ibs.  per  ton  

2240  Ibs. 
7  bdls. 

"     sheet,  bdls.,  120  Ibs.  each  

Leather,  rolls,  each  

9 
63 
1.6 

j  rolls 
7  bbls. 
27  cases 

Lime,  bbls.,  each  
Liquors,  ca^es.  each  _  

460 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZ EH 


TAISI.I:  OF  ?i  i:i:«  ii  \MUSI:. 
lt>   Weight  and  Measurement.— Conducted. 


ARTICLES. 

Size, 
cub.  ft- 

Per  Ton. 

Car-load, 
br'd  gangf 

Weight. 

Measure. 

Liquors,  bbls.,  each  

9.83 

4  bbls. 
854  %  bbls. 
16  baske.s 

4SO  feet 
480  feel 
y}  cord 
4SO  feet 
l.OOOsh's 
850  feet 
%cord 
s  bales 
7  bbls. 
30  kegs 
12  bales 
4  bbls.    ' 
*%  X  bbls. 
I  cask 
2  casks 
-'0  cases 
15  sacks 

,80  bbls. 
170^  bbls. 
320  case- 
34  pi  pes 
9,OuO  feet 
3,000  feet 
6  cords 
;»,000  feet 
40,000  sirs 

17,000  feet 
7  cords 
160  bales 
140  bbls. 
400  kegs 
240  bales 
80  bbls. 
165  i  bbls. 
20  casks 
40  casks 
It'O  cases 
400  sacks 
400  cases 
200  cases 
200  kegs 
400  kegs 
800  kegs 
l.COO  kegs 
1,600  cases 
150  bales 
40  cases 
120  bbls. 
160  bbls. 
24U  sacks 
:><Ju  bushels 
800  kegs 
120  bbls. 
as()  sacks 
40<»  sacks 
200  sacks 
180  sacks 
160  kegs 
400  kegs 
40  cases 
SJO  boxes 
1,600  boxes 
1,400  boxes 
1,600  boxes 
121  cu.  ft. 
I33cu.  ft. 
6  perch 
160  stoves 
70  stoves 
120  bbls. 
2x554  bbls. 
120  bbls. 
J4.>%  bblr,. 
ilO  kegs 
120  bbls. 
280  chests 
360  chests 
200  ne  ,ts 
1,600  boxes 
340  nests 
200  nests 
**0  pacir'ges 
240     " 
140  balea 

"         %bbls.,  each  
"         baskets,  each  

4.92 
2  6 



"         pipes  each  ..  .._  

24.6 

Lumber  (board  measure),  etc  

"         flooring  board  measure  

"         liiinl  wood  

"        joists  or  plank 

"         shingles        

"         aiding,  board  measure  

Mailing  China  bales,  each 

5 
6.3 

Merchandise,  bbls.,  each  

Nails  and  spikes,  kegs  100  Ibs  

1.3 

3.6 

20  kegs..  .. 

Oils,  bbls.,  each  

12 

"      Vz  bbls    each.          

4.93 

"      casks  lirge,  each  

40 
20 
2 

2.7    . 

"      coal,  lard,  nut,  etc.,  cases  
Onions,  sacks,  100  IDS.  each  

20  sacks 
20  cases 
10  cases 
10  kegs 
20  kegs 
40  kegs 
SO  kegs 
80  cases 

"           "     of  200  Ibs  each 

"        kegs  of  200  Ibs.  each       

«           "     of  100  Ibs.  each      

"           "     of   50  Ibs  each 

"           "     of   25  Ihs  each             

"         tin  cases  25  Ibs  each  

Papers  bales  of  each  

7 
40 
7 
6.3 

8  bales 
1  case 
6  bbls. 
8  bbls. 
12  sacks 
32  bushels 
10  c.  or  k. 
6  bbls. 

Pianos,  cases,  each  

Pitch,  bbls.  of,  each  

Plaster,  bbls.  of,  each  

Potatoes,  sacks  of,  125  Ibs.  each  

3.3 

16  sacks 
33.3  bush. 

'•        bushels  of,  60  Ibs.  each  

Powder,  cases  or  kegs  of.  

1 
7 

Resin,  bbls.  of,  each  

Salt,  bav,  sacks,  110  Ibs.  each  . 

19  sacks 
20  sacks 
10  sacks 
9  sacks 
8  kegs 
20  kegs 

"     Carman  Island  or  Liverp'l,  100  Ibs 
"     Liverpool,  sacks  220  Ibs  
"         gunnies  of  250  Ibs.  

Shot,  kegs  of,  250  Ibs.  each  

"      lead,  kegs  of,  100  Ibs.  each  

Shovels,  cases  of,  each  

29 
1 
.6 

2  cases 
40  l)oxes 
80  boxes 
70  boxes 
•SO  boxes 
40  cu.  ft. 
40  cu.  ft. 
1.6  perch 

Soap,  castile,  boxes  of,  each  

"      boxes  of,  each  

Spices,  boxes  of,  each  

Starch,     "       "      "    .....  

.6 

Stone,  granite,  cubic  feet  of.  

13%  cu.  ft. 
16A  cu.  ft. 

"      sandsione,  cubic  feet  of.  

"      rubble,  perch  of  

24% 

Stove  Castings,  250  Ibs.  per  stove  

8  stoves 

Stoves,  each  (set  up)  

12 
7 
3.6 

3%  stoves 
6  bbls. 
H^^bbls 
6  bbls. 
12%%  bbls 
32  kegs 
6  bbls. 
14  chests 
18  chests 
10  nests 
80  boxes 
17  boxes 
10  nests 
4  packages 
12nack'ges 
Ilk  bales 

Sugar,  bbls.,  each  
"       V£  bbls.,  each  

Sirup,  bbls..  each  
"       %  bbls  ,  each  
"       kegs,  each  

6.9 
3.4 
1.3 

Tar,  bbls.,  each  

7 
2.8 

Tea,  China,  chests  of.  

Tea,  Japan,  chests  of.  

2.2 

Tin,  boxes  of,  120  Ibs.  each  

4 
2 
2.4 

Tobacco,  boxes,  small,  each.       

Trunks,  nests,  each  

Tubs  and  Pails,  nests,  each  

4.6 

Washboards,  packages  of,  each  

10 
4 
3.5 

Windows  packages  of,  each  

Wool,  bales  of.  30u  Ibs.  each  

7  bales 

WKHiHTS  AM)  .MEASURES 


461 


MISCELLANEOUS    \VKI4.  IITS  ANI>    II  I. AS!   UK.* 

4  Inches  =       A  Hand. 

3  Inches  =       A  Palm. 

9  Inches  =        A  Span. 

18  Inches  =        A  Cubit. 

36  Inches  or  3  Feet  =        A  Pace. 

28  Inches  or  2>3  Feet  =       A  Military  Pace. 

33.38670  Inches  =       1  Vara. 

25  Pounds  =        1  Keg  of  powder. 

56  Pounds  =        1  Firkin  of  buiiur. 

!uO  Pounds  =        1  Cental  of  grain. 

100  Pounds  =       1  Cask  of  raisins. 

U  0  Pounds  =       1  Quintal  of  dried  fish. 

'.'JO  Pounds  =        1  Barrel  of  flour. 

!UO  Pounds  =        1  Barrel  of  beef,  pork  or  fish. 

'.'•>G  Pounds  =        1  Barrel  of  son  p. 

iso  Pounds  =       1  Barrel  of  salt. 

IRON  OR  LEAD. 

14     Pounds     =  1  Stone. 

21%  Stone         =  1  Pis      =  301  pounds. 

8     Pigs            =  1  Fother=2,408  pounds=172  stone. 

LA  HI,  II  OF  Tin:  Fit  VCT10XAL  PARTS  OF  AST  ISTCR. 

(of  33  parts)  and  foot  of  12  indies,  reduced  to  Decimals. 


<,y  elx&DerimalB  I  Inch  •=  Decimals  'inch—Decimals!  Fo^t—DecimalBiFoot—DecijnaU 

.       c  1.00000     21-32—     .65025    |  5-10—     .3125 

12-12-  1.00000   .14-     s»     J6GG6 

•l-32ae     .90876 

%-     —     .625        1  9-32—     .28126 

;11-12—     .9166 

1-12:-     J08333 

.->-16=«     .9375 

19-32—     .69376    '.%       ~     .126 

,66-     .83333 

7-96=«     .07291 

9-32—     .90625 

9-10=     .5025 

T-i?2^     .21876 

U  -     -     .75 

8^8=.    .0625 

<-     —    .875 

17-32—     .53125 

3-  16.,     .1875 

j  ?5  -     -     .66666 

6-96=a    .0528 

7-32=.     .84375 

M     -    J 

5-32,.     .15625 

7-12—    .68333 

l-24=a     .04166 

i-16=-    .8125 

15-3-2=.     .46875 

X-    —    .125 

3fi-     -     ^ 

l-32=i     .03125 

.-,-32=i     .78125 

7-16=.     .4375 

3-32,,     .09375 

i   6-12-     .41666 

1-48=3     .02083 

:-     m     .75           13-32=»     .40625 

1-16=,     .0625 

y3       —    .33333 

l-96=s     .010415 

!-32r.     .71875     %       —    .375 

1  32—     .03125 

V    —    .25 

1-99—    .010101 

1-10=     .1)875        11-32=     .34375 

1 

Table  of  the  Decimal  parts  of  a  Pound— (16  oz's.* 


l>'iil 

res= 

_  Dcfimais. 

Oniir>;s= 

licii  Minis. 

0«nces= 

Dcrinial.s.l  Oiinies  — 

iN'ciifals.  Oni.ci's«=DefImaJs. 

1  i 

m. 

1.0000 

12J-i^= 

.78125 

9    — 

.5025 

•=* 

.34375 

2     — 

.125 

1  ~>1 

/1  = 

9RS75 

12    - 

.75 

8%  — 

.53125 

5 

_ 

.3125 

I  "• 

.09375 

1  >' 

".„ 

.9375 

11  Ji- 

.71875 

8     a 

.5 

41 

j_. 

.28125 

1  "  — 

.0625 

•  3. 

.90025 

ll     — 

.6875 

7  J<j=> 

.40875 

4 

^ 

.25 

J5     —  • 

.03125 

1  ^ 

"^ 

.8875 

10J;>=i 

.65625 

7     -« 

.4375 

83 

.'=• 

.21875 

1;>1 

21* 

.84375 

10  "sa 

.625 

0  !>£= 

.40025         3 

„ 

.1S75 

13 

«• 

.8125 

9^=. 

.59375 

6        =3 

.375         I   2r 

1= 

1.->G25 

NUMBER  OF  CUT  NATL&  IN  ONE  POUND  (NEW  STANDARD)  ,  weighed  on  a  Fair, 
tanks  !i  Co.'s  scales  at  the  establishment  of  Huntiiigton,  Hopkins  &  Co.,  San  Fran- 
cisco, hy  the  editcr  hproof  prrsonnlly. 


8 

rt 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

<) 

in 

i*1 

16 

90 

30 

•in 

r>o 

rn 

£iength,  inches  

IN 

1  Vj 

__ 
1  V 

134 

7 

°M 

•>Vi 

03^ 

s 

'^h' 

31X 

^ 

1V, 

i. 

-v 

6 

u> 

Ko.  In  pound,  fine  

co 

<o 

•-O 

n 
rf*. 

^ 

8 

^1 

to 

«> 
e> 

s 

8 

00 

j- 

£ 

00 

£\ 

j." 

r 

X 

*^ 

,K 

^r 

*i\ 

ar 

X 

^ 

eo" 

at 

K 

NUMBEK  AND  LENGTH  OF  TACKS  IN  ONE  POUND. 


5z  

tach... 
<lo.in  Ib 

1 

136 

2 

2J« 

3 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

yt 

16000 

-i, 
10666 

K 

8000 

.5.. 
6400 

9t 

5333 

A 

4000 

-|96 
2006 

% 
2000 

11 
1600 

\ 
1333 

ia 

1  6 
1143 

% 
1000 

II 
888 

1 

80(1 

1,1- 
727 

IX 
666 

•4(5:2 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZ EH 


(O  l>  00  OS  rn  CO  O  QO 


cc  o  —>  co  id  ao  -H  us 


us  oj 


00  Ot  rH  «TlO  *f-H  >O  Q  O  iH  O 

IH  ri  i-i  1-1  c4  c^  «  «  TT  S5 


-    8 


«  CO  ^  lO  to  t- 


eo  • 

O 


•T  o  o>  *M  »o  ^  L-7  ^*  o  t^  os  ec  o  i  -  ao  c 

ri  ri  1-1  C4  H  65  CO  •*  O  1C  ffl  00  O  CC  1~ 


S?  I  S 


^  I  s 

00 


1-1  r-t  T-I  C^  CO 


r-i 
M< 


- 


r?        S 


1  i— <  Ci  C~-  CC  i— «  CC  CC  >*  CC  i 
•  ,"  "J  7t  '-^  —  ~  **  ''A  OT  ; 

l^*  ^-  I-H  S ; 


>  •M  i-  oc  rr  ^-  o  o 


C   i   5?  o  o  .— i  r-i  cc  TT  i.o  x  r»"  oo  oi  o  ^*  c^  cc  ^«  >c  cc  r*»  oc  os  o  •—  ^j 

0)     |.SO  ^— ,,-,^-lr—  r-^-i-tr-«-He^«N^ 

i*    ^ 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


463 


MISCELLANEOUS    MEASUREMENTS. 
Bricks. 

Variations  in  dimensions  by  various  manufacturers,  and  different  degrees  of 
Intensify  of  their  burning,  render  a  table  of  exact .dimensions  of  different  manu- 
facture! and  classes  of  bricks  altogether  impracticable.  Average  dimensions  of 
the  following  descriptions  of  brick  : 


DESCRIPTION. 

INCHES. 

DESCRIPTION. 

INCHES. 

Baltimore....  (  Front  i 
Philadelphia-j       or 
Wilmington.  (Pressed) 
Croton  

8.25x4.125x2.375 

8l25x3.625x2.a75 
9     x4.5    x2.5 
8.75x4.25  x2.5 
6.25x3       xl.5 

Maine  

7.5    x3.375x2.375 
8.5    X4.125x2.375 
8       x3.5    x2.2o 
(7.75  x3.625x2.25 
1  8       X4.125x2.5 
8.25  X4.125X2.5 
9.125x4.625x'?.375 
8.875x4  5    X2.625 

Milwaukee  

North  River  

Colubiuish  
Eng.  ordinary  
"      Lond.  stock  

San  Francisco  

Stourbridge.  fire  brick.  . 
Amer.  N.  Y.   "       "      .. 

Dutch  Clinker  

Variations  in  dimensions  of  bricks,  and  thickness  of  the  layer  of  mortar  or  ce- 
ment in  which  they  may  be  laid,  make  it  impracticable  to  give  any  rule  of  gen- 
eral application  for  volume  of  laid  brickwork. 

Volume  of  bricks  in  masonry  may  be  found  as  follows : 

RULE.— Face  dimensions  of  particular  bricks  used,  add  one-half  thickness  of 
the  mortar  or  cement  in  which  they  are  laid,  and  compute  the  area;  divide 
width  of  wall  by  number  of  bricks  of  which  it  is  composed;  multiply  this  area 
by  quotient  thus  obtained,  and  product  will  give  volume  of  the  mass  of  a  brick 
and  its  mortar  in  inches.  Divide  1,728  by  this  volume,  and  quotient  will  give 
number  of  bricks  in  a  cubic  foot. 

By  the  above  rule,  the  number  of  bricks  contained  in  a  cubic  foot  of  "  Phila- 
delphia front,"  manufacture= 18.1858  bricks.  The  average  weight  of  a  cubic 
foot  of  brickwork  in  mortar  is  about  102  pounds. 

Laths  are  1%  to  1%-inch  by  four  feet  in  length,  set  %  of  an  inch  apart,  and  a 
"bundle  contains  100.  It  takes  20  laths  to  cover  1  square  yard. 

Plastering.— In  measuring  plasterers'  work,  all  openings,  as  doors,  windows,  etc., 
are  computed  at  one-half  their  areas  and  cornices  are  measured  upon  their  ex- 
treme edges,  including  that  cut  off  by  mitering.  In  weight,  plastering,  lathing, 
and  furring,  will  average  9  pounds  per  sqiinre  toot. 

Glazing. — In  glaziers'  work,  oval  and  round  windows  are  measured  as  squares. 

CUBIC  FKKT  IX  A  TON  OF  HAY:  270  cubic  feet  of  new  meadow 
hay,  or  243  cubic  feet  of  hay  from  old  stacks  will  weigh  a  ton;  297  to  324  cubic  feet 
of  dry  clover  weigh  a  ton ;  512  cubic  feet  of  oat  or  wheat  hay,  in  Cal.,  are  taken  for 
a  ton;  Gov't  officials  in  the  Pacific  States  purchase  hay  at  the  latter  figure.  No 
two  States  accept  the  same  measurement, 

CHARCOAL,   WEIGHT  AND  MEASUREMENT. 

The  best  quality  of  charcoal  is  made  from  beech,  chestnut,  maple,  onk  and  pine. 
Wood  will  furnish,  when  properly  burned,  about  23  per  cent,  of  coal.  Oak  charcoal 
absorbs  about  4.28  and  pine  8.9  per  cent,  of  water. 

One  bushel  of  charcoal  contains  2,747.7  cvibic  inches;  and  if  made  from  red  or  white 
pine  will  weigh  22  lb«. ;  if  made  of  oak,  or  triturated,  will  weigh  from  30  to  43  Ibs. 

CASTINGS  AND  PATTERNS  COMPARED. 

Rule.—  Multiply  the  weight  of  the  pattern  (oj  white  pine)  in  pounds  by  the  f  blowing 
multiplier,  and  the  product  will  give  the  weight  of  the  casting:  brass,  15;  iron,  14; 
lead,  23 ;  tin,  14;  zinc.  13.5. 

Leather  Belting  and  all  substances  in  Rolls  and  roil-.  " 
find  the  length  of  a  roll  of  belting;  measure  (in  inches)  the  diameter  of  the  roll, 
and  the  diameter  of  the  hole  in  the  center  of  the  roll,  add  the  two  diameters 
together,  divide  the  result  by  2,  then  multiply  that  quantity  by  3.1416,  multiply 
this  last  amount  by  the  number  of  coils  or  folds  in  the  roll,  and  you  have  the 
length  of  the  belt  in  inches.  How  many  feet  of  belting  in  a  roll  31  in's  in  diameter, 
hole  in  center  4  in's  in  diameter,  number  of  folds  100?  Example.— 31  4  =  35;  35 
H-2  =  17.50;  17.50  X  3.1416=  54.978;  54.978  X  100=  5,497.800;  5,497.80,J  -=-  12=  458.150 
feet.  Another.— Count  the  number  of  folds  of  belting  between  the  center  of  th« 
coil  and  its  circumference  (=  n) ;  measure  the  diameter  of  the  coil  (  =  D) ;  meas- 
ure the  diameter  of  the  circular  hole  in  the  center  of  the  coil  (  =  d)  :  then  add  the 
outside  diameter  (D)  to  the  inside  diameter  (d)  and  multiply  this  sum  (D*d) 
by  the  number  of  folds  (u),  and  this  product  by  1.5708;  the  result  of  the  mill- 
tiplicatiou  is  the  length  of  the  belting  L) ;  or  in  a  formula:  L  =  3. 1410  X  n  X 

(  P±l')  =  1.5708  X  n  X  (D  qdj-   .Al'JU»  i*»t  formula  by  C.  Ewald  Grunsky,  O:  EJ 


4(U  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


MECHAMCS-Miscellaneous. 

Mechanics,  that  branch  of  applied  mathematics  which  treats  of  forces  and 
equilibrium.  There  are  two  divisions,  Statics  and  Dynamics,  the  first  embracing 
equilibrium  of  forces  or  bodies  at  rest,  the  second  of  bodies  in  motion.  There  is 
a  further  division  into  mechanics  of  solid,  fluid,  and  aeriform  bodies,  classed 
under  the  names,  Geqstatics,  Geodynamics  (solids);  Hydrostatics,  Hydrodynam- 
ics (fluids);  Aerostatics,  Pneumatics  (gases).  Forces  either  have  motion  or 
resistance,  and  may  be  summed  up  as  follows:  Gravity,  Muscle,  Elasticity,  Cen- 
tral, Heat,  Magnetism,  Percussion,  Expansion,  Inertia,  Cohesion,  Adhesion, 
Explosion. 

Electricity  is  a  form  of  persistent  force,  and  is  evolved  in  any  disturbance  of 
molecular  equilibrium,  whether  from  a 'chemical,  physical  or  mechanical  cause. 
According  t;>  the  British  Association  tables,  the  electrical  unit  of  resistance  is 
termed  an  Ohm,  which  represents  resistance  of  a  column  of  mercury  of  1  sq.  mil- 
limeter in  section,  and  1.0486  meters  in  length,  at  temperature  0°  C.  It  is  equiva- 
lent to  resistance  of  a  wire  4  millimeters  in  diameter  and  1(0  meters  in  length. 

One  microhm  =  10  absolute  electro  magnetic  units;  1,000,000  microhms  =  1 
ohm,  or  10,000,000  absolute  electro  magnetic  units;  1,000,000  ohms  =  1  megohm, 
or  1013  absolute  electro  magnetic  units.  The  unit  of  electro  motive  force,  or 
difference  of  potentials  is  the  v.lt. 

One  microvolt  =  .1  of  an  absolute  electro  magnetic  unit;  10  microvolts  =  1 
absolute  electro  magnetic  unit;  1,000,000  microvolts  =  1  volt,  or  100,000  absolute 
electro  magnetic  units;  1,000,000  volts  =  1  megavolt. 

The  unit  of  electro  current  is  equal  to  1  weber  per  second,  or  the  current  in  a 
circuit  has  an  electric  motive  force  of  one  volt  and  a  resistance  of  an  u/nn. 

The  unit  of  electric  volume  is  called  ampere,  and  represents  that  volume  of 
electricity  which  flows  through  a  circuit  having  an  electro  motive  force  of  1  volt 
and  a  resistance  of  1  ohm  in  &  second,  or  it  represents  a  volt  diminished  by  nn 
ohm.  One  million  microvolts  or  100  absolute  units  of  volume  =  1  ampere.  1,000,- 

000  amperes  =  1  megawber.    The  unit  of  electric  capacity  is  called  a  farad. 
1,000,000  microfarads,  or  10,000,000  absolute  units  of  capacity  "=  IJarnd.    1.000,000 
farads  =  1  megaf.irad.    An  electric  current  with  30  Fauro  cells,  74  rolls,  1.81  am- 
pere, is  equal  to  16  standard  candles;  with  50  like  cells,  124  rolls,  and  3.2  amperes, 

1  t  i  s  equal  to  333  similar  caudles,  in  producing  the  light  of  a  Maxim  incandescent 
lamp. 

Gravity  acts  equally  on  all  bodies  at  equal  distances  from  the  earth's  center, 
its  force  dimin.shing  as  the  distance  increases,  and  increasing  as  the  distance 
diminishes.  Bodies  attract  each  other  directly  as  their  masses,  and  inversely  as 
squares  of  their  distances.  The  specific  gravity  of  a  body  is  the  proportion  it 
bjars  to  the  weight  of  another  body  of  known  density  or  of  equal  volume,  taken 
as  a  standard.  Bodies  moving  around  a  center  have  a  tendency  to  fly  off  in  a 
tangent,  centrifugally.  The  attraction  of  the  central  fixed  point  is  the  centrip- 
etal force,  opposed  to  centrifugal,  and  producing  an  orbital  balance.  Kepler 
lirst  announced  in  his  three  laws  the  astronomical  application  of  thLs  principle; 
Newton  verified  and  extended  It  universally. 

Heat  or  Caloric  is  a  mode  of  motion  or  manifestation  of  universal  persistent 
force.  For  expressing  and  measuring  quantities  of  heat,  a  thermal  unit  is  em- 
ployed. This  unit  of  heat  is  the  quantity  of  heat  which  corresponds  to  an  intor- 
val'of  1°  in  the  temperature  of  1  Ib.  of  pure  liquid  water,  at  or  near  its  tempera- 
ture of  greatest  density.  The  mechanical  equivalent  of  heat  is  772,  as  the 
mechanical  power  required  to  raise  one  pound  772  feet  will  generate  one  unit  of 
heat.  Air  and  gases  are  very  bad  conductors  of  heat.  In  neating  rooms  with 
air,  the  hot  air  should  be  let  in  at  the  bottom.  Double  windows  owe  their  utility 
to  the  body  of  air  between  them  which  transmits  heat  imperfectly.  Asphalt  is 
the  best  composition  fjr  resisting  moisture;  it  is  a  slow  conductor  and  economizes 
heat  and  dryness.  Slate  is  very  dry,  but  conducts  quickly,  and  will  not  retain 
heat.  Plaster  of  Paris  and  woods  make  good  lining  for  rooms  because  they  are 
poor  conductors,  while  a  composition  of  nair  and  lime  is  a  quick  conductor  and 
very  cold.  Fire-brick  absorbs  much  heat,  and  makes  good  lining  for  fireplaci  s, 
while  iron  is  a  high  conductor,  and  the  worst  substance  for  that  purpose.  Un- 
derground temperature  increases  1°  with  every  64  feet  downward  from  surface. 

Light— Solids  shine  in  the  dark  only  at  a  temperature  of  600°  to  700°  and  at 
1,000°  in  the  day.  The  intensity  of  lisrht  is  inversely  as  the  square  of  distance 
from  the  luminous  bo<ly.  The  light  of  t  he  sun  travels  at  the  rate  of  185,000  mil' s 
a  second.  The  standard  measure  of  light  is  the  candle  power  of  a  short  6  sperm, 
burning  120  grs.  per  hour.  One  thousand  cubic  feet  of  13  candle  coal  gas  is  equal 
to  7.5  gal.  of  sperm  oil,  52.9  IDS.  of  mold  candles  and  44.6  Ibs.  of  sperm  candles. 
The  higher  the  flame  from  a  gas  burner,  the  greater  the  intensity  of  the  light, 
the  most  effective  height  being  5  inclu  s 

A  Square  of  Slate  is  100  superficial  feet.  Gauge  is  the  distance  between  the 
Bourses  of  the  slates.  I^p  is  the  distance  which  each  slaie  overlaps  the  slate 
lengthwise  next  but  one  below  it,  and  it  varies  from  2  to  4  inches;  the  standard 
is  3  inches.  Margin  is  width,  of  course,  exposed  or  distance  between  tails  of  the 
slates.  Pitch  of  a  slate  roof  should  rot  be  less  tluin  1  in  height  to  4  of  length. 


WKIGHTS  AND  MEASUEES  465 

MECHANICS— MISCELLANEOUS— Concluded. 

Horse-power. — EP  measures  the  rate  at  which  work  is  done.  One  horse-power 
Is  reckoned  as  equivalent  to  raising  33,000  Ibs.  one  foot  high  per  minute,  or  550 
Ibs.  per  second.  It  is  called  nominal,  indicated,  or  actual.  Nominal  is  used  by 
manufacturers  of  steam  engines  to  express  the  capacity  of  an  engine,  the  ele- 
ments being  confined  to  the  dimensions  of  steam  cylinder,  and  a  conventional 
pressure  of  steam  and  speed  of  piston.  Indicated  shows  the  full  capacity  of  the 
cylinder  in  operation  without  deductions  for  friction.  Actual  marks  its  power  as 
developed  in  operation  involving  elements  of  mean  pressure  upon  the  piston, 
its  velocity,  and  a  just  deduction  for  friction  of  engine's  operation. 

Mechanical  Powers  are  only  three,  viz.:  the  lever,  inclined  plane,  and  pulley. 
The  wheel  and  axle,  wedge  and  screw  are  only  combinations  of  the  three  simple 
powers. 

The  Strength  of  Material  is  the  resistance  which  a  body  offers  to  a  separation 
of  its  parts,  and  is  measured  by  the  degree  of  its  resistance  to  forms  of  force 
called  Crushing,  Detrusivet  Tensile,  Torsion,  and  Transverse.  Cohesion  is  the 
quality  by  which  the  particles  of  bodies  remain  iu  contact.  Elasticity  is  the 
quality  of  a  body  by  which  it  resists  changes  of  form.  The  resilience  of  a  body 
is  a  combination  of  strength  and  flexibility.  The  deflection,  bending,  or  varia- 
tion of  girders,  beams,  and  bars  depends  chiefly  upon  their  form.  Continuous 
weights  equal  to  those  which  girders,  etc.,  are  suited  to  bear  will  not  cause  their 
deflection  to  increase  unless  they  are  subjected  to  important  changes  of  temper- 
ature. The  heaviest  load  on  a  railway  girder  ought  not  to  exceed  .16  of  such 
a  weight  as  would  destroy  the  girder  if  laid  on  in  state  of  rest.  The  deflection 
of  girders,  etc.,  fixed  at  one  end  and  loaded  at  the  other,  is  32  times  that  of  the 
same  when  supported  at  both  ends  and  loaded  in  the  middle.  Deflection  is 
greatly  increased  by  instantaneous  loading,  sometimes  doubled.  The  momen- 
tum of  a  railway  train  in  deflecting  beams,  or  girders,  is  greater  than  its  simple 
dead  weight,  and  the  deflection  increases  with  the  velocity  of  the  weight. 
Beams  broken  by  a  running  load  are  always  fractured  at  points  beyond  their 
centers.  The  heaviest  running  weight  is  that  of  locomotives,  2  tons  per  linear 
foot.  Girders  must  not  be  deflected  more  than  .025  inch  to  a  foot  in  length. 

An  Alloy  is  the  proportion  of  a  baser  metal  mixed  with  a  finer  or  purer.  Amal- 
gam is  a  compound  of  mercury  and  a  metal  making  a  soft  alloy;  compositions  of 
copper  contract  in  admixture,  and  all  amalgams  expand.  The  less  fusible  metals 
should  be  melted  first  when  alloys  and  compositions  are  made.  Increase  of  the 
•/.'me  proportion  in  composition  of  brass  is  followed  by  a  decrease  of  malleability. 
The  tenacity  of  brass  is  impaired  by  addition  of  lead  or  tin.  Steel  alloyed  with 
ore  five-hundredth  part  of  platinum  or  silver  is  rendered  harder,  more  malleable, 
and  better  adapted  for  cutting  instruments.  The  specific  gravity  of  alloys  does 
not  follow  the  ratios  of  their  ingredients,  being  sometimes  above  or  below  the 
mean.  Brass  is  an  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc;  bronze,  of  tin  and  copper. 

Gun  Barrels  to  shoot  well  must  not  be  less  than  44  times  diameter  of  bore  nor 
more  than  47  measured  from  the  vent  hole. 

Mortar  should  be  so  mixed  with  lime  or  cement  paste  that  the  volume  of 
cementing  substance  should  be  somewhat  in  excess  of  volume  of  voids  or  spaces 
in  the  sand  or  coarse  material  to  be  united,  so  that  there  may  be  enough  to 
counteract  the  imperfect  manipulation  of  the  mass. 

Portland  Cement  requires  less  water  than  Roman  cement,  sets  slowly,  and  can 
be  remixed  with  additional  water  after  an  interval  of  12  or  24  hours  from  its  first 
mixture.  It  improves  by  age  if  kept  from  moisture.  The  longer  in  setting  the 
stronger  it  will  be.  Cleaner  and  sharper  the  sand,  greater  the  strength.  Strong 
cement  is  heavy;  blue  gray,  slow  setting.  Quick  setting  generally  has  too  much 
clay  in  its  composition,  is  brownish  and  weak.  Less  water  used  in  mixing 
cement,  the  better.  Brick,  stones,  etc.,  used  with  cement  should  be  well  wetted 
before  using.  Cement  setting  under  still  water  will  be  stronger  than  if  kept  dry. 
Bricks  of  Portland  cement  in  a  few  months  are  equal  to  the  best  pressed  or  face. 
When  concrete  is  being  used,  a  current  of  water  will  wash  away  the  cement. 
Artificial  cement  is  made  by  a  combination  of  slaked  lime  with  unburned  clay 
in  suitable  proportions.  Salt  water  has  a  tendency  to  decompose  cements  of  ail 
kinds,  and  their  strength  is  considerably  impaired  by  their  mixture  with  it. 
Whence  it  follows  that  cement  in  a  climate  like  that  of  San  Francisco,  with  a 
saline  atmosphere  and  moderate  rainfall,  is  not  economics!  1  material,  while  in  a 
climate  like  that  of  Arizona,  it  would  be  the  most  satisfactory  for  structures  and 
all  works  not  in  or  near  water  courses  and  lakes. 

Scales  and  Balances.— To  detect  fraudulent  balances  after  en  equilibrium  has 
been  established  between  the  weight  and  the  article,  transpose  them  and  the 
weight  will  preponderate,  if  the  article  is  lighter  than  the  weight,  and  vice  versa. 
To  ascertain  true  weight,  discover  the  weight  which  will  produce  equilibrium 
after  the  article  and  weight  have  been  transposed;  reduce  these  weights  to  the 
same  denomination,  multiply  them  together  and  the  square  root  of  their  product 
will  give  true  weight. 


466 


THE  GRKAT  PYRAMID  .IKKZKH 


.  .  . 

SHOEMAKERS'  MEASURE.—  No.  1  small  size  is  4^ins.,  inside  length,  and  every  snr. 
ei  ding  number  increases  %  of  an  inch  to  13.     No.  1  large  size  is  8  and  ll.'Jl  ins., 
_ud  every  succeeding  number  increases  yt  of  an  inch  to  15. 

HOSE.—  The  numbers,  of  hose  or  stockings,  viz:    6,  7,8,  8Jj,  9,  etc.,  Indicate  ih-J 
exmrt  length  of  the  foot  of  the  hose  in  inches. 


HATTER'S  MEASURE.  —  The  measure  around  the  head  to  be  taken  just  where  th» 
t   is   accustomed   to  rest,  and  for  the  following   sizes   is    as   follows:    Siz-> 

":    —  .IB  J  «;    ino      n«.r»nt»<1    4>1A    Vinnrl  •    A  —  •  !*}«:%  inc    .    til        —  !  Q  *  4  ilia    .    ft  '  .'    —  I'lr.'tinc    < 


18.45  ins.  around  the  head;  <».= 


SIZES  OF  HATS  WORN  BY  EMINENT  MEN.— Dean  Stanley,  No.  6'i;   Lord  Beacons. 


OF   TJIK    WORM). 


BELLS. 

Lbs. 

BELLS. 

Tbs. 

BKI.I.S. 

Lbs. 

11.470 
lO.s.14 
10.-2:;:i 
6,COO 
6,384 

Moscow,  Russia.... 
St.  Ivan's,  Moscow. 
v  ienua,  Austria  .... 
Olinutz,  Bobemia... 
liowcii  ,  France  
"Big  Ben,"  London. 

432,000 
l'27,a'30 
40,200 
40,000 
40,000 
30,350 

Montreal.  Canada.  .  . 
City  Hall,  N.  Y  
Fire  Alarm,  83d  St., 
New  York  City.... 
St.  Peter's,  Rome.  .  . 
"  Great  Tom"Ox  ford 

28,560 
22,300 

21,612 

18,000 

IS,  000 

St.  Paul's,  London.. 
Linden,  Germany  .  . 
Lewiston,  Maine.... 
Worcester,  England 
York,  England.  

WEIGHT  AND  SPECIFIC   GRAVITY 

Of  Liquids,  Metals,   Mineral  Substances  and  Woods, 

•  NOTE.— The  Specific  Gravity  of  a  body  is  the  proportion  it  bears  to  the  weight  of 
another  body  of  known  density.  An  immersed  body,  ascending  or  descending  in  a 
fluid,  has  a  force  equal  to  the  difference  between  its  own  weight  and  the  weight  of 
its  bulk  of  the  fluid,  less  the  resistance  of  the  fluid  to  its  past-age. 

Water  Is  well  adapted  for  the  standard  of  gravity ;  and  as  a  cubic  foot  of  it  weighs 
1,000  ounces  avoirdupois,  its  wei«ht  is  taken  as  the  unit,  viz.,  1,000. 

To  find  the  weight  of  any  substance,  the  specific  gravity  being  known,  divide  the 
specific  gravity  by  16,  and  the  quotient  \vill  give  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  it  in 
pounds. 

In  t/tit  Table,  Fluids  at  32°  Fahr.  {  except  water,  which  Is  taken  at  39°.l  Fahr.). 


LIQUID* 

Weight  of  a 
cubic  foot  in 
pounds, 
|  avoirdupois. 

Specific  grav- 
ity, pure 
Water  =1. 

LIQUID*. 

3    2* 

s-d  ~a 

fist 

ills 

•       0* 

Specific  grav- 
ity, pure 
\\at.r,  =1. 

Acid,  Acetic  

66.375 

1062 

59  437 

951 

41.687 

667 

"         25        " 

60  625 

970 

"     Citric    

64.625 

1034 

"        10       " 

61  625 

986 

"     Concentrated  

95.062 

1521 

62  000 

"     Fluoric  

93.750 

1*00 

55  687 

891 

••     Muriatic  

75.000 

1200 

81  250 

1300 

"     Nitric  
"     Phosphoric  

76.062 
97  .  375 

1217 

1558 

Aquafortis,  single  
Beer  .... 

75.000 
64  625 

1200 
1034 

"         solid  .   . 

175.000 

2800 

Bitumen,  liquid  •.  . 

63.000 

848 

'•     Sulphuric  

115.562 

1849 

65  875 

1054 

Alcohol,  pure,  60°  

49.622 

794 

57  7*>0 

9°4 

"        95  per  cent  

51.000 

816 

C.der  

63.625 

10!8 

80        "        

53.937 

863 

54  125 

866 

60        "        

58.375 

934 

"        muriatic  .. 

52.812 

345 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


467 


weight  and  Specific  Gravity— Continued. 


IiIQUIDS. 

Weight  of  a 
cubic  foot  in 
pounds, 

avoirclupoiB. 

Specific  grav- 
ity pure 
water  =  1. 

LIQUIDS. 

3    §3 

o"d  0*2. 
?  2  5'  on 

2-S  m  3* 

HIE 

?     p'p 

1  Specific  grav- 
ity pure 
|  water  =  1. 

44.  C8? 
90.025 
849  75)' 
U.500 
61.G25 
57.087 
68.750 
53.0(10 
57.187 
60  .  5G2 
54.875 
57.125 
57.875 
54.375 
57.687 

160.000 
419.500 
360.187 
29.375 
613.937 

532.000 

488.750 

523.750 
533.750 
543.750 
12J.OOO 
187.500 
540.625 
98.750 
368.750 
BOG.  125 
537.500 
375.000 
649.250 
643.625 
555.000 
1203.625 
1210.062 
1092.875 
981.812 
1167.500 
1437.500 
450.437 
456.750 
486.750 
485  .  875 
481.500 
709.500 
711.750 
36.875 
109.375 

715 
1450 
13596 
1032 
98C 
923 
940 
848 
915 
969 
878 
914 
926 
870 
923 

2560 
6712 
5763 
470 
9823 

8832 

7820 

838(1 
8214 
8700 
2000 
3000 
8650 
1580 
6900 
8098 
8600 
6000 
8788 
8698 
8880 
19258 
19361 
17486 
15709 
18680 
23000 
7207; 
7308 
7788 
7774 
7704 
11352 
11388 
590 
1750 

Spirit,  rectified  

51.500 
63.437 
67.500 
77.500 
62.449 

824 
101  S 
1080 
1240 
999 
957 
998 
1029 
1000 
1026 
992 
997 
1038 
997 

8000 
15632 
13598 
13580 
13370 
8600 
8800 
8279 
S2< 
11350 
20337 
16000 
22069 
865 
8940 
10650 
8600 
4500 

Honey  

Tar  

Milk 

•«         60°  

"    Codfish 

•  ««       212°  

59  812 
62.379 
64.312 
62.5OO 

64.125 
62.000 
64.315 
64.875 
62.312 

500.000 
977.000 
849  875 
848.750 
835.625 
537.500 
550.000 
517.437 
1402.981 
709.375 
1271.062 
1000.000 
1379.312 
54.062 
658.750 
665  625 
537.500 
281.250 

"    Linseed    

"        distilled,  39°  

"        Mediterranean.... 

"    Olive 

"        sea  

««      Port  

«    Whale  

METALS  —  Solids. 

METALS—  Solids. 

Mercuiy—  40°  

"     +32°  

"         60°  

««       212°  

i  Copper,  84  

Brass.  |Tin>16  

Nickel  

<       (  Copper  67  

(Zinc,  33  

"         Plate  

"         Wire        

Platinum,  hammered  

"         rolled  

Cobalt  

654.625 
656.937 
60.625 
487.875 
489.562 
488.625 
490  437 
158.750 
461.875 
455.687 
381.875 
740.625 
331.250 
1062.500 
1145.625 
444.937 
428.812 
449.437 

10474 
10511 
970 
7806 
7833 
7818 
7847 
2540 
7390 
7291 
6110 
11850 
5300 
17000 
18330 
7119 
6861 
7191 

"        "       hammered  .  . 

"       Wire  

Gold,  pure,  cast  .... 

«     soft  

"     tern,  and  hardened.. 
««     wire  

"      20           "          

Tin,  Cornish,  hammered  .  . 

Iron,  cast  

•'    cast  gun  metal  
"     wrought  barp  

Thallium  

"            "        wire  
"    rolled  plates  

Tungsten    

Lead,  cast  
"      rolled  

Wolfram  

Lithium  

MagnfBinm  

NOTE.— The  number  of  elements  as  at  present  recognized  is    72, 
Which  are  metals. 


forty.sev«n  of 


468 


THE  GKEAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Weight  and  Specific  tiravlty  — Continued. 


MtNKKAL,  SUBSTANCES, 
ETC. 

Weight  of  a 
cubic  foot  In 
pounds, 
avoirdupois. 

Specino  Grav- 
1  ity  pure 
|  water  =  1. 

MINEEAI,  SUBSTANCES, 
ETC. 

Weight  of  a 
cubic  foot  in 
pounds, 
avoirdupois. 

CO 

3«e  t? 
«J| 

161.875 

2590 

Flint,  black  

161.375 

2582 

170.625 

2730 

"     white..  ..           . 

162.125 

2594 

"        yellow  

16&687 

2699 

Fluorine  

82.500 

1320 

Alum  .  

107.125 

1714 

Garnet  

261.812 

il<?9 

67.375 

1078 

"     black  

234.375 

3750 

64.125 

866 

Glass,  bottle  

170.750 

2732 

192.062 

3073 

"     crown  

155.437 

•jiS7 

56.562 

905 

"     flint  .  .  , 

183.319 

I.U33 

250.000 

1650 
4000 

J 
'     green  .  . 

165.125 

3200 
2642 

Barytes,  sulphate  ......  j 

304.062 

4865 

"     optical  

215.625 

3450 

Basalts  | 

171.250 

2740 

"     white  

180.760 

2892' 

107.125 

1714 

"     window  

Granite,  Egyptian  red  

165.875 

2654 

Brick  { 

118.750 

1900 

"        Pa  tap  sco  

1(55.000 

2640 

"    fire  

137.562 

2201 

"        Quincy  
"        Scotch  

164.062 

2625 

"    work  in  cement  .... 
I 

112.500 
100.000 

1800 
1600 

"        Susquehanna  .  .  . 
Gravel  ,  common  

169.000 
109.312 

2704 
1749 

"             '    mortar...  j 

125.000 

2000 

Grindstone  

133.937 

2143 

218.750 

3500 

Gypsum  ,  opaque  

135.500 

2168 

Cement  Portland  

81.250 

1300 

Hone,  white  razor  

179.750 

2876 

97.250 

1560 

221.250 

3640 

Chalk  | 

95.000 

1520 

Iodine  

308.750 

4940 

Chrysolite       

173.871 

2782 

Jet  
Lime,  hydraulic  

171.562 

1300 
2745 

Clay        

120.625 

1930 

'  '     quick  

50.250 

804 

155.000 

2480 

Limestone,  green  

198.750 

3186 

89.750 

1436 

«'           white  

197.250 

3156 

102.500 
80.625 

1640 
1290 

Magnesia,  carbonate  .... 
Marble,  Adelaide  

150.000 
169.687 

2400 
2715 

79.812 

1277 

"       African  

169.250 

•2708 

77.375 
82  375 

1238 
1318 

"        Biscayan,  black  .  . 

168.437 

2695 

"     Cherry  

79.750 

1276 

167.876 

238(> 

"     Chili  

80.625 

1290 

166.750 

2668 

"     Derbyshire  

80.750 

1292 

"        French  

165562 

2649 

79.562 

1273 

169.250 

2708 

"     Maryland  

84.687 

1355 

177.  37£ 

2838 

"     Newcastle  

79.375 

1270 

165.625 

2650 

"     Rive  de  Gier  

81.250 

1300 

109.375 

1750 

"      Scotch  { 

78.687 

1259 

Mica    

175.000 

2800 

"     Splint  

81.375 

1300 
1302 

Millstone  

155.250 
86500 

248£ 
1384 

"      Wales,  mean  
Coke    

82.187 
62.500 

1315 
1000 

Mud  

109.375 
101.875 

175<? 
1600 

"    Nat'l.Va  

46.640 

746 

Nitre  

118.750 

1900 

125.000 

2000 

Opal 

132.125 

2P4 

65.312 

1045 

130.750 

2C-92 

168.750 

2700 

151.000 

2416 

"     white  

159.375 

2550 

165.625 

ii6£3 

16X312 

2613 

1 

37.500 

600 

Diamond,  Oriental  

220.062 

3521 

Peat    J 

S3.062 

1329 

••         Brazilian  

215.250 

3444 

Phosphorus  

110.<525 

177i? 

Earth,  common  soil  dry  •  • 

76.000 

1216 

Plaster  ot  Paris  

73.500 

1176 

loose  

93.750 

1500 

131.250 

2100 

"      moist  sand  

128.125 

2050 

172.812 

2765 

"      mould,  fresh  
•«      rammed  

128.125 
100.000 

2050 
1600 

Porcelain,  China  

14i>.750 
57.187 

2300 
915 

"      rough  sand  

120000 

1920 

166.250 

2660 

"      with  gravel  

126.250 

2020i 

558.750 

8940 

Emery  

250.000 

4000 

68.062 

1089 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


469 


Weight  and  Specific  Gravity—Continued. 


MINERAL  SUBSTA.NCES, 
ETC. 

Weight  of  a 
cubic  foot  in 
pounds, 
avoirdupois. 

Specific  grav- 
ity, pure 
water  =  1. 

MINERAL  SUBSTANCES, 
ETC. 

Weight  of  a 
cubic  foot  in 
pounds, 
1  avoirdupois. 

''Specific  grav- 
ity, pure 
1  water  =  1. 

Ilock,  crystal  

170.937 
123.812 
207.687 
133.125 
130.62.') 
112.500 
104.375 
97.500 
87.000 
88.750 
103.625 
107.250 
106.312 
249.625 
198.125 
162  500 

2735 
1981 
4283 
2130 
2090 
1800 
1670 
1560 
1392 
1420 
1659 
1716 
1701 
3994 
3170 
2600 
2672 
2900 
2784 
2440 
2735 
2693 
2704 
3400 

905 
1650 
.001205 
965 
942 
988 
903 
1090 
923 
936 
923 
1222 
1452 
900 
1000 
1550 
1800 
980 

800 
793 
845 
722 
400 
822 
624 
690 
852 
567 
1031 
912 
1328 
928 

Stalactite  

150.937 
122.562 
165.000 
164.062 
169.000 
156.875 
129.750 
157.500 
144.750 
165.687 
172.437 
144.000 
148.000 
137.500 
139.812 
186.000 
168.000 
156.250 
181.250 
113.437 
250.625 
170.000 
171.087 

105.562 
57.500 
63.062 
69.437 
114.002 
59.187 
67.125 
85.000 
53  500 

2415 
1961 
2640 
2625 
2704 
?510 
£.076 
2520 
2316 
2651 
2759 
2304 
2368 
2200 
2237 
2976 
2688 
2500 
2900 
1815 
4011 
2720 
2750 

16S9 
920 
1009 
1111 
1825 
947 
1074 
1360 
1336 
1071 
943 
950 
1606 
1326 
972 
941 
964 
970 

376 
913 
561 
1315 
441 
380 
1573 
280 
1380 
715 
606 
610 
726 
1040 

Rottfen-stone  

Stone,  Bath,  Eng  

ilnby                 

Blue  Hill..  

!3alt  common  

'      Bluestone  (Basalt). 
'      Breackneck,  N.  Y.. 
'      Bristol,  Eng  

Saltpetre  

Rand  coarse  

Common  

'      Caen,  Normandy... 
'      Common  

damp  and  loose... 
'      dried  and  loose... 
'•      dry  

'      Craigleth,  Eng  
Kentish  Rag,  Eng. 
'      Kip's  Bay,  N.  Y  
Norfolk  

'      morter  

"       Brooklyn.. 
'      silicious  

'       Portland,  Eng..;.... 
'      Sandstone,  mean... 
"            Sydney 
'      Staten  Island,  N.Y. 
'      Sullivan  Co.,  N.Y. 

Sapphire  

Schorl        ...           

Shale 

Slate  | 

167.000 
181.250 
174.000 
152.500 
170.937 
168.312 
169.000 
215.500 

56.562 
103.125 
.0753125 
60.312 
68.875 
61.750 
66.437 
68.V25 
57  687 
58.500 
57.687 
76.375 
90.750 
56.250 
62.500 
96.875 
112.500 
61.250 

50.000 
49.562 
52.812 
45.125 
25.01K) 
51.375 
39.000 
43.125 
5.3.250 
35.437 
64.437 
57.000 
83000 
58.000 

"    purple  

Tale  black 

Smalt  

Tile  

Spar  Calcareous  . 

Feld,  blue      

Trap 

"         "      green  
"      Fluor 

Turquoise  

MISCELLANEOUS  SUB- 
STANCES. 

Horn  

MISCELLANEOUS  SKB- 

STANCES. 

A^phaltum                     •! 

Atmospheric  Air  

Ice  at  32°  
Indigo  

Beeswax  

Isinglass  

Butter  

Ivory  

•Camphor  

Lard  

Caoutchouc  

Mastic  

EgR  

Myrrh  

Fat  of  Cattle  

Opium 

56.937 
58.937 
59.375 
100.375 
82.875 
60.250 
58.812 
60.250 
60.625 

23.500 
57.062 
35.062 
82.157 
27.562 
23.750 
98.312 
17.500 
86.250 
44.687 
37.875 
38.125 
45.375 
65.000 

"      Sheep  

Spermaceti  .         ... 

Gamboge  

Starch 

Gum  Arabic  

Sugar 

Gunpowder,  loose  

"       66 

"            shaken  
solid  | 

Tallow  

Wax  ..1 

WOODS,  DKY. 
Alder  

1 

WOODS,  DKY. 

Apple  

Ash  

''    extradry  

Bamhoo  

Bay  

"        fresh  burned  .  .  . 
'*        oak 

Beech,  extra  dry  

••      { 

"       roft  wood  
"        triturated  

Birch  

Box,  Brazilian  

"      well  seasoned  

"    Dutch  

«•    French  

Bullet-  wood  

470 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Weight  and  Specific  CJravity— Continued. 


WOODS,  DRY. 

Weight  of  a 
cubic  foot  in 
pounds, 
avoirdupois. 

Specific  grav- 
ity pure 
water  =  1. 

WOCDS,  DRY. 

Weight  of  a 
cubic  foot  in 
pounds, 
avoidupois. 

Specific  grav- 
ity pure 
water  =  1. 

Cork      

15.000 
40.250 
27.562 
47.250 
83.187 
75.562 
43.437 
35.625 
41.937 
37.500 
32.000 
62.687 
62.500 
37.000 
63.750 
66.876 
23.000 
49.500 
62.376 
43.125 
47.500 
48.125 
85.375 
45.000 
34.000 
35.000 
43.937 
83.312 
60.250 
37.750 
45.500 
67.062 
45.000 
66.437 
35.000 
63.250 

45.00^ 
46.875 
8^.000 
63.062 
35.062 
66.062 

240 
644 
441 
756 
1331 
12U9 
695 
570 
671 
600 
612 
813 
1000 
592 

910 
868 
792 
838 
690 
760 
770 
666 
720 
644 
660 
703 
1333 
804 
604 
728 
913 
720 
1063 
660 
852 

72ft 
750 
676 
849 
661 
897 

Oak,  African  

51.437 
54.500 
47.437 
68.250 
71.625 
73.125 
78,750 
66.750 
53.750 
42.937 

42.437 
44.002 
41.312 
44.375 
41.250 
36.875 
34.625 
29.562 
33.812 
28.812 
49.062 
84.625 
36.250 
23.937 
33.062 
44.062 
45.500 
30.125 
55.312 
31.250 
38.937 
23.937 
41.062 
46.562 
41.937 
31.250 
30.375 
36.562 
49.250 
60.437 

823 
872 
759 
932 
1146 
1170 
12GO 
10u8 
860 
687 

759- 
705- 
661 
710 
660 
590 
554 
47i 
641 
461 
785 
1354 
580 
383 
529 
705 
728 
48.' 
885 
500 
623 
383 
657 
746 
671 
50fl 
486 
583 
788 
807 

"    Canadian  

"       vrell  seasoned  .  .  . 

"    English  

Elder    

•'     live,  green  

Filbert  

•«        "    well  seasoned.. 
"        "    James  B.,  well 
seasoned  

«•  '         tar  

__      .          ,      i,*" 

Pear  

Hazel    

"     red  

"     white  

"      red,  well  seasoned 
«      Shell  bark  

"         "    well  seasoned. 
"    yellow           " 
«        «      <jry  

Holly                    .             . 

Plum  

Poon  

Poplar  

A>           ....    .....     ...... 

.........      .  .. 

Mahoeanv...                ...•! 

Teak   African  oak  | 
Walnut    

"         Honduras  

M          „£  „        ''nan  PX 

black  

tra  dry  

Willow  | 

Maple  
«•     bird's-eye  • 
Mastic       

Yew,  Dutch  

Mulberry  j 

RAILROAD  TIES. — Prof.  Sargent  states  that  the  Railroads  of  the  United  States, 
old  and  new,  consume  every  year  not  far  from  tin, 000 ,000  ties,  destroying  30,000,COfi 
vigorous,  healthy  young  trees;  upon  the  supposition  that  two  ties  are  cut  from  a 
tree.  The  value  of  Railroad  ties  put  down  by  completed  roads  in  1880,  (not  count, 
ing  10,000  miles  in  course  of  construction)  amounted  to  nearly  $10,000,000.  Ties- 
are  made  chiefly  from  oak,  hemlock  and  red-elm. 

TELEGRAPH  POLES.— These  sre  cut  from  white-cedar,  red-cedar,  white-ash,  red- 
wood, oak,  and  sometimes  other  woods.  It  is  claimed  that  Chicago,  111.,  luruishes 
one-third  of  all  the  telegraph  poles  used  in  the  United  States,  one-ninth  of  all  tbe 
Railroad  ties,  and  5  per  cent,  of  the  posts,  supplying  Railroad  and  telegraph  lines 
from  New  York  to  Utah,  southwest  as  far  as  Arizona,  besides  sending  some  pole* 
to  Mexico.  No  pine  is  used  for  poles.  Average  duration  of  postsand  pole",  is  from 
8  to  12  years,  white-cedar  lasting  about  8,  and  oak  about  32  years. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


471 


BOILING  POINTS  OF  MISCELLANEOUS  SUBSTANCES. 
(Under  One  Atmosphere.)   l>«-gree«  Fahrenheit. 


SUBSTANCES. 

DEGREE. 

SUBSTANCES. 

DEGREE. 

SUBSTANCES. 

DEGBMl 

Acetate  of  Soda.. 
««       "  Potash 

i    255.8 
336. 

Linseed  Oil  

697 
648. 

Salt,  common.... 
SeaWater  aver'ge 

'  2272 
213  2 

Alcohol,  a.  g.  813. 

173. 
140. 

Milk  ,  

213. 
186. 

Sulphur  

Sulphuric  Acid,  8. 

570. 

Benzine.......... 

173. 

Nitrate  of  Soda 

250. 

g.,  1.848  

590. 

Brine  

226. 

Nitrate  of  Potash 

240.6 

Sulp.  Acid  s.g.  1.3 

240. 

Carbonate  of  Soda 
Carb.  of  Potash.. 

220.3 
275. 

Nit  Acid,  s.g.  1.42 
Nit.  Acid,  E.g.  1.5 

248. 
210. 

Sulphuric  Ether. 
Turpentine  

100. 
315. 

Chloroform.  

146. 

Oil  of  Turpentine 

315. 

Water  

212. 

Coal  Tar  

325. 

316. 

Water,  in  vocuo 

98. 

Ether  

100. 

554. 

WhaleOil  

630. 

NOTE. — Water  may  be  heated  in  a  Digester  to  400S  without  boiling.  Fluids  boil  in  a 
vacuum  with  less  heat  than  under  pressure  of  atmosphere.  Water  may  be  reduced 
to  5°  if  confined  in  tubes  of  from  .003  to  .005  inch  in  diameter;  this  is  in  consequence  01 
adhesion  of  water  to  surface  of  tube,  interfering  with  a  change  in  Its  state.  It  may  also 
be  reduced  in  its  temperature  below  32°  if  it  is  kept  perfectly  quiescent. 

BOILING   POINT  OF   PURE  WATER  AT   DIFFERENT  ALTITUDES. 

Boiling  Point  at  the  Level  of  the  Sea —812"  F»hr. 


Degree.!   Feet 

Degree.j   Feet. 

Degree. 

Feet. 

Degree  . 

Feet 

Degree. 

Feet 

215        *  1,551 

202 

5,300 

189 

12,489 

176 

20,016 

163 

27,881 

214        *  1,036 

201 

6,841 

188 

13,056 

175 

20,609 

162 

28,500 

213        *    619 

200 

6,384  i 

187 

13,625 

174 

21,204 

161 

29,121 

212                 0 

199 

6,929 

186 

14,196 

173 

21,801 

160     29,744 

211              521 

198 

7,476 

185 

14,769 

172 

22,400 

159     30.3C9 

210           1,044: 

197 

8,025        184 

15,344 

171 

23,001 

158     30,996 

209 

1,569 

196 

8,576 

183         15,921 

170 

23,604 

157     ,31,625 

208 

2,096 

195 

9,129 

182 

16,500 

169 

24,209 

156 

32,256 

207 

2,625  I 

194 

9,684  ; 

181 

17,081 

168       24,816 

155 

32,889 

'206 

3,156       193 

10,241 

180         17,664 

167       25,425 

154 

33,524 

205 

3,689 

192 

10,800 

179 

18,249 

166 

26,036i 

153 

34,161 

204 

4,224 

191 

11,361 

178 

18,836 

165 

26,649 

152 

34,800 

208 

4,761 

190 

11,924 

177          19,425 

164 

27,264, 

150 

36,084 

•Feet  below  tt«sealeveL 
Transmission  of  Heat  Through  Glass  of  Different  Colors.— Direct— 100. 


Plate  
Red  

65.5 
53. 

Window  
Orange  

52. 
44. 

Yellow  
Green 

40. 
26 

Violet,  deep  

53. 

Blue,  light  

42. 

Blue,  deep  

19. 

Melting  Points  of  Metals  and  Various  Substances. 


Metals. 

Deg. 

Metals. 

Deg. 

Fusible  Plugs. 

Deg 

Aluminum  at  red 

Platinum  

3080 

Lead  2  Tin  2 

372 

heat  

Potassium  

136 

"6      "2 

Antimony  

810 

Silver  

/1250 

"     7,    "    2  

388 

Bismuth  

476 

Sodium  

(1873 
194 

"     8,     "    2  

410 

Bronze  

1692 

Steel  

2500 

Miscellaneous. 

Calcium.at  red  heat 

Tin  

446 

Ambergris.... 

145 

Copper  

1996 

Zinc  

680 

151 

Gold,  pure  

(2282 
1  2590 

Alloys. 

212 

Carbonic  Acid  

108 

Gold,  standard  

215fi 

1,          3,    "    5 

210 

Ice  

32 

(2250 

1,          4,    "    6 

240 

Lard  

9f> 

(3479* 
f  2450 

3,          2,    "    5 
2,          3  

199 
334 

Nitro-glycerine  
Phosphorus 

45 

112 

13700* 

3,          1  

552 

Pitch 

91 

(2912 

2,         Isolder 

475 

Saltpetre  

606 

(  3509* 

1,         2  soft" 

360 

Spermaceti  

112 

Lead  

608 

1,         1  

368 

114 

Lithium  

356 

Tin  1,  Bismuth  1 

286 

239 

Mercury  

39 

"    2,        "         1.... 

336 

Tallow 

9'> 

Nickel,  highest 

"    8,        "          1  

392 

Wax,  white  

142 

forge  li  eat  

Zinc  1,  Tin  1  

399 

*  Rankine. 


•  rvniiKiiie. 

NOTE. — The  volume  of  water,  antimony  and  cast-iron  in  a  solid  state,  exceeds 
that  of  the  liquid,  as  evidenced  by  floating  upon  their  own  melted  substances. 


471' 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


•WH1WHT  OF  GASES, 

Gases  at  32°  Fahr.,  and  under  one  atmosphere.    Weight  of  a  cubic  foot  in  Ibe,  avolt 
dupois. 


NAMES. 

Weight. 

NAMES. 

Weight. 

Air           

0.0753125 

Hydrogen  

0.005592 

Bisnlphuret-of-Carbon  Vapor, 

Nitrogen  

0.078596 

(ideal)   '.  

0.2137 

Oleflant  Gas  

0.0795 

0.12344 

Oxygen  

0.089256 

Ether  Vapor  (ideal)  

0.2093 

Steam,  (ideal)  

0.05022 

SODND. — Tile  velocity  of  sound  through  the  air  in  a  temperature  at  62°  Fahrenheit 
!s  1,125  feet  j>er  second. 

The  velocity  cf  sound  through  water  is  4%  times,  through  iron,  10  times,  and 
th:ough  wood,  from  11  to  17  times  that  in  air. 


FEET. 

MILES. 

A  powerful  human  voice  in  the  open  air  and  no  wind..  .  . 
Beating  of  a  drum  

400 
10,560 

.087 
2 

Music  of  a  heavy  brass  baud  „ 

15.840 

3 

16,000 

3.02 

Cannonading,  very  strong  

475,000 

90 

Audible  at  a  Distance  of 


LIGHT. — The  velocity  of  light  is  192,500  miles  per  second.  Estimating  the  distance 
to  be  95,000,000  miles,  it  passes  from  the  sun  to  the  earth  in  8.2  minutes.  It  can  pass 
through  the  distance  of  the  circumference  of  the  earth  in  '-s  of  a  second. 

VELOCITY  AND  FORCE  OF  WIND. 
WIND. — The  velocity  of  air  in  passing  into  a  vacuum  is  1346.4  feet  per  second. 


Miles 

Feet 

Force  in 

Miles 

Feet    Force  ic 

Description 

per 
Hour. 

per 
Minute. 

Ibs.  per 
Sq.Foot 

Description. 

per 
Hour. 

per 

Minute. 

Ibs.  per 
Sq.  1  oul 

Hardly  percept. 

1 

88 

.005 

High  wind  

(     30 

I     35 

2,640 
3,080 

4.4C9 
6.027 

Just  perceptible 

{     3 

170 
2C4 

.020 

.044 

Very  high  wind 

(     40 
\     « 

3,520 
3,900 

7.873 
9.9C3 

Gentle  breeze  .  . 

h 

352 
440 

.079 
.123 

I      50 
\     55 

4,400 
4,840 

12.300 
14.883 

Pleasant  breeze. 

° 

I     9 

528 
792 

.177 
.400 

Great  storm... 

)     60 
\     65 

E/:80 
5,720 

17.712 
20.787 

Brisk  gale  

10 
I   15 

880 
1,320 

.492 
1.107 

Hurricane  

(      70 
\     85 

6,100 
7,480 

24.1C8 
35.547 

Very  brisk  gale. 

1   20 
25 

1,760 
2,200 

1.968 
3.075 

Tornado  

100 

8,800 

49.200 

PliESSUKE  OF  LIQUIDS  OR  INELASTIC  FLUIDS. 

1.  The  area  (a)  of  the  base  of  a  regular  vessel,  the  height  (A)  of  the  fluid  in 
feet,  and  the  wei  ht  (w)  of  a  cubic  foot  of  the  fluid  being  given;  required  tlie 
pressure  (p)  in  po.iuds  on  the  bottom  of  the  vessel: 


2.  The  height  (A)  of  a  column  of  fluid  in  feet,  and  the  weight  (w)  of  a  cubic  foot  of 
the  fluid  being  given;  required  the  pressure  (p)  in  pounds  of  the  column  pet 
square  inch: 


3.  The  diameter  in  feet  of  the  base  (6)  of  a  cylindrical  reservoir,  and  the  depth 
in  feet  (d]  of  fresh  water  contained  therein  being  given  ;  required  the  pressure  (pt 
in  pounds  upon  the  staves: 

6X3.  1416XdX  (d-^2)  X62.5  =j». 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  473 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASUREMENTS  OF  WATER. 

The  constitution  of  fresh  water  is — 

Oxygen,  by  weight,  88.889;  by  measure,  1 
Hydrogen,         "        11.111;  "         2 

A  cubic  foot  of  water  weighs  998.06512  ounces,  or  62.37907  Ibs.  avoirdupois. 

For  convenience  of  computation  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  water  is  taken  it 
MOO  ouuces,  or  02.5  Ibs. 

A  cubic  foot  is  to  a  cylindrical  foot  as  1  IB  to  .7854. 

1  cubic  foot  of  water  62 . 5    pounds. 

1  cylindrical  loot  of  water  49.1          " 

1  gallon  of    water  8.33        " 

12  gallons  of  water  1  cwt.  (100  Ibs 

13.44  gallons  of  water  1     "      (112    •• 

240  gallons  of  water  =  1  ton    (2000  " 

268.8  gallons  of  water  1     "      (2210  " 

1.6  cubic  foot  of  water  1  cwt.  (100    " 

1.8  cubic  foot  of  water  1    "     (112    " 

32  cubic  feet  of  water  =-  1  ton    (2000  "   ) 

35.84  cubic  feet  of  water  1     "     (2240"   ) 

1  cubic  foot  of  water  7. 5  gallons. 

1  cylindrical  foot  of  water  6.9        " 

PROPERTIES  OF  WATER. 

Water  vaporizes  at  all  temperatures,  even  when  in  the  form  of  ice. 

As  found  in  nature  it  is  never  pure,  being  always  contaminated  with  foreign 
n-atter.  Rain  is  the  purest  form  of  natural  water,  but  always  contains  carbonic 
acid,  and  carbonate  and  nitrate  of  ammonia  and  other  constituents,  depending 
upon  the  locality  in  which  it  falls. 

At  a  temperature  of  212'  Fahrenheit,  with  a  barometric  pressure  of  25.02  inches, 
water  boils  and  is  converted  into  uu  invisible  elastic  vapor  occupying  1,696  times 
its  space. 

An  the  temperature  of  water  decreases  it  regularly  contracts  until  sooled  down  to 
39.2°  Fahrenheit;  but  every  decrease  in  temperature  below  this  causes  it  to  expand 
to  almost  the  same  extent  for  each  degree  as  it  had  previously  contracted. 

In  freezing,  water  expands  .076  of  its  bulk. 

A  cubic  foot  of  water  weighs  fi2.5    Ibs. 
"        "          ice  "      58.08    " 

35. S4  cubic  feet  of  \>»ter  weigh  a  Urn  i2240  Ibs.) 
38.57      "       "         ice  "          "  " 

The  weight  of  SPB  water  is  1 .029  times  that  of  fresh  water.  One  cubic  foot  of  set 
water  Wi-i«hs  04.3125  pounds,  and  one  gallon  8.58  pounds.  About  one  thirty-thirc 
part  of  its  weight,  or  four  ounces  to  each  gallon,  is  salt. 


PROPOSITIONS  AND  FORMULAS. 

1.  The  length  (I)  width  («•)  and  depth  (d)  in  inches  of  a  quadrilateral  cistern 
being  given;  required  its  capacity  in  gallons  (g)  : 

iX*>X<*-H  231-0. 

2.  The  diameter  Id)  rnd  depth  (h)   in  Inches  of  a  circular  cistern  of  uniform 
diameter  being  given    required  its  capacity  in  gallons  (g)  : 

d'X.'7854X'!  -^231=0. 

3.  The  lower  diameter  (D)  the  upper  diameter  (d)  and  the  depth  (h)  in  inches, 
of  a  circular  cistern  of  different  diameters  being  given;   required  its  capacity  iu 
gallons  (</)  : 


Tbat  of  formula  2  has  the  form  of  a  cylinder;  that  of  formula  3  the  form  o.-.  -. 
frustrurn  of  a  cone. 


474  THE  GKEAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

HYDRAULICS. 

Oravity  is  the  fundamental  principal  in  Hydraulics.  Descending  Fluids  are 
•ctuated  by  the  same  laws  as  Falling  Bodies.  A  Fluid  will  fall  through  1  foot  iu 
one-quarter  of  a  second,  4  feet  in  one-half  of  a  second,  and  through  9  feet  in 
three-quarters  of  a  second,  and  so  on. 

The  velocity  of  a  stream  of  water,  flowing  from  an  aperture  in  the  side  or 
bottom  of  a  vessel,  reservoir,  or  bulkhead,  that  is  kept-  full,  is  the  same  that  a 
heavy  body  would  acquire  by  falling  freely  from  a  height  equal  to  that  between  the. 
surface  of  the  fluid  and  the  middle  of  the  aperture;  the  distance  between  these 
levels  ia  termed  the  head.  T.'\e  velocity  of  water  flowing  out  of  an  aperture  is. 
as  the  square  root  of  the  height  of  the  head  of  the  fluid.  The  Theoretical  velocity, 
therefore,  in  feet  per  second,  is  as  the  square  root  of  the  product  of  the  space 
fallen  through  infeet  and  64.333;  consequently, f or  1  foot  it  is  V  64.333  =  8.02  feet. 
The  Mean  velocity,  however,  of  a  number  of  experiments  gives  5.4  feet  or  .673. 

Contracted  Vein. — The  vein  or  stream  begins  to  contract  at  the  outlet, 
and  continues  contracting  for  a  distance  equal  to  nearly  three  (3)  times  the 
diameter  of  the  opening.  At  the  point  of  greatest  contraction  its  velocity  is 
U3arly  equal  to  theoretical  velocity.  This  contraction  differs  according  to  the 
conditions  imposed.  Thus  the  stream  flowing  from  a  thin-lipped  orifice,  under 
ordinary  circumstances,  becomes,  on  an  average,  contracted  about  38  per  cent. 
but  the  stream  flowing  from  a  smooth  nozzle,  with  opposite  sides  including  an 
angle  of  16  degrees,  the  contraction  amounts  to  about  2^  per  cent. 

Measurement  of  %Vater.— In  Soutiiern  Cal.  the  flow  of  1-dO.h  of  a  cubic 
foot  of  water  per  second,  is  an  inch. 

A  Miner's  Inch,  of  water,  legal  measure,  in  the  State  of  California,  (it» 
Water  tiights,  State  of  California,  Civil  Code,  Section  1415)  is  that  quantity  of 
water  which  will  flow  through  an  opening  of  one  square  inch  in  the  bottom  or 
side  of  a  vessel,  under  a  pressure  of  four  inches  above  the  opening.  Fifty  of 
'.he  above  "Miners'  Inches"  is  equivalent  to  the  discharge  of  one  cubic  foot  of 
water  per  second,  and  is  less  by  .31%  of  a  cubic  foot  per  second  than  the  "  Nevad* 
'Jounty  Miner's  Inch."  (See  Miner's  Inch  Illustrated,  in  another  j>nrt  of  this  •nvrk.) 

The  above-mentioned  act  was  amended  in  1903  so  as  to  read:  "  Each  square  inch 
Oi  tne  opening  represents  a  miners'  inch,  and  is  equal  to  a  flow  of  1)£  cubic  feet  of 
water  per  minute 

'Gallon*  in  .Miner*'  I iiche*.— Multiply  the  given  number  of  "Miners' 
jTn^hes"  by  14.961,  pointing  off  five  decimal  places;  the  result  gives  the  uumbn 
of  gallons  discharged  per  second. 

Miners'  Inches  in  Gallons.  -Divide  the  number  of  gallons,  flowordis. 
charged  per  minute,  by  8.9766:  result  will  be  theuumber  of  Miners'  Inches  sought. 

Velocity  of  Water  through  Clean  Iron  Pipe.  — Eleven  (11)  times 
the  number  of  Miners'  Inches  flow,  divided  by  three  (3)  times  the  square  of  the 
diameter  of  the  pipe,  is  equal  to  the  velocity  of  the  water  in  the  pipe  per  second. 

EXAMPLE. — The  flow  of  water  in  a  pipe  30  inches,  in  diameter,  with  9  feet  fai; 
to  the  mile,  is  9.50  miners' inches.  What  is  the  velocity  per  second?  Solution:— 
Pipe,  30  X  30  =  900  X  3  =  2,7uO;  Miners'  Inches,  960  X  11  =  10,560  -j-  2,700  =  3.91  feet 
per  second  velocity  sought. 

NOTE. — The  carrying  capacity  of  clean  Iron  pipe  is  represented  by  the  unit 
(1) ;  that  of  slightly  rough  iron  pipe  is  .89  per  cent,  of  that  of  a  clean  pipe;  and 
that  of  very  rough  iron  pipe  is  .77  per  cent,  of  that  of  clean  pipe. 

To  ascertain  the  number  of  Miners'  Inches  of  Water  that 
will  flow  through  Clean  Iron  Pipe,  the  velocity  of  the  water,  and  the 
diameter  of  pipe  being  known. 

Three  (3)  times  the  product  of  the  velocity  of  the  water,  and  the  square  of 
the  diameter,  divided  by  11  is  equal  to  the  Miners'  Inches  flow. 

EXAMPLE. — The  velocity  of  water  in  a  pipe  22  inches  diameter  is  5  feet  per 
second;  required  the  number  of  Miners'  Inches?  Solution:  22  X  22  =  484  X  £  -= 
2,420  X  3  =  7,260  -4-  11  =  66C  the  number  of  Miners'  Inches  sought. 

Tseful  Facts  in  Hydraulics.— Doubling  the  diameter  of  a  pipe  in- 
creases  the  capacity  four  times. 

Circular  apertures  are  most  effective  for  discharging  water,  since  they  have 
less  frictional  surface  for  the  same  area. 

To  find  the  pressiire  in  pounds  per  square  inch  of  a  column  of  water,  multiply 
»he  height  of  the  column  in  feet  by  .434.  (Approximately  every  foot  of  elevation 
is  considered  equal  to  J$  Ib.  pressure  per  square  inch.) 

The  time  occupied  in  discharging  equal  quantities  of  water,  under  equal 
heads,  through  pipes  of  equal  lengths,  will  be  different  for  varying  forms,  ami 
proportionally  as  follows:  For  a  straight  line,  90;  for  a  true  curve,  100;  and  for  a 
right  angle,  140. 

The  quantities  of  water  discharged  in  the  same  time,  through  different  sized 
apertures,  under  different  heads,  are  to  one  another  in  the  compound  ratio  of 
areas  of  the  apertures,  and  of  the  square  roots  of  the  heights  of  head*  above  the 
v<  liters  of  the  apertures. 


WEK5HTS  AND  MEASURES  475 


HYDRAULICS.-Continued. 

Measurement  of  Flowing  Water  in  Ditches.  Canals.  Rivera, 
&<•- — To  measure  the  water  flowing  In  a  ditch  or  small  stream;  first  select  a 
position  along  such  ditch  or  stream,  so  that  a  small  weir  dam  constructed  across 
it  at  a  right  angle  (of  a  single  2-inch  plank  set  up  edgeways)  would  create  an  eddy 
from  75  to  100  feet  above  the  same;  cut  a  notch  in  the  plank,  sufficient  in  depth 
to  pass  all  the  water  to  be  measured,  and  not  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  width 
of  the  stream  in  length;  have  the  upper  side  of  the  plank  lined  with  sheet-iron, 
and  the  sides  and  bottom  of  the  notch  chamfered  on  the  lower  side  to  an  angle  of 
about  45  degrees.  .  Let  this  dam  be  so  situated,  that  all  the  water  passing  over  it 
will  fall  clear  at  least  10  inches,  and  run  away  unobstructed;  ]i  ext  drivea  stake  in 
(he  stream  (about  one-third  the  way  across,  and  10  feet  above  the  dam)  down  to 
the  true  level  of  the  bottom  of  the  notch  in  the  plank  forming  the  weir  dam 
After  the  water  has  come  to  a  stand,  and  reached  its  greatest  depth,  a  careful 
measurement  can  be  made  of  the  depth  of  the  water  over  the  top  of  the  stake, 
which  gives  the  true  depth  of  the  water  passing  over  the  uotch;  multiply  the 
lireadth  of  the  water  passing  over  the  weir  by  the  depth  over  the  stake,  anil  the 
product  is  the  area.  Multiply  the  area  by  the  mean  velocity  of  its  flow  in  feet  per 
second,  and  the  prodiict  is  the  volume  in  cubic  feet;  divide  the  number  of  cubic 
feet  by  1.57,  and  the  result  will  be  the  number  of  Miners'  Inches. 

EXAMPLE. — A  stream  of  water  90  inches  wide  running  over  a  weir  dam  (as 
above  defined),  and  9  inches  deep  t>ver  the  stake,  with  a  mean  velocity  rf  5  feet 
per  second;  required  the  cubic  feet  and  Miners*  Inches  of  water?  Solution: 
30  X  9  X  5  =  4,050  cubic  feet;  4,050  -=-  1.57  =  2,579.62  Miners'  Tnches. 

The  velocity  of  such  a  stream  can  be  estimated  by  throwing  floating  bodies 
on  the  surface  of  near  the  same  specific  gravity  as  the  water,  and  rating  the  time 
accurately,  required  in  passing  a  given  distance.  The  velocity  is  greatest  in  the 
renter  of  the  stream  and  near  the  surface,  and  Is  less  near  the  bottom  and  side. 
Reliable  experiments  prove  the  Mean  velocity  to  be  .83  per  cent,  of  the  velocity 
of  the  surface  in  the  center  of  the  stream. 

To  Compute  the  Mean  Depth  of  Flowing  Water  in  Large 
Streams. — KULE:  Set  off  the  breadth  of  the  stream,  etc.,  into  any  convenient 
number  of  divisions;  ascertain  the  mean  depths  of  these  divisions,  then  divide 
their  sum  by  the  number  of  divisions,  and  the  quotient  is  the  mean  depth. 

To  Compute  the  Mean  Area  of  Flowing  Water.— RULE:  1.  Multi- 
ply the  breadth  or  breadths  of  the  st'^Mm,  etc.,  by  the  mean  depth  or  depths,  and 
the  product-is  the  area.  2. — Divide  t»«  volume  flowing  in  cubic  feet  per  second 
by  the  mean  velocity  in  feet  per  secou  .  and  the  quotient  is  the  area  in  square  feet. 

To  Compute  the  Volume  oT  Flowing  Water.— RULE:  Multiply 
the  area  of  the  stream,  etc.,  by  the  mean  velocity  of  its  flow  in  feet,  and  the 
product  is  the  volume  in  cubic  feet. 

To  Compute  the  Mean  Velocity  of  Flowing  Wrater.— RULE: 
Divide  the  velocity  of  the  flow  in  feet  per  second  by  the  area  of  the  stream,  etc., 
and  the  quotient  will  give  the  velocity  in  feet.  The  mean  velocity  at  half  depth 
of  a  stream  has  been  ascertained  to  be  as  .915  to  1,  and  at  the  bottom  of  it  as  .8:) 
*.o  1,  compared  with  the  velocity  at  the  surface. 

Friction  of  Water  upon  a  Plane  Surface. — By  the  experiments 
of  Beaufoy,  it  was  ascertained  that  the  friction  increased  very  nearly  as  the 
square  of  the  velocity,  and  that  a  surface  of  50  square  feet,  at  a  velocity  of  6  feet 
per  second,  presented  a  resistance  of  G  lb«.  Hence  50-:- 6  =8.33  square  feet=l  Ib. 
resistance  at  a  velocity  of  6  feet;  and,  consequently,  1.  -j-  8.33  =  .12  Ibs.  resistance 
per  square  foot  at  the  same  velocity. 

Friction  in  Pipes.— The  Resistance  of  Friction  in  the  flow  of  water 
through  pipes,  etc.,  of  a  uniform  diameter,  is  independent  of  the  pressure,  and 
increases  directly  as  the  length,  very  nearly  as  the  square  of  the  velocity  of  the 
flow,  and  inversely  as  the  diameter  of  the  pipe.  With  wooden  pipes  the  friction 
is  1.75  times  greater  than  in  metallic. 

Water  ami  Steam  Pistons.— The  area  of  the  water  piston,  multiplied 
by  the  pressure  of  water  per  square  inch,  gives  the  resistance.  The  area  of  the 
steam  piston,  multiplied  by  the  steam  pressure,  gives  the  total  amount  of  pressure 
exerted.  A  margin  must  be  made  between  the  power  and  the  resistance  to  move 
the  pistons  at  the  required  speed. 

To  Compute  the  Horse-power  necessary  to  Raise  Water 
to  any  given  Elevation.— RULE:  Multiply  the  weight  of  the  column  of 
the  water  by  its  velocity  in  feet  per  minute,  and  divide  the  product  by  33,000. 

EXAMPLE. — It  is  required  to  raise  1,000  gallons  of  fresh  water  per  minute,  to 
an  elevation  of  140  feet,  through  a  cast-iron  pipe  560  feet  in  length;  what  is  the 
required  power?  Solution:  1,000  gallons  of  fresh  water  =  1,000  X  231  =231,003 
cubic  inchet,  and  231.000  -4-  1,728  =  133.68  cvlic  feet  JT  minute.  Hence,  133.68  X  G2.r 
X  140-^33,000—35.44  horse-power. 


476 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


IV  AT  Kit  MFANl'ltKirKXT  In  the  State  of  CaU  by  H  Olftess 
ent  l>itch  Co'*;  Legal  Measurement  of  the  State  Included* 


MAKE  or  DITCS   CO.,  ETC. 

OPENING. 

Through 
a  Plank, 
iacbea. 

PIIEKBCICJ*  BUAUD 

Miner's 

Inch, 

Cn'lc 
feet 
pet 
lulo. 

Dep*h 

in. 

Wdtii 
in. 

Above 
open'ng 

inches. 

Above 
centre 
open'ng 
Inches. 

State  of  Cal.  (legal  measure) 

2 
2 
2 
4 

4 
4 
4 

a 

9 
9 
4 

% 
M 
H 
U 

il 

i 

M 

ft 
M 

H 

t 
1 
1M 
134 

1J4 

1 

*8 
•8 
•8 
9 

"t 
* 
5 
5 
4 
3 
4 
4 
6 
6 
0 
T 

t 
6 
0 
« 
0 
0 
6 
0 
T 
T 
T 
0 

•• 

1.50 
1.40 
.45 

.43 
.45 
.40 
.45 
.45 
.579 
.575 
.573 
1.78 

Eureka  Lake  and  Canal  Co. 
Park  Canal  and  Mining  Co. 
El  Dorado  Water  &  D  G  M  Co 
Mok  &  Campo  Seco  C  k  M  Co 
Union  Water  Co.,  Murphys. 
South  Yuba  Canal  Co  
N.  Bloomfield  B.  G.  M.  Co- 
MiltonDitch  Co  

Binartsville  Ditch  Co  

NOTE. — To  measure  any  desired  number  of  inches  of  water  by  the  abore  table 
(by  the  standard  of  any  one  of  the  companies),  increase  the  opening  in  the  2d  col. 
umn  (headed  width  inches)  to  a  number— -which  multiplied  by  the  figiire  in  the 
1st  column  will  make  the  number  of  inches  desired.  Tkuts— Union  Water  Co., 
Murphys— For  100  inches  of  water,  2d column  25x1  (iu  1st  column)  =  100  Inched  — 
145.00  cubic  feet  of  water. 

It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  above  table  that  the  Smartsvllle  Ditch  Co 
furnish  26  J^  per  cent,  more  water  (for  the  number  of  inches  sold)  than  the  Awado* 
Canal  Co.  *  Last  inch  chamfered.  f  See  Index,  A  miners'  inch. 

Illustrated  Measurement  of  Miners'  Inches  of  Water. 

The  size  of  the  opening  was  taken  with  a  meas- 
ure (micrometer  attached)  which  had  been  com- 
pared with  and  adjusted  to  a  standard  U.  S.  yard. 
Time  was  read  to  one-fifth  oi  a  second.  The  level 
of  the  water  (drawn  from  a  large  reservoir)  was 
determined  with  Boyden's  hooks,  micrometer  ad- 
justment. The  following  results  were  obtained: 


1  miners'  inch  will  discharge  in  1  sec. 

1  min. 

1  hour 

"  "  "        24  hours 


Cubi< 


Feet. 
.026 


94.2 
2260.8 


Ratio  of  actual  to  theoretical  discharge,  61.6  pei 
cent.  These  figures  are  within  the  limits  of  1-501 
possible  error.  Experiments  were  made  by  Ham- 
ilton Smith,  Jr.,  of  North  Bloomfield,  Calif. 
.  A  series  of  experiments  made  at  La  Grange,  to  determine  the  effective  value  ol 
the  above  described  inch,  gave  the  following  results: 

1  miners'  inch  discharged  in  1  second .02499  cubic  feet. 

"  "  1  minute 1.4994 

"  ««  1  hour 89.9640  " 

««  "  24  hours  2159.1460  " 

Ratio  of  effective  to  theoretical  discharge,  59.05  per  cent.  These  results  are  the 
Average  of  a  series  of  experiments  by  August  J.  Bowie,  Jr.,  of  San  Francisco,  tc 
whom  we  are  indebted  for  the  facte. 

POWEB. — The  units  of  force,  distance  and  time,  are  respectively  1  pound,  1  foot  and  1 
minute. 

Han  Power.— One  man's  power  =  .0909  horse  power  =3,000  units  of  work ^-3,000 
pounds  raised  vertically  1  foot  in  1  minute,  or  its  equivalent. 

Horse  Power.— One  horse  power  11  men's  power  =33,000  units  of  work  =-33,000 
pounds  raised  vertically  1  foot  in  1  minute,  or  its  equivalent. 

ATMOSPHERIC  WEIGHT.  —In  whole  numbers  the  atmospheric  pressure  per  squaiv 
inch  Is  15  pounds. 

Atmospheric  Air. — A  column,  1  inch  square,  full  height  =14. 73  pounds. 
Mercury.— A.  column,  1  inch  square,  and  30  inches  high  =14. 73  pounds. 
Fresh  Water.— A  column,  1  inch  square,  and  33.95  feet  high=14.73  pounds. 
Salt  Water.— A.  column,  1  inch  «nmwa.  »n<i  33.06  feet  high    14 .73  pounds. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASUEES 


477 


Minewr  Inches  of  Water. 

The  following  table  shows  tho  discharge  In  cable  feet  per  minute,  of  a  miner1*  inch 
el  water,  as  meuored  under  the  various  heads  and  different  lengths  and  height*  at 
apertures  used  In  California,  the  result  of  a  series  of  very  careful  experiments 
made  fin  1887)  by  W.  F.  Englebright,  C.  E.  and  L.  A.  Pelton,  Hy.  E.  at  Nevada  City, 
Cat.  The  apertures  were  through  material  1 J  inch  thick  and  their  lower  edge  X 
Inches  above  the  bottom  of  the  measuring  box,  thus  giving  full  contraction. 


•  --..-A*. 

HEIGHT  OF  OPENING  2  INCHES. 

HEIGHT  OF  OPENING  4  INCHES. 

liengtu 
of 

HEAB  to  Cnrra  OF  Oranra. 

HEAB  to  Cnrra  or  Oranra. 

Opening 
in 

6  Inches. 

6  Inches. 

7  inches. 

6  Inches. 

6  Inches. 

7  Inches. 

in  CD  M. 

Cubic  Feet. 

Cubic  Feat 

Cubic  Feet. 

Cubic  Feet. 

Cubic  Feet 

Cubic  Feet 

4 

L848 

1.478 

1.680 

1.820 

1.460 

1.670 

• 

1.366 

1.480 

1.690 

LM 

1.470 

1.686 

8 

1.860 

1.484 

1.000 

LIU 

1.481 

LOGS 

M 

un 

1.486 

1.601 

1.840 

1.487 

1.016 

u 

1.808 

1.487 

1.604 

1.852 

1.401 

1.020 

14 

1.804 

1.488 

1.604 

1.864 

1.494 

1.028 

10 

1J66 

1.480 

1.006 

1.866 

L406 

1426 

18 

1.806 

1.480 

1.006 

1.867 

1.488 

1.028 

20 

1.806 

1.400 

1.000 

1460 

1.489 

1.630 

22 

1JM 

1.400 

1.607 

L860 

1.600 

1481 

24 

1.800 

1.400 

1.687 

L860 

1.601 

LOSt 

20 

1.860 

1.400 

1.607 

1.801 

1.60J 

L088 

M 

L807 

1.401 

1.007 

LM 

1.608 

L6S4 

M 

1.M7 

1.481 

1.608 

UH 

1.603 

1.086 

40 

1.8*7 

MM 

1.608 

1.808 

1.606 

1.687 

•0 

1.808 

1.408 

1.600 

1404 

1.607 

1.080 

eo 

1.808 

1.408 

1.600 

1.806 

1.600 

1.040 

70 

LM 

1.408 

1.608 

LM 

1408 

1.641 

•0 

UH 

1.408 

1.000 

LM 

1400 

1441 

00 

1.800 

1.403 

1.010 

1.800 

1.500 

1441 

100 

1.800 

1.404 

1.010 

LM 

1400 

1.648 

Hor»e-Po  wcr  of  Pulleys  and  Belt*. 

.KmlttplT  th*  honw-pmr  t>mnd  eppodto  »ny  gina  polley  by  th«  nntmlltmf  H  to  t§ 

SMt>«  j  UU  prodxrt  m«MpU»d  by  width  «f  brtt  in  Inaha*.  gJT««  th«  hor«»pow«r  th«y  will  trmmlt. 


PUuneterof 
FmM'yUla. 

•Han* 
Power. 

Diameter  of 
FalTy  la  1*. 

•Ban* 

Power. 

Dlmmeterof 
PcU'jlBla. 

•Horn 
Poww. 

DUnutartf 

Puirylalm. 

eHKM 
Fcww. 

2 

.00060 

29 

.00040 

66 

.01882 

88 

.02716 

8 

.00008 

80 

.00982 

67 

.01806 

84 

.02748 

4 
6 

.00181 
.00104 

81 
82 

.01014 
.OTO46 

68 

60 

41808 
.01031 

86 
80 

.02781 
.02814 

6 

.00100 

88 

.01070 

60 

.01904 

87 

.02847 

7 

.00220 

84 

.01112 

61 

.01907 

88 

.02880 

8 

.00262 

86 

.01146 

62 

.02028 

80 

.02018 

i 

.00294 

80 

.01178 

68 

.02001 

00 

.02940 

10 

.00827 

87 

.01211 

64 

.02092 

01 

42970 

11 

40360 

88 

.01242 

66 

.02126 

02 

.08012 

u 

.00392 

80 

.01276 

66 

.02168 

03 

.03046 

18 

.00426 

40 

.01808 

67 

.02191 

94 

.03078 

14 

.00458 

41 

41341 

68 

.02224 

06 

.03100 

16 

.00491 

42 

.01374 

00 

.02267 

00 

.03140 

16 

.00623 

48 

.01407 

70 

42290 

07 

.03178 

17 

.00664 

44 

.01440 

71 

.02323 

08 

.03200 

18 

.00689 

46 

.01478 

72 

.02360 

00 

43230 

10 

.00621 

40 

.01606 

78 

.02889 

100 

.03272 

20 

.00664 

47 

.01688 

74 

.02422 

101 

43306 

21 

.00687 

48 

.01570 

76 

.02466 

102 

.03338 

22 

.007*) 

40 

.01603 

70 

.02488 

103 

.03371 

28 

40762 

60 

.01636 

77 

.02621 

104 

.03403 

24 

.00786 

61 

•01669 

78 

.02560 

106 

.03438 

2ft 

.00818 

62 

.01701 

70 

.02688 

100 

.03408 

20 

.00860 

68 

.01734 

80 

.02610 

107 

.08601 

87 

.00883 

64 

.01708 

81 

.08040 

108 

.03688 

28 

.00010 

66 

.01780 

• 

.02682 

100 

.08560 

r  Horse-power  for  one  revolution  per  minute  for  (i  belt  one  inch  wide. 


478 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  .!  KKXKII 


FLOW   OP   WATER    THROUGH    NOZZLES, 

At  Varlou*  Pressures,  from  1  to  I. (too  Feet.     Velocity,  Cubic  I 
sinil  Mi  HITS'  Inches  of  Water  and  Home-Power  Obtained. 


H.-H! 

-n 

< 

DlAMKTKR  OK  NOZZLKS. 

tV-iter 

r 

=  | 

1    INCH. 

l!a  INCH. 

a  INCHKS. 

a'_.  INCHKS. 

FlBT. 

|L 

<< 

Cubic 

Mm'n 

Horse- 

Cubic 

Min'rs 

Horse- 

Cubic 

Miu'rs 

Horse- 

Cubic 

Min'rs 

Horse 

Pi 

Feet. 

Ins 

Power. 

Feet- 

In*. 

Power 

Feet 

Ins. 

Power. 

Feet. 

Ins. 

Power. 

IT 

1 

IE' 

.041 

2.05 

.004 

.093 

4.6 

.010 

.16* 

8.2 

.018 

~5o5 

~lT- 

,02» 

1.5 

J 

.83 

.0.50 

2.43 

.003 

.111 

5.5 

.019 

I     .200 

9.7 

.034 

.312 

15.2 

.053 

2. 

1 

.:« 

.058 

2.81 

.013 

.130 

6.3 

.029 

1    .232 

11.2 

.052 

.360 

17.6 

.082 

2.5 

i. 

.03 

.064 

3.20 

.018 

.145 

7.2 

.041 

.256 

12.3 

.072 

.402 

20.1 

.114 

3. 

i: 

.'.10 

.    .069 

3.32 

.024 

.159 

7.8 

.054 

.284- 

13.9 

.096 

.440 

21.7 

.150 

3.5 

1. 

.01 

.076 

3.61 

.030 

.171 

8.4 

.068 

.304 

15.0 

.120 

.475 

23.4 

JS'I 

4. 

H 

.0.1 

.081 

3.92 

.037 

.183 

9.0 

.083 

.324 

16.1 

.148 

.507 

25.0 

.231 

4.5 

r 

.02 

.086 

4.22 

.044 

.194 

9.6 

.099 

.344 

17.2 

.176 

.540 

26.7 

275 

5. 

r 

.IP'. 

.0!)! 

4.50 

.051 

.205 

10.2 

.113 

.364 

18.2 

.204 

.567 

28.3 

.315 

6. 

l: 

.iid 

.100 

4.90 

.068 

.224 

11.0 

.153 

.400 

19.7 

.272 

.622 

30.7 

.42.-. 

7, 

•2 

.23 

.108 

5.30, 

.086 

.242 

11.9 

.193 

.432 

21.3 

.344 

.672 

33.0 

.535 

8. 

•> 

.70 

.116 

5.70 

.104 

.260 

12.7 

.252 

.464 

22.9 

.416 

.720 

35.4 

.656 

9. 

•-'• 

.OS 

.123 

6.10 

.125 

.275 

13.6 

.290 

.490 

24.5 

.500 

.765 

87.8 

.782 

10. 

25 

.38 

.129 

650 

.146 

.290 

14.5 

.329 

.516 

25.8 

.584 

.805 

40.2 

All 

12.5 

28 

.37 

.144 

7.21 

.204 

.324 

16.1 

.460 

.570 

28.6 

.816 

.897 

44.7 

1.28 

15. 

1 

.OS 

.158 

7.90 

.269 

.355 

17.7 

.505 

.632 

31.6 

1.08 

.985 

49.2 

1.68 

17.5 

K 

..-,7 

170 

8.52 

.339 

.383 

19.1 

.782 

.680 

34.0 

1.% 

1.06 

53.1 

2.11 

20. 

:r 

,89 

.182 

9.10 

.414 

.410 

20.5 

.931 

.728 

36.4 

1.66 

1.14 

57.0 

2.58 

22.5 

s- 

.07 

.193 

9.63 

.494 

.435 

21.7 

1.11 

.772 

38.6 

1.98 

1.21 

60.0 

3.08 

25. 

« 

.13 

.204 

10.20 

.578 

.458 

22.9 

1.30 

.816 

40.8 

2.31 

1.27 

63.0 

3.61 

27.5 

4-. 

.OS 

.313 

10.81 

.667 

.480 

24.2 

1.50 

.a5'4 

43.2 

2.67 

1.33 

67.0 

4.17 

30. 

4: 

.99 

.228 

11.4 

.760 

513 

25.6 

1.71 

.91-J 

45.6 

8.04 

1.42 

71.0 

4.75 

82.5 

•r 

.7". 

.232 

11.7 

.857 

.522 

26.3 

1.93 

.928 

46.9 

3.43 

1.45 

73.0 

5.35 

85. 

47 

.-17 

.241 

12.0 

.958 

.542 

27.1 

2.15 

.964 

48.2 

8.83 

1.51 

75.0 

6.93 

40. 

51 

.7-. 

.257 

12.8 

1.17 

.579 

29.0 

2.63 

1.03 

51.0 

4.68 

1.61 

80.0 

7.31 

45. 

•V 

.83 

.273 

13.6 

1.40 

.614 

80.7 

8.14 

1    1.09 

54.0 

5.60 

1.71 

85.0 

8.23 

50. 

50 

.75 

.288 

14.4 

1.64 

.648 

32.4 

8.68 

1     1.13 

57.0 

6.56 

1.79 

90.0 

10.2 

60. 

(i. 

.Hi 

.315 

16.7 

2.15 

,709 

85.4 

4.84 

1.26 

63.0 

8.60 

1.97 

98.0 

13.4 

70. 

<;: 

.14 

.341 

17.0 

2.71 

.766 

38.3 

6.10 

1.36 

63.0 

10.8 

2.13 

J06.0 

16.9 

80. 

7 

.78 

.364 

18.2 

3.31 

.819 

40.9 

7.45 

1     1.46 

73.0 

13.2 

2.27 

113.0 

20.8 

90. 

7i 

.13 

.386 

19.3 

S.95 

.864 

43.2 

8.83 

1.54 

77.0 

15.8 

2.44 

122.0 

24.6 

100. 

8< 

.25 

.407 

20.3 

4.63 

.916 

45.8 

10.4 

1.63 

81.0 

18.5 

2.54 

127.0 

28.9 

125. 

8! 

.72 

.455 

22.7 

6.47 

J.02 

51.0 

14.5 

1.82 

91.0 

25.8 

2.84 

142.0 

40.4 

150. 

a 

.2S 

..499 

25.0 

8.50 

1.12 

6U.O 

19.1 

2.00 

100.0 

34.0 

3.11 

155.0 

63.1 

175. 

K» 

.10 

.539 

26.9 

10.7 

1.21 

60.0 

24.0 

i    2.16 

108.0 

42.8 

3.36 

168.0 

66.8 

200. 

11: 

..->o 

.576 

28.8 

13.1 

1.29 

64.0 

29.4 

1    2.30 

115.0 

52.4 

3.59 

179.0 

81.7 

150. 

12- 

.1 

.644 

32.2 

18.3 

1.45 

72.0 

41.1 

i    2.58 

129.0 

73.2 

4.02 

201.0 

114.0 

800. 

13 

.0 

.705 

35.2 

24.0 

1.59 

7'J.O 

54.0 

2.82 

141.0 

96.0 

4.40 

220.0 

150.0 

350. 

IS 

).l 

.762 

38.1 

30.3 

1.71 

85.0 

68.1 

3.05 

152.0 

121.0 

4.76 

238.0 

1811.0 

400. 

itii 

.5 

.814 

407 

37.0 

1.83 

91.0 

83.2 

I     3.26 

163.0 

148.0 

5.09 

254.0 

231.0 

450. 

171 

.2 

.864 

43.2 

44.2 

1.94 

97.0 

99.3 

3.46 

173.0 

176.0 

5.40 

270.0 

276.0 

500. 

17 

1.4 

.910 

45 

51.7 

2.05 

102.0 

116.0 

1    3.64 

182.0 

206.0 

5.69 

284.0 

323.0 

550. 

IS 

.2 

.955 

477 

5!».7 

2.10 

105.0 

134.0 

3.32 

191.0 

23S.O 

5.96 

298.0 

372.0 

600. 

l!« 

>.6 

.999 

50.0 

68.0 

2.23 

111  0 

152.0 

3.9!) 

200.0 

272.0 

6.23 

311.0 

475.0 

700. 

2r 

.3 

1.06 

53.0 

85.7 

2.46 

123  0 

192.0 

4.36 

218.0 

242.0 

6.79 

339.0 

535.0 

800. 

2J 

>.!) 

1.15 

57.5 

104.7 

2.58 

129.0 

S55.0 

4.60 

230.0 

418.0 

7.19 

359.0 

654.0 

900. 

24C 

7 

1.22 

61.0 

124.9 

2.75 

137.0 

281.0 

4.88 

244.0 

4!X).0 

7.63 

381.0 

7800 

iOOO. 

253.8 

1.29 

64.5 

146.2 

2.89 

144.0 

329.0 

5.16 

258.0 

5*4.0 

8.04 

402.0 

<)14.0 

Head 

Velocity 

DlAMKTER  OK  NOZZLKS. 

of 

SePT,d 

3  INCHES. 

3!<>  IXCHKS. 

4  INCHKS. 

4\4  INS. 

Water. 

ae<  olid. 

Cubic 

Min'rs    1 

•lorse 

Cubic 

Mui'rs 

Horse- 

Cubi,    Min'rs 

-lorse- 

Aiin'rs    Horse 

FKBT. 

FIST. 

Feet. 

lus.    P 

ower. 

Feet. 

In-.     1 

'ower. 

Feet. 

Ins.     F 

ower. 

In*. 

Power. 

1. 

8.02 

.372 

18.6 

.040 

.50 

25.0 

.056 

.656 

3X0 

.072 

40.0 

.090 

1.3 

9.83 

.444 

22.1 

.076 

.61 

29.7 

.105 

.800 

39.0 

.136 

48.3 

.183 

2. 

1I.:{5 

.520 

25.5 

.116 

.70 

34.3 

.IfO 

.(12$ 

45.0 

.208 

56.6 

.277 

2.5 

12.  G8 

.589 

29.0 

.164 

.79 

39.0 

.224 

1.02 

51.0 

.288 

6o.O 

.370 

3. 

13.90 

.6:!6 

31.6 

.216 

.86 

42.2 

.295 

1.14 

55.4 

.384 

70.4 

.500 

3.5 

15.01 

.684 

34.2 

272 

.94 

45.4 

.370 

1.22 

59.8 

.480 

75.8 

.6-.0 

4. 

16.05 

.742 

36.8 

jm 

1.02 

48.6 

.452 

1.30 

64.2 

.592 

81.2 

.760 

4.5 

17.02 

.776 

39.4 

.3!« 

1.06 

51.8 

.540 

1.38 

63.6 

.704 

80.6 

.S!K) 

5. 

17.95 

.820 

42.0 

.452 

1.11 

55.0 

.600 

1.46 

73.0 

.816 

92.0 

1.020 

6. 

19.66 

.896 

45.2 

.612 

1.22 

59.6 

.833 

1.60 

80.0 

1.09 

99.6 

1.41 

7 

21.23 

.968 

43.4 

.772 

1.32 

64.2 

1.05 

r.73 

87.0 

1.38 

107.2 

1.80 

8. 

22.70 

1.04 

51.6 

.928 

1.40 

6S.8 

1.28 

1.85 

94.0 

1.66 

114.8 

2.19 

9. 

24.04 

1.10 

54.8 

1.124 

1.43 

73.4 

1.53 

2.01 

101.0 

2.00 

122.4 

2.58 

10. 

25.3$ 

1.16 

5S.O 

1.32 

1.57 

73.0 

1.79 

2.16 

10S.O 

2.34 

130.0 

2.117 

12.5 

28.37 

1.30 

64.5 

1.84 

1.76 

87.0 

2.50 

2.30 

117.0 

).46 

144.5 

4.21 

15. 

31.08 

1.42 

71.0 

>  42 

1.93 

9(i.O 

3.29 

2.53 

I2(!.0 

432 

159.0 

5.44 

17.5 

33.57 

1.53 

76.5 

L13 

2.08 

103.5 

4.20 

2.72 

135.5 

5.44 

171.5 

0.90 

20. 

35.8!)          1.03    S2.0     3.72 

2.23    11  1  .0      o.07 

2.91    14-5.0     6.64 

1S4.0  '  8.37 

WEIGHTS  AXD  MKASI  KKS 


479 


FLOW  OF  WATER  THROUGH   NOZZLES.— Continued. 


H?ad 

V«Wi»rl                                                          DlAMKTER  OF  NoZZLKB. 

per 

&  INCHKB. 

3!4  INCHES. 

4  INCHES. 

4't  INS. 

Water. 
FBIT. 

Second 
Fin. 

C»  611 

Mm'rs 

Horse 

CUUK 

Mm'r.- 

Cubic 

Min're 

Horse- 

Min'r 

a    Horae- 

22.5 

38.07 

1.74 

86.5 

4.44 

2.36 

119. 

6.0c 

3.0!) 

154. 

7.92 

195. 

10.0 

25. 

40.13 

1.H3 

91.0 

S.20 

2.54 

127. 

7.0* 

3.26 

163. 

9.24 

206. 

11.7 

27.5 

42.08 

1.92 

96.5 

6.00 

2.61 

133. 

8.17 

3.41 

172. 

10.68 

218. 

13.5 

80. 

43.95 

2.05 

102.0 

6.84 

2.79 

139. 

9.31 

3.65 

182. 

12.16 

230. 

15.4 

32.5 

46.78 

2.09 

105. 

7.72 

2.84 

143. 

10.5C 

3.71 

187. 

13.72 

?37. 

17.3 

85. 

47.47 

2.17 

ioe. 

8.60 

2.95 

147. 

11.71 

3.86 

193. 

15.32 

244. 

19.3 

40. 

50.75 

2.32 

no. 

10.52 

3.15 

157. 

14.3? 

4.12 

206. 

18.72 

261. 

23.7 

45. 

63.88 

2.46 

123. 

12.56 

3.34 

167. 

17.10 

4.36 

218. 

22.40 

277. 

28.3 

60. 

56.75 

2.59 

12  I. 

14.72 

3.52 

176. 

20.  OS 

4.60 

230. 

26.21 

291. 

82.1 

60. 

62.16 

2.84 

142. 

19.36 

3.86 

193. 

26.32 

5.04 

252. 

34.40 

319. 

43.6 

70. 

67.14 

3.06 

1.53. 

24.40 

4.17 

208. 

33.17 

5.42 

271. 

43.36 

342. 

54.9 

80. 

71.78 

3.28 

164. 

29.80 

4.46 

223. 

40.55 

5.84 

2!*. 

52.96 

369. 

67.0 

90. 

78.13 

3.46 

173. 

35.52 

4,73 

216. 

48.37 

6.16 

308. 

63.20 

389. 

79.9 

100. 

80.25 

3.66 

183. 

41.64 

4.98 

249. 

56.67 

6.52 

326. 

74.08 

411. 

93.7 

125. 

8!).72 

4.08 

204. 

&8.20 

5.57 

278. 

79.21 

7.28 

364. 

103.5 

459 

131.0 

1.50. 

98.28 

4.48 

224. 

76.48 

6.10 

305. 

104.10 

8.00 

400. 

136.0 

504. 

1720 

175. 

106.10 

4.84 

242. 

96.28 

6.60 

330. 

131.5 

8.64 

4:«. 

171.2 

544. 

217.0 

200. 

113.5 

5.10 

255. 

117.V 

7.05 

352. 

160.2 

9.20 

462. 

219.6 

580. 

262.0 

250. 

127.1 

5.87 

290. 

164.5 

7.68 

394. 

223.9 

10.16 

512. 

292.8 

652. 

370.C 

SOD. 

139.0 

6.36 

318. 

216.3 

8.34 

431. 

294.3 

11.12 

560. 

384.0 

715. 

487.C 

350. 

150.1 

6.84 

342. 

272.6 

8.98 

461. 

371.2 

12.09 

806. 

484.8 

769. 

6!3.0 

400. 

160.5 

7.30 

366. 

323.0 

9.62 

498. 

453.2 

13.05 

650. 

592.0 

811. 

749.0 

450. 

170.2 

7.76 

388. 

3-17.4 

10.30 

529. 

541.0 

14.01 

692. 

707  2 

861. 

894.0 

500. 

179.4 

8.20 

410. 

466.0 

10.91 

557. 

627.0 

14.97 

732. 

827.2 

909. 

1048.0 

550. 

188.2 

8.60 

431. 

536.8 

11.55 

584. 

731.0 

15.93 

770. 

955.2 

955. 

1208.0 

600. 

196.6 

9.04 

451. 

611.0 

12.20 

610. 

832.7 

16.90 

806. 

1088.0 

999. 

1376.0 

700. 

212.3 

9.71 

492. 

13.10 

665. 

105  1.0 

17.40 

874. 

1371.0 

IOR3. 

1735.0 

800. 

226.9 

10.38 

.516, 

942io 

14.00 

705. 

128iO 

18.40 

934. 

1675.0 

1159. 

2119.0 

900. 

240.7 

11.05 

550. 

1124.0 

14.90 

745. 

153(1.0 

19.50 

986. 

1998.0 

1231. 

2538.0 

LOCO 

253.8 

11.72 

578. 

1316.0 

15.80 

788. 

1791.0 

20.60 

1032. 

2339.0 

1300. 

2961.0 

Bead 

>  p                                       DIAMETER  OP  NOZZT,E  s. 

of 

«* 

5  1SCHES' 

5%  INS. 

6  INCHES. 

7    INCIIKS. 

8  IXCIIES. 

9  INCHES. 

WatPr 
fan. 

£* 

:ii'rs 

Hors: 

Mi'rs 

Horse- 
Power. 

Mi'rs 

Horse- 

Mi'rs 

Horse- 
Power 

Mi'rs 
Ins. 

Horse- 

Mi'rs 
Ins. 

Herse- 
Power. 

1. 

8.  i. 

51. 

.lit, 

61. 

.140 

74. 

.181 

100. 

.2.41 

131.         .28s 

19  f. 

.m 

2.5 

12.08 

80. 

.457 

97. 

.5.53 

116. 

.656 

157. 

.890 

204. 

1.18 

261. 

1.48 

5. 

17.95 

113. 

1.26 

137. 

1.53 

164. 

1.81 

220. 

2.48 

m 

3.26 

369. 

4.07 

7.5 

:i.se 

13y. 

2.38 

171. 

2.87 

200. 

3.42 

270. 

4.66 

a56. 

6.08 

450. 

7.70 

10. 

25.38 

161. 

3.66 

191 

4.42 

232 

5.28 

315. 

7.16 

432. 

9.36 

522. 

11.1W 

12.5 

23.23 

179. 

5.19 

216. 

6.27 

251 

6.6S 

350 

10.18 

46!). 

13.33 

580. 

irf.85 

15. 

81.  08 

197. 

6.72 

238 

8.13 

284. 

8.08 

386. 

13.20 

506. 

17.30 

639. 

21.80 

17.5 

33.4!» 

212. 

8.51 

2-57. 

10.32 

306. 

11.49 

416. 

16.75 

544. 

21.95 

688. 

27.65 

20. 

35.8!t 

227, 

10.30 

275. 

12.5 

328. 

14.90 

446. 

20.3 

582. 

26.6 

738. 

33.50 

22.5 

38.01 

240. 

12.35 

292. 

15.0 

347. 

17.85 

474. 

24.3 

617. 

31.3 

780. 

40.15 

25. 

40.13 

2.54. 

14.40 

308. 

17.5 

SMk 

20.8 

503. 

28.3 

653. 

37.0 

823. 

46.8 

27.5 

42.04 

269. 

16.34 

327. 

20.3 

388. 

24.1 

531. 

32.8 

691. 

42.8 

872. 

54.2 

30. 

43.9.5 

285. 

19.00 

34.5. 

23.0 

410. 

27.4 

559. 

37.3 

730. 

48.6 

922 

61.6 

32.5 

45.71 

293. 

24.25 

3-54. 

26.0 

432. 

30.4 

574. 

42.0 

751. 

54.9 

949. 

69.5 

35. 

47.47 

301. 

29.5 

364. 

29.0 

454. 

33.4 

680. 

46.8 

61.3 

976. 

77.4 

40. 

50.75 

322. 

83.8 

389. 

35.3 

464. 

42.1 

6:50. 

57.3 

824.' 

74.9 

1044. 

94.7 

45. 

53.83 

341. 

38.0 

413. 

42.2 

402. 

50.2 

669. 

68.4 

872. 

89.6 

1107. 

113.0 

50. 

68.75 

359. 

42.2 

435. 

49.5 

518. 

58.9 

705. 

80.1 

920. 

105.0 

1165 

128.0 

60. 

62.16 

394. 

50.7 

477. 

65.0 

868. 

77.4 

772 

105.0 

1008. 

138.0 

1278. 

174.0 

70. 

67.14 

425. 

59.1 

515. 

82.0 

612. 

97.6 

801 

133.0 

1084. 

173.0 

1377. 

220.0 

80. 

71.73 

455. 

67.6 

5.50. 

100.0 

656. 

119.0 

892. 

102.0 

1168. 

212.0 

1476. 

268.0 

90. 

70.13 

482. 

76.2 

579. 

119.0 

612. 

142.0 

941. 

193.0 

1232. 

253.0 

1.557. 

320.0 

100. 

80.25 

508. 

84.5 

615. 

140.0 

732. 

167.0 

997. 

227.0 

1*14. 

296.0 

1647. 

375.0 

125. 

8  X72 

567. 

95.7 

6S8. 

195.0 

816. 

233.0 

1115. 

3170 

14.56. 

414.0 

1836. 

524.0 

150. 

98.28 

K3. 

127.0 

7.54. 

257.0 

896. 

306.0 

1221. 

416.0 

1600. 

554.0 

2016. 

688.0 

175. 

10:i.l 

673. 

148.0 

764. 

314.0 

968. 

385.0 

1320. 

524.0 

1728. 

682.0 

2  78. 

866.0 

200. 

113.5 

717. 

163.0 

875. 

396.0 

1032. 

471.0 

1410. 

641.0 

1840. 

878.0 

Z822. 

1059.0 

250. 

127.1 

804. 

211.0 

973. 

553.0 

11901 

658.0 

1577. 

896.0 

2084. 

171.0 

nio. 

I48I.O 

300. 

13!t.O 

881. 

254.0 

1016. 

727.0 

865.0 

1727. 

177-0 

2256. 

.536.0 

2862. 

1IN7.0 

350. 

1.50.1 

9-52. 

:97.0 

1  102- 

916.0 

1368'. 

090.0 

1866. 

485.0 

2110. 

949.0 

i078. 

2453.0 

400. 

160.5 

1017. 

338.0 

1231. 

1179.0 

14f>4. 

332.0 

1994. 

8130 

260S. 

2368.0 

K94. 

2997.9 

4-50. 

170.2 

1079. 

381.0 

1306. 

1335.0 

1362. 

590.0 

2115. 

104.0 

2768. 

S29.0 

M93L 

3.577.0 

500. 

179.4 

1137. 

123.0 

1377. 

1565.0 

1640. 

864.0 

2200. 

-508.0 

29  12. 

M09.0 

».K). 

4194.0 

550. 

183.2 

1198. 

ir,r,.o 

1444. 

805.0 

680. 

N7.0 

2239. 

923.0 

J05& 

5821.0 

1780. 

4831.0 

600. 

136.6 

]24(3. 

507.0 

1.508. 

2050.0 

1784. 

44(i.O 

2443. 

SI  1.0 

3192. 

3.52.0 

4014. 

5501.  C 

700. 

212.3 

1359. 

V>2.0 

1644. 

J391.0 

908. 

108.5.0 

2663. 

203.0 

H8S. 

>485.0 

4428. 

6941.3 

800. 

2.K.9 

1438. 

576.0 

1746. 

i  1  66.0 

20fi4. 

rres.o 

2820. 

129.0 

3t>80. 

J701.0 

4640. 

8478.0 

900. 

210.7 

1526. 

•oi.o 

IS  17. 

f778.0 

22CO. 

1496.0 

29!>1. 

120.0 

W4. 

)357.0 

4950. 

10116.0 

1090. 

253.8 

1608. 

J45.0 

IMA, 

1424.0 

2312. 

264.0 

31.53. 

Ittti.O 

[128. 

1994.0 

raw. 

HS44.t 

480 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Hydraulic  Pipe,  Pressure  It  Will  Stand  with  Safety. 

.— No.  of  iron  by  Birmingham  Gauge,  thickness  in  inches. 
HEAD  IN  FEET  PIPE  WILL  STAND,  DOUBLE  RIVETED. 


Diameter  of 
Pipe 
in  Inches. 

No.  8. 
.165  in. 

No.  9. 

.148  in. 

No.  10. 

.134  in. 

No.  11. 
.120  in. 

No.  12. 
.109  in. 

No.  14. 
.083  in. 

No.  16. 
.065  in. 

No.  18. 
.049  in. 

5 

2136 

1927 

1755 

1474 

1344 

887 

582 

353 

6 

1799 

1622 

1475 

1238 

1128 

743 

487 

296 

7 

1552 

1400 

1272 

1067 

972 

640 

419 

254 

8 

1366 

1230 

1117 

938 

854 

560 

367 

222 

9 

1221 

1098 

997 

836 

761 

499 

327 

198 

10 

1102 

991 

900 

754 

687 

450 

295 

178 

11 

1008 

904 

820 

687 

626 

412 

269 

162 

12 

922 

829 

753 

630 

574 

377 

246 

157 

13 

853 

768 

696 

583 

530 

348 

228 

138 

14 

795 

714 

64$ 

543 

491 

i<24 

211 

128 

15 

742 

667 

606 

507 

460 

302 

197 

119 

16 

696 

62o 

567 

474 

432 

283 

185 

18 

621 

55S 

505 

424 

385 

252 

165 

20 

559 

502 

456 

380 

346 

227 

148 

22 

510 

457 

415 

347 

316 

206 

135 

24 

466 

420 

379 

318 

290 

188 

123 

26 

432 

388 

352 

294 

267 

175 

28 

400 

360 

327 

273 

247 

162 

30 

375 

336 

304 

254 

231 

151 

HEAD  IN  FEET  PIPE  WILL  STAND,  SINGLE  RIVETED. 


Diameter  of 
Pipe 
in  Inches. 

No.  8. 
.165  in. 

No.  9. 
.148  in. 

No.  10. 
.134  in. 

Xo.  11. 
.120  in. 

No.  12. 
.109  in. 

No.  14. 

.083  in. 

No.  16. 
.065in. 

No.  18. 
.049  in. 

5 

1709 

1542 

1404 

1158 

1056 

739 

466 

265 

6 

1439 

1297 

1180 

972 

887 

619 

390 

222 

7 

1242 

1120 

1018 

838 

763 

533 

335 

191 

8 

1093 

984 

894 

737 

671 

467 

294 

181 

9 

977 

878 

798 

657 

598 

416 

262 

149 

10 

882 

793 

720 

593 

540 

375 

236 

134 

11 

806 

724 

656 

540 

492 

342 

215 

122 

12 

738 

664 

603 

495 

451 

314 

196 

13 

683 

614 

557 

459 

417 

290 

1*2 

14 

606 

571 

518 

427 

388 

270 

169 

15 

594 

534 

485 

398 

362 

252 

158 

16 

557 

500 

454 

373 

340 

236 

148 

18 

497 

446 

404 

333 

302 

210 

132 

20 

448 

402 

365 

299 

272 

189 

118 

22 

408 

366 

332 

272 

24S 

172 

24 

373 

336 

303 

249 

227 

157 

26 

345 

311 

282 

231 

210 

146 

28 

320 

288 

261 

214 

195 

135 

30 

300 

269 

243 

200 

181 

126 

HYDRAULIC  PIPE. 

The  thickness  of  iron  is  usually  proportionate  to  the  head  of  water  and  the  di- 
ameter of  the  pipe  used.  Pipes  made  of  different  sizes  of  iron  mentioned  below, 
will  stand  a  strain  per  sectional  inch,  in  pounds  avoirdupois,  as  follows: — 

Water  Co-efficients.— No  12,  strain  per  inch,  7,000  to  9,000  ros.;  No.  10  to  9,  9-000  to 
12,000  fts. ;  No.  9  to  3.16,  12,000  to  14,000  tbs.;  %  to  %,  17,000  to  18.000  ft>s. 

The  head  of  the  water  in  pounds  avoirdupois,  multiplied  by  the  diameter  of  the 
pipe  in  inches,  and  divided  by  the  above  coefficients,  gives  twice  the  thickness 
necessary  of  the  iron  to  be  used.  It  is  advisable  to  lower  the  head  of  water  to 
avoid  leakage,  for  which  due  allowance  should  be  made. 

Diameter  of  Rivets  to  Iron  C-vd— No.  18  iron,  5-32-inch  rivet;  16,6-32;  14,5-16:  12, 
5-16;  H,  5-16;  10,%;  8,%;  7,%;  %,  % ;  5-16,%;  %,  %  inch. 

At  Cherokee,  Butte  Co.,  Oaf.,  is  an  inverted  siphon  of  wrought  iron;  the  pipe 
has  an  approximate  inner  diameter  of  30  inches,  discharging  52  cubic  feet  of  water 
per  second.  The  iron  used  in  this  pipe  is  ordinary  English  plate.  At  its  greatest 
depression  this  pipe  sustains  a  pressure  of  887  feet,  and  the  thickness  of  the  iron 
at  this  point  is  %  of  an  inch.  The  maximum  strain  on  the  several  sizes  of  iron 
used,  will  be  found  in  the  following  table. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


481 


HYDRAULIC  PIPE.— Continued. 


Site  of  Iron. 

Pressure. 

Strain  per 
Sqr.  inch 
in  pounds. 

Size  of  Iron. 

Pressure. 

Strain  per 
Sqr.  inch 
In  pounds. 

No. 

Inch.  Feet. 

Pounds. 

No. 

Inch. 

Feet. 

Pounds. 

14 
12 
11 
10 

.083 
.109 
.012 
.134 

170 

288 
293 
355 

74 
125 
127 
154 

13.374 
17.202 
15.878 
17.240 

3-16 
% 
5-16 
* 

.187 
.250 
.312 
.375 

435 
694 
842 

887 

188 
251 

365 

384 

15.080 
15.420 
17.594 
15.36J 

The  Virginia  City  &  Gold  Hill  Water  Co.,  Nevada,  have  a  similar  siphon,  made  of 
wrought  iron,  11%  inches  in  diameter.  This  pipe  sustains  a  maximum  pressure 
of  750  Ibs.  per  sqtiare  inch,  at  the  point  of  its  greatest  depression,  which  is  1729 
feet,  (probably  the  greatest  depression  under  which  water,  through  pipes,  is  con- 
ducted in  the  world).  This  pipe  when  tested,  is  said  to  have  stood  a  pressure  of 
14,000  ibs.  to  the  square  inch. 

The  accompanying  tables  will  sufficiently  illustrate  (to  those  most  Interested)  the 
manufacture  of  wrought  iron  pipe,  for  the  conducting  of  water  under  great  pressure. 
3?he  accompanying  figures  show  in  detail,  the  construction  of  5,800  feet  of  wrought 
:iron  pipe,  18  inches  in  diameter,  manufactured  by  the  "Risdon  Iron  Works,"  of 
San  Francisco,  iinder  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Joseph  Moore,  for  the  "  Spring 
Valley  Water  Co.,"  which  company  supplies  the  City  of  San  Francisco  with  water- 


Thickness  of  Iron  used  in 

Width  of  Iron 

Diameter 
of  Kivets. 

Pitch  of  Circle 
seams  in  outside 
corners. 

Pipe. 

Bands. 

Sleeves. 

Sheets. 

Bands. 

Sleeves. 

leches. 

Inches. 

Size. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inch. 

Inches. 

K 

5-16 

No.  11 

42 

4JS 

5% 

% 

1.4522900 

3-16 

H 

"    11 

42 

4% 

5% 

% 

1.4522900 

3-16 

H 

"    11 

44 

4J-5 

5% 

% 

1.4522900 

No.   9 

% 

"      9 

46 

*% 

5% 

% 

1.1970000 

"   11 

% 

"      9 

40 

4% 

5% 

5-16 

.9934692 

"    11 

X 

"      9 

42 

*H 

5% 

5-16 

.9934692 

«•    12 

% 

"      9 

40 

4% 

5* 

5-16 

.9934692 

'•    12 

% 

"      9 

38 

4% 

5% 

5-16 

.9934692 

Pitch  of  Circle  seams 

Length  of 

Space  between 

Length  to  the  joining  holes  in  the 

in  inside  corners. 

two  laps. 

double  rows. 

Outside  Corners. 

Inside  Corners. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

1.410G233000 

2 

1.10 

56.63931 

55.01431 

1.4207515000 

2 

1.10 

56.63910 

65.40931 

1.4267515000 

2 

1.10 

56.63910 

65.40931 

1.7915000000 

1.625 

.625 

57.45600 

66.59900 

.9816157517 

1.5 

.625 

57.6212136 

66.9337136 

.981(1157517 

1.5 

.625 

57.6212136 

66.9337130 

.9837709000 

1.25 

.625 

57.6212136 

57.0587136 

.9837709000 

1.25 

.625 

57.6212136      I             57.0587136 

Whole  length  of  the  corners 

Spaces  in 

Pitch  of 

Length  of  the  two. 

Outside. 

Inside. 

Circle 
seams 

Double 
row. 

the 
small  row. 

Outside  spaces 
small  row. 

Laps  for  the 
double  row. 

Inches. 

Inches 

Inch's 

Inches 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inched. 

59.73900 

58,11400 

39 

22 

17.223 

2.1094 

2. 

59.73931 

58.51931 

39 

22 

17.223 

2.1094 

2, 

59.73931 

58.51931 

39 

23 

17.223 

2.3071 

2. 

59.70600 

58.84920 

48 

26 

1.468 

2.2070 

1.62S 

59.74600 

59.05730 

58 

25 

1.468 

2.0500 

1.250 

59.74600 

59.05730 

58 

26 

1.468 

2.3320 

1.5BO 

59.49600 

58.93330 

58 

25 

1.468 

2.0500 

1.250 

59.49600 

58.93330 

58 

24 

1.468 

1.5180 

1.250 

The  pipe  described  in  the  above  table,  has  as  a  tensile  strain  of  5,000  to  6,800 
ss.  per  sectional  inch,  and  has  been  made  with  this  low  co-efficient  in  order  to 
withstand  the  pulsation  caused  by  a  single  acting  plunger  pump,  working  as  higk 
%s  36  single  strokes  (four  feet  in  length)  per  minute.  These  oscillations  are  found 
by  testing,  to  run  from  5  to  9  Ibs  per  stroke,when  the  air  vessel  is  properly  charged- 
through  careless-ness,  however,  it  may  exceed  50  fts.  per  stroke. 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


CAPACITY  OF  RESERVOIRS  IN  GALLONS. 

NOTE — The  columns  headed  Length  and  Width  denote  the  length  and  width  in 
feet;  the  columns  headed  Gallons  denote  the  capacity  in  U.  8.  gallons  of  one  foot 
in  depth. 


Length 
and 
Width. 

Gallons. 

Length 
and 
Width. 

Gallons. 

Length 
and 
Width. 

Gallons. 

Length 
and 
Width. 

Gallons. 

1x1 

7.481 

8x    8 

478.753 

17  xll 

1:198.857 

34x13 

3306.390 

2x1 

14.901 

9x8 

538.597 

18  xll 

1481.143 

35  x  13 

3403.636 

3x1 

22.442 

10  x    8 

598.442 

19  xll 

1563.429 

30  x  13 

3500.883 

2x2 

29.922 

11  x    8 

658.286 

20  x  11 

J«45.714 

37  x  13 

3598.130 

3x2 

44.883 

12  x    8 

718.130 

21  x  I1 

irat.ooo 

38  X  13 

3695.377 

4x2 

59.844 

13  x    8 

777.974 

22  x  1  1 

1810.286 

39  X  13 

3792.623 

6x2 

74.805 

14  x    8 

837.818 

23  x  11 

1892.571 

14  x  14 

1466.182 

6x2 

89.766 

15x    8 

897.662 

24  xll 

1974.857 

15  x  14 

1570.909 

3x3 

67.325 

16x    8 

957.507 

25x11 

2057.143 

16  x  14 

1675.636 

4x3 

89.766 

17x    8 

1017.351 

26  x  11 

2139.428 

17  x!4 

1780.363 

6x3 

112.208 

18  x    8 

1077.195 

27  xll 

2221.714 

18  x  14 

1885.091 

6x3 

134.649 

19  x    8 

1137.039 

28x11 

2304.000 

19  x  14 

1989.818 

7x3 

157.091 

20  x    8 

1196.883 

29  x  11 

2386.286 

•20  x  14 

2094.545 

8x3 

179.532 

21  x    8 

1256.727 

30  x  1  1 

2468.571 

21  Xl4 

2199.273 

9x3 

201.974 

22  x    8 

1316.571 

31  xll 

2550.857 

22  x  14 

2:;04.000 

4x4 

119.688 

23  x   8 

1376.416 

32x11 

2633.143 

23  x  14 

2408.727 

6x4 

149.610 

24  x    8 

1436.260 

33  x  11 

2715.4-29 

24  x  14 

2513.454 

6x4 

179.532 

9x9 

605.922 

12x12 

1077.195 

25  X  14 

2618.182 

7x4 

209.455 

10  x    9 

673.247 

13  x  12 

1166.961 

26  x  14 

2722.909 

8x4 

239.377 

11  x    9 

740.571 

14  x!2 

1256.727 

27  x  14 

2827.636 

9x4 

269.299 

12  x    9 

807.896 

15x12 

1346.493 

28  x  14 

2932.364 

10x4 

299.221 

13  x    9 

876.221 

16  xl2 

1436.260 

29  x  14 

3037.091 

11  x  4 

329.143 

14  x    9 

942.545 

17x12 

1526.026 

SOX  14 

3141.818 

12  x  4 

359.065 

15  x    9 

1009.870 

18x12 

1615.792 

31X14 

3246.545 

6x5 

187.013 

16  x    9 

1077.195 

19  xl2 

1705.558 

32X14 

3351.273 

6x5 

224.416 

17  x    9 

1144.519 

20x12 

1795.325 

33X14 

3456.  OOT 

7x5 

361.818 

18  x    9 

1211.844 

21  x!2 

1885.091 

34  x  14 

3560.727 

8x5 

299.221 

19  x    9 

1279.1(19 

22  x  12 

1974.857 

35X14 

3665.454 

9x5 

336.623 

20  x    9 

1346.493 

23x12 

2064.623 

36x14 

3770.182 

10  x  5 

374.026 

21  x    9 

1413.818 

24x12 

2154.390 

37  Xl4 

3874.909 

11  x  5 

411.429 

22  x    9 

1481.143 

25x12 

2244.156 

38  x  14 

3979.636 

12  x  5 

448.831 

23  x    9 

1548.467 

26  x!2 

2333.922 

39X14 

4084.364 

13X5 

486.234 

24  x    9 

1615.792 

27  x  12 

2423.688 

40  X  11 

4189.091 

14x5 

523.636 

25  x    9 

1683.117 

28x12 

2513.455 

41  X  14 

4293.818 

15x5 

661.039 

26  x    9 

1750.442 

29  x  12 

2603.221 

42  X  14 

4398.546 

6x6 

269.299 

27  x    9 

1817.7(56 

30x12 

2692.987 

15  X15 

1683.117 

7x6 

314.182 

10  x  10 

748.052 

31  X12 

2782.753 

1C  X15 

1795.325 

8x6 

359.065 

11x10 

822.857 

32x12 

2872.520 

17x15 

1907.532 

9x6 

403.948 

12x10 

897.662 

33  x  12 

2962.286 

18x15 

2019.740 

10  x  6 

448.831 

13  x  10 

972.467 

34  X12 

3052.052 

19X15 

2131.948 

11  x  6 

493.714 

14  x  10 

1047.273 

35x12 

3141.818 

20X15 

2244.156 

12  x  6 

638.597 

15  x  10 

1122.078 

36X12 

3231.586 

21  x  15 

2356.364 

13  x  6 

683.480 

16x10 

1196.883 

13X13 

1264.208 

'22  X  15 

2468.571 

14x6 

628.364 

17  x  10 

1271.688 

14X13 

1361.454 

23x16 

2580.779 

15x6 

673.247 

18  x  10 

1346.493 

15x13 

1458.701 

24  x  15 

2692.987 

16x6 

718.130 

19  x  10 

1421.299 

16x13 

1555.948 

25X15 

2805.195 

17  x  6 

763.013 

20  x  10 

1496.104 

17x13 

1653.195 

26x15 

2917.403 

18x6 

807.896 

21  x  10 

1570.909 

18  X  13 

1750.442 

27X15 

3029.610 

7x7 

368.545 

22  x  10 

1645.714 

19  X13 

1847.688 

28x15 

3141.818 

8x7 

418.909 

23  x  10 

1720.519 

20  X  13 

1944.935 

29  x  15 

3254.026 

9x7 

471.273 

24  x  10 

1795.325 

21  x  13 

2042.182 

30  X  15 

3366.234 

10x7 

623.636 

25  x  10 

1870.130 

22x13 

2139.429 

31  x  15 

3478.442 

11x7 

676.000 

26  x  10 

1944.935 

23  x  13 

2230.675 

32  X  15 

3590.649 

12x7 

628.364 

27x10 

2019.740 

24  x  13 

2333.922 

33  x  15 

3702.857 

13x7 

680.727 

28x10 

2094.545 

25  x  13 

2431.169 

34  Xl5 

3815.066 

14x7 

733.091 

29  x  10 

2169.351 

26  x  13 

2528.416 

35  x  15 

3927.273 

16x7 

785.455 

30  x  10 

2244.156 

27      13 

2K25.662 

36  x  15 

4039.489 

16x7 

837.818 

11x11 

905.143 

28      13 

2722.909 

37x16 

4151.688 

17x7 

890.182 

12  x  11 

987.429 

29      13 

2820.156 

38  x  15 

4263.896 

18x7 

942.545 

13x  11 

1069.714 

30      13 

2917.403 

39x15 

4376.104 

19  x  7 

994.909 

14  x  11 

1152.000 

31      13 

3014.649 

40  x  15 

4488.31) 

20x7 

1047.273 

15x11 

1234.286 

32      13 

3111.896 

41  Xl5 

4600.519 

21x7 

1099.636 

16  x  11 

1316  571 

33      13 

3209.143 

42  x!5 

4712.727 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


483 


CAPACITY  OF  RKSERVOIRS  IN  GALLONS— CONTINUED. 


Length 
and 

•Width. 

Gallons. 

..ength 
and 
Width. 

Gallons. 

Length 
and 
width. 

Gallons. 

Length 
and 
Width. 

Gallons. 

43x15 

4824.035 

2x18 

4303.779 

4x22 

5595.4:9 

8x30 

8527.792 

44  x!5 

4937.143 

3x13 

4443.429 

6x22 

5924.571 

0x30 

8976.623 

45  x  15 

5049.351 

4x18 

4578.078 

8x22 

6253.714 

2  x  30 

9425.454 

IGxlG 

1915.013 

5x18 

4712.727 

0x22 

6582  .  a>>7 

4x30 

9874.286 

17  x  16 

2034.701 

6x18 

4847.377 

2x22 

6912.000 

6x30 

10323.117 

18  x  1C 

2154.890 

9  x  1'J 

2700.467 

4x22 

7241.143 

8x30 

30771.948 

19  x  1C 

2274.078 

20  x  19 

2812.597 

4x24 

4303.779 

Ox  30 

11220.779 

20xlC 

2393.766 

21x19 

2984.727 

26  x  24 

4667.844 

o2  x  30 

11669.610 

21x16 

2513.  45  t 

22  x  19 

3126.857 

28x24 

5026.909 

54x30 

12118.442 

22x16 

2333.143 

23  x  19 

3268.987 

30x24 

5385-974 

06  x  30 

125-)7.273 

23x16 

2752.831 

24  x  19 

3111.117 

32x24 

5745.039 

58  x  30 

13016.104 

24  x  16 

2872.519 

25  X19 

3553.247 

34  x  24 

6104.104 

60  x'30 

134C4.935 

25x16 

2992.208 

20X19 

3695.377 

36x24 

6463.169 

32  x  32 

7600.052 

26x16 

3111.896 

27  xi9 

3837.506 

38x24 

6822.234 

34x32 

8138.805 

27x16 

3231.584 

28X19 

3979.636 

40X24 

7181.299 

36  x  32 

8617.  558 

28x16 

3351.273 

29  xi9 

4121.766 

42  x24 

7540.364 

38  x  32 

9096.312 

29x16 

3470.961 

30X19 

4263.896 

44  X24 

7899.429 

40  x32 

9575.065 

30x16 

3590.649 

31  x  ]9 

4406.026 

46X24 

8258.493 

42  x  32 

10053.818 

31x16 

3710.338 

32  XJ9 

4548.156 

48X24 

8617.558 

44  X32 

10532.571 

32  x  16 

3830.026 

33X19 

4690.286 

26X26 

5056.831 

46  X32 

11011.325 

17x17 

2161.870 

34  x  19 

4832.416 

28X26 

5445  .  818 

48X32 

11490.078 

18x17 

2289.039 

35X19 

4974.545 

30x26 

5834.805 

50  x  32 

11968.831 

19x17 

2416.208 

36X19 

5116.675 

32  x  26 

6223.792 

52  x  32 

12447.584 

20  x  17 

2543.377 

37  xxg 

5258.805 

34X26 

6612.779 

54X32 

12926.338 

21  x  17 

2670.545 

38X19 

5400.935 

36X26 

7001.766 

50  x  32 

13405.091 

22x17 

2797.714 

20  x  20 

2992.208 

38X26 

7390.753 

58  x  32 

13883.844 

23x17 

2924.883 

21  X20 

3141.818 

40X26 

7779.740 

GO  X32 

14302.597 

24x17 

3052.052 

22  x  20 

3291.429 

42X26 

8168.727 

02  x  32 

14841.351 

25x17 

3179.221 

23^20 

3441.039 

44X26 

8557.714 

64  X32 

15320.104 

26x17 

3306.390 

24^20 

3590.649 

46X26 

8946.701 

34X34 

8647.480 

27  x  17 

3433.558 

•25  x  20 

3740.  200 

48X26 

9335.688 

36  x  34 

9156.156 

28x17 

3560.727 

2«x20 

3889.870 

COX  26 

9724.675 

38X34 

9664.831 

29x17 

3687.896 

27X20 

4039.480 

52  x  26 

10113.662 

40X34 

10173.506 

30x17 

3815.065 

28X20 

4189  .  091 

28X28 

5861.727 

42X34 

10682.182 

31  x  17 

3942.234 

29X20 

4333.701 

30X28 

6283.636 

44X34 

11190.857 

32x17 

4069.403 

30X20 

4488.312 

32  X28 

6702.545 

46X34 

11699.532 

33x17 

4196.571 

31X20 

4637.922 

34X28 

7121.454 

48X34 

12208.208 

34  x  17 

4323.740 

32X20 

4787.532 

36X28 

7540.364 

50x34 

12716.883 

18x18 

2423.688 

33X20 

4937.143 

38X28 

7959.273 

52  x  34 

13225.558 

19  x  18 

2558.338 

34  X20 

5086.753 

40X28 

8378.182 

54X34 

13734.234 

20  x  18 

2692.987 

35^20 

5236.364 

42X28 

8797.091 

56X34 

14242.909 

21x18 

2827.636 

36  x  20 

5385.974 

44X28 

9216.000 

58  x  34 

14751.584 

•2-1  x  18 

29C2.286 

37  X20 

5535.584 

46X28 

9634.909 

GO  x  34 

15260.  210* 

23  x  18 

3096.935 

38X20 

5685.195 

48  X28 

10053.818 

62  X34 

15768.935 

24  x  18 

3231.584 

39  x  20 

5834.805 

50X28 

10472.727 

64x34 

16277.610 

25  x  18 

3366.234 

40X20 

5984.416 

52X28 

10891.636 

66X34 

16786.28G 

•26x18 

3500.883 

22X22 

3620.571 

54X23 

11310.545 

68x34 

17294.901 

27x18 

3635.532 

24  x  22 

3949.714 

C6X28 

11729.454 

36*36 

9694.753 

28x18 

3770.182 

26X22 

4278.857 

30  X30 

6732.467 

38X36 

10233.351 

29x18 

3904.831 

28  x  2'2 

4608.000 

32  x  30 

7181.299 

40X36 

10771.948 

SOxlS 

4039.480 

30x22 

4937.143 

34  X30 

7630.130 

42X36 

11310.545 

Six  18 

4174.130 

32  X22 

5266.286 

36X30 

8078  961 

44x3fa 

11849.143 

To  determine  the  capacity  in  gallons  of  a  reservoir  find  the  capacity  in  cubic 
inches  and  divide  by  231. 

EXAMPLE— Required  the  capacity  in  gallons  of  a  reservoir  62  feet  In  length,  34 
feet  iu  width,  and  40  feet  in  depth. 

Solution  1. — By  computation,  with  no  reference  to  the  table — 
(62X12)  X  (34X12)  X  (40X12) -^  231  =030,757. 4;  or, 
62X34X40X1728-T-  231  .=630,757 . 4 

Solution  2. — In  the  table  it  is  shown  that  the  capacity  of  a  reservoir  62  feet  long 
»nd  34  feet  wide  and  1  foot  iii  depth  is  15,768.935  gallons. 
15.768 .935X40-630,757 . 4  gallons. 


484 


THE  GREAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


CAPACITY  OP  CIRCULAR  RESERVOIRS  IN  GALLONS. 

NOTE — The  columns  headed  Diameter  denote  the  diameter  in  feet  and  inches ;  the 
columns  headed  Gallons  denote  the  capacity  in  U.  S.  gallons  of  one  foot  in  depth. 


Diameter. 

Gallons. 

Mameter. 

Gallons. 

Diameter. 

Gallons. 

Diameter. 

Gallons. 

ft.  in. 

ft.    in. 

ft.    in. 

ft.    in. 

1 

5.8752 

14 

1151.5392 

27 

4283.0208 

40 

9400.32 

1    3 

9.18 

14    3 

1193.0328 

27    3 

4362.7032 

40    3 

9518.1912 

1     6 

13.2192 

14    6 

1235.2608 

27    6 

4443.12 

40    6 

9636.7968 

1    9 

17.9928 

14    9 

1278.2232 

27    9 

4524.2712 

40    9 

9756.1368 

2 

23.5008 

15 

1321.92 

28 

4606.1568 

41 

9876.2112 

a  3 

29.7432 

15    3 

1366.3612 

28    3 

4688.7768 

41     3 

9997.02 

2    6 

36.72 

15    6 

1411.5168 

28    6 

4772.1312 

41     6 

10118.5632 

2    9 

44.4312 

15    9 

1457.4168 

28    9 

4856.22 

41    9 

10240.8408 

3 

52.8768 

16 

1504.0512 

29 

4941  .0432 

42 

10363.8528 

3    3 

62.0568 

16    3 

1551.42 

29    3 

5026.6008 

42    3 

10487.5992 

3    6 

71.9712 

16    6 

1599.5232 

29    6 

5112.8928 

42    6 

10612.08 

3    9 

82.62 

16    9 

1648.3608 

29    9 

5199.9192 

42    9 

10737.2952 

4 

94.0032 

17 

1C97.9328 

30 

5287.68 

43 

10863.2448 

4    3 

106.1208 

17    3 

1748.2392 

30    3 

5376.1752 

43    3 

10989.9288 

4     6 

118.9728 

17     6 

1799.28 

30    6 

5465.4048 

43    6 

11117.3472 

4    9 

132.5592 

17    9 

1851.0552 

30    9 

5555.3688 

43    9 

11245.5 

6 

146.88 

18 

1903.5648 

31 

5646.0672 

44 

11374.3872 

5    3 

161.9352 

18    3 

1956.8088 

31    3 

5737.5 

44     3 

11504.0088 

5    C 

177.7248 

18    6 

2010.7872 

31     6 

5829.6672 

44     6 

11634.3648 

5    9 

194.2488 

18    9 

2065.5 

31    9 

5922.5688 

44     9 

11765.4552 

6 

211.5072 

19 

2120.9472 

32 

6016.2048 

45 

11897.28 

C    3 

229.5 

19    3 

2177.1288 

32    3 

6110.5752 

45    3 

12029.8392 

C     6 

248.2272 

19    6 

2234.0418 

32    6 

6205.68 

45    6 

12163.1328 

fi    9 

267.6888 

19    9 

2291.6952 

32    9 

6301.5192 

45     9 

12297.1608 

7 

287.8848 

20 

2350.08 

33 

6398.0928 

46 

12431.9232 

7    3 

308.8152 

20    3 

2409.1992 

33     3 

6495.4008 

46    3 

12567.42 

7    6 

330.48 

20    6 

2469.0528 

33    6 

6593.4432 

46    6 

12703.6512 

7    9 

352.8792 

20    9 

2529.6408 

33     9 

6692.22 

46     9 

12840.6168 

8 

376.0128 

21 

2590.9632 

34 

6791.7312 

47 

12978.3168 

8    3 

399.8808 

21    3 

2653.02 

34    3 

6891.9768 

47    3 

13116.7512 

8    6 

424.4832 

21    6 

2715.8112 

34    6 

6992.9568 

47    6 

13255.92 

8    9 

449.82 

21    9 

2779.3368 

34    9 

7094.6712 

47    9 

13395.8232 

9 

475.8912 

22 

2843.5968 

35 

7197.12 

48 

13536.4608 

9    3 

502  6968 

22    3 

2908.5912 

35    3 

7300.3032 

48     3 

13677.8328 

9    6 

530  2368 

22    6 

2974.32 

35    6 

7404.2208 

48    6 

13819.9392 

9    9 

558.5112 

22    9 

3040.7832 

35    9 

7508.8728 

48     9 

13962.78 

10 

587.52 

23 

3107.9808 

36 

7(514.2592 

49 

14106.3552 

10    3 

617.2632 

23    3 

3175.9128 

36    3 

7720.38 

49    3 

14250.6648 

10    6 

647.7408 

23    6 

3244.5792 

36    6 

7827.2352 

49    6 

14395.7088 

.  10    9 

678.9528 

23    9 

3313.98 

36    9 

7934.8248 

49    9 

14541.4872 

11 

710.8992 

21 

3384.1152 

37 

£043.1488 

f.O 

14688. 

11    3 

743.58 

24    3 

3454.9848 

37    3 

8152.2072 

50    3 

14835.2472 

11     6 

776.9952 

24    6 

3526.5888 

37     6 

8262. 

50    6 

14983.2288 

11    9 

811.1448 

24    9 

3598.9272 

37    9 

8372.5272 

50     9 

15131.9448 

)2 

846.0288 

25 

3672. 

38 

8483.7888 

51 

15281.3952 

12    3 

881.6472 

25    3 

3745.8072 

38    3 

8595.7848 

51     3 

15431.58 

12    6 

918. 

25    6 

3820.3488 

38    6 

8708.5152 

51     6 

15582.4992 

12    9 

955.0872 

25    9 

3895.6248 

38    9 

8821.98 

51     9 

15734  J528 

13 

992.9088 

26 

3971.6352 

39 

893fi.l792 

52 

15886.5408 

13    3 

1031  .4648 

26    3 

4048.38 

39    3 

9051.1128 

52    3 

1(039.6632 

13    « 

1070.7552 

26    6 

4125.8592 

39    6 

9166.7808 

52    6 

1GI93.C2 

13    9 

1110.78 

26    9 

4204.0728 

39    9 

9283.1832 

52    9 

16348.1112 

To  determine  the  capacity  in  gallons  of  a  circular  reservoir  multiply  the  square 
of  the  diametiT  in  inches  by  .7854;  multiply  the  product  by  the  depth  iu  inches; 
and  divide  by  231. 

EXAMPLE— Required  the  capacity  in  gallons  of  a  circular  reservoir  52  feet  in 
diameter  and  40  feet  in  depth. 

Solution  1. — By  computation  •with  no  reference  to  the  table — 

(52xl2)2x  .7854X (40X12)^-231^635,461. 6  gallons. 

Solution  2. — In  the  table  it  is  shown  that  the  capacity  of  a  circular  reservoir  52 
feet  in  diameter  and  1  foot  in  depth  is  15,886.5408  gallons. 

15,866.5408X40-635,461.6  gallons. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


485 


DIMENSIONS  OF  CIBCUIAB  CANS,  VESSELS,  ETC. 

The  capacity  is  denoted  by  the  denominations  of  Wine  Measure.  The  first 
column  indicates  the  diameter  in  inches,  and  the  other  columns  the  depth  in  inches. 
The  figures  denoting  the  depth  are  expressed  in  whole  numbers  arid  sixteenths. 


DIAMETER. 

1 

Gill 

2 

Giiib 

4  10 
3  10 
2  15 
2    7 
2    1 
1  12 
1     8 
1     5 

3 
Gills 

1 
Pint. 

9    4 
7    4 
5  14 
4  14 
4    1 
3    8 
3    0 
2  10 
2    5 
2    0 
1  13 

1^ 
Piut. 

Hi 

Pint. 

l?i 
Pint. 

1 

Qt. 

\\ 
Qt. 

IX 
Qt. 

154 
Qt. 

2 

Qts. 

2  

2     5 
1  13 
1    7 
1    3 
1    0 
0  14 

6  15 
5    7 
4    6 
3  10 
3    1 
2  10 
2    4 
1  15 
1  11 
1    8 

2?4  

9    1 
7  15 
6    2 
5    2 
4    5 
3  12 
3    4 
2  14 
2    9 
2    4 
2    0 

2J4  

8  13 
7     5 
6    2 
5    3 
4    8 
3  15 
3    7 
3    1 
2  11 
2    7 
2    3 

10    4 
8    9 
7    2 
6    1 
5    4 
4    9 
4    0 
3    9 
3    3 
2  13 
2    9 
2    5 
2    2 

234  

9  14 
8    3 
6  15 
6    0 
5    4 
4    9 
4    1 
3  10 
3    4 
2  15 
2  11 
2    7 
2    3 
2    1 

12    3 
10    3 
8  11 
7    8 
6    8 
5  12 
5    1 
4    8 
4    1 
3  11 
3    5 
3    0 
2  12 
2    9 
2    5 
2    3 

3  

12    4 
10    7 
9    0 
7  13 
6  14 
6    2 
6    7 
4  14 
4    6 
4    0 
3  10 
3    5 
3    1 
2  13 
2  10 
2    7 
2    4 

3%  

12    3 
10    8 
9    2 
8    0 
7    2 
6    6 
5  11 
5    2 
4  11 
4    4 
3  14 
3     9 
3     5 
3     1 
2  13 
2  10 
2    7 
2    4 

i2"6 

10    7 
9    3 
8    2 
7    4 
6    8 
5  14 
5    5 
4  14 
4     7 
4    1 
3  12 
3    8 
3    3 
3    0 
2  13 
2  10 
2    7 

31$  

334  

4 

4% 

4% 

434  

5  

5% 

5% 

5% 

•6  

6% 

834 

6  34 

7     ..     .. 

1\  

... 

7*4 

1\  

3%  

214 
Qts. 

2X 
Qts. 

23< 
Qts. 

3 

Qts. 

3M 
Qts. 

3X 
Qts. 

334 
Qts. 

1 
Gal. 

1* 
Gal. 

IX 
Gal. 

134 
Gal. 

2 
Gal. 

11  12 

4  

10     5 
9    2 
8    3 
7    6 
6  10 
6    0 
5    7 
6    0 
4    0 
4    4 
3  14 
3  10 
3    6 
3    2 
2  15 
2  12 

11    8 
10    3 
9    1 
8    2 
7     5 
6  11 
6    1 
5    9 
5     2 
4  11 
4    5 
4    0 
3  12 
3    8 
3    4 
3    1 
2  14 

12  10 
11    3 
10    0 
8  15 
8    1 
7    5 
6  11 
6    2 
5  10 
5    3 
4  12 
4    7 
4    2 
3  13 
3    9 
3    6 
3    2 
2  15 

4%  

12    3 
10  14 
9  12 
8  13 
8    0 
7    5 
6  11 
6    2 
5  10 
5    3 
4  13 
4    8 
4    3 
3  15 
3  11 
3    7 
3    4 
3    1 

4%  

11  13 
10    9 
9    9 
8  11 
7  14 
7    3 

6  in 

6    2 
5  10 
5    4 
4  14 
4    9 
4     4 
3  15 
3  12 
3    8 
3    5 
3    2 

12  11 
11    6 
10    5 
9    5 
8    8 
7  12 
7    2 
6    9 
6    1 
5  10 
5    4 
4  14 
4    9 
4    4 
4     0 
3  12 
3    9 
3    6 
3    3 

4%  

12    3 
11    0 
10    0 
9    2 
8    5 
7  10 
7     1 
6    8 
6    1 
5  10 
5    4 
4  14 
4    9 
4    5 
4    1 
3  13 
3    9 
3    6 
3    3 

13    0 
11  12 
10  10 
9  11 
8  14 
8    3 
7    8 
6  15 
6    7 
6    0 
5    9 
5    3 
4  14 
4    0 
4    5 
4    1 
3  13 
3  10 
3    7 
3    4 
3    1 

5  

14  11 
13     5 
12    2 
11     2 
10    3 
9    6 
8  11 
8    1 
7    8 
7    0 
6    8 
6    2 
5  12 
5    6 
5    1 
4  13 
4    9 
4    5 
4    1 
3  14 
3  11 
3    8 
3    6 

5%  

16    0 
14    9 
13    5 
12    4 
11    5 
10    7 
9  11 
9    0 
8    6 
7  13 
7    5 
6  14 
6    8 
6    2 
5  12 
5    7 
5    2 
4  14 
4  10 
4    6 
4    3 
4    0 
3  13 
3  10 

5%  

17    0 
15    9 
14    5 
13    2 
12    2 
11     5 
10    8 
9  13 
9    2 
8    9 
8    1 
7    9 
7    2 
6  11 
6    6 
6    0 
5  11 
5    6 
5    2 
4  14 
4  11 
4    7 
4    4 
4    1 
3  14 

17'i2 
16    5 
15    1 
13  15 
12  14 
12    0 
11    3 
10    7 
9  13 
9    3 
8  10 
8    2 
7  11 
7    4 
6  14 
6    8 
6    3 
5  14 
5    9 
5    5 
5    1 
4  14 
4  10 
4    7 
4    4 
4    1 

534   

«  

6%  

6J£     

<53£  

7H  

7J$  

734  

8  

8>4  

8H  

834  

9  

91$  

9M  

9%  

10  

10M  

10^  

10%  

11  

11%  

11}$  

1134  

12  

486 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  .1  KKXKII 


DIMENSIONS  OF  CIRCULAR  CANS,  VESSELS,  ETC.— CONTINUED. 


DIAMETER. 

2* 
Gal. 

2X 
Gal. 

2% 
Gal. 

3 

Gal. 

ay 

Gal. 

354 
Gal. 

3% 
Gal. 

4 
Gal. 

4k 
Gal. 

454 
Oil. 

4% 
Gal. 

5 
Gal. 

6... 

18    61  

6^  

16  15 
15  10 
U     8 
13    8 
12    5' 
11  12 
11    0 
10    5 
9  11 
9    2 
8  10 
8    3 
7  11 
7    5 
6  15 
6  10 
6    5 
6    0 
5  11 
5    7 

18  13 
17    6 
16    2 
15    0 
14    0 
13    1 
12    4 
11     8 
10  13 
10    3 
9  10 
9    1 
8    9 
8    2 
7  12 
7    5 
7    0 
6  11 
6    6 
6    1 
5  13 
6    9 

6)4  

I'J    2 
17  11 
16    8 
15    6 
14    6 
13    7 
12  10 
11   14 
11     3 
10    9 
10    0 
9    7 
8  15 
8    8 
8    1 
7  11 
7    5 
7    0 
6  11 
6    6 
6    2 
5  14 

6%   

19    4 
18    0 
16  12 
15  11 
14  11 
13  12 
12  15 
12    3 
11    8 
10  14 
10    5 
9  12 
9    4 
8  13 
8    6 
8    0 
7  10 
7    5 
6  15 
6  11 
6    6 
6    2 

20  13 
19    8 
18    3 
17    0 
15  14 
14  15 
14    1 
13    4 
12    8 
11  13 
11    3 
10    9 
10    1 
9    9 
9    1 
8  11 
8    4 
7  14 
7    9 
7    3 
6  15 
6  10 
6    2 

7  

21    0 
19    9 
18    4 
17    2 
16    1 
15    2 
14    4 
13    7 
12  11 
12    0 
11     6 
10  13 
10    5 
9  13 
9    5 
8  14 
8    8 
8    2 
7  12 
7    7 
7    2 
6    9 

7^  

20  15 
19    9 
18    6 
17    4 
16    3 
15    4 
14    6 
13  10 
12  14 
12    3 
11    9 
11    0 
10    8 
10    0 
9    9 
9    2 
8  11 
8    5 
8    0 
7  10 
7    1 
6    8 

7)4  

20  14 

19    9 
18    6 
17    4 
16     4 
15    6 
14    8 
13  12 
13    0 
12    6 
11  12 
11    3 
10  11 
10    3 
9  11 
9    5 
8  14 
8    8 
8    3 
7    8 
6  15 
6    7 

22    3 
20  13 
19    8 
18    6 
17    6 
16    5 
15    7 
14  10 
13  13 
13    2 
12    8 
11  14 
11     5 
10  13 
10     5 
9  14 
9    7 
9    1 
8  11 
8    0 
7    6 
6  14 

7%  

22    0 
20  11 
19    7 
18    fi 
17    4 
16    5 
15    7 
14  10 
13  15 
13    4 
12    9 
12    0 
11     7 
10  15 
10    7 
10    0 
9    9 
9    3 
8    7 
7  13 
7    4 

•2-1     4   .. 
21  13  22  15 
20    8  21  la 
19    5  20    6 
18    4  19     3 
17    4  18    2 
16    5  17    3 
15    7  16    & 
14  11  15    7 
13  15  14  11 
13    5  14    IV 
12  11  13     5 
12     1  12  11 
11     912    2 
11     Oil  10 
10     9  11     2 
10    2  10  10 
9  11  10    » 
8  15    9    6 
8    4    8  11 
7  10    8     1 
727* 

8  

8ii  

854  

8%  

9  

9  is  

9)4  

9%  

10  

1034  

10  H  

10%  

11  

11  3<  

1154        .  .. 

11%  

12     

1254     . 

13 

13%  

14  

9%... 

6 
Gal. 

7 
Gal. 

8 
Gal. 

9 
Gal. 

10 

Gal. 

11 

Gal. 

12 
Gal. 

13 
Gal. 

14 
Gal. 

15 
Gal. 

16 
Gal. 

17 
Gal. 

20  10 
19    9 
18    9 
17  10 
16  13 
16    0 
15    4 
14    9 
13  15 
13    5 
12  12 
12    4 
11    6 
10    7 
9  11 
9    0 
7  13 
6  14 
6    2 
5    7 
4  14 
4    6 

24    127    8 
22  13'26    1 
21  10  24  12 
20    9  23    8 
19    9  22    6 
IS  11  -21     5 
17  13  20    6 
17    0  19    7 
16    418    9 
15    9  17  12 
14  14  17    0 
14    4  16    5 
13     3  15     1 
12     3  13  15 
11    5  12  14 
10    8  12    0 
9    2  10    7 
8093 
7282 
6574 
5  11    6    8 
5    2    5  14 

9)4  

29    5 
27  13 
26    7 
25    3 
24    0 
22  14 
21  14 
20  14 
20    0 
19    3 
18    6 
16  15 
15  10 
14     8 
13    8 
11  12 
10    5 
9    2 
8    3 
7    6 
6  10 

S%  

30  15 
29    6 
28    0 
26  11 
25    7 
24    5 
23    4 
22     4 
21    5 
20    7 
18  13 
17    6 
16    2 
15    0 
13    1 
11     8 
10    3 
9    1 
8    2 
7    5 

1C  

ICH  

30  12 
29    5 
28    0 
26  12 
25    9 
24    7 
23    7 
22    7 
20  11 
19    2 
17  12 
16    8 
14    6 
12  10 
11    3 
10  00 
8  15 
8    1 

10)4   

32    1 

30    8 
29    2 
27  14 
26  11 
25    9 
24     8 
22    9 
20  14 
19    6 
18    0 
15  11 
13  12 
1-2     3 
10  14 
9  12 
8  13 

10%  

33    1 
31    9 
30    3 
28  14 
27  11 
26    9 
24     7 
22  10 
20  15 
19    8 
17    0 
14  15 
13     4 
11  13 
10    9 
9    9 

11  

34    0 
32    8 
31    2 
29  13 
28    9 
26    6 
24    6 
22     9 
21    0 
18    5 
16    1 
14    4 
12  11 
11    6 
10     5 

115$  

34  14 
33    6 
31  15 
30  10 
28    4 
26    2 
24    3 
22    8 
19  10 
17    3 
15    4 
13  10 
12    3 
11    0 

11)4  

35    9 
34    1 
32  11 
?0    2 
27  13 
25  13 
24     0 
20  14 
18     6 
16     4 
14    8 
13    0 
11  12 

36    * 
34  11 
32    ft 
29    9- 
27    7 
25    8 
22    3 
19    8 
17    6- 
15    7 
13  13 
12    & 

11%  

12  

125$... 

13  

1354  

14  

15  

16  

17  

18  

19  

20  

14  

18 
Gal. 

19 
Gal. 

20 
Gal. 

21 
Gal. 

22 

Gal. 

23 

Gal. 

24 
Gal. 

25 
Gal. 

26 
Gal. 

*9    0 
34    0 
29  14 
26     7 
23    9 
21    3 
19    2 

27 
Gal. 

28 
Gal. 

29 
Gal. 

43    a 
37  14 
33    6- 
29    8 
26    5 
23  1O 
21    & 

27    0 
23    8 
2011 
18    5 
16    5 
14  10 
13    4 

28    8 
24  13 
21   13 
19    5 
17     4 
15    7 
13  15 

30    031    fr 
2fi    2  27     7 
22  15  24    2 
20    521     6 
18    2,19     1 
16    5  17    2 
14  11  15     7 

:tt    0  34     8 
28  12  30    1 
25    426     7 
22    6  23    6 
19  1520  14 
17  15  18  12 
10    316  14 

36    037     8 
31     6  32  11 
27     9  28  11 
24    725    7 
21  12  22  11 
19    9'20    6 
17  10118    6 

40    8 
35    5 
31    0 
27    7 
24    !• 
22    0 
19  13 

42    0 
36    9 
3-2    2 
28    7 
25    6 
22  13 
20    9 

15  

16  

17  

18  

19  

20  

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  487 


ARTESIAN  WELLS.— An  artesian  well  is  one  in  which  the  waters  of  a  lower 
stratum  are  enabled  to  rise  sufficiently  near  to  the  surface  to  permit  their  eco- 
nomical use.  The  name  artesian  is  derived  from  Artois,  a  province  of  France, 
where  water  has  been  obtained,  from  a  remote  period,  by  boring  vertically  down 
through  impermeable  strata  to  a  stratum  more  or  less  permeable,  charged  with 
water  in  a  basin-shaped  depression,  or  so  inclined  as  to  reach  the  surface  of  the 
earth  at  some  distance  from  the  point  at  which  the  bore-hole  is  made.  Wells 
of  this  kind  were  known  to  the  ancients,  and  they  abounded  in  the  Libyan 
Desert  and  the  plains  of  Tyre.  To-day  they  are  being  successfully  used  fur  re- 
claiming large  tracts  of  Sahara.  The  principle  of  the  artesian  well  is  very  simple. 
When  a  hole  is  bored  down  through  the  upper  impermeable  layer  to  the  surface 
of  an  underground  reservoir,  water  is  forced  up,  by  the  law  compelling  it  to  seek 
its  level,  to  a  height  greater  or  less,  according  to  the  elevation  ot  level  in  the 
feeding  column,  thus  form  ing  a  natural  fountain  on  precisely  the  same  principle 
as  that  of  the  common  artificial  fountain  which  gets  its  supply  from  a  height 
above  the  jet.  It  is  essential  to  the  success  of  an  artesian  well,  that  there  be 
continuity  of  permeable  stratum  between  two  impermeable  strata  vyhich  have 
neither  flaw  nor  leakage.  The  ground  to  be  bored  may  have  a  steep  inclination 
extending  to  the  bottom  of  the  water-bearing  beds,  and  then  the  water  supply 
is  necessarily  limited.  Yet  a  good  supply  can  be  secured  if  the  water-bearing 
strata  be  very  porous,  and  have  a  considerable  lateral  extension.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  incfination  of  the  strata  may  be  very  gradual,  with  a  larger  area  of 
Turface  receiving  the  rainfall.  But  the  condition  most 'favorable  to  large  and 
constant  flow  is  when  most  of  the  rainfall  on  a  surface  percolates  through  to 
.'he  water-bearing  strata.  When  a  boring  has  to  be  made  to  water-bearing  strata 
through  other  rocks  slightly  permeable,  the  quantity  of  water  is  more  or  less 
seriously  affected,  and  artificial  hydrostatic  pressure  is  required.  Several  kinds 
of  water  may  be  encountered  in  the  same  sinking.  To  suppress  an  impure  flow, 
water  tubes  must  be  inserted  in  the  bore-holes,  and  this  is  always  necessary 
when  loose  sand  and  strata  are  struck.  When  the  water  has  so  little  hydrostatic 
pressure  that  it  can  not  rise  to  the  surface,  a  pump  of  iome  kind  must  be  used. 
If  the  level  of  the  water  is  below  thirty  feet  from  the  surface,  only  a  plunger- 
pump  is  useful.  The  quantity  of  water  found  in  any  strata  does  not  depend 
solely  on  the  surface  of  such  strata  exposed  to  the  rainfall,  but  is  much  influ- 
enced by  the  degree  of  porosity  of  the  strata,  which  is  the  test  of  their  saturative 
capacity.  Water  may  be  obtained  by  means  of  short  holes  a  few  yards  down, 
when  the  object  is  to  collect  the  surface  drainage  by  means  of  small  pumps. 
Where  gravel  only  is  found,  water  can  not  generally  be  procured  through  short 
holes;  but  when  the  gravel  rests  on  impervious  clay,  success  is  assured.  If  there 
be  a  river  close  to  porous  strata,  it  will  probably  carry  off  much  of  the  water 
which  would  otherwise  have  saturated  the  permeable  rocks.  The  geological 
formations  most  favorable  to  artesian  borings  are  those  which  combine  compact 
and  impermeable  strata  with  porous  and  open  rocks.  It  is  hard,  even  in  a 
known  district,  to  calculate  what  q  nantity  of  water  may  be  expected  to  drain  to 
a  bore-hole,  because  it  is  impossible  to  determine  the  lateral  extension  of  the 
drainage.  The  more  porous  and  saturable  the  water-bearing  strata,  the  greater 
the  drainage  carried  to  a  given  point.  Artesian  tools  are  not  essentially  differ- 
ent from  those  used  in  sinking  mine  shafts.  Free  falling  tools,  worked  by  steam 
power,  are  employed  when  bore-holes  of  large  diameter  are  needed,  the  weight 
of  the  tool  giving  sufficient  percussion  to  pierce  the  hardest  rock.  It  is  said  that 
a  serious  difficulty  in  boring  artesian  wells  has  been  conquered  by  an  ingenious 
contrivance  invented  by  the  engineer  who  bored  the  well  on  Mare  Island,  near 
San  Francisco,  Cal.  He  claims  to  have  succeeded  in  boring  an  8-inch  hole  with 
a  6-inch  drill,  and  thus  making  a  hcle  with  uniform  diameter  from  top  to  bot- 
tom, instead  of  the  tapering  bore  which  heretofore  necessitated  serious  expense 
for  various  casings.  The  oldest  well  still  flowing  is  at  Lillers,  France,  dating 
back  to  the  12th  century.  The  deepest  boring  of  importance  is  at  Sperenburg,  -20 
miles  from  Berlin,  sunk  for  the  purpose  of  getting  rock  salt.  Several  years  ago 
it  had  reached  a  depth  of  4,194  feet,  and  it  is  said  that  the  work  is  still  vigorously 
pushed.  A  well  at  Passy,  one  of  the  suburbs  of  Paris,  flows  steadily  at  the  rate  of 
5,600,000  gallons  a  day.  But  the  well  of  Crenelle,  another  Parisian  suburb,  has 
long  been  regarded  as  the  most  famous  and  successful  of  all  artesian  exploits. 
Here  the  chalk  was  overlaid  by  gravels,  marls,  and  clays,  capable  of  intercept- 
ing the  passage  of  water.  It  was  decided  to  bore  through  the  chalk  into  water- 
bearing sand.  This  was  done;  and  in  1841,  after  8  years'  labor,  the  rods  suddenly 
sank  several  yards  through  the  subterranean  waters.  In  a  few  hours  the  dis- 
charge of  water  was  at  the  rate  of  881,884  gallons  in  24  hours,  with  a  temperature 
of  82°  F.  The  surface  of  the  ground  at  the  well  is  102  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  and  the  pressure  is  enough  to  carry  the  water  120  feet  above  this.  The  ex- 
posed surface  of  the  water-bearing  beds  which  supply  the  well  of  Grenelle  is 
about  117  square  miles;  the  subterranean  area  in  conne'ction  with  these  lines  of 
outcrop  may  possibly  be  about  20,000  square  miles;  and  the  average  thickness  of 
the  sand,  etc.,  or  underground  reservoir,  is  not  more  than  30  feet.  The  well  ia 
1,798  feet  deep,  cost  $72,500,  and  has  been  flowing  steadily  for  about  56  years. 


488 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


CAPACITY  OF  it  \  i:  i:  I   i.s    CASKS,  PIPES    \  \  l>    IM   N  <  ll  i  «>  \  s 

NOTR.— The  Length  and  Mean  Diameter  of  a  Cask  or  Package  having  been  found, 
opposite  the  former,  on  the  left  hand  margin,  and  beneath  the  latter,  on  the  upper 
margin,  will  be  found  the  capacity  in  Wine  <»allon*. 

In  computing  this  table  the  following  rule  hns  been  observed:— The  square  of  the 
mean  diameter  of  the  cask,  in  inches  and  tenths  of  inches,  is  multiplied  by  the  deci- 
mal .«M>:14.  and  this  product  by  the  length  of  the  rusk. 

In  the  final  product,  any  fraction  less  than  .95  is  dropped:  if  .25,  or  any  inter- 
mediate fraction  to  and  including  .73,  it  is  called  one-half  gallon;  if  above  .75  to  the 
unit,  it  is  called  a  whole  gallon. 

VARIETIES  OF  CASKS. 

Casks  are  classed  in  three  varieties,  and  the  distinction  consists  in  the  curvature 
of  the  staves,  at  what  is  termed  the  quarter-hoop:  that  is.  at  a  point  midway  be- 
tween the  bung  and  chime;  viz.,  Casks  having  the  least  curvature  are  termed  the 
nrst  variety;  those  having  a  medium  curvature  the  second  variety;  and  those  hav- 
ing the  greatest  curvature  the  third  variety. 

RCLE.— To  find  the  Mean  Diameter  of  iheflrst  variety  of  cask?,  multiply  the 
difference  between  the  head  diameter  and  the  bung  diameter  (inside  measun  / 
the  decimal  .55  and  add  the  product  tot  he  head  diameter,  the  sum  being  the  mean 
diameter;  for  the  second  variety  multiply  the  difference  between  the  two  diam- 
eters by  the  decimal  .63,  adding  the  product  to  the  head  diameter;  for  ttit  thirit 
variety  multiply  by  the  decimal  .TO,  and,  as  above,  adding  the  product  to  the  head. 

Having  thus  found  the  mean  diameter,  to  find  the  Capacity,  multiply  the 
square  of  the  mean  diameter,  in  inches,  by  the  decimal  .OO34.  which  is  substan- 
tially the  same  as  dividing  by  2!M,  being  the  number  of  cylindrical  inches  in  a  wine 
gallon,  and  the  product  will  be  the  wine  gallons  in  one  inch  in  length.  Multiply 
this  by  the  length  in  inches  and  the  product  will  be  the  capacity  in  wine  gallons. 


Lengths 


DIAMETER  OF  CASKS  IN  INCHES. 


10.0    Hi..'    11.0  ll.o  18.0   12.5   13.0    13.5    I  l.i     14.5    15.O  15.5    16.O 


Inches.   Gals.  Gals.  Oals.  Gals.  Gals.  Gals   Gals    Gals    Ga 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


489 


MKAN  DIAMETER  OF  CASKS  IN  INCHES.— Continued. 


16.O 


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THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Ltnsth 

MKAX  DIAMKTKR  OF  CASKS  ix  IXCHKS.—  Grutlinnetl. 

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867 
870 

372'X 
875)4 
378)6 
881 
384 
887 
389)4 
892)4 
895J6 
398 
401 
404 
106M 
409)6 
412)6 
415 
418 
421 
423)4 
42<i'., 

429':; 

43214 
435 
437)4 

SiTv' 

5ls   , 
522  « 
520  .. 
530)1 
5:i4)6 
r.:;i) 
543 
547 
551 
555 
559 
563  K 
507    j 
571)6 
575    , 
57!)'  , 
;,.v;  .. 
588 
592 
596 
600 
604 
608 
612)4 
616V, 
620)5 
624)6 
628 

70.0 
76  5 

769 

ULLAGE    OR    WANTAGE   TABLE. 


If 

|ii 
u 
~±T 
•'2 
24 
24 
20 
20 
28 
28 
42 
43 
44 
44 
45 
45 
48 
48 
04 
100 
12(1 
140 

B   « 

e 
IT 

18 
IS 
19 
18 
19 
IS 
19 
22 
22 
22 

23 

24 
23 
24 
24 
30 
31 
34 

NUMBER  OK  DRY  INCHKS. 

2   1    3   |      4 

5 

6      |     7      |      8     |     9     |     10 

11     |     12    |     13    |    14   |    15 

*  WINK  GALLONS  WANTING. 

Gal 

Gal 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

!« 

2V, 
2k 

2'a 
2V, 
2V, 

a 

214 

3)! 

4 

4 

Gals. 

Gals. 

Gals. 

(ials. 

Gals. 

Gals. 

Gals. 

Gals. 

(Jals. 

Gals. 

Gals 

Gals 

1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

i* 

i 
i 
i 

!* 

2 

2 

3 

3 
3 

3 

•Ay, 

3 
4 

4  2 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 

4* 
5 
6 
6 

6!4 

*;4 

4!4 

f2 
4'-< 
5)6 
5 
6 
6'4 

6)6 
6 
6 

5'6 
6)6 
6 
8 
9Vj 
9!4 
9'<; 

6V, 
5  '4 

f 
6  '4 

P 

8 

8!4 

I2 

8 

^ 
8 
11 
12)6 
13 

isv: 

8 

P* 

7!6 

!y- 

9,i6 

8  '4 
10  '6 
10)6 

1014 
10)4 

10 

HH 

10)6 

14 

16)6 
17 
17 

10 
9 
10 

191^ 
10 

1114 

10  !4 
12)4 

8* 
11^ 

12 

13)6 
13 
17 

20  '4 
21  '4 

12 
11 

12 
11 
13 

12 
14 
1256 

15'4 
15)6 
16 
15 
15!4 
14!<S 
16)6 
15)4 
20  '6 
24)4 
26 
26 

13 

" 

14 

* 

il« 

iS* 
12« 

17 

S* 
24 

H^ 

31 

21 

21)4 

22  " 
20)4 

20  '£. 

8* 
§* 

1^ 

36 

23 

22)6 

It^ 
32 
38 

fl* 

43 
46 

4656 

47)4 
51 
52 

53 
56!^ 
58 

•••••  Beneath  the  dry  Inches,  and  opposite  the  capacity  and  bung  diameter  of  the 
cask,  is  stated  the  ullage  or  wantage  in  wine  gallons. 


492 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


DIAMETERS,  CICUMFERENCES.  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES. 


Diam. 

Circum. 

Areas. 

Diam. 

Circnm. 

Areas. 

Diam. 

Circuui. 

Areas. 

* 

.7854 

.049 

7H 

24.7401 

48.707 

16fc 

51.0510 

207.394 

5-16 

.9817 

.077 

H 

55.1328 

50.266 

16J4 

51.4437 

210.597 

* 

1.1781 

.110 

«* 

25.5255 

51.849 

ICfc 

61.8364 

213.v2.-> 

7-16 

1,3744 

.150 

8* 

25.9182 

63.456 

16  H 

62.2291 

217.073 

ft 

1.5708 

.196 

8* 

26.3109 

55.088 

1«* 

•2.6218 

2-20.353 

9-16 

1.7671 

.248 

8* 

26.7036 

66.746 

1«H 

63.0145 

223.I154 

% 

1.  91.35 

.307 

8% 

27.0963 

68  426 

17 

53.4072 

2-2C..1W1 

11-1C 

2.1598 

.371 

854 

27.4890 

60.132 

17  * 

63.7999 

230  330 

% 

2.3562 

.442 

m 

27.8817 

61.862 

17* 

54.19-26 

233.705 

13-10 

2.5525 

.518 

9 

28.2744 

63.617 

17?; 

64.5853 

237.104 

% 

2.7489 

.601 

m 

28.6671 

65.397 

11* 

64.9780 

240.  52b 

15-16 

2.9452 

.690 

9* 

29.0598 

67.201 

17  '/, 

65.3707 

243.977 

1 

3.1416 

.785 

9*4 

29.4525 

69.029 

1754 

65.7634 

247.450 

1* 

3.5343 

.994 

9* 

29.8452 

70.882 

17  Ji 

66.1561 

250.947 

1* 

3.9270 

1.227 

9?8 

30.2379 

72.760 

18 

66.5488 

254.467 

1% 

4.3197 

1.485 

9\ 

30.6306 

74.662 

18* 

66.9415 

258.016 

1* 

4.7124 

1.767 

9% 

31.6233 

76.589 

18* 

57.3342 

'201.587 

1* 

5.1051 

2.074 

10 

31.4160 

78.540 

183j 

57  .7-269 

265  182 

1* 

5.4978 

2.405 

10* 

31.8087 

80.516 

18  J4 

68.1196 

2fi8.803 

1* 

5.8905 

2.761 

10* 

32.2014 

82.516 

18*4 

68.51-23 

272.447 

* 

6.2832 

3.142 

10  % 

32.5941 

84.541 

1854 

58.9050 

•276.117 

2* 

6.6759 

3.546 

10* 

32.9868 

86.590 

18% 

69.2977 

279.811 

2* 

7.0686 

3.976 

10  fi 

33.3795 

88.664 

19 

69.6904 

•2>:'...V2» 

2% 

7.4613 

4.430 

1054 

33.7722 

90.763 

19  « 

60.0M31 

287.272 

2* 

7.8540 

4.909 

10H 

34.1649 

92.886 

19* 

60.4758 

291.039 

ag 

8.2467 

5.412 

11 

34.5576 

95.033 

19?f 

608685 

294.831 

254 

8.6394 

5.939 

11* 

34.9503 

97.205 

19X 

61.2612 

298.648 

2V. 

9.0321 

6.492 

11* 

35.3430 

99.402 

19s; 

61.6539 

302.489 

a 

9.4248 

7.069 

11  * 

35.7357 

101.623 

1954 

62.0166 

306.356 

3'; 

9.8175 

7.670 

11* 

36.1284 

103  869 

19  % 

62.4393 

310.245 

a  '-4 

10.2102 

8.296 

11  54 

36.5211 

106.139 

•-•«» 

62.8320 

314.160 

3% 

10.6029 

8.946 

1154 

36.9138 

108.434 

20* 

63.  -2-247 

318.099 

3* 

10.9956 

9.621 

11  ?i 

37.3065 

110.754 

20* 

63.6174 

322.063 

3*4 

11.3883 

10.321 

12 

37.6992 

113  098 

20% 

64.0101 

326.051 

3% 

11.7810 

11.045 

12  !i 

38.0919 

115.466 

20* 

64.4028 

330.064 

3% 

12.1737 

11.793 

12!* 

38.4846 

117.859 

20*4 

64.7956 

384.101 

4 

12.5664 

12.566 

12  % 

38  8773 

120.276 

2054 

65.1882 

33S.l(a 

4* 

12.9591 

13.364 

12  H 

39.2700 

122.718 

20H 

65.5809 

34-2.250 

4* 

13.3518 

14.186 

12SB 

89.6627 

125.184 

21 

65.1)736 

346.361 

4% 

13.7445 

15.033 

1254 

40.0554 

127.676 

21* 

66.3663 

350.497 

•4* 

14.1372 

15.904 

12  H 

40,4481 

130.192 

21* 

66.7590 

354.1)57 

4i« 

14.5299 

16.800 

13 

40.8408 

132.733 

21  3; 

67.1517 

358.841 

454 

14.9226 

17.720 

13  ii 

41.2335 

135.297 

21* 

67.5444 

363.051 

47» 

15.3153 

18.665 

13  !* 

41.6262 

137,886 

21  ^ 

67.9371 

367.284 

5 

157080 

19.635 

13?4 

42.0189 

140.500 

2154 

68.3298 

371.  54S 

5* 

16.1007 

20.629 

13  J$ 

42.4116 

143.139 

21  % 

68.7225 

375.826 

6* 

16,4934 

21.647 

13  »; 

42.8043 

145.802 

aa 

69.1152 

380.134 

5* 

16.8861 

22.691 

1354 

43.1970 

148.489 

22* 

69.5079 

384-465 

5* 

17  2788 

23.758 

13Ji 

43.5897 

151.201 

22* 

69.9066 

388.822 

5* 

17.6715 

24.850 

14 

43.9824 

153.938 

22% 

70.2933 

393.203 

554 

18.0642 

25.967 

14'i 

44.3751 

156,699 

22* 

70.6860 

397.608 

5?4 

18.4569 

27  108 

14  H 

44.7678 

159.485 

22  f; 

71.0787 

402.038 

<> 

18.849(5 

28.274 

14% 

45.1605 

162.295 

2-254 

71.4714 

406.492 

''>'» 

19.2423 

29.465 

14M 

45.5532 

165.130 

22* 

71.8641 

410.972 

6* 

19.6350 

30.680 

14  *i 

45.9459 

167.989 

23 

72.2568 

415.477 

6% 

200277 

31.919 

1454 

463386 

170.873 

23* 

72.6495 

420.004 

""--• 

20.4204 

33.183 

14T4 

46.7313 

173.782 

23* 

73.0422 

424.557 

65« 

20.8131 

34.472 

15 

47.1240 

176.715 

23% 

73.4349 

429  136 

•i'i 

21.2058 

35.785 

15  Jf 

47.5167 

179.672 

23* 

73-8276 

433.731 

6H 

21.5985 

37.122 

15& 

47.9094 

182.654 

23?; 

74.2203 

438.363 

7 

21.9912 

38.485 

15?; 

48.3021 

185.661 

2354 

74.6130 

443.0L- 

7* 

22.3839 

39.871 

15J4 

48.6948 

188.692 

2374 

75.0057 

447  691 

7* 

22.7766 

41.282 

15^4 

49.0875 

191-748 

24 

75.3984 

452.390 

7% 

23.1693 

42.718 

13*4 

49.4802 

194.828 

24* 

75.7911 

457-1  If 

1% 

23.5620 

44.179 

15% 

49.8729 

197.933 

24* 

76.1838 

461.864 

7* 

23.9547 

45.664 

16 

50.2656 

201.062 

24% 

76.5765 

466.638 

i\ 

24.3474 

47.173 

16!* 

50.6583 

204.216 

24* 

76.9692 

471.436 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


IHameters,  Circumferences,  and  Areas  of  Circles— Continue*. 


Diam 

Circum. 

Areas. 

Diam 

Circum. 

Areas. 

Diam 

Circum. 

Areas. 

24% 

77.3619 

476.259 

33% 

104.066 

861.792 

41% 

130.769 

1360.82 

24% 

77.7546 

481  106 

33% 

104.458 

868.309 

41% 

131.162 

1369.00 

24% 

78.1473 

485.978 

33% 

104.851 

874.850 

41% 

131.554 

1377.21 

25 

78.5400 

490  875 

33,% 

105.244 

881.415 

42 

131.947 

1385.44 

25  % 

78.9327 

495.796 

33% 

105.636 

888,005 

42% 

132.340 

1393.7* 

25% 

79.3254 

500.741 

33% 

106.029 

894.620 

42% 

132.733 

1401.9*' 

•25% 

79.7181 

505.711 

33% 

106.422 

901.259 

42% 

133.125 

1410.29 

25% 

80.1108 

510.706 

34 

106.814 

907.922 

42% 

133.518 

1418.  K> 

25  % 

80.5035 

515.725 

34% 

107.207 

914.610 

42% 

133.911 

142(5.98 

25% 

80.8962 

520.769 

34% 

107.600 

921.323 

42% 

134.303 

1435.36 

•25% 

81.2889 

525.837 

34% 

107.993 

928.060 

42% 

134.696 

1443.77 

2<t 

81.6816 

530.930 

34% 

108.385 

934.822 

43 

135.089 

1452.21 

26% 

82.0743 

536.047 

34% 

108.778 

941.609 

43% 

135.481 

1460.65 

26  H 

82.4670 

541.189 

34% 

109.171 

948.419 

43% 

135.874 

1469.13 

26% 

82  8597 

546.356 

34% 

109.563 

955.255 

43% 

136.267 

1477.63 

26% 

83.2524 

551.547 

35 

109.956 

962.115 

43% 

136,660 

1486.17 

26% 

83.6451 

556,762 

35% 

110.349' 

968.999 

43% 

137.052 

1494.72 

2634 

84.0378 

562.002 

35% 

110.741 

975.908 

43% 

137.445 

1503.30 

26% 

84.4305 

567.267 

35% 

111.134 

982.842 

43% 

137.838 

1511.90 

27 

84.8232 

572.557 

35% 

111.527 

989.800 

44 

138.230 

1520.53 

27% 

85.2159 

577.870 

35% 

111.919 

996.783 

44% 

138.623 

1529.18 

27% 

85.(>086 

583.208 

35% 

112.312 

1003.790 

44% 

139.016 

1537.8ft 

27% 

86.0013 

588.571 

35% 

112.705 

1010.822 

44% 

139.408 

1546.55 

27  % 

86.3940 

593.958 

36 

113.098 

1017.878 

44% 

139.801 

1555.28 

27% 

86.7867 

599.376 

36% 

113.490 

1024.959 

44% 

140.194 

1564  03 

27% 

87  1794 

604.807 

36% 

113.883 

1032.065 

44% 

140.587 

1572.81 

27% 

87.5721 

610.268 

36% 

114.276 

1039.195 

44% 

140.979 

1581.61 

•is 

87  9648 

615.754 

36% 

114.668 

1046.349 

45 

141.372 

1590.43 

28% 

88.3575 

621.263 

36% 

115.061 

1053.528 

45% 

141.765 

1599.28 

28  % 

88.7502 

626.798 

36% 

115.454 

1060.732 

45% 

142.157 

1608.15 

28% 

89  1429 

632.357 

36% 

115.846 

1067.960 

45% 

142.550 

1617.04 

28% 

89.5356 

637.941 

37 

116.239 

1075.213 

45% 

142.943 

1625.97 

28  % 

89.9283 

643.549 

37% 

116.632 

1082.490 

45% 

143.336 

1634.92 

28% 

90.3210 

649.182 

37% 

117.025 

1089.792 

45% 

143.728 

1643.89 

28% 

90.7137 

654.839 

37% 

117.417 

1097.118 

45% 

144.121 

1652.88 

2!> 

91.1064 

660.521 

37% 

117.810 

1104.469 

40 

144.514 

1661-91 

29% 

91.4991 

666,227 

37% 

118.203 

1111.844 

46% 

144.906 

1670.95 

29  % 

91.8918 

671.958 

37% 

118.595 

1119.244 

46% 

145.299 

1680.01 

295s 

92  2845 

077.714 

37% 

118,988 

1126.668 

46% 

145.692 

1689.10 

29)3 

92.6772- 

683.494 

38 

119381 

1134.118 

46% 

146.084 

1698.23 

29% 

93.0699 

689.298 

38% 

119.774 

1141.591 

46% 

146.477 

1707.37 

29% 

93.4626 

695.128 

38% 

120.166 

1149.089 

46% 

146.870 

1716.54 

29% 

93.8553 

700.981 

38% 

120.599 

1156.612 

46% 

147.263 

1725.73 

3O 

94  2480 

706.860 

38% 

120.952 

1164.159 

47 

147.655 

1734.95 

30  % 

94.6407 

712.762 

38% 

121.344 

1171.731 

47% 

148.048 

1744.18 

30  H 

95.0334 

718.690 

38% 

121.737 

1179.327 

47% 

148.441 

1753.45 

30% 

95.4261 

724.641 

38% 

122  130   !  1186.948 

47% 

148.833 

1762.73 

30% 

95.8188 

730.618 

3» 

122.522      1194.593 

47% 

149.226 

1772.05 

30% 

96.2115 

736.619 

39% 

122.915      1202.263 

47% 

149.619 

1781.30 

30% 

96.6042 

742.644 

39% 

123.308      1209.958 

47% 

150.011 

1790.76 

30% 

96.9969 

748.694 

39% 

123.701    1  1217.677 

47% 

150.404 

1800.13 

31 

97.3896 

754.769 

39% 

124.093      1225.420 

4H 

150.797 

1809.54 

31% 

97  7823 

760.868 

39% 

124.486    1  1233.188 

48% 

151.190 

1818.99 

31  Vt 

98  1750 

766.992 

39% 

124.879      1240.981 

48% 

151.582 

1828.46 

31% 

98.5677 

773.140 

39% 

125.271       1248.798 

48% 

151.975 

1837.93 

31% 

98.9604 

779.313 

40 

125.664      1256.640 

48% 

152.368 

1847.45 

31% 

99.3531 

785.510 

40% 

126.057      1264.500 

48  % 

152.760 

1856.9ft 

31% 

99  7458 

701.732 

40% 

126.449      1272.390 

48% 

153.153 

1866.55 

31% 

100.1385 

797  978 

40% 

126.842      1280.310 

48% 

153.546 

1876.13 

32 

100.5312 

804.250 

40% 

127,235       1288.250 

49 

153.938 

1885.74 

32% 

100.9239 

810.545 

40% 

127.627       1296.220 

49  % 

154.331 

1895.3T 

32% 

101.3166 

816.865 

40% 

128.020       1304.210 

49% 

154.724 

1905.03 

32% 

lul.7093 

823.209 

40% 

128.413    i  1312.220 

49% 

155.117 

1914.70 

»x 

102.1020 

829.578 

41 

128.806   j   1320.260 

49% 

155.509 

1924.42 

32% 

102  4947 

835.972 

41% 

129.198    :   1328.321 

49% 

155.902 

1934.15 

323$ 

102.8874 

842.390 

41% 

129  591       1336.413 

49% 

156.295 

1943.91 

32% 

103.2801 

848.833 

41% 

129.984       1344.522 

49% 

156.687 

1953.69 

33 

103.6730 

855.301  1 

41% 

130.376       1352.654 

•"»" 

157.080 

1963.50 

494 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZ EH 


TENSILE  STRENGTH   OF  MATERIALS. 
Weight  of  Power  Required  to  Tear  Asunder  One  Square  Inch. 


MATEBIALS. 

Lbs. 
Avoir; 

MATERIALS. 

Lbs. 
Avoir. 

MATERIALS 

Lbs. 
Avoir. 

Metal*. 

Brass  

42,000 
18,000 
56,788! 
17,698 
36,800 
24,250 
3ti,(IOO 
61,200 
34,000' 
32,000 

30,000 
50,000 

•:o,ojo 

50,000 
14,076 

18,000 
30,000 

72,000 

52,250 
13,735 
16,125 
23,468 
44,750 
56,000 
45,970 
37,232 

Iron  wire,  Am  
"     16  diam 
"    wrought  wire. 

73,  COO 

.-II.  IK  HI 

103,000 
1,800 
3,320 
2,580 
53,000 
40,000 
179,980 
104,000 
133,000 
142,000 
88,607 
170,980 

93,700 
96,300 

173,817 

150,000 
124,000 
120,000 
2,122 
5,000 
11,000 
48,700 
3,500 
16,000 

65 
100 
290 
750 
77 
30 
234 
414 
380 
24 
118 
2,346 
3,500 
140 
140 
16,000 
330 
670 
2,800 

Marble   Italian.... 
'•      '  White  .... 
Mortar,  12  yrs  old  .  . 
Plaster  of  Paris  
Rope,  hemp,  tarred 
"     manila  

5,200 
9,000 
60 
Ti 
15.000 
9.000 
37,000 

an 

12,000 
863 

400 
360 
857 
1,000 
7,000 

14,000 
14,000 
11,500 
20,000 
11,400 
10,500 
6,000 
12,400 
13,400 

"    yellow..  ..... 
Bronze,  greatest  — 
"      least  

"      milled  

Oopper,  bolt  
"       cast  Am.  .. 
"       rolled  

Silver,  cast  

"     wire    
Sandstone,  fine  gr. 
Slate  

Steel,  Am.  Tool  Co. 
•'      blistered,   ) 

Stone,  Bath  

"       wrought  . 
€opper  10,  Tin  1  ... 
"        8,    »     1,1 
gun-metal  j 
Copper  8,  Tin  1,  bar 

Steel,  cast,  maxi'm. 
"        "    mean  ... 
"    crome,  mean. 
"  plates-,  cross-) 
wise  f 

"      Craigleth.,.. 
"     Hailes  

"     Portland..  | 
Whalebone  

Woods. 

Ash  

Gold  5,  Copper  1  ... 
Iron,     cast,    Low) 
Moor,  No.  2  J 

Iron,  cast  Am  { 

Iron,  wro't,  best) 
Swedish  bar...  j 
Iron  bolts 

Steel,       plates,    I 
lengthwise  { 
Steel,    puddled,   1 

Bay  

Steel  razor  
"      shear  

Beech  
Box  

"      soft  
Tin,  Banca  ..... 

Chestnut,  sweet  .... 

"     CalderNo.  1.. 
"    Clyde  No.  1  .  . 
No.  3.. 
"    crank  shaft.  .  . 
"    English  bar.. 
"  Greenwood,  Am 
"    gnn-m.,mean  . 

"   cast,  block.... 
Tin  10,  Antimony  1 

Deal,  Christiana... 
Elm  

Zinc  

Fir,  strongest  

12,000 
2:t  000 

"  sheet  
Miscellaneous. 

Brick,  fire  

Lignum  vitse  
Locust  

ll.bOO 
20,500 
21.0<»!» 
8,000 
12,000 
10,500 
14,500 
11,500 
10,000 
13,(>00 
9,800 
11,800 
9,500 
12,000 
7,000 
10,290 
13,000 
14,000 
7,800 
13,000 

*'    hammered  
"    inferior,  bar.. 
"    mean  of  Am  .  . 
Eng  . 
"  plates,  boiler) 
American  j 
Iron  plates  cross-  I 
wise  ....              J 

53,913 
30,000 
31,829 
53,900 
48,000 
62,000 

4>,.S):> 
53,800 

51,000 

53,300 
65,000 
59,500 
53,400 
25,764 
55,800 

"      inferior.,  j 

"      well  burned 
Cement,  bluestone. 
"       Harwich... 
"        hydraulic.. 
"  Portland,  6  mo 
"         "  1,  sand  3 
"        Sheppy  
Chalk  

"        Spanish  | 
Maple  

Oak,  African  

"    Am.  white.... 

"    seasoned  ..  .. 
Pear    ....          .... 

Iron  plates  length  ) 
wise  j 

Pine,  Am.  white... 
"     larch  

Iron  plates,  mean  i 
English               ( 

Glass,  crown  

"      pitch  

'.  Gutta-percha  
Hydraulic  lime.... 
;Hy.  lime  mortar.  .  . 
Ivory  

Iron  rivets,  Am  .  .  '.  . 
"         "      Eng... 
Russian  bar  .  . 
"    scrap  
"    sterling,  mean 
"    turnings  

Spruce,  white  
Sycamore  
Teak  

Leather  belts  
Limestone  j 

Walunt   

Willow  

Tensile  Strength  is  the  resistance  of  the  fibres  or  particlesof  a  body  to  separa- 
tion. It  is  therefore  proportional  to  their  number,  or  to  the  area  of  its  transverse 
section.  The  fibres  of  wood  are  strongest  near  the  center  of  the  trunk  or  limb  of  a 
tree. 

Cast  Iron  is  extended  the  5,500th  part  of  its  length  for  every  ton  of  direct  strain 
per  square  inch  of  its  section,  its  elasticity  is  fully  excited  when  extended  less  than 
the  3,000th  part  of  its  length,  and  the  limit  of  its  elasticity  is  reached,  when  extended 
the  1,200th  part  of  its  length.  Tensile  strength  of  the  strongest  "piece  of  cast  iron  ever 
tested  was  -45.970  pounds,  it  was  a  mixture  of  grades  1,  2,  and  3  of  Greenwood  iron,  andj 
at  the  third  fusion. 

Wrought  Iron  is  extended  the  10,000th  part  of  its  length  for  every  ton  of  direct 
strain  per  square  inch  of  its  section,  its  elasticity  is  fully  excited  when  extended  the 
1,000th  part,  and  the  limit  of  elasticity  estimated  at  the  1,520th  part  of  its  length.  The 
value  or  the  above  table  of  metals  may  be  safelv  taken  at  from  ]4  to  %  of  the  same 
for  the  breaking  strain.  Experiments  show  that  from  1  to  6  re-heatings  and  rollings, 
the  tensile  stress  increased  from  43,904  pounds  to  61,824  pounds  and  from6  to  12  re-heat- 
ings it  was  reduced  again  to  43,904  pounds.  For  most  metals,  as  the  temperature  in- 
creases the  tensile  force  decreases.  Iron  bars  when  cold  rolled  are  materially  stronger 
than  when  only  hot  rolled,  the  difference  being  as  great  as  3  to  i 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  495 


TREES-TIMBER-LUMBER. 


Late  in  July  and  early  in  August,  the  foliage  of  sound  trees  is  green,  and  that 
of  Unsound  on  the  turn  to  autumnal  tints.  Decayed  branches  and  separation  of 
bark  from  wood  are  sure  signs  of  disease.  Trees  growing  in  a  moist  soil  produce 
less  durable  wood  than  those  which  nourish  in  dry  ground.  The  best  timber 
springs  from  a  dark,  gravelly  soil.  The  hardest  woods  grow  in  warm  climates, 
and  last  long,  but  do  not  season  \yell.  About  45  per  cent  of  wood  weight  is 
moisture,  and  fully  10  per  cent  remains  even  after  seasoning.  The  best  time  to 
fell  timber  is  in  midwinter  and  midsummer.  A  tree  ought  to  be  mature  before 
it  is  cut  down.  Age  and  rate  of  growth  are  shown  by  the  number  and  width  of 
rings  in  a  cross-section.  Oak  reaches  maturity  in  about  75  years;  ash,  larch,  and 
elm  in  about  the  same  period;  and  spruce  and  fir  in  80  years.  The  best  timber  is 
nearest  the  ground.  After  felling,  the  bark  and  whitish  sapwood  ought  to  be 
removed,  the  tree  raised  from  the  ground,  and  reduced  to  the  form  desired. 
Circular  cracks  separating  the  layers  are  called  wind  shakes,  and  injure  the  tree. 
Deep  splits,  checks,  and  cracks  impair  the  utility  of  timber  trees.  TJrash  is  por- 
ous wood,  of  a  reddish  color,  easily  broken,  and  a  sign  of  old  age.  Belted  wood 
is  killed  before  felling,  and  is  not  good  timber.  Yellow  stains  show  dry  rot. 
Splits  which  divide  the  center  into  segments  are  called  heart  shakes;  when  sev- 
eral radiate  from  the  center,  they  are  called  star  shakes,  and  cnp  shakes  when 
the  rings  separate.  Curved  swellings  over  spots  where  branches  have  been  re- 
moved, are  called  wind  galls.  Fibers  hurt  by  crushing  are  said  to  be  upset. 
Yellow  or  red  tinge  showing  decay  is  called  the  wood's  foxiness  A  speckled 
stain  is  termed  doatiness. 

To  season  timber  is  to  extract  the  vegetable  juices  and  solidify  the  albuminous 
portion.  If  the  wood  is  subject  to  a  very  high  temperature,  the  evaporation  pro- 
ceeds too  rapidly,  and  it  will  crack.  If  the  sap  remains  under  high  temperature, 
it  will  ferment  and  make  dry  rot.  Time  required  for  seasoning  depends  on 
density  of  fibers.  The  sap  may  be  dissolved  by  immersion  in  water.  To  season 
well,  place  timber  under  dry  sheds,  and  ventilate  well.  It  ought  to  be  replied 
occasionally,  and  defective  pieces  removed.  From  two  to  eight  years  are  re- 
quired for  effective  seasoning,  and  the  wood  ought  to  be  worked  up  as  soon  as  it 
is  thoroughly  dry.  Although  the  gradual  process  of  natural  curing  produces 
strength  and  durability,  artificial  processes  are  successful.  The  best  of  these 
are  steaming,  and  saturating  with  corrosive  sublimate  and  antiseptic  solutions. 
Strength  increases  with  density  and  at  the  roots  and  centers.  Kiln  drying  will 
do  only  for  small  pieces.  Charring,  painting,  and  covering  the  surface  should 
be  practiced  only  on  seasoned  wood.  Timber  can  not  be  seasoned  by  smoking. 
Oak  loses  a  fifth  of  its  weight  in  seasoning,  and  one-third  when  dry.  'Pitch  pine 
requires  abnormal  time  in  seasoning.  Mahogany  is  seasoned  slowly  and  pine 
quickly.  Salt  water  is  preferable  to  fresh  in  making  wood  harder,  heavier,  and 
more  durable.  The  condition  of  a  tree  can  be  learned  by  striking  it  a  quick 
blow.  Timber  which  has  been  long  immersed  in  water  is  found  to  be  brashy 
and  useless  after  exposure  to  the  air.  Trees  which  have  been  barked  in  the 
spring  ought  not  to  be  felled  till  the  foliage  is  dead.  Common  rot  is  caused  by 
piling  in  bad  sheds,  and  the  signs  are  yellow  spots  on  ends  of  pieces  and  yellow- 
ish dust  in  the  cracks.  Dry  or  sap  rot  is  the  putrefaction  of  vegetable  albumen, 
and  it  can  be  prevented  only  by  extracting  or  hardening  the  albumen,  on  which 
fungi  subsist.  Sugar  and  gum  in  the  wood  attract  insects.  The  best  way  to 
preserve  timber  is  to  exhaust  its  fluids,  harden  its  albumen,  and  inject  antisep- 
tics. Impregnation  improves  the  resilience  and  does  not  lessen  the  strength  of 
timber.  The  jarrow  wood  of  Australia  is  about  the  only  timber  exempt  from  the 
ravages  of  insects.  In  a  very  dry  atmosphere,  the  durability  of  wood  is  almost 
unlimited.  Even  piles  driven  in  fresh  water  have  remained  sound  longer  than 
800  years. 

Strength  of  Timbers.— Results  of  experiments  have  satisfactorily  proved 
that  deflection  was  sensibly  proportional  to  load;  that  extension  and  compression 
were  nearly  the  same,  though  the  former  is  greater;  that,  to  produce  equal  de- 
flection, the  load,  when  placed  in  the  center,  was  to  a  load  uniformly  distributed, 
as  .638  to  ] ;  that  deflection  under  equal  loads  is  inversely  as  breadths  and  cubes 
of  the  depths,  and  directly  as  cubes  of  the  spans.  It  has  also  been  shown  that 
density  of  wood  varies  very  little  with  its  age;  that  the  co-efficient  of  elasticity 
diminishes  after  a  certain  age,  and  that  it  depends  also  on  the  dryness  and  ex"- 
posure  of  the  ground  where  the  wood  is  grown.  Woods  from  a  northerly  expos- 
ure, on  dry  ground,  have  a  high  co-efficient,  while  those  from  swamps,  or  low, 
moist  ground,  have  a  low  one.  The  tensile  strength  is  influenced  by  age  and 
exposure.  The  co-efficient  of  elasticity  of  a  tree  cut  down  in  full  vigor,  or  before 
it  arrives  at  that  stage  in  its  growth,  does  not  present  any  sensible  difference 
There  is  no  limit  of  elasticity  in  wood,  there  being  a  permanent  condition  foi 
every  extension.  Fluids  will  pass  with  the  grain  of  wood  with  great  facility,  but 
will  not  enter  it  except  to  a  very  limited  extent  when  applied  externally."  The 
weieht  of  a  beam  of  English  oak,  when  wet,  was  reduced  by  seasoning  from 
972.25  to  630.5  pounds. 


496 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZKH 


Table  for  the  Measurement  of  Logs. 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  February  6th,  1868,  by  N.  W.  Spaulding,  in 

the  Clerk's  office  of  the  U.  S.  District  Court  for  the  District  of  California.] 

The  right  to  further  publicity  it  reserved  by  the  compiler,  ./V.  W,  Soaulding. 

By  Act  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  California,  -was  made  the  "LEGAL 
SCALE  "  for  the  State.  Approved  March  28th,  1878.  (See  Statutes  of  1877-78, 
Chapter  CCCCXV.) 

SEC.  1.  There  shall  be  but  one  standard  for  the  measurement  of  logs  through. 
out  this  j;iate. 

SEC.  2.  The  following  table  known  as  "  Spaulding's  Table  for  the  measurement 
of  logs  "  is  hereby  made  the  standard  table  for  the  measurement  of  logs  through- 
out this  otate. 

EXPLANATION. — The  left  hand  column  of  figures  in  the  table  gives  the  length  in 
feet  of  the  log-  the  first  line  of  figures  running  parallel  at  the  top  of  each  sectioi 
of  the  table  the  diameter ;  and  the  other  figures  indicate  the  number  of  feet  ol 
square  edged  boards  in  each  log. 


LENGTH 


DIAMETER  IN  INCHES. 


IN  FEET. 

10 

11 

13 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

10 

2O 

21 

it 

12  

38 

47 

68 

71 

86 

103 

121 

141 

162 

184 

207 

2ai 

•'r>fi 

13  

41 

51 

62 

76 

93 

111 

131 

152 

175 

199 

224 

250 

•'77 

14  

44 

55 

67 

82 

100 

120 

141 

164 

189 

214 

241 

269 

298 

16  

47 

69 

72 

88 

107 

128 

151 

176 

202 

230 

258 

288 

320 

16  

60 

63 

77 

94 

114 

137 

161 

188 

216 

245 

276 

308 

341 

17  

63 

67 

82 

100 

121 

145 

171 

199 

2liO 

293 

327 

362 

18  

57 

70 

87 

106 

1-^9 

154 

181 

211 

243 

276 

310 

34ii 

384 

19  

60 

74 

91 

112 

136 

163 

191 

223 

256 

291 

327 

365 

405 

20  

63 

78 

96 

118 

H3 

171 

201 

235 

270 

306 

346 

385 

426 

21  

66 

82 

101 

124 

150 

180 

211 

246 

283 

322 

362 

404 

448 

22  

69 

86 

106 

130 

157 

188 

221 

258 

297 

337 

379 

4  23 

46» 

23  

72 

90 

111 

136 

164 

197 

231 

270 

310 

352 

396 

442 

490 

24  

76 

94 

116 

142 

172 

206 

242 

28-2 

324 

368 

414 

402 

512 

LENGTH  j 


DIAMETEB  IN  INCHES. 


IN  FEET. 

2S 

.24 

25 

26 

27 

•4S 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

12  

282 

309 

337 

366 

396 

427 

459 

492 

5''ti 

6«il 

697 

634 

67S 

13  

305 

334 

365 

396 

429 

462 

497 

533 

669 

607 

646 

686 

729 

14  

329 

360 

393 

4°7 

462 

498 

535 

574 

613 

654 

696 

739 

785 

15  

352 

387 

421 

457 

495 

533 

573 

615 

657 

701 

746 

79° 

841 

16  

376 

412 

449 

488 

528 

669 

612 

656 

701 

748 

796 

845 

897 

17  

399 

437 

477 

618 

661 

604 

650 

697 

745 

794 

845 

898 

953 

18  

423 

463 

505 

549 

594 

640 

688 

738 

789 

841 

895 

951 

1009 

19... 

446 

489 

633 

579 

627 

676 

726 

779 

832 

888 

945 

1003 

1065 

20  

)  470 

515 

661 

610 

660 

711 

765 

820 

876 

935 

995 

1056 

1121 

21  

493 

540 

589 

640 

693 

747 

803 

861 

920 

981 

1044 

1109 

1177 

22  

517 

566 

617 

671 

726 

78° 

S41 

902 

964 

1028 

1094 

1162 

1233 

23  

>  540 

592 

645 

701 

759 

818 

879 

943 

1008 

1075 

1144 

1215 

T'8£ 

24  

>  564 

618 

674 

732 

792 

MM 

918 

984 

1052 

1122 

1194 

1268 

1346 

LENGTH 
IN  FEET. 

DIAMETER  IN  INCHES. 

3tt   37 

38 

39 

40 

889 
963 
1037 
1111 
1185 
1259 
1333 
1407 
1481 
1556 
1629 
1703 
1778 

41 

936 
1014 
1092 
1170 
1248 
1326 
1404 
1482 
1560 
1638 
1716 
1794 
1872 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

41 

4H 

12  

713!  755 
772;  817 
831   880 
891   943 
950  1006 
1010  1069 
1069  1132 
1128  1195 
1188  1258 
1247  1321 
1307  1384 
1366  1447 
1426  1510 

798 
864 
931 
997 
1064 
1130 
1197 
1263 
1330 
1397 
1463 
1529 
1596 

843 
913 
983 
1053 
1124 
1194 
1264 
1334 
1405 
1475 
1545 
1G15 
1686 

984 
1066 
1148 
1230 
1312 
1394 
1476 
1558 
1640 
1722 
1804 
1886 
1968 

1033 

nie 

1205 
1291 
1377 
1463 
1549 
1635 
1721 
1807 
1893 
1979 
2066 

1086 
1176 
1267 
1357 
1448 
1538 
1629 
1719 
1810 
1900 
1991 
2081 
2172 

1134 

1228 
1323 
1417 
1512 
1606 
1701 
1795 
1890 
1984 
2079 
2173 
22C.8 

1186 
1284 
1383 
1482 
1581 
1680 
1779 
1877 
1976 
2075 
2174 
2273 
2372 

1239 
1342 
1445 
1548 
1652 
175o 
1858 
1961 
2065 
2168 
2271 
2374 
2478 

1293 
1400 
1508 
1616 
1724 
1831 
1939 
2047 
2155 
2262 
2370 
2478 
2586 

1  :t  .  .  . 

14  

15  

16  

17  

18  

19  

20  

11  

22  

23  

24  

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASUEES 


497 


Table  for  the  Measurement  of  I^ogs.— Continued. 


LENGTH  IN 
FEET. 

DlA  METER  IN  INCHES. 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

2028 
2197 
2366 
2535 
2704 
2873 
3042 
3211 
3380 
3549 
3718 
3887 
4056 

12  

1348 
1460 
1572 
1685 
1797 
1909 
2022 
2134 
2246 
4385 
2470 
2582 
2696 

1404 
1521 
1638 
1755 
1872 
1989 
2106 
2223 
2340 
2457 
2574 
2691 
2808 

1461 
1582 
1704 
1826 
1948 
2069 
2191 
2313 
2435 
2556 
2678 
2800 
2922 

1519 
1645 
1772 
1898 
2025 
2151 
2278 
2405 
2531 
2657 
2784 
2911 
3038 

1578 
1709 
1841 
1972 
2104 
2235 
2367 
2498 
2630 
2761 
2893 
3024 
3156 

1638 
1774 
1911 
2047 
2184 
2320 
2457 
2593 
2730 
2866 
3003 
3139 
3276 

1700 
1841 
1983 
2125 
2266 
2408 
2550 
2691 
2833 
2974 
3116 
3258 
3400 

1763 
1909 
2056 
2203 
2350 
2497 
2644 
2791 
2938 
3085 
3232 
3379 
3526 

1827 
1979 
2131 
2283 
2436 
2588 
2740 
2892 
3045 
3197 
3349 
3501 
3654 

1893 
2050 
2208 
2366 
2524 
2681 
2839 
2997 
3155 
3312 
3470 
3628 
3786 

1960 
2123 
2286 
2450 
2613 
2776 
2940 
3103 
3266 
3429 
3592 
3756 
3920 

13  

14  

15  

16  

17  

18  

19  

20  

21  

22...;  

23  

24  

LENGTH  IN 
FEET. 

DIAMETER  IN  INCHES. 

61 

"2098 
2272 
2447 
2622 
2797 
2972 
3147 
3321 
3496 
3671 
3846 
4021 
4196 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

2467 
2672 
2878 
3083 
3289 
3494 
3700 
3906 
4111 
4316 
4522 
4728 
4934 

67 

68 

69  |  7O 

71 

72 

12..  .  ..... 

2169 
2349 
2530 
2711 
2892 
3072 
3253 
3434 
3615 
3795 
3976 
4157 
4338 

2241 
2427 
2614 
2801 
2988 
3174 
3361 
3548 
3735 
3921 
4108 
4295 
4482 

2315  2390 
2507i  2589 
2700  2789 
2893  2987 
3086  3186 
3279  3385 
3472  3585 
3665  3784 
3858  3983 
40511  4182 
4244  4381 
4437  4580 
4630  4780 

2545 
2757 
2969 
3181 
3393 
3605 
3817 
4029 
4241 
4453 
4665 
4877 
5090 

2625 
2843 
3062 
3281 
3500 
3718 
3937 
4156 
4375 
4593 
4812 
5031 
5250 

2706 
2931 
3157 
3382 
3608 
3833 
4059 
4284 
4510 
4735 
4961 
5186 
5412 

2789 
3021 
3253 
3486 
3718 
3p51 
4183 
4415 
4648 
4880 
5113 
5345 
5578 

2874 
3113 
3353 
3592 
3832 
4071 
4311 
4550 
4790 
5029 
5269 
5508 
5748 

2960 
3206 
3453 
3700 
3946 
4193 
4440 
4686 
4933 
5180 
5426 
5673 
5920 

13  

14  

15  

16...  

17....  

18  

19..  ,...  

20......  

21........  

22.........  

?3.......  

24  

LENGTH  IN 
FEET. 

DIAMETER  IN  INCHES. 

73 

74 

75 

3224 
3492 
3761 
4030 
4298 
4567 
4836 
5104 
5372 

76 

77 

78 

79 

HO 

81 

82  |  83 

84 

12  

3047 
3301 
3555 
3809 
4002 
4316 
4570 
4824 
5078 

3135 
3396 
3657 
3919 
4180 
4441 
4702 
4964 
5225 

3314 
3590 
3866 
4142 
4418 
4694 
4970 
5246 
5522 

3405 
3688 
3972 
4256 
4510 
4823 
5107 
5391 
5675 

3497 
3788 
4080 
4371 
4663 
4954 
5245 
5537 
5829 

3590 
3889 
4188 
4487 
4786 
5085 
5385 
5684 
5983 

3684 
3991 
4298 
4605 
4912 
5219 
5526 
5833 
6140 

3779 
4094 
4408 
4723 
5038 
5353 
5668 
5983 
6298 

3874  3970 
4196]  4301 
45191  4631 
4842J  4962 
5165  5293 
5488!  5624 
5811  1  5955 
6133  6285 
6456  6616 

4067 
440* 
4745 
5084 
5423 
5762 
6101 
6449 
6778 

13  ............ 

14.......  ,.  

15  

16.-.,,  

17  

18  

19  

20  

LENGTH  IN 
FEET. 

DIAMETER  IN  INCHES. 

85 

86 

87 

88 
4465 
4837 
5209 
5581 
5953 
6325 
6697 
7069 
7441 

8» 

90 

91 

92 

93 

94 

95 

96 

12  

4165 
4512 
4859 
5206 
5553 
5900 
6247 
6594 
6941 

4264 
4619 
4974 
5330 
5685 
6040 
6396 
6751 
7106 

4364 
4727 
5091 
5455 
5818 
6182 
6546 
6909 
7273 

4566 
4946 
5327 
5707 
6088 
6468 
6849 
7229 
7610 

4668 
5057 
5446 
6835 
6224 
6613 
7002 
7391 
7780 

4771 
5168 
5566 
5964 
6361 
6759 
7156 
7554 
7951 

4875 
5281 
5687 
6094 
6500 
6906 
7312 
7719 
8125 

4980 
5395 
5810 
6225 
6640 
7055 
7470 
7885 
8300 

5085 
5508 
5932 
6356 
6780 
7203 
7627 
8051 
8475 

5192 
5624 
6057 
6490 
6922 
7355 
7788 
8220 
8653 

5309 
5741 
6183 
66251 
706G, 
7508 

7950; 

8391 
883S 

13  

14  

15  

16  

17  

18  

19  

20  

Each  log  to  be  measured  at  the  top  or  small  end,  inside  of  the  bark;  and,  if  not 
round,  to  be  measured  two  ways— at  right  angles— and  the  difference  taken  for  the 
diameter.  In  case  of  known  defects,  the  deduction  should  be  agreed  upon  by  the 
buyer  and  seller,  and  no  fractions  of  an  inch  to  be  taken  into  the  measurement. 


498 


THE  GREAT   PYRAMID  .IKEZEH 


LUMBER    REDUCED   TO    BOARD    MEASURE. 


SIZK 
IN 
INS. 

LENGTH  IN  FEET. 

5~~ 

1O 

n 

14 

16 

18 

2O 

22 

.J4 

26  33 

30  40 

30 

•  i<> 

1x1 

* 

t 

i 

It 

1* 

1)4 

1% 

It 

2 

2t 

2% 

2)4 

3)4 

4} 

5 

Is  2 

t 

IS 

2 

2)5 

2% 

8 

Hi 

3% 

4 

4H 

4% 

6 

6% 

8H 

10 

Ix  3 

i^ 

2)4 

i 

3)4 

4 

4)4 

6 

6)4 

1 

6)4 

7 

7)4 

10 

12)4 

1C 

Ix  4 

15 

3H 

4 

4% 

6)5 

6 

6% 

7)4 

0 

8% 

9H 

10 

13)4 

16% 

90 

Ix  5 

2** 

4t 

5 

6t 

6% 

7* 

8)4 

9t 

10 

lot 

11% 

12)4 

16% 

20t 

2.-i 

Ix  6 

2)4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

U 

14 

15 

20 

25 

30 

Ix  8 

3H 

6% 

8 

9)4 

10% 

12 

13)4 

14% 

1C, 

17H 

18% 

20 

26% 

83)4 

40 

1x10 

At 

8)4 

10 

11% 

13* 

15 

16% 

18)4 

90 

21% 

23  H 

25 

33)4 

41% 

60 

1x14 

It 

11  % 

14 

16)5 

18-3 

21 

23  H 

25% 

28 

30)4 

32% 

35 

46% 

68)4 

70 

1x16 

6% 

13H 

lt> 

18% 

31* 

24 

26% 

29!i 

32 

34% 

37  H 

40 

53)4 

66% 

80 

1x20 

8)4 

16% 

20 

23  15 

26% 

30 

33)4 

36% 

40 

43)4 

26% 

50 

66% 

83^ 

100 

1x28 

11  % 

23* 

28 

32% 

37  H 

42 

46% 

51)4 

56 

60% 

45  >4 

70 

03* 

117 

140 

2x  2 

l% 

3* 

4 

4% 

6)4 

6 

«| 

7)4 

8 

8% 

9* 

10 

13)4 

16% 

20 

2x  3 

2* 

6 

fl 

T 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

20 

25 

30 

2x4 

3)4 

6% 

8 

9>4 

10% 

12 

13H 

14% 

16 

17  H 

18% 

20 

26% 

83)4 

40 

2x  6 

5 

10 

12 

14 

Id 

18 

20 

22 

24 

20 

28 

30 

40 

60 

60 

2x  8 

6% 

13)4 

1C 

18% 

21  * 

24 

26% 

29  % 

32 

34% 

37)4 

40 

53)4 

66% 

80 

2x10 

8)4 

16% 

20 

23.^5 

26% 

30 

33H 

36% 

40 

43)4 

46% 

60 

66% 

83)4 

100 

2x12 

10 

20 

24 

28 

32 

39 

40 

44 

48 

52 

66 

60 

80 

100 

120 

2x14 

11% 

23* 

•28 

32% 

37  H 

42 

46*4 

51)4 

50 

60% 

65)4 

70 

93* 

117 

140 

3x  4 

5 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

80 

40 

60 

60 

3x  6 

7)4 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

83 

36 

89 

42 

45 

60 

75 

90 

3x  8 

10 

20 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

43 

62 

60 

60 

80 

100 

120 

3x10 

12* 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

65 

CO 

65 

70 

75 

100 

125 

150 

3x12 

15 

30 

36 

4'2 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

90 

120 

150 

180 

3x14 

17)4 

35 

44 

49 

56 

63 

70 

77 

84 

91 

98 

105 

140 

175 

210 

4x  4 

6% 

13)4 

10 

18% 

21H 

24 

26% 

29)4 

32 

34% 

37)4 

40 

53)4 

66% 

80 

4x  6 

10 

20 

21 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

62 

60 

60 

80 

100 

120 

4x  8 

13)5 

26% 

32- 

37)4 

42% 

43 

63)^ 

58% 

64 

M* 

74% 

80 

107 

133 

160 

4x10 

1654 

33  * 

40 

46% 

53)4 

60 

66* 

73H 

80 

80% 

93.  'a 

100 

133 

167 

200 

4x12 

20 

40 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

M 

104 

112 

120 

160 

200 

240 

4x14 

23)4 

46% 

5<i 

65)-, 

74% 

84 

93)4 

103 

112 

121 

131 

140 

187 

234 

280 

5x  2 

41 

8)4 

10 

11% 

13)4 

15 

16% 

18H 

20 

21% 

23  ^ 

25 

33)4 

41% 

50 

5x  3 

ft* 

l-:-. 

11 

17)4 

20 

22)4 

25 

27  M 

30 

32  * 

35 

37)4 

60 

62)4 

75 

5x  4 

8)4 

16% 

•20 

23)5 

26% 

30 

33)4 

36% 

40 

43  H 

46% 

60 

66% 

83)4 

100 

5x  5 

10* 

20  f 

25 

29| 

33  * 

37* 

41  * 

45t 

60 

54t 

58)4 

62)4 

83  * 

104. 

125 

5x  6 

12)4 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

60 

55 

60 

66 

70 

75 

100 

125 

150 

5x  8 

16  % 

33)4 

40 

46% 

63* 

60 

66% 

73)4 

80 

86%  93  H 

100 

133 

167 

200 

5x10 

20t 

41% 

50 

58  H 

66% 

75 

83  >4 

91% 

100 

108 

117 

125 

167 

208 

250 

5x12 

25 

50 

00 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

130 

140 

150 

200 

250 

300 

5x14 

29$ 

5s  >j 

70 

81% 

93  H 

105 

117 

128 

140 

152 

163 

175 

233 

292 

350 

6x  6 

15 

30 

3f 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

90 

120 

150 

180 

6x  8 

20 

40 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

90 

104 

112 

120 

160 

200 

240 

6x10 

25 

50 

oo 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

125 

140 

150 

200 

250 

300 

6x12 

30 

60 

72 

84 

96 

108 

120 

132 

144 

156 

168 

180 

240 

300 

360 

6x14 

35 

70 

84 

98 

112 

126 

140 

154 

108 

182 

196 

210 

280 

850 

420 

7x  1 

211 

5t 

7 

8t 

9H 

10  * 

11  «i 

12t 

14 

15t 

16)4 

17)4 

23H 

29+ 

35 

7x  5 

14§ 

29S 

35 

40  f 

46% 

52)4 

68)4 

64 

70 

76 

81)4 

87)4 

117 

146 

175 

7x  7 

20* 

40t 

4'. 

57J 

65  '5 

73)4 

81% 

90 

98 

106 

114 

123 

16»   205 

245 

7s  8 

23  )4 

46% 

5< 

65  * 

74% 

84 

93)4 

103 

112 

121 

131 

140 

187   234 

280 

7x  9 

26  M 

62)4 

c>:t 

73)4 

84 

94^ 

105 

116 

120 

136 

147 

157 

210|   262 

315 

8x  8 

26% 

63  H 

til 

74% 

85)4 

96 

107 

117 

128 

139 

149 

160 

214!   267 

320 

8x10 

83* 

66% 

80 

93)4 

10T 

120 

133 

147 

160 

173 

187 

200 

267'   834 

400 

8x12 

40 

80 

M 

112 

128 

144 

160 

176 

l'J2 

208 

224 

240 

320 

400 

480 

8x14 

46?. 

93  )5 

112 

131 

149 

168 

187 

205 

224 

243 

261 

280 

373 

468 

560 

9x  » 

33  \ 

67)4 

81 

94)4 

108 

121 

135 

148 

162 

175 

189 

202 

270 

337 

405 

10x10 

ill 

83H 

1(10 

117 

133 

150 

167 

183 

200 

217 

233 

250 

333 

417 

500 

10x12 

50 

100 

121 

140 

160 

180 

200 

220 

240 

260 

280 

300 

400 

500 

600 

10x14 

58  H 

117 

140 

163 

187 

210 

133 

257 

280 

303 

327 

350 

467 

683 

700 

11x11 

50* 

101 

121 

141 

161 

181 

202 

222 

242 

262 

282 

302 

403 

604 

605 

12x12 

60 

120 

144 

168 

192 

216 

240 

264 

288 

312 

336 

360 

480 

600 

720 

12x14 

70 

140 

108 

196 

224 

252 

280 

308 

336 

364 

392 

420 

560 

700 

840 

13x13 

70* 

141 

it;y 

197 

225 

253 

282 

310 

338  366 

394 

422 

663 

704 

845 

14x14 

81% 

163 

IDC 

229 

261 

294 

327 

359 

392  425 

457 

490  653 

817 

980 

14x16 

93  )4 

187 

224 

261 

299 

336 

373   411 

448  485 

623 

660 

747 

933 

1120 

14x16 

107 

213 

25C 

299 

341  1384 

428  |  470 

5131  556 

6981  641 

854 

1068 

1281 

*  5-12  of  one  foot     T  5-6. .  **  1-12.    1 1-6,    B  11-12,    S  T-12. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


499 


Average    Weight   of    the    following    kinds   of   Pacific    Coast 
Lumber,  Timber,    Kt«-.,  4*reen  and  Dry. 

(Weight  Decimally  Expressed.) 


KINDS 
OF 
LUMBER. 

LUMBER 
Weight  per  Foot. 
Board    Measure. 

LUMBER. 
Feet  in  One  Ton  of 
2,000  Ibs. 

LUMBER. 
Feet  in  One  (Broad- 
Gauge)  *  Carload. 

Green. 

Dry. 

Green. 

Dry. 

Green. 

Dry. 

Pounds. 

Pounds 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Fir  

r,  4.000 
r,  3.125 

r,  2.50 
r,  2.50 

r,  500.000 
r,  640.000 

r,     800 
r,     800 

r,  5,000 
r,  6,400 
r,  5,749 
j  r,  5,742 
\d,  8,000 
1  r,  5,742 
(d,  8,000 
r,  6,667 
r,  5,000 
r,  4,444 

r,    8,000 
r,    8,000 
r,    8,000 
(r,    6,667 
Id,  10,000 
(r,    6,667 
\d,  10,000 
r,    8,584 
r,    9,412 
r,    8,000 

Cedar,  Port  Orford 
Pine,  Mt.  Yellow.. 

"       Oregon  

r,  3.500 
(  r,  3.500 
Jd,  2.800 

I  r,  3.500 
I  d,  2.500 
r,  3.000 
r,  4.000 
r,  4.500 

r,  2.50 
fr,  3.00 
(  d,  2.00 
I  r,  3.00 
Id,  2.00 
r,  2.34 
r,  2.13 
r,  2.50 

r,  574.285 
1  r,  574.285 
I  d,  800.000 
(r,  574.285 
\d,  800.000 
r,  666.667 
r,  500.000 
r,  444.444 

r,     800 
(  r,     667 
(d,  1,000 
(r,     667 
(d,  1,000 
r,     858.37 
r,     941.18 
r,     800.00 

"       Puget  Sound 
"      Sugar  

Redwood,  Northern 
"          Southern 

*  One  car-load  on  C.  P.  or  S.  P.  R.  R.  is  20,0001bs.,  or  6,000  ft.  of  lumber,  green  or  dry. 
(r)  stands  for  rough;  (d)  for  dressed.  One  car-load  on  S.  P.  C.  R.  R.  (narrow  gauge  I  is 
16,000  Ibs.  One  car-load  on  S.  F.  &  N.  P.  R.  R.,  of  Redwood  is  6,500  ft.,  green  or  dry. 
One  car-load  on  N.  P.  C.  R.  R.,  of  Redwood  or  Fir  (green),  is  4,000  ft. 

NOTJS.— Southern  Redwood  and  some  specimens  of  Northern  Redwood  have  been 
found  to  weigh  as  much  as  6  Ibs.  to  one  foot,  board  measure,  when  first  sawed. 

Comparative   Weight  of  Timber,    Green  and  Seasoned. 

[Per  Cubic  Foot  (1,728  Cubic  Inchest.} 


TIMBER. 

Green. 

Seasoned. 

TIMBER.  Green, 

Seasoned. 

TIMBER. 

Green. 

Seasoned 

Am.  Pine 
Ash  

/6s.  ozs. 
44.  12 

58.  3 

Ibs.  ozs. 
30.    11 
50.      0 

\lbs.ozs. 
Beech..!  60.  0 
Cedar...  132.  0 

Ibs.   ozs. 
53.       6 
28.      4 

Eng.  Oak 
Kiga  Fir. 

Ibs.ozs. 
71.  10 
48.  12 

Ibs.  ozs. 
43.      8 
35.      8 

Weight  of   White  Oak,    Live  Oak,    and   Yellow  Pine. 

[Per  Cubic  Foot  (at  Different  Degrees  of  Seasoning)] 


AGE, 

WHITE  OAK,  VA. 

YELLOW  PINE,  VA. 

LIVE  OAK. 

Round. 

Square. 

Round. 

Square. 

Square. 

•Green  

Pounds, 
64.7 
63.6 
46. 

Pounds. 
67.7 
58.5 
49.9 

Pounds. 
39.2 
34.2 
33.5 

Pounds. 
47.8 
39.8 
34.3 

Pounds, 

78.75 

66.75 

One  year  

Two  years  

In   England,  timber  sawed  into  boards  is  classed  as  follows,  6j£  to  7  inches 
in  width,  Battens;  8  J6  to  10  inches,  Deals;  and  11  to  12  inches,  Planks. 

l>istillation.— From  a  single  cord  of  pitch  pine  distilled  by  chemical  appa- 
ratus, the  following  substances  and  in  the  quantities  stated  have  been  obtained  : 

Charcoal .-.50  bushels  Pyroligneous  Acid 100  gallons 

Illuminating  Gas,  about.  .l.OOOcubicfeetjSpirits  of  Turpentine 20       " 

Illuminating  Oil  and  Tar 90  gallons  'Tar 1  barrel 

Pitch  or  Resin 1&  barrels.   [Wood  Spirit... 5 gallons 

EXPANSION   OF  MATERIALS. 

Table  of  the  rates  of  expansion  in  bulk,  in  rising  from  the  freezing  point  (0«  Cent 
or  32°  Fahr.)  to  the  boiling  point  (100°  Cent,  or  212°  Fahr.),  of  the  following  : 


MATERIALS. 

Expansion. 

MATEBIALS. 

Expansion, 

Air  at  ordinary  pressures  

0.3660 
0.0065 
0.0054 
0.0106 
0.0015 
0.0042 
0.0055 
0.365 
0  0027 
0.0033 

Iron,  Wrought,  (and  Steel)  .  .  . 

0.0036 
0.0057 
0.018153 
0.08 
0  0031 
0.0066 
0.04775 
0.05 
0.1112 
0.0058 

Mercury  

Oil,  Linseed  and  Olive  
Slate    

Tin  

.... 

Water,  sea,  (ordinary)  

Zinc  

500  THE  GKEAT  PYRAMID  JEEZE1I 


TKKK^K.VI'll    POLiE,   BOAT-OAR,    l'KI>  I.STA  I,,    or 

TUX,  PYRAMID  AXI>  \VEB>UE.— JIow  to  Calculate  tlie 
\  u  m  !»<•  r  of  feet  of  Lumber  (Board  M  easure),  in  any  Irreg- 
ular-Shaped Piece  ot  Timber. 

The  Telegraph  pole  is  usually  8x9  Ins.  at  the  base  by  4x5  at  the  top  and  2t  ft. 
long.  A  Boat-oar  (in  the  rough  before  it  Is  shaped)  is  3x3  ins.  at  the  handle  by  1^x6 
Ins.  at  the  blade,  and  12  It.  long.  Pedestals  may  be  la  any  proportion;  from  the 
shape  of  a  pyramid  to  a  telegraph  pole.  By  the  following  rule  the  contents  o  f  any 
one  of  the  above  mentioned  pieces  of  timber  may  be  accurately  ascertained  by 
any  ordinary  mathematician: 

RULE.— First  draw  a  diagram  of  the  exact  shape  of  the  base,  or  largest 
end  of  the  piece  of  timber  to  be  formulated,  on  a  scale  representing  inches.  2d, 
within  the  exact  center  of  the  diagram  representing  the  top,  or  smallest  end,  ou 
the  same  relative  scale  of  inches;  then  make  an  imaginary  line  (by  dots)  from 
each  corner  of  the  inner  diagram  to  the  outer  edge  of  the  larger  diagram,  and  on  a 
line  corresponding  to  the  sides  and  ends  of  the  inner  diagram,  which  will  then 
represent  9  oblong  or  square  blocks,  the  center  one  of  which  represents  a  piece  of 
timber  of  the  same  size,  from  end  to  end  of  the  stick  which  Is  easily  calculated; 
by  reversing  the  ends  of  the  side  pieces,  also  the  two  end  pieces,  vou  have  two 
more  oblong  or  square  blocks,  representing  timber  the  sanio  size  from  end 
to  end;  next,  by  placing  the  4  corner  pieces  together,  1  piece  of  timber  pyramidal 
In  shape  is  formed,  the  rule  for  calculating  which,  Is  to  multiply  the  area  of  the 
base  by  the  perpendicular  height,  and  take  one-third  of  the  product.  fXote, — 
The  volume  of  a  pyramid  is  equal  to  one-third  of  that  of  a  prism  having  equal 
bases  and  altitude.)  The  addition  of  the  sum  of  all  the  parts  above  mentioned 
•will  give  the  answer.  Exceptions  to  the  above  role  are  noted  in  examples  that 
follow. 

Example  1. — How  many  feet  of  lumber  (board  measure)  In  a.  tele- 
graph  pole  8x9  ins.  at  the  base  by  4x5  ins.  at  the  top,  and  24  ft.  long  ?  Proceed  by 
drafting  a  diagram  as  mentioned  in  the  rule  above;  the  center  piece  will  be  4x5 
ins.  sqr.  by  24  ft.  long  =  40  ft. ;  the  two  center  end  pieces  will  be  5x2 M  Ins.  at  the 
base  by  5x0  at  the  top;  by  reversing  one  of  said  pieces  you  have  one  piece  of  thn- 
ber  5x2  Js  ins.  at  both  ends,  24  ft.  long  =  25  ft.;  the  two  cent  sr  side  pieces  will  each 
be  4xl}$  at  the  base,  by  4x0  at  the  top  and  24  ft.  long;  by  reversing  one  of  these 
pieces  you  have  one  piece  of  timber  4x1  %  ins.  sqr.  and  24  f'..  long  =  12  ft.  •  the* 
corner  pieces  each  represent  a  right-angle  triangle  at  the  base;  the  shorter  angle 
being  Ij£x2%  ins.  for  the  longer  angle,  and  tapering  to  apoint  at  the  top 24  ft, 
long;  by  placing  the  4  corner  pieces  together,  1  piece  of  timber  is  formed  (pyra- 
midal in  shape),  5x3  at  the  base,  running  to  a  point  at  the  apex,  and  24  ft.  long 
(see  rule  above  for  pyramid,)  as  10  ft.  40+25+12+10=3  Ans.,  87  ft.  in  telegraph 
pole  of  the  dimensions  above  stated. 

Example  £. — How  many  feet  of  lumber,  (board  measure),  In  a  boat-oar 
,-in  the  rough)  3x3  at  the  handle,  by  l|xG  ius.  at  the  blade,  and  12  ft.  long?  bolu. 
tion:  A  diagram  (in  this  example)  of  the  ends,  must  cross  each  other  at  right 
angles;  it  then  represents  3  oblong,  and  2  square  blocks,  with  an  imaginary  line 
drawn  connecting  the  corners,  you  have  4  more  right-angled  triangle  blocksr 
making  9  in  all,  (as  in  the  example  of  the  telegraph  pole)  the  center  block  repre. 
Bents  apiece  of  timber  3x1  J ins.  sqr.,  12  ft.  longsa  4J$  ft.  the  2  side  pieces  are 
3x?£  ins.  (each)  at  one  end,  by  3x0  at  the  other;  by  reversing  i  of  the  pi  eces  you 
have  one  piece  of  timber  3x5£  ins.  sqr.,  and  12  ft  long  =  2}£  ft.;  by  reversing  the  2 
end  pieces,  you  have  1  piece  l^xlJ$  ins.  sqr.,  12ft,  long  =  2^  ft-;  the  remaining 
4  pieces  are  double-wedge  shape,  (the  wedges  standing  at  right  angles  with  each 
other),  one  end  of  which  islJS  ins.,  the  other  %  in.,  and  each  piece  12  ft,  long;  In 
the  center  of  each  piece  it  will  be  found  to  measure  ?£x?j  in.  square;  calculate 
each  piece  as  a  wedge,  from  the  center  of  each  of  the  double  wedge  shaped  pieces) 
4  of  which  are  ?ix?£  in.  at  the  base,  by  IJxO  at  the  blade,  and  6  ft.  long;  and  the 
other  4  are  ^x?j  by  ?^xO  and  6  ft.  long.  (To  compute  the  volume  of  a  wedge: — 
liule. — To  the  leng'th  of  the  edge  add  twice  the  length  of  the  back;  multiply  this 
sum  by  the  perpendicular  height,  and  then  by  the  breadth  of  the  back,  and  take 
one  sixth  of  the^  product.)  By  the  above  rule,  the  4  larger  wedges  contain  — 
ft.,  and  the  4  smaller  ones  =a  .28125  ft.  (or  40  J$  sqr.  ins.)  4J<S+2i£+2J4+?i+.2ai25— 
9  ft.  and  94%— 144ths,  or  9.65625  ft. 

Example  3. — How  many  feet  of  lumber  (board  measure)  in  apiece  ot  tira- 
ber  (pedestal)  22x22  ins.  square  at  the  base,  and  5x5  at  the  top,  and  32  feet  longf 
Solution:  Proceed  the  same  as  directed  in  exaruple  1;  your  draft  will  show  A 
square  and  4  oblong  shaped  blocks.  The  center  block  represents  apiece  of  timbei 
5x5  ins.  sqiiare,  32  feet  long  =  6G?3  feet;  the  4  oblong  blocks  represent  (each)  a. 
piece  of  timber  5x834  at  the  base  by  5x0  at  the  top;  by  reversing  the  ends  of  2  of 
said  pieces  you  have  1  piece  of  timber  (either  10x8  Ja  or)  5x17  ins.  square]  82  feet 
long  •-  226%  feet;  the  4  corner  pieces  represent  (each)  a  piece  of  timber  •»»  tl» 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASUEES 


501 


T>ase)  8J6x8}£  ins.  running  to  a  point  at  32  feet;  by  placing  the  4  corner  pieces  to. 
gether  it  forms  1  piece  of  timber  pyramidal  in  shape,  17x17  ins.  at  the  base,  running 
to  a  point  32  feet  from  the  center  of  the  base,  (see  rule  above  for  pyramid),  =• 
256.8888+  feet.  66?£  +226%  +256-  8-9=550.2222+  or  550  ft.,  and  32-144tUs. 

To  compute  the  number  of  feet  (board  measure)  in  round  timber:  Kule— Add 
the  squares  of  diameters  of  greater  and  lesser  ends  and  product  of  the  2  diameters; 
multiply  same  by  .7854  and  product  by  %  of  length  for  cubic  feet;  to  reduce  to 
board  measure  divide  cubic  feet  by  12.  Allowance  should  be  made  for  bark  by  de- 
ducting from  each  girth,  from  %  inch  in  logs  with  thin  bark,  to  2  inches  in  logs 
with  thick  bark.  For  allowance  for  sawing  into  boards,  see  table  for  log  measure- 
ment in  another  part  of  this  work.  It  is  customary,  practically,  to  take  .7  of  the 
diameter  for  the  small  end  of  the  log,  for  the  side  of  the  square  which  can  be  sawed 
from  a  given  log. 

To  find  the  contents  of  any  irregular  body  of  wood  (such  as  an  axe-handle, 
ehoe  last,  etc.)  Immerse  the  body  in  a  vessel  full  of  water  and  measure  the  quan- 
tity  of  water  displaced. 


Weight  of   Different   Metals. 

WEIGHT  OF  ONE  SQUARE  FOOT. 


Thickness. 

WEIGHT  IN  POUNDS. 

Cast  Iron. 

Wrought  Iron 

Copper. 

Lead. 

Zinc. 

Brass. 

1-16  inch. 

2.3465 

2.5345 

2.8880 

3.6913 

2.3435 

2.7484 

4 

4.6931 

5.0691 

5.7760 

7.3826 

4.6870 

5.4968 

3-16      " 

7.0396 

7.6037 

8.6640 

11.0739 

7.0305 

8.2453 

i 

9.3862 

10.1383 

11.5520 

14.7652 

9.3740 

10.9937 

5-16      " 

11.7328 

12.6729 

14.4401 

18.4565 

11.7175 

13.7421 

i 

14.0793 

15.2075 

17.3281 

22.1478 

14.0610 

16.4906 

7-16      " 

16.4259 

17.7421 

20.2161 

25.8391 

16.4045 

19.2390 

*            ' 

18.7725 

20.2767 

23.1041 

'    29.5304 

18.7480 

21.9875 

9-16 

21.1190 

22.8112 

25.9921 

33.2217 

21.0915 

24.7359 

.$ 

23.4656 

25.3458 

28.8802 

36.9130 

23.4350 

27.4843 

11-16 

25.8121 

27.8804 

31.7682 

40.6043 

25.7786 

30.2328 

'5 

28.1587 

30.4150 

34.6562 

44.2956 

28.1221 

32.9812 

13-16 

30.5053 

32.9496 

37.5442 

47.9869 

30.4656 

35.7296 

1 

32.8518 

35.4842 

40.4322 

51.6782 

32.8091 

38.4781 

15-16 

35.1984 

38.0188 

43.3203 

55.3695 

35.1526 

41.2265 

1 

37.5450 

40.5534 

46.2083 

59.0608 

37.4961 

43.9750 

Metals  vary  in  weight  according  to  quality  or  manufacture.    The  weights  as 
given  above  are  sufficiently  accurate  for  ordinary  calculations. 

ROUND  ROLLED  IRON— ONE  FOOT  IN  LENGTH. 


•y 

5' 

g 

p' 

G 

M. 

o 

5' 

a 

5' 

'  £  3 

•^o 

H'o 

•^  o* 

5's 

5)  ? 

•SB 

3>o 

*'  5* 

<j*^ 

B  ° 

re  g 

B  2. 

CD   ^ 

Ha 

B  §• 

£.  S 

B  g. 

CD   ^ 

B  ° 

2_u 

r*.  (D 

09'  g, 

8-fD 

CJQ      ^ 

^t-  cti 

cra'o. 

e-t-  *• 

(J5   ? 

n-  CD 

OfQ  g^ 

JDca 

F  5T 
»+- 

Q 

PCD 

jl 

f  CQ 

.*  * 

r 

tt   33 

I*"" 

1-16 

.010 
.041 

2 

9.331 
10.617 

j. 

39.855 
42.468 

6 

91.612 
95.552 

84 

180.653 
191.767 

3-16 

.093 

24 

11.985 

4J 

45.163 

64 

99.575 

8| 

203.214 

^ 

.166 

2} 

13.437 

M 

47.942 

u 

103.681 

9 

214.992 

jj 

.373 

14.971 

4g 

50.803 

u 

107.869 

9J 

227.102 

i 

.664 

2i 

16.589 

*1 

53.748 

C.J 

112.141 

9| 

239.543 

i 

1.037 

2| 

18.289 

4| 

56.775 

e| 

116.495 

9J 

252.317 

1.493 

2J 

20.073 

4J 

59.886 

6J 

120.933 

10 

265.422 

i 

2.032 

21.939 

63.079 

125.453 

10J 

278.859 

i 

2.654 

3 

23.888 

5 

66.356 

7 

130.057 

292.628 

ij 

3.359 

34 

25.920 

Bj 

69.715 

'4 

139.512 

10J 

306.728 

ii 

4.147 

28.035 

63 

73.157 

7g 

144.365 

11 

321.161 

ij 

5.018 

8j 

30.233 

5| 

76.682 

74 

149.300 

Hi 

335.925 

M 

5.972 

3| 

32.514 

6| 

80.290 

7f 

154.318 

114 

351.021 

lg 

7.009 

3§ 

34.878 

5f 

83.981 

159.419 

nj 

366.448 

ii 

8.129 

31 

37.325 

6| 

87.755 

8 

169.870 

12 

382.208 

Example — Required  the  weight  of  a  bar  of  iron  2£  inches  in  diameter  and  12  feet 
long :  1 1 . 985  X 12  - 143 . 8  pounds 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JKEZEH 


SQUARE  ROLLED  IRON— OXE  FOOT  IN  LENGTH. 


SDi-i 

-   8 

ff* 

B,M 

?? 

"/    — 

"nj 

03M 

P« 

S3 

*9 

S  O 

^  3 

r.  -. 

SS" 

2.3 

p   & 

2.3 

»     — 

£.3 

S  B- 

ft| 

te  a- 

*I 

3  • 

*?     T 

"E.S* 

A  i 

}-  &* 

at  CD 

-.  £ 

r* 

B-x 

•g-s1 

"p-S* 

1-16 

.013 

1  ?i 

10.350 

3X 

44.408 

5X 

102.228 

•ft 

258.739 

X 

.053 

1% 

11.881 

3X 

47.524 

6X 

106.928 

9 

273.736 

3-16 

.119 

2 

13.518 

3X 

50.745 

5X 

111.733 

9X 

289.154- 

X 

.211 

2X 

15.260 

4 

54.071 

574 

116.644 

9X 

304.995 

X 

.475 

2X 

17.108 

4X 

57.503 

6 

121.660 

8X 

321.  25» 

X 

.845 

Ml 

19.062 

4X 

61.041 

6X 

132.010 

10 

337.945 

X 

1.320 

2X 

21.122 

4X 

04.685 

142.782 

}0ft 

355.054 

X. 

1.901 

2X 

23.287 

4X 

68.434 

63^ 

153.  97<i 

10ft 

372.584 

74 

2.587 

2?4 

25.557 

4X 

72.289 

7 

165.593 

10X 

390.538 

1 

3.379 

274 

27.933 

454 

76.249 

7X 

177.632 

11 

408.914 

IX 

4.277 

3 

30.415 

474 

80.315 

7X 

190.094 

llX 

427.712 

IX 

5.280 

3X 

33.002 

5 

84.486 

754 

202.978 

446.932 

IX 

6.389 

3X 

35.695 

6X 

88.763 

8 

216.285 

lift 

466.575. 

IX 

7.604 

3X 

38.494 

6X 

93.146 

8X 

230.014 

12 

486.641 

IX 

8.924 

3X 

41.398 

5X 

97.634 

8X 

214.165 

1 

Example — Required  the  weight  of  a  bar  of  iron  2%  inches  square  and  12  feet  long: 
15.26X12=183.1  pounds. 

FLAT  ROLLED  IRON— ONE  FOOT  IN*  LENGTH. 


Inchel. 

Pounds 
in  Weight 

Inches. 

Pounds 
in  Weight 

Inches. 

Pounds 
in  Weight 

Inches. 

Pounds 
iu  Weight 

Inches. 

Pounds 
in  Weight 

X*X 

.211 

Dfx  ?i 

3.168 

IXx  X 

.739 

2    \\\ 

10.138 

2X*  X 

1.003 

* 

.422 

% 

3.696 

n 

1.478 

IX 

10.983 

X 

2.007 

ft 

.634 

1 

4.224 

ft 

2.218 

IX 

11.828 

X 

3.010 

XiX 

.264 

1ft 

4.752 

ft 

2.957 

1% 

12.673 

X 

4.013 

X 

.528 

IX*  X 

.581 

X 

3.696 

254*  X 

.898 

X 

5.016 

X 

.792 

ft 

1.162 

ft 

4.435 

X 

1.795 

ft 

6.020 

X 

1.056 

If 

1.742 

74 

5.175 

ft 

2.693 

% 

7.023 

5»x's 

.317 

ft 

2.323 

1 

5.914 

ft 

3.591 

1 

8.026 

X 

.634 

If 

2.904 

IS 

6.653 

% 

4.488 

IX 

9.02» 

ft 

.950 

If 

3.485 

IX 

7.392 

ft 

5.386 

IX 

10.033 

ft 

1.267 

% 

4.066 

IX 

8.132 

% 

6.284 

IX 

11.036 

ft 

1.584 

1 

4.647 

1)4 

8.871 

1 

7.181 

IX 

12.039 

54*  X 

.370 

IH 

5.228 

1% 

9.610 

IX 

8.079 

IX 

13.043 

ft 

.739 

iK 

6.808 

174x  X 

.792 

IX 

8.977 

IX 

14.046 

If 

1.109 

IX*  X 

.634 

X 

1.584 

154 

9.874 

IX 

15.049 

ft 

1.478 

2 

1.267 

ft 

2.376 

IX 

10.772 

2 

16.052 

If 

1.848 

it 

1.901 

X 

3.168 

IX 

11.670 

2X 

17.056 

ft 

2.218 

ft 

2.535 

% 

3.960 

1ft 

12.567 

2X 

18.059 

1   x* 

.422 

X 

3.168 

ft 

4.752 

111 

13.465 

2Xx  X 

1.056 

If 

.845 

ft 

3.802 

Xf 

5.544 

2 

14.362 

X 

2.112 

ft 

1.267 

% 

4.436 

1 

6.336 

2Xx  X 

.950 

X 

3.168 

If 

1.690 

1 

5.069 

IX 

7.128 

X 

1.901 

X 

4.224 

X 

2.112 

1* 

5.703 

IX 

7.921 

X 

2.851 

X 

5.280 

If 

2.635 

1* 

6.336 

1ft 

8.713 

X 

3.802 

X 

6.336 

?4 

2.957 

IX 

6.970 

1ft 

9.505 

X 

4.752 

74 

7.393 

iX*X 

.475 

IX*  X 

.686 

1*4 

10.297 

ft 

5.703 

1 

8.449 

V 

.950 

ft 

1.373 

IX 

11.089 

6.653 

IX 

9.505 

X 

1.426 

ft 

2.059 

2    X  X 

.845 

1  * 

7.604 

IX 

10.561 

ft 

1.901 

ft 

2.746 

X 

1.690 

IX 

8.554 

IX 

11.617 

ft 

2.37f 

ft 

3.432 

to 

2.535 

IX 

9.505 

IX 

12.673 

% 

2.851 

Si 

4.119 

H 

3.379 

ift 

10.455 

I5* 

13.729 

ft 

3.327 

74 

4.805 

$4 

4.224 

IX 

11.406 

1ft 

14.785 

i 

3.802 

1 

5.492 

D 

5.069 

IX 

12.356 

Iff 

15.841 

:**  x 

.528 

ui 

6.178 

74 

5.914 

IX 

13.307 

2 

16.897 

ft 

1.056 

s« 

6.864 

1 

6.759 

IX 

14.257 

2X 

17.953 

x 

1.584 

i?i 

7.551 

1ft 

7.604 

2 

15.207 

2X 

19.009 

* 

2.11'J 

ix 

8.237 

IX 

8.449 

2X 

16.158 

2X 

20.065 

ft 

2.640 

IX 

8.924 

IX 

9.293 

2X 

17.108 

2X 

21.122 

\VKK;HTS  AND  MEASURES 


503 


FLAT  ROLLED  IRON -ONE  FOOT  IN  LENGTH— CONTINUED. 


Inches. 

Pounds 
in  Weight. 

Inches. 

Pounds 
in  Weight. 

Inches. 

Pounds 
in  Weight. 

Inches. 

Pounds 
in  Weight. 

Inches. 

Pounds 
in  Weight. 

2kx  k 

1.109 

3    X  % 

1.267 

3kx21i 

24.712 

3%x  k 

6.125 

3%xlk 

18.006 

k 

2.218 

k 

2.535 

2% 

26.085 

% 

7.657 

ik 

19.643 

\ 

3.327 

96 

3.802 

2k 

27.458 

k 

9.188 

IK 

21.280 

K 

4.435 

k 

5.069 

2% 

28.831 

% 

10.719 

l% 

22.917 

% 

6.544 

% 

6.336 

SK 

30.204 

1 

12.250 

1% 

24.554 

k 

6.653 

ft 

7.604 

2% 

31.577 

IK 

13.782 

2 

26.191 

% 

7.762 

% 

8.871 

3 

32.950 

ik 

15.313 

2k 

27.828 

1 

8.871 

1 

10.138 

aye 

34.323 

Hi 

16.841 

2k 

29.465 

IK 

9.980 

Ik 

11.406 

3k*  % 

1.426 

ik 

18.376 

2% 

31.101 

ik 

1.089 

ik 

12.673 

k 

2.851 

ik 

19.907 

2k 

32.733 

ik 

2.19H 

IK 

13.940 

\ 

4.277 

IK 

21.438 

2k 

34.375 

ik 

3.307 

ik 

15.207 

k 

6.703 

IV. 

22.970 

2% 

36.012 

1JK 

4.415 

IK 

16.475 

k 

7.128 

2 

24.501 

2V. 

37.649 

IK 

5.524 

1% 

17.742 

% 

8.554 

2k 

26.032 

3 

39.286 

l% 

6.633 

iv. 

19.009 

% 

9.980 

2k 

27.564 

3k 

40.923 

2 

7.742 

2 

20.277 

i 

11.406 

2k 

29.095 

3k 

42.560 

2* 

8.851 

2  k 

21.544 

ik 

12.831 

2k 

30.626 

3k 

44.197 

2* 

9.960 

2k 

22.811 

ik 

14.257 

2% 

32.158 

3k 

45.834 

2k 

1.069 

2?i 

24.079 

ik 

15.683 

2k 

33.689 

3k 

47.471 

2* 

2.178 

2H 

25.346 

ik 

17.108 

2V. 

35.220 

33i 

49.108 

3!Kx  k 

1.162 

2% 

26.613 

IK 

18.634 

3 

36.751 

4     X  k 

1.690 

Si 

3.323 

2k 

27.880 

134 

19.960 

3k 

38.283 

k 

3.379 

% 

3.485 

2% 

29.148 

1% 

21.386 

3k 

39.814 

k 

6.759 

K 

4.647 

3k*  k 

1.320 

2 

22.811 

3k 

41.345 

% 

10.138 

K 

5.808 

k 

2.640 

2k 

24.237 

3k 

42.877 

i 

13.518 

4 

6.970 

K 

3.960 

2k 

25.663 

ski  k 

1.684 

ik 

16.897 

% 

8.132 

k 

6.280 

2k 

27.088 

k 

3.168 

ik 

20.277 

1 

9.293 

% 

6.600 

2k 

28.514 

k 

4.752 

1?4 

23.656 

IX 

0.455 

* 

7.921 

2k 

29.940 

k 

6.336 

2 

27.036 

Ik 

1.617 

% 

9.241 

2k 

31.365 

k 

7.921 

2k 

30.415 

Ik 

2.778 

i 

10.561 

2k 

32.791 

k 

9.505 

2k 

33.794 

Ik 

13.940 

ik 

11.881 

3 

34.217 

% 

11.089 

2k 

37.174 

1*4 

15.102 

ik 

13.201 

3k 

35.643 

i 

12.673 

3 

40.5--3 

Ik 

16.264 

154 

U.521 

3k 

37.068 

IK 

14.257 

3k 

43  933 

1% 

17.425 

ik 

15.841 

33$x  k 

1.478 

ik 

15.841 

3k 

47.312 

2 

18.587 

ik 

17.161 

k 

2.957 

ik 

17.425 

354 

50.692 

2k 

19.749 

1% 

18.481 

3, 

4.435 

ik 

19.009 

4kx  k 

1.795 

2* 

20.910 

1% 

19.801 

1 

6.914 

IK 

20.593 

k 

3.591 

2V, 

22.072 

2 

21.122 

k 

7.392 

ik 

22.178 

k 

7.181 

2)4 

23.231 

2k 

22.442 

1 

8.871 

IV 

23.762 

>. 

10.772 

254 

24.39 

2k 

23.762 

J 

10.350 

2 

25.346 

i 

14.363 

SJU  k 

1.21 

2k 

25.082 

1 

11.828 

2k 

26.930 

ik 

17.953 

I 

2.42 

2k 

26.402 

ik 

11.307 

2k 

28.514 

ik 

21.544 

s 

3.64 

2% 

27.722 

ik 

14.785 

2k 

30.098 

IV 

25.135 

I 

4.858 

234 

29.042 

iv 

16.264 

2k 

31.682 

2 

28.725 

1 

6.07 

2V 

30.362 

ik 

17.742 

2V 

33.266 

2k 

32.316 

1 

7.28 

3 

31.682 

i*/ 

19.221 

2V 

34.851 

2k 

35.907 

1 

8.50 

skx  k 

1.373 

iv 

20.699 

274 

36.435 

2V 

39.497 

1 

9.71 

I 

2.746 

15 

21.178 

3 

38.019 

3 

43.088 

IK 

10.93 

k 

4.119 

2 

23.656 

3k 

39.603 

3k 

46.679 

Ik 

12.14 

k 

6.492 

2k 

25  135 

3k 

41.187 

3k 

50.2G9 

Hi 

13.35 

) 

6.864 

2k 

26.613 

3V 

43.771 

3V 

53.860 

Ik 

14.57 

i 

8.237 

2V 

28.092 

3k 

44.355 

4 

57.451 

Ik 

15.78 

j 

9.610 

2k 

29.670 

3V 

5.939 

4kX  V 

3.802 

Ik 

17.00 

i 

10.983 

2^ 

31.049 

3%x  k 

1.637 

}, 

7.604 

IV 

18.21 

ik 

12.356 

2V 

32.627 

jj 

3.274 

! 

11.406 

2 

19.43 

ik 

13.729 

2V 

34.006 

; 

4.911 

1 

15.207 

2k 

20.64 

iv 

15.102 

3 

35.484 

i 

6.548 

IV 

19.009 

2k 

21.86 

ik 

16.475 

3V 

36.963 

I 

8.185 

iv 

22.811 

2V 

23.07 

i? 

17.848 

3k 

38.441 

i 

9.821 

i? 

26.613 

2« 

24.29 

iv 

19.221 

3V 

39.920 

11.453 

2 

30.415 

2* 

25.504 

iv 

20.693 

3^x  V 

1.531 

1 

13.09o 

2k 

34.217 

2k 

26.71 

2 

21.966 

j 

3.003 

ik 

14.732 

21 

38.019 

2y 

27.93 

2k 

23.339 

? 

4.594 

ik 

VG.3GO 

29 

41.821 

504 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


FLAT  ROLLED  IRON— ONE  FOOT  IN  LENGTH— CONTINUED. 


Inches. 

1 

Pounds 
in  Weight. 

Inches. 

Pounds 
in  Weight. 

Inches. 

Pounds 
in  Weight. 

Inches. 

Pounds 
in  Weight. 

Inches. 

Pounds 
in  Weight. 

4kx3 

45.623 

5    X  K 

12.673 

6kx2k 

44.355 

5kx4 

74.348 

5J4x5k 

102.017 

3* 

49.424 

1 

16.897 

9  if 

48.791 

4k 

78.U95 

5k 

106.875 

3k 

53.226 

1!< 

21.122 

3 

53.226 

4k 

83.641 

6  z  k 

5.069 

334 

57.028 

1* 

25.346 

3k 

57.662 

4% 

88.288 

k 

10.138 

4 

60.830 

134 

29.570 

3k 

62.097 

5 

92.935 

34 

15.207 

4k 

64.632 

2 

33.794 

334 

66.533 

5% 

97.582 

1 

20.277 

434X  % 

4.013 

2* 

38.019 

4 

70.968 

534X  * 

4.858 

ik 

25.346 

k 

8.026 

2k 

42.243 

4* 

75.404 

k 

9.716 

ik 

30.415 

% 

12.039 

2% 

46.467 

4k 

79.839 

\ 

14.754 

1*4 

35.484 

1 

16.052 

3 

50.692 

4% 

84.275 

19.432 

2 

40.553 

I* 

20.065 

3!* 

54.916 

6 

88.711 

ik 

24.290 

2k 

45.623 

1)4 

24.079 

3k 

59.140 

5kx  k 

4.647 

ik 

29.148 

2k 

50.692 

I* 

28.092 

334 

63.365 

k 

9.293 

1% 

34.006 

254 

55.761 

2 

32.105 

4 

67.589 

X 

13.940 

2 

38.864 

3 

60.830 

2* 

36.118 

** 

71.813 

l 

18.587 

2k 

43.722 

sk 

65.899 

2k 

40.131 

4k 

76.038 

IK 

23.234 

2k 

48.580 

3k 

70.968 

234 

44.144 

434 

80.262 

ik 

27.880 

2% 

53.438 

324 

77.038 

3 

48.157 

6kx  k 

4.435 

134 

32.527 

3 

58.295 

4 

81.107 

3k 

52.170 

k 

8.871 

2 

37.174 

3k 

63.153 

4k 

86.176 

3k 

56.183 

34 

13.307 

2k 

41.821 

3k 

68.011 

4k 

91.245 

334 

60.196 

1 

17.742 

2k 

46.467 

3% 

72.869 

434 

96.314 

4 

64.210 

Ik 

22.178 

2% 

51.114 

77.727 

5 

101.383 

4k 

68.223 

Ik 

26.613 

3 

55.761 

4k 

82.585 

5k 

106.452 

4k 

72.236 

134 

31.049 

3k 

60,408 

4k 

87.443 

6k 

111.522 

6     x   ^ 

4.224 

2 

35.484 

3k 

65.054 

454 

92.301 

634 

116.591 

M 

8.449 

2k 

39.920 

3  '4 

69.701 

5 

97.159 

6 

121.660 

Example— Required  the  weight  of  a  bar  of  iron  4k  inches  wide,  3  inches  thick, 
aud  12  feet  long: 

45.623X12=647.5  pounds. 

Weight  and  Volume  of  Cant  Iron  and  lead  Balls. 

From  1  to  20  inches  Diameter. 


Diain. 
Inches 

Volume 
cubic  ins. 

Cast  Iron 
pounds. 

Lead, 
pounds. 

Diam. 
Inches 

Volume 
cubic  ins. 

Cast  Iron 
pounds. 

Lead 
pounds. 

1. 

.5235 

.1365 

.2147 

8.X 

321.5550 

83.839V 

131.883 

i.k 

1.7671 

.4607 

.7248 

9. 

381.7  034 

99.5103 

156.553 

2. 

4.1887 

1.0920 

1.7180 

9.X 

448.9204 

117.0338 

184.121 

2.k 

8.1812 

2.1328 

3.3554 

10. 

523.5987 

136.5025 

214.749 

3. 

14.1371 

3.6855 

5.7982 

11. 

696.9098 

181.7648 

285.832 

3.X 

22.4492 

5.8525 

9.2073 

12. 

904.7784 

235.8763 

371.096 

4. 

33.5103 

8.7361 

13.7440  - 

13. 

1150.346 

299.6230 

471.806 

4.X 

47.7129 

12.4387 

19.5690 

14.. 

1436.754 

374.5629 

589.273 

5. 

65.4498 

17.0628 

20.843 

15. 

1767.145 

460.6959 

724.781 

s.x 

87.1137 

22.7206 

35.729 

16. 

2144.660 

559.1142 

879.616 

6. 

113.0973 

29.4845 

46.385 

17. 

2572.440 

670.7168 

1055.066 

6.X 

143.7932 

37.4528 

58.976 

18. 

3053.627 

7%.  0825 

1252.422 

7. 

179.5943 

46.8203 

73.659 

19. 

3591.363 

936.2708 

1472,970 

7.X 

220.8932 

57.5870 

90.598 

20. 

4188.790 

1092.02 

1717.995 

8. 

268.0825 

69.8892 

109.952 

To  compute  dressed  weight  of  cattle,  measure  as  follows  in  feet:  Girth  close  behind 
shoulders,  that  is,  over  crop  and  under  plate,  immediately  behind  elbow.  Length 
from  point  between  neck  and  body,  or  vertically  above  junction  of  cervical  and  dorsal 
processes  of  spine,  along  back  to  bone  at  tail,  and  in  a  vertical  line  with  rump.  Then 
Multiply  square  of  girth,  in  feet,  by  length,  and  multiply  product  by  factors  in  the 
following  table,  and  quotient  will  give  dressed  weight  of  quarters  : — 


CONDITION. 

Heifer,  Steer 
or  Bullock. 

Bull. 

CONDITION. 

Heifer,  Steer 
or  Bullock. 

Bull. 

Half  fat  

3.15 

3.36 

Very  prime  fat  

3.64 

3.85 

3.36 

3  5 

Extra  fat  

3.78 

4.06 

Prime  fat  

3.5 

3.64 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


505 


Weights  of  Wrought  Iron,  Steel,  Copper  and  Brass  Plate's. 

Thickness  Determined  by  Birmingham  Gauge. 


No.  of 
Gauge. 

Thickness 
in  inches. 

WEIGHT  OF  PLATES   PER  SQUABE   FOOT   IN   LB8. 

No.  of 
Gauge. 

Wrought  Iron 

Steel. 

Copper. 

Brass. 

0000 

.4o4 

18.2167 

18.4596 

20.5662 

19.4312, 

0000 

COO 

.425 

17.0531 

17.2805 

19.2525 

18.19 

000 

00 

.38 

15.2475 

15.4508 

17.214 

16.264 

00 

0 

.34 

13.6425 

13.8244 

15.402 

14.552 

0 

1 

.3 

12.0375 

12.198 

13.59 

12.84 

1 

2 

.284 

11.3955 

11.5474 

12.8652 

12.1552 

2 

3 

.259 

10.3924 

10.5309 

11.7327 

11.0852 

3 

4 

.238 

9.5497 

9.6771 

10.7814 

10.1864 

4 

5 

.22 

8.8275 

8.9452 

9.966 

9.416 

5 

6 

.203 

8.1454 

8.254 

9.1959 

8.6884 

6 

7 

.18 

7.2225 

7.3188 

8.154 

7.704 

7 

8 

.165 

6.6206 

6.7089 

7.4745 

7.062 

8 

9 

.148 

6.9385 

6.0177 

6.7044 

6.3344 

9 

10 

.134 

6.3767 

6.4484 

6.0702 

6.7352 

10 

11 

.12 

4.815 

4.8792 

6.436 

6.136 

11 

12 

.109 

4.3736 

4.4319 

4.9377 

4.6652 

12 

13 

.095 

3.8119 

3.8627 

4.3035 

4.066 

13 

14 

.083 

3.3304 

3.3748 

8.7599 

8.5524 

14 

15 

.072 

2.889 

2.9275 

3.2616 

3.0816 

15 

16 

.065 

2.6081 

2.6429 

2.9445 

2.782 

16 

17 

.058 

2.3272 

2.3583 

2.6274 

2.4824 

17 

18 

.049 

1.9661 

1.9923 

2.2197 

2.0972 

18 

19 

.042 

1.6852 

1.7077 

1.9026 

1.7976 

19 

20 

.035 

1.4044 

1.4231 

1.5855 

1.498 

20 

21 

.032 

1.284 

1.3011 

1.4496 

1.3696 

21 

22 

.028 

1.1235 

1.1385 

1.2684 

1.1984 

22 

23 

.025 

1.0031 

1.0165 

1.1325 

1.07 

23 

24 

.022 

.8827 

.8945 

.9966 

.9416 

24 

25 

.02 

.8025 

.8132 

.906 

.856 

25 

26 

.018 

.7222 

.7319 

.8154 

.7704 

26 

27 

.016 

.642 

.6506 

.7248 

.6848 

27 

28. 

.014 

.5617 

.5692 

,6342  • 

.5992 

28 

29 

.013 

,5216 

.5286 

.6889 

.5564 

;     29 

30 

.012 

.4815 

.4879 

.5436 

.5136 

30 

31 

.01 

.4012 

.4066 

.453 

.428 

31 

32 

.009 

.3611 

.3659 

.4077 

.3852 

32 

33 

.008 

.321 

.3253 

.3624 

.3424 

33 

84 

.007 

.2809 

.2846 

.3171 

.2996 

34 

35 

.005 

.2006 

.2033 

.2265 

.214 

35 

36 

.004 

.1605                  .1626                .1812 

.1712 

36 

Weights  of  Wrought  Iron,  Steel,  Copper  and  Brans  Plates. 
Soft  Rolled.         Thickness  determined  by  American  Gauge. 


No.  of 
gauge 

Thickness 
in  inches. 

WEIGHT  or  PLATES  PER  SQUARE  FOOT  IN  POUNDS, 

No  of 
gauge 

Wrought  Iron 

Steel. 

Copper. 

Brass. 

0000 

.46 

18.4575 

18.7036 

20.838 

19.688 

0000 

000 

.40964 

16.4368 

16.6559 

18.5567 

17.5326 

000 

00 

.3648 

14.6376 

14.8328 

16.5254 

15.6131 

00 

0 

.32486 

13.0351 

13.2088 

14.7162 

13.904 

0 

1 

.2893 

11.6082 

11.7629 

13.1053 

12.382 

1 

2 

•25763 

10.3374 

10.4752 

11.6706 

11.0266 

2 

3 

.22942 

9.2055 

9.32S* 

10.3927 

9.8192 

3 

4 

.20431 

8.1979 

8-.3073 

9.2552 

8.7445 

4 

5 

.18194 

7.3004 

7.3977 

8.2419 

7.787 

5 

<•> 

.16202 

C.5011 

6.5878 

7.3395 

6.9345 

6 

7 

.144'->8 

5.7892 

6.8664 

6.5359 

6.1752 

7 

8 

.12849 

5.1557 

5.2244 

6.8206 

6.4994 

8 

9 

.11443 

4.5915 

4.6527 

6.1837 

4.8976 

9 

10 

.10189 

4.0884 

4.1428 

4.6156 

4.3609 

10 

11 

.090742 

3.641 

3.6896 

4.1106 

3.8838 

11 

12 

.080808 

3.2424 

3.2856 

3.6606 

3.4586 

12 

13 

.071961 

2.8874 

2.9259 

8.2598 

8.0799 

13 

14 

.064084 

2.5714 

2.6057 

2.903 

2.7428 

14 

15 

.057068 

2.2899 

2.3204 

2.5852 

2.4425 

16 

10 

.050820 

2.0392 

2.0664 

2.3021 

2.1751 

16 

506 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID JEEZEH 


Weights  of  Wrought  Iron,  Steel,  Etc.  (Soft  Rolled)-Contlnned. 

Thickness  Determined  by  American  Gauoe. 


No.  of 
gauge 

Thickness 
in  inches. 

WEIGHT  or  PLATKS  PER  SQUARE  FOOT  IN  POUNDS. 

No.  of 

gauge 

T\  rought  Iron 

Steel. 

Copper. 

Brass. 

17 

.045257 

1.8159 

1.8402 

2.0501 

1.937 

17 

18 

.040303 

1-6172 

1.6387 

1.8257 

1.725              18 

19 

.035890 

1.44 

1.4593 

1.6258 

1.5361            19 

20 

.031961 

1.2824 

1.2995 

1.4478 

1.3679            on 

21 

.028462 

1.142 

1.1573 

1.2893                1.2182            21 

22 

.025347 

1.017 

1.0306 

1.1482                 1.0849 

23 

.022571 

.9057 

.9177 

1.0225 

.96604          23 

24 

.0201 

.8065 

.8173 

.91053 

.86028          <U 

25 

.0179 

.7182 

.7278 

.81087 

.76612 

25 

26 

.01594 

.63% 

.6481 

.72208 

.68223 

9fi 

27 

.014195 

.5696 

.5772 

.64303 

.60755           27 

28 

.012641 

.5072 

.514 

.57264 

.54103          28 

29 

.011257 

.4517 

.4577 

.50994 

.4818            23 

30 

.010025 

.4023 

.4076 

.45413 

.42907 

30 

31 

.008928 

.3582 

.363 

.40444 

.38212 

HI 

32 

.00795 

.319 

.3232      ;          .36014 

.34026          3!t 

33 

.00708 

.2841 

.2879 

.32072 

.30302          33 

34 

.006304 

.2529 

.2563 

.28557 

.26981          34 

35 

.005614 

.2253 

.2283 

.25431 

.24028 

35 

36 

.005 

.2006 

.2033 

.2265 

.214 

36 

37 

.004453 

.1787 

U81 

.20172 

.19059 

37 

38 

.003965 

.1591 

.1612 

.17961 

.1697 

38 

39 

.003531 

.1417 

.1436 

.15995 

.15113 

39 

40 

.003144 

.1261 

.1278                 .14242 

.13456 

40 

Size,  Weight.  Length  and  Strength  of  "Iron  Wire.*1 


r           '  : 
Wire 
Gauge 
No. 

Diam. 
inches. 

WEIGHT   OF. 

LENGTH  IN  FEET  OF. 

Bracing 
strain 
pounds. 

Wire 
Oaug« 
No- 

one  foot 
pounds. 

100  feet 
pounds. 

one  mile 
pounds. 

Ibdl  63B5. 
feet. 

100  fts. 
feet. 

00 

0.380 

.38266 

38.266 

2,020.44 

164.637 

261.328 

8,290 

00 

0 

0.340 

.30634 

30.634 

1,617.48 

205.653 

326.433 

6,880 

0 

1 

0.300 

.23850 

23.850 

1,259.28 

264.151 

419.287 

5,650 

2 

0.284 

.21374 

21.374 

1,128.54 

294.753 

467.861 

4.930 

3 

0.259 

.17777 

17.777 

938.60 

354.400 

662.539 

4,250 

4 

0.238 

.15011 

15.011 

792.66 

419.700 

666.190 

3,620 

8 

0.220       .12826 

12.826 

677.21 

491.189 

779.665 

3,040 

6 

0.203 

.10920 

10.920 

676.60 

676.902 

915.717 

2,610 

7 

0.180 

.08586 

8.586 

452.34 

733.752 

1,164.685 

2,220 

8 

0.165 

.07215 

7.215 

380.93 

873.229 

1,386.077 

1,840 

9 

0.148 

.05805 

5.805 

306.48 

1,085.346 

1,722.771 

1,560 

10 

0.134 

.04758 

4.758 

251.24 

1,324.002 

2,101.590 

1,280 

10 

11 

0.120 

.03816 

8.816 

201.48 

1,650.943 

2,628.481 

1,000 

11 

12 

0.109 

.03149 

3.149 

166.24 

2,000.952 

3,176.114 

800 

12 

13 

0.096 

.02392 

2.392 

126.28 

2,634.215 

4,181.294 

668 

IS 

14 

0.083 

.01826 

1.826 

96.39 

3,456.343 

6,486.259 

456 

14 

15 

0.072 

.01374 

1.374 

72.54 

4,585.819 

7,279.077 

452 

16 

16 

0.065 

.01120 

1.120 

69.11 

5,627.009 

8,931.760 

264 

16 

17 

0.058 

.00892 

.892 

47.07 

7,066.741 

11,217.049 

208 

17 

18 

0.049 

.00636 

.636 

33.60 

9,900.990  15,715.867 

160 

18 

19 

0.042 

.00468 

.468 

24.68 

13,475.914 

21,390.340 

128 

19 

20 

0.035 

.00325 

.325 

17.14 

19,408.502 

30,807.146 

104 

20 

21 

0.032 

.00271 

.271 

14.33 

23,212.96936,845.982 

80 

21 

22 

0.028 

.00208 

.208 

10.97 

30,317.613148,123.195 

56 

22 

Weight  of  Lead  and  Zinc  Plates. 

Per  superficial  foot,  from  1-16  to  1  inch  in  thickness. 


Thick. 
Inches. 

Lead, 
Ibs. 

Zinc, 
fts. 

Thick, 
inches. 

Lead, 

fts. 

Zinc, 
fts. 

Thick. 
inches. 

Lead, 
fts. 

Zinc, 
fts. 

Thick, 
inches. 

Lead, 
fts. 

Zinc, 
fts. 
30.4 
32.8 
35.1 
37.5 

.0625 
.125 
.1875 
.25 

3.7 
7.4 
11.1 
14.8 

2.3  1 

?!o  , 

9.4  i 

.3125 
.375 
.4375 
.5 

18.5 
22.2 
25.9 
29.5 

11.7 
14.0 
16.4 
18.7 

.5625 
.625 
.6875 
.75 

33.2 
36.9 
40.6 
44.3 

21.1 
23.4 
25.7 
28.1 

.8125 
!  .875 
.9375 
jljOOOO 

48.0 
51.7 
55.4 
69  Jl 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


507 


•Wrought  iron,  Steel,  Copper,  and  Brass  wire. 

Diameter  and  Thickness  Determined  by  Birmingham  Gauge. 


No.  of 
Oaue«. 

Diam. 
ot  each 
Ho.  In. 

WEIGHT  OF  WIBK  PER  LINBAI,  FOOT  EXFRESSKD  IN  DECI- 
MALS OF  A  POUND. 

No.  ot 
Gauge. 

Wrought  Iron.] 

SteeL    I 

Copper,  i 

Brass. 

0000 

.454 

.546207 

.551360 

.623913 

.589286 

0000 

000 

.425 

.478656 

.483172 

.546752 

.516407 

000 

00 

.38 

.38266 

.38627 

.437099 

.41284 

00 

0 

•  .34 

.30634 

.30923 

.349921 

.3305 

0 

1 

.3 

.2385 

.24075 

.27243 

.25731 

1 

2 

.284 

.213738 

.215755 

.244146 

.230596 

2 

S 

.259 

.177765 

.179442 

.203054 

.191785 

3 

4 

.238 

.150107 

.151523 

.171461 

.161945 

4 

f 

.22 

.12826 

.12947 

.146507 

.138376 

5 

f, 

.203 

.109204 

.110234 

.12474 

.117817 

6 

1 

.18 

.08586 

.086667 

.098075 

.092632 

T 

S 

.165 

.072146 

.072827 

.08241 

.077836 

8 

9 

.148 

.058046 

.058593 

.066303 

.062624 

9 

10 

.134 

.047583 

.048032 

.054353 

.051336 

10 

11 

.12 

.03816 

.03852 

.043589 

.04117 

11 

12 

.109 

.031485 

.031782 

.035964 

.033968 

12 

13 

.095 

.023916 

.024142 

.027319 

.025802 

13 

14 

.083 

.018256 

.018428 

.020853 

.019696 

14 

15 

.072 

.013738 

.013867 

.015692 

.014821 

1* 

1C 

.065 

.011196 

,,011302 

.012789 

.012079 

16 

17 

.058 

.008915 

.008999 

.010183 

.009618 

17 

18 

.049 

.006363 

.006423 

.007268 

.006864 

18 

19 

.042 

.004675 

.004719 

.00534 

.005043 

1§ 

20 

.035 

.003246 

.003277 

.003708 

.003502 

20 

21 

.032 

.002714 

.002739 

£031 

.002928 

21 

22 

.028 

.002078 

.00205)7 

.002373 

.002241 

22 

23 

.025 

.001656 

.001672 

.001892 

.001787 

23 

24 

.022 

.001283 

.001296 

.001465 

.001384 

24 

25 

.02 

.00106 

.001070 

.001211 

.001144 

25 

26 

.018 

.0008586 

.0008667 

.0009807 

.0009263 

2« 

27 

.016 

.0006784 

.0006848 

£007749 

.0007319 

27 

28 

.014 

.0005194 

.0005243 

.0005933 

.0005604 

28 

90 

.013 

.0004479 

.0004521 

£006116 

.0004832 

29 

30 

.012 

.0003816 

.0003852 

.0004359 

.0004117 

30 

81 

.01 

.000265 

.0002675 

.0003027 

.0002859 

31 

32 

£09 

.0002147 

£002167 

.0002452 

.0002316 

32 

33 

.008 

.0001696 

.0001712 

.0001937 

.000183 

33 

84 

.007 

.0001299 

.0001311 

.0001483 

.0001401 

34 

35 

.005 

.00006625 

.00006088 

.00007568 

.00007148 

35 

•M 

.004 

.0000424 

.0000428 

.00004843 

.00004574 

36 

Wrought  i  rou ,  Steel,  Copper  and  Brass  Wir*. 

Diameter  and  Thiekneu  Determined  by  American 


Mo.  of 
Gauge. 

Diam. 
of  each 
No.  In. 

WEIGHT  OF  WIBK  PEB  LINEAL  FOOT  EXPRESSED  IN  DECI- 
MALS OF  A  POUND. 

No.  ol 
Gauge. 

Wrought  Iron. 

Steel.   i 

Copper.  | 

Brass. 

0000 

.46 

.56074 

.500030 

.640513 

.605176 

0000 

000 

.40964 

.444683 

.448879 

.507946 

.479908 

000 

00 

.3648 

.352659 

.355986 

.40283 

.380666 

00 

0 

.32486 

.2796t;5 

.282303 

.319451 

.301816 

0 

1 

.2893 

.221789 

.223891 

.253342 

.239353 

1 

2 

•25763 

.175888 

.177548 

.200911 

.189818 

2 

3 

.22942 

.139480 

.140796 

•159323 

.150522 

3 

4 

.20431 

J10616 

.111660 

.126353 

.119376 

4 

5 

.18194 

.087720 

088548 

.1002 

•094666 

5 

6 

.16202 

.009565 

.070221 

.079462 

.075076 

6 

7 

.14428 

.055165 

.055685 

.063013 

.059546 

7 

8 

.12849 

.043751 

.044164 

.049976 

.047219 

8 

9 

.11443 

.034099 

.035026 

.039636 

.037437 

9 

10 

.10189 

.027512 

.027772 

.031426 

.029687 

10 

11 

.090742 

.021820 

.022326 

£24924 

£23549 

11 

12 

.080808 

.017304 

£17468 

.019766 

.018676 

12 

13 

.071961 

.013722 

.013851 

£15674 

.014809 

13 

14 

.064084 

.010886 

.010989 

.012435 

.011746 

14 

15 

.057068 

.008031 

.008712 

.009859 

.009315 

16 

508 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Wrought  Iron,    Steel,    Copper  and  *nrass   Wire.— Continued, 

Diameter  and  Thickness  Determined  by  American  Gauge. 


No.  of 
Gauge. 

Diam. 
of  each 
No.  In. 

WEIGHT  OF  WIBK  PEB  LINEAL  FOOT  EXPBESSED  IN  DECI- 
MALS OF  A  POUND. 

No.  •( 

Gauge. 

Wrought  Iron. 

Steel. 

Copper. 

Brass. 

""  16 

.050820 

.000846 

.006909 

.007819 

.007587 

16 

17 

.045257 

,005427 

.005478 

.006199 

.005857 

17 

18 

.040303 

.004304 

.004344 

.004916 

.004045 

18 

19 

.035890 

.003413 

.003445 

.003899 

.003084 

19 

20 

.031961 

.002708 

.002734 

.003094 

.002920 

20 

21 

.028462 

.002147 

.002167 

.002452 

.002317 

21 

22 

.025347 

.001703 

.001719 

.001945 

.001838 

22 

23 

.022571 

.001350 

.001363 

.001542 

.001457 

23 

24 

.0201 

.001071 

.001081 

.001223 

.001155 

24 

25 

.0179     .0008491 

.0008571 

.0009699 

.0009163 

25 

26 

.01594 

.0006734 

.0006797 

.0007092 

.0007267 

26 

27 

.014195    .000534 

.0005391 

.0006099 

.0005763 

27 

28 

.0126411    .0004235 

.0004275 

.0004837 

.000457 

28 

29 

.011257)    .0003358 

.0003389 

.0003835 

.0003624 

29 

30 

.010025    .0002663 

.0002688 

.0003042 

.0002874 

30 

81 

.0018928    .0002113 

.0002132 

.0002413 

.000228 

31 

32 

.00795 

.0001675 

.0001691 

.0001913 

.0001808 

32 

33 

.00708 

.0001328 

.0001341 

.0001517 

.0001434 

33 

34 

.006304 

.0001053 

.0001063 

.0001204 

.0001137 

34 

35 

.005614 

.00008366 

.00008445 

.0000956 

.00009015 

85 

36 

.005 

•00006625 

.00000087 

.0000757 

.0000715 

36 

87 

.004453 

.00005255 

.00005304 

.00000003 

.00005071 

37 

38 

.003965    .00004166 

.00004205 

.00004758 

.00004496 

38 

39 

.003531    .00003305 

.00003336 

.00003775 

.00003566 

39 

40 

.003144    .00002G20 

.00002644 

.00002992 

.00002827 

40 

Wire   and  Hemp  Rope. 

Tabular  scale,  showing  approximately    the  comparative  strength,  lizet,  and 
freight  per  100  feet  in  length,  of  Wire  and  Hemp  Rope. 
The  size*  on  each  horizontal  line  being  of  equal  strength. 


CAPACITY  or 
ROPES. 

BOUND  IBON 
WIRE  HOPE. 

BOUND  STEEL 
WIRE  BOPK. 

BOUND  HEMP 
BOPE. 

FLAT  IBON 
WIKE  ROPE. 

Working 
Load. 
Lt». 

Breaking 
Strength. 

Circum- 
ference. 
Inches. 

Weight 
1(10  lc«. 
l.i-   . 

Circom 
ferenc,. 
InchM 

Weight 
100  feet. 
Lb.. 

ferenc*. 
Inches. 

Weight 
100  feet. 
Lbt. 

Sue. 
Inches. 

Weight 

100  r..t. 

Lbv 

300 

1 

1 

17 

_ 

I    *_ 

2*4 

33 

_ 

_ 

550 

1M 

IK 

23 

__ 

i«f» 

8 

50 

—  . 

_ 

800 

2* 

1)6 

83 

1 

17 

a* 

66 

«• 

__ 

1,500 

4)6 

134 

62 

1JS 

83 

4* 

78 

_— 

_ 

2,000 

6 

2 

65 

1* 

36 

5 

100 

— 

^ 

2,500 

1* 

2* 

86 

134 

62 

i 

160 

— 

— 

3,300 

10 

2J$ 

108 

3 

65 

6fc 

166 

— 

— 

4,200 

12  fc 

234 

124 

2* 

76 

7 

200 

2x?< 

144 

5,000 

15 

8 

140 

2* 

86 

7fc 

234 

2^x?i 

154 

6,000 

18 

314 

158 

2* 

97 

714. 

250 

2>$x% 

171 

7,000 

21 

3J$ 

180 

2JS 

110 

8J4 

284 

3x,H 

220    ' 

8,000 

24 

3% 

200 

3 

140 

9 

833 

toft 

270 

9,000 

27 

4 

250 

3* 

158 

10 

433 

4xJ$ 

275 

10,000 

80 

4J4 

284 

3« 

190 

10  H 

466 

4x^ 

388 

11,000 

33 

4J$ 

320 

354 

195 

11 

500 

4fcxM 

397 

12,000 

36 

4% 

350 

334 

200 

12 

667 

5xJ« 

400 

13,500 

40 

5 

380 

3?i 

225 

13 

784 

5J$x}$ 

450 

18,000 

55 

554 

440 

4 

250 

14 

900 

0x5$ 

600 

22,000 

65 

6 

540 

4* 

280 

16 

1166 

6!$x>$ 

500 

Tlilcknea*  of  ••  Sheet  "  Br»n«,  ttold,  Silver,  ete. 

By  Sirmingluim.  Gauge  far  these  Metals. 


No. 

1 

2 
8 

4 
6 

Inch. 

No. 

Inch.  II  No. 

Inch. 

No. 

Inch. 

No. 

Inch. 

No. 

Inch. 

.004 
.005 

.008 
J010 

.012 

.in-; 

7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 

.015          13 
.016          14 
.019           15 
.024           16 
.029           17 
.033     I)     18 

.036 
.041 
.047 
.051 
.057 
.061 

19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 

.004 
.067 
.072 
.074 

.077 
0)82 

25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 

.095 
.103 
J12 
.120 
.124 
.128 

81 
82 
33 
84 
Si 
86 

.133 
.140 
.147 
.153 
.160 
.107 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


509 


FINENESS  and  VALUE  of  GOLD  and  SILVER,  Computed. 

The  value  per  ounce  of  gold  is  based  upon  the  simple  formula  that  387  ozs  of  pur« 
gold  (1,000  fine)  are  worth  $8,000.  Hence,  1  oz.  is  worth  $20.6718346253229974162067 
repeteud;  and  the  1-1000  of  an  oz,  (decimally  expressed  as  .001  fine)  is  worth 
$0.020071834625.  What  is  usually  called  fineness,  therefore,  is  simply  the  weight  of 
fine  metal  contained  in  any  given  quantity  of  mixed  metals  or  alloys.  For  instance 
in  a  gold  or  silver  bar  which  is  reported  to  be  850  fine,  it  is  meant  that  in  1000  parts 
by  weight,  850  are  Jine  gold  or  fine  silver,  as  the  case  may  be.  In  our  mints  the 
value  of  gold  is  computed  from  standard  weight;  that  is,  gold  which  is  90U  fine, 
that  being  the  fineness  of  our  gold  coin  as  required  by  law.  The  formula  in  this 
case  is.  43  ozs.  of  standard  gold  are  worth  $800.  Hence,  multiply  standard  ozs  by 
800,  and  divide  by  43,  and  you  obtain  the  value.  To  find  the  value  per  oz..  divide 
the  total  value  by  standard  ozs.  and  you  have  the  value  of  1  oz.  of  gold  900  fine.  To 
find  the  value  of  gold  at  any  degree  of  fineness,  multiply  $20.671834  (which  is  the 
value  of  1  oz.  of  gold  1000  fine)  by  the  degree  of  fineness  of  which  you  wish  to  find 
the  value.  Example.— What  is  the  value  of  1  oz.  of  gold  90  fine?  $20.6718X90  = 
$1.86.<4620.  The  value  of  silver  per  oz.  is  computed  from  the  formula  that  99  ozs 
of  pure  silver  (1000  fine)  are  worth  $128.  Hence,  1  oz.  is  worth  $1.29  29  etc  and 
the  .001  of  an  oz.  is  worth  $.000.129.29.  And  11  ozs.  of  standard  silver  (90o'fiue) 
are  worth  $12.80,  and  hence,  1  oz.  of  standard  silver  is  worth  $1.16.36.  These  val, 
ues,  (i.  e.  $1.29  for  flue  silver  and  $1.16  for  standard  silver)  are  the  intrinsic  values 
of  silver,  being  the  values  at  which  silver  is  equal  to  gold,  dollar  for  dollar,  or  as 
$1  is  to  15.98837,  etc.  Silver,  however,  usually  commands  a  premium  which  varies 
with  the  supply  and  demand.  The  premium  allowed  by  the  Branch  Mint  and 
other  institutions  on  silver  contained  in  gold  deposits  made  for  coinage  is  four 
per  cent.  If  1  oz.  of  pure  silver  (1000  fine)  is  worth  $1.29.29,  1  oz  of  silver  900 
fine  is  worth  $1.16.30  (viz.,  $1.29.29x'.<00).  Hence,  a  silver  bar  weighing  1000  ozs 
and  containing  900  parts  of  silver,  or  900  fine,  multiplied  by  $1.16.36  equals  $1  163  - 
80.  Calculations  of  the  value  of  metal  may  also  be  ascertained  by  reducing  the 
proportions  to  fine  gold  and  silver,  and  multiplying  by  the  value  per  oz  of  pure 
gold  and  pure  silver.  The  following  rule  is  applicable,  viz.,  Gross  weight  multi- 
plied by  fineness,  divided  by  1000  gives  net  weight  of  pure  metal. 
EXAMPLE.— A  bar  500  ozs.  gross,  820  fine  of  gold,  170  fine  of  silver. 

500x820=410  o/s.  pure  gold,  at  $20.67.18 $847544 

600X  170=85  ozs.  pure  silver,  at  $1.29.29 !....!     'l09  8!> 

Total  value $8,585  33 

THE  WORLD'S  PRODUCTION  OF  CtOIiD  AMD  SILVER. 

From  1492  to  June  30,  1881.* 


COUNTRIES. 

SILVER. 

GOLD. 

TOTAL. 

ANNUAL 
PRODUCT'N. 

Africa  

$55,000,000 

$334,325,340 
40,875,370 
135,174,396 
1,853,919,316 
679,347,107 
151,898,100 
139,467,140 
610,501,675 
85,327,582 
1,305,000,000 
1,126,212,047 
9,000,000 
608,999,653 
40,000,000 
83^58,340 
6,257,374,000 

$395,325.340 
42,875,370 
2,826,455,055 
2,366,433,926 
595,347,107 
1,501,398,047 
248,491,438 
612,501.675 
1,181,684,666 
1,350,000,000 
1,399,173,650 
287,731,339 
716,879,944 
298,388,604 
208,702,340 
8.691,374,000 

$6,000,008 
2,000,000 
16,000,000 
87,000,000 
6.000,000 
10,000,000 
6,000,000 
2,000,000 
6,000,000 
30,000,000 
3,000,000 
4,000,000 
23,000,000' 
2,000,000 
12,000,000 

America,  N'th;  B.  Columbia 
"            "      Mexico  
"            "     United  States 
"         South;  Brazil  
"           "  Bolivia(Potosi) 
"           "    Chile  

2,675,280,659 
425,514,610 
11,000,000 
1,339,499,947 
104,024,298 

"           "    New  Grenada 
"           "    Peru  

i,o'90,357,684 
15,000,000 
269,961,603 
274,731,339 
84,880,291 
256,388,604 
113,244,000 
3,434,000,000 

Australia  

Europe,  Austria  —  Hungary. 

"          Miscellaneous  .... 
Miscellaneous  Countries  ... 
The  World  previous  to  1492.  . 

Total  

$10,148,882,435 

$12,360,880,066 

$22,722,762,501 

$213,000,000 

NOTE. — The  aggregate  amount  of  the  precious  metals  at  any  period  can  only  be 
estimated;  that  back  of  the  present  century,  wild  conjecture. 

Authorities  for  the  above  table  are:  A.  Soetbeer,  Ahnanach  de  Gotha;  Otreschkoff, 
Russian  Counselor;  J.  J.Valentine,  Pres..W.  F.  &  Co.,  etc.  The  results  are  our  own. 
EDITOR  STATISTICIAN.  *Add  the  Annual  Production  to  future  dates. 

Abrasion.— On  $1,000,000  shipped  (from  New  York  to  Liverpool,)  across  th« 
Atlantic,  the  abrasion  will  be  about  16  ounces,  or  $256  1G-96;  and  proportionately 
for  larger  amounts,  and  longer  Oiauuicwti 


510  THE  GREAT   PYRAMID  .IEEZEH 


Ctold  Weight, 

The  nnlt  is  one-half  of  a  gramme,  subdivided  into  1,000  psrtB. 
Jewelers'  Oold  Weight. 

1  Carat  =.  10  Pwts.  Troy. 

1  Carat  grain  =  2  Pwtsi.  12  grains  or  CO  grains  Troy. 

2i  Carats  «  1  found  Troy. 

DIAMOND  WEIGHT. 

16  Parts  =  1  Grain  &»  J&  Grain    Troy 

4  Grains  =  1  Carat  -»  3.17Grains  Troy 

20  Parts  Diamond  Weight  =  1  drain    'Jroy. 

UNITED  STATES  COINAGE. 

Gold  and  Silver  when  pure  are  1,000  fine;  or,  by  the  old  method  24  carats  fine. 

Except  for  jewelry  the  old  carat  system  is  generally  abandoned.  One  carat  =  41% 
thousandths. 

The  standard  fineness  of  United  States  coin  is  900;  or,  by  the  old  system, 
24X900=21.6  carats  fine. 

The  alloy  for  United  States  gold  coin  is  pure  silver  and  copper;  for  silver  coin  the 
alloy  is  pure  copper. 

Gold  for  coinage  is  refined  from  990  to  997  Ji  fine,  the  inferior  metal  it  then  holds 
being  pure  silver  left  for  alloy. 

When  alloyed  with  copper  the  proportion  of  gold  is  in  accordance  with  its  fineness 
as  the  alloy  must  be  900  fine  or  -fe  pure  gold. 

For  examples  — 

Suppose  the  refined  gold  to  be  990  fine,  — 

Itt  parts  gold,  990  fine  =  -fc  parts  1,000  fine. 

Gold  990  fine,  the  inferior  metal  it  holds  being  pure  silver,  and 
the  alloy  pure  copper,  the  proportions  for  coin,  900  fine,  would  be  — 
.a.  pure  gold  +  T|-  pure  silver  +  -fa  pure   copper  =  standard    coin; 
or,  -J-&  gold  9'JO  fine  4-  -J-  pure  copper—  standard  coin 
Suppose  the  refined  gold  to  be  995  fine,  — 

|&a  parts  gold  995  fine  =  -H-  parts  1,000  fine. 

Gold  995  fine,  the  inferior  metal  it  holds  being  pure  silver,  and  the 
alloy  pure  copper,  the  proportions  for  coin,  900  fine,  would  be-  - 
-j&j.  pu»e  gold  -f  -pj^-y  pure  silver  +  -l^  pure  copper=standard  coin; 
or,  laa  gold  995  fine  +  -1^-  pure  copper=standard  coin. 

MINT  VALUES  OF  GOLD,  SILVER  AND  COPPER. 

1  Ounce  gold  .....................................  1,000  fine  =  $20  .  671  8846 

1  Ounce  silver  ....................................  1,000  fine  =      1.292929 

1  Ounce  Copper  ..................................  1,000  fine  =        .028571 

1  Grain  gold  .............  .*.  .......................  1,000  fine  =        .  0430663 

1  Grain  silver,  ...................................  1  ,000  fine  =       .0026936 

1  Grain  copper  ..................................  1,000  fine  =       .0000595 

The  above  values  are  standard  as  regards  gold,  those  of  silver  and  copper  are  only 
comparative  as  the  prices  at  which  the  Mint  buys  the  latter  metals  are  changed 
from  time  to  time  according  to  their  value  in  the  market. 

EXAMPLE  1—  Required  the  Mint  value  of  11  ounces  gold,  850  fine. 

Solution.  11  (ounces)  X  .850  (fineness)  X20.671-34  (Mint  value  per  ounce)  = 
$193  .281245850  or  $193.28.,  Mint  value. 

EXAMPLE  2—  Required  the  Mint  value  of  19  pennyweights  23  grains  gold  785  fine. 

Solution—  Reduced  to  grains  =479  (grains)  X  •  785  .  (fineness)  XlO.  0430663  (M«o« 
value  per  grain)  =$16.1935747945  or  |16.19=Mint  value. 


\VKKJHTS  AND  MEASURES  511 


UNITED    STATES    MINT. 


DEPOSIT  MELTING  CHARGE. 
On  bullion  (or  coin)  below  standard,  and  not  required  to  be  parted  or  refined: 

^cr  each  melt  of  1,000  ounces,  or  less .  .$100 

Over  500  ounces One  mili'peY ounce. 

PASTING  AND  REFINING  CHARGES. 
Parting  Gold  and  Silver,  or  Refining  Gold. — Rate  per  ounce  gross  of  deposit. 

Bullion  containing  not  less  than  200  M  Gold Zcente. 

Bullion  containing  from  200  M  to  399J$  M  Gold     

"     400Mto699M  M     "     ..." .....'..'.'.'.'.'.'.    4      " 

"     709  Handover        "     6      " 

over  100  M  base  metal,  additional j  cent. 

And  in  addition  to  the  above,  on  deposits  requiring  parting  (except  Silver  Pur- 
chasee) ,  or  Refining  Gold: 

For  each  deposit  of  1,000  ounces  or  less.... $1  0( 

"  over  1,000  ounces One  mill  p<jr  ounce,  gross. 

For  gold  coin  or  standard  gold  bars,  the  rate  per  ounce  charge  will  be  imposed 

only  on  the  number  of  ounces  required  to  be  refined,  to  raise  the  whole  to  standard. 

Silver  allowed  the  depositor  is  calculated  on  the  basis  of  refining  the  gold  to  990  M. 

REFINING  SILVER.— RATE  PEB  OUNCE  GROSS  OF  DEPOSIT. 

Bullion  containing  less  than  897  M  silver 2    cents. 

«97  Mto979hi  M      "      1J$     " 

880Mto9973$M     "      I        " 

In  addition  to  the  above  on  silver  deposits  requiring  refining  (except  purchases) 
a  charge  on  each  deposit  of 

1,000  ounces  or  less  $1  00.    Over  1.000  ounces,  one  mill  per  ounce  gross. 
The  rate  per  ounce  charge  will  be  imposed  only  on  the  number  of  ounces  required 
to  be  refined  to  raise  the  whole  to  standard. 

TOUGHENING  CHABGE. — Gold  Bullion %  to  2  cents  per  ounce  gross. 

Silver  Bullion ?£  to  1  cent  per  ounce  gross. 

ALLOT  CHARGE.— On  the  number  of  ounces  of  copper  required  to  reduce  the  bullion 

to  standard,  2  cents  per  ounce  troy. 

BAB  CHABGE. — On  bullion  deposited  for  Bars,  and  not  required  to  be  parted  or 
refined: 

Bars  of  fine  gold  per  $100  value 10  cents. 

"    standard  gold  per  $100  value 10     " 

"    fine  silver  per  ounce  fine \  cent. 

"    standard  silver  per  ounce  standard M     " 

"    large  silvar  per  ounce  gross J$      " 

•*    imparted  silver  per  ounce  gross }$     " 

No  deposit  of  bullion  is  received  of  less  value  than  one  hundred  dollars. 
Assays  of  samples  of  ore  and  bullion  are  made  at  a  charge  of  three  dollars  for 
each  assay. 

WASTE  IN  COINING,  AND  DEVIATION  IN  WEIGHT. 

The  manufacture  of  coin  IB  protected  by  a  very  efficient  system,  the  employes  of 
each  department  of  the  mint  being  held  strictly  responsible  for  all  material  received 
by  them  in  accordance  with  certain  allowances. 

Waste — Melters'and  Refiners' allowance  of  Gold 1     ounce  in  1000 

Coiners' allowance  of  Gold J4  ounce  in  1000 

Melters'  and  Refiners'  allowance  of  Silver l}j  ounce  in  1000 

Coiners'  allowance  of  Silver 1     ounce  in  1000 

Deviation  allowed  from  Standard  Weight- 
Twenty  and  Ten  Dollar  pieces M  grain 

Other  gold  pieces %  grain 

Silver  pieces 1%  grain 

On  each  draft— 

Of  $5,000  gold,  in$20,flO,  $5  or  $2k  pieces 01  ounce 

Of  one  thousand  $3  or  $1  gold  pieces 01  ounce 

Of  one  thousand  $1,  50  ct.,  or  25  ct.  pieces .02  ounce 

Of  one  thousand  dimes. 01  ounce 


512 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


UNITED  STATES  MONEY. 

10  Mills  (M)                                         =  1  Cent  c. 

10  Cents                                                =  1  Dime  d. 

10  Dimes                                              =  1  Dollar  $. 

=  1  Eagle  E. 


>  dollar  and  derives  its  name  from  the  Latin  word 


10  Dollars 

The  Mill  is  one  thousandth  of 
mille,  -which  means  a  thousand. 

The  Cent  is  one  hundredth  of  a  dollar  and  derives  its  name  frcia  the  Latin  word 
centum,  which  means  a  hundred. 

The  Dime  is  one-tenth  of  a  dollar  and  derives  its  name  from  the  French  word 
disme,  which  means  ten. 

UNITED  STATES  GOLD  COINS  PREVIOUS  TO  1831. 


Denomination. 

Fine- 
ness. 

Weight  in 
Grains  of 
Pure  Metal. 

Weight  in 
Grains  of 
Alloy. 

Full  Weight 
in  Grains. 

Value. 

Eagle  

$10.00 
5.00 
2.50 

916  ?i 
916*3 
916?i 

247.5 
123.75 
61.875 

22.5 
11.25 

5.625 

270 
135 
67.5 

$10.66 
5.33 

2.<i6 

Half  Eagle  
Quarter  Eagle  .  . 

UNITED  STATES  GOLD  COINS  SUBSEQUENT  TO  1834. 


Double  Eagle... 
Eagle  

$20.00 
10.00 

900 
900 

+  464.4 
232.2 

51.6 
25.8 

516 
258 

$20.00 
10.00 

Half  Eagle  
Three  Dollars.. 
Quarter  Eagle. 
Dollar  

6.00 
3.00 
2.50 
1.00 

900 
900 
900 
900 

116.1 
69.66 
58.05 
23.22 

12.9 

7.74 
6  45 
2.58 

129 
77.4 
64.5 
25.8 

5.00 
3.00 
2.50 
1.00 

UNITED  STATES  SILVER  COINS  PREVIOUS  TO  1837. 


Half  Dollar  .... 
Quarter  Dollar. 
Dime  

.50 
.25 
.10 
.05 

S'.i'J4  '  -, 
8924  Ji 
8924  Jj 
8924  y, 

185.626 
02.813 
37.125 

18.563 

22.374 
11.187 
4.475 
2.237 

208 
104 
41.6 

20.8 

.53.4 
.26.7 
.10.6 
.05.3 

Half  Dime  

UNITED  STATES  SILVER  COINS  FROM  1837  TO  1853. 


Dollar  

$1.00 

900 

371.25 

41.25 

412  5" 

$1.06.9 

Half  Dollar  
Quarter  Dollar. 
Dime  

.50 
.25 
.10 

900 
900 
900 

185.626 
92.81-3 
37  125 

20.625 
10.312 
4  125 

206.251 
103.125 
41  250 

.53.4 
.26.7 
.10  6 

Half  Dime  

Three  Cts.  1851. 

.05 
.03 

900 

875 

18.563 
10.828 

2.062 
1.547 

20.625 
12.375 

.05.3 
.03.1 

UNITED  STATES  SILVER  COINS  SINCE  1853. 


Trade  Dollar.  .. 
Dollar  

$1.00 
1.00 

900 
900 

378 
371  25 

42 
41  25 

420 
412  5 

$1.08.9 
1.06.9 

Half  Dollar  
Quarter  Dollar.  . 
Twenty  Cents*. 
Dime  

.50 
.25 
.20 
10 

900 
900 
900 
900 

173.61 
-     86.805 
69.444 
34  722 

19  29 
9.645 
7.716 
3  858 

192.90 
96.45 
77.16 
38  58 

.50 
.25 
.20 
.10 

Half  Dime*.... 
Three  Cents*... 

.05 
.03 

900 
900 

17.361 
10.413 

1.929 
1.157 

19.29 
11.57 

.05 

.03 

UNITED  STATES  COPPER  COINS. 


Denomination. 

Act  of 

Grains  of 
Copper. 

Grains  of 
Nickel. 

Grains  of 
Zinc. 

Grains  of 
Tin. 

Full  Weight 
in  Grains. 

Old  Copper  Ct.* 

1793 

168 

168 

One  Cent  
Two  Cents  *  

1864 
1865 

45  6 
91.2 

4  8  " 

1.44 

.96 

48 
90 

Three  Cents  

1865 

24. 

8 

32 

Five  Cents  

1866 

57.87 

19.29 

77.16 

*  No  longer  coined .    t  Which  is=$l 9. 99998972  pure  gold. 


WKKiHTS  AND  MEASURES  513 


I.i:4;  AL,  TENDER. 

The  GOLD  COINS  of  the  United  States  are  a  legal  tender  In  all  payments  at  their 
nominal  value  when  not  below  the  standard  weight  and  limit  of  tolerance,  provided 
by  law  for  the  single  piece;  and  when  reduced  in  weight  Below  such  standard  or 
tolerance  are  a  legal  tender  at  valuation  In  proportion  to  their  actual  weight. 

LEGAL  TENDER  OP  SII/VTEB  Coivs.— Under  the  enactments  of  Congress  the 
status  of  the  silver  coins  is  as  follows: —The  Trade  Dollar  is  not  legal  tender  for  any 
purpose. 

The  Standard  Silver  Dollar  is  not  a  legal  tender  when  otherwise  expressed  in  a 
contract;  and  most  contracts  of  any  magnitude  are  now  by  business  men  made 
payable  only  in  U.  S.  Gold  Coin. 

The  Subsidiary  Silver  Coins,  meaning  the  half  dollar,  the  quarter  dollar  and  the 
dime,  are  legal  tender  only  to  the  amount  of  ten  dollars. 

It  is  a  serious  question  whether  under  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  the 
Congress  has  power  to  demonetize  the  silver  coins  of  the  United  States. 

THE  Mix  OB  COINS. — The  minor  coins  (nickels  and  coppers)  are,  under  the  con- 
gressional enactments,  a  legal  tender  to  the  amount  of  only  tw£nty-fi  ve  cents. 

But  under  the  U.  S.  Constitution  it  is  very  doubtful  whether  nickel,  copper  or 
anything  other  than  gold  coin  and  silver  coin  can  be  made  a  legal  tender,  or  in 
constitutional  and  proper  language,  "a  tender  in  payment  of  debts." 
No  foreign  gold  or  silver  coins  are  a  legal  tender  in  the  payment  of  debts. 

ORIGIN  OF  THE  DOLLAR. 

The  monetary  unit  of  this  country  prior  to  July  6,1785,  was  the  English  pound. 
On  that  date  the  Continental  Congress  established  the  dollar  in  its  place,  its  precise 
weigh  t  and  value  being  fixed  August  6,  1786,  which  was  about  that  of  the  old  Span- 
ish Carolus  pillar  dollar.  The  dollar  was  not  original  with  Spain,  its  true  origin 
being  the  "  Joachim's  Thaler,"  first  coined  in  the  mines  of  the  Bohemian  Valley  of 
Want  Joachim. 

ENGLISH  MONEY. 

4  Farthings  (far.)  =  1  Penny     d. 

12  Pence  =  1  Shilling  s. 

20  Shillings  =  1  Pound    £. 

In  England  a  pound  of  standard  Troy  gold,  916/1  fine,  is  coined  Into  £4f>  1-K  fid. 
The  full  weight  of  one  gold  pound  or  sovereign  is  123.274  grains  of  standard  gold,  or 
113.001  grains  of  pure  gold. 

Allowing  for  the  abrasion  or  wear,  a  sovereign  weighing  122.75  grains  of  standard 
gold,  in  England  is  a  legal  tender  for  the  payment  of  debts. 

The  alloy  for  gold  coin  is  copper.  Before  1826  silver  entered  into  the  composition 
of  English  gold  coin  ;  hence,  the  difference  in  color  of  different  coinages. 

A  pound  of  silver,  92.5  per  cent  silver  and  7.5  copper,  is  coined  into  66  shillings. 
The  full  weight  of  a  shilling  is  87.273  grains  standard  silver,  or  80.729  grains  of  pure 
silver. 

A  pound  of  copper  is  coined  into  2-1  pennies. 

A  pound  of  bronze,  95  parts  copper,  4  parts  tin  and  1  part  zinc,  is  coined  into  40 
pennies,  or  80  half  pennies,  or  160  farthings. 

Bank  of  England  notes  are  a  legal  tender  In  England  for  any  sum  exceeding  £5. 
Gold  is  a  legal  tender  for  any  amount,  silver,  not  exceeding  40  shillings,  and  copper 
not  exceeding  12d,  when  in  pennies  or  in  half  pennies,  and  not  exceeding  Cd  when 
in  farthings. 

FRENCH  MONEY. 

10  Centimes  =  1  Decime. 

10  Declines  =1  Franc. 

All  French  coin  is  based  on  the  graimne,  the  unit  of  weight. 

A  kilogramme  of  standard  gold  .9  pure  is  coined  into  3,100  francs.  The  denomi- 
nations of  gold  coin  are  100,  50,  20, 10  and  5  franc  pieces.  The  alloy  is  copper. 

A  kilogramme  of  silver  .9  pure  is  coined  into  200  francs.  The  denominations  of 
silver  coins  are  5,  2, 1,  .4  and  1A  franc  pieces. 

The  copper  coins  of  France  since  1852  contain  95  parts  copper,  4  parts  tin  and  1 
part  zinc.  The  denominations  are  10,  5, 2  and  1  centimes,  which  weigh  1  gramme 
for  each  centime. 

COMPARATIVE  VALUES  OF  GOLD  AND  SILVER. 
United  States,  estimating  silver  1,  gold  is  15.988. 
England,  "       I.         "     14.287. 

France,  "  "      1,         "     15.50. 

Spain,  .    "  "      1,         "     16.00. 

China,  "  "       1,         "     14.25. 

In  the  United  States  we  have  a  double  standard ;  in  Germany  and  England  gold 
is  the  standard,  and  practically  so  in  France  and  Italy;  in  most  other  European 
countries  silver  is  the  standard. 


514 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


EQUIVALENTS  OS'  ENGLISH  AND  UNITED  STATES  MONE*. 


NOTE— The  United  States  Mint  valuation  of  the  English  sovereign,  $4. 
the  basis  of  these  computations. 


3.6}, !• 


Id 

$  .02* 

5s  4d 

$1.30 

10s  7d 

.?-2  .  .17 

15s  lOd 

$3.85 

2 

.04 

5   5 

1.3-2 

10   8 

2.59 

15  11 

3.87 

3 

.Oli 

5   6 

1.34 

10   9 

2.61 

1  16 

3  89 

4 

.08 

5   7 

1.36 

10  10 

2.63 

16   1 

3.91 

5 

.10 

5   8 

1.38  . 

10  11 

2.65 

16   2 

3.  93 

6 

.12 

5   9 

1.40  - 

11 

2.68 

16   3 

3.95 

7 

.14 

5  10 

1.42 

11   1 

2.70 

16   4 

3  97 

8 

.16 

5  11 

1.44 

11   2 

2.72 

16   5 

3  99 

9 

.18 

6 

1.46 

11   3 

2.74 

16   6 

4.01 

10 

.20 

6   1 

1.48 

11   4 

2.76 

16   7 

4.03 

11 

.22 

6   2 

1.50 

11   5 

2.78 

16   8 

4  05 

Is 

.24* 

6   3 

1.52 

11   6 

2.80 

16   9 

4.07 

1   1 

.26 

6   4 

1.54 

11   7' 

2.82 

16  10 

4.09 

1   2 

.28 

6   5 

1.56 

11   8 

2.84 

16  11 

4.11 

1   3 

.30 

6   6 

1.58 

11   9 

2.86 

17 

4.14 

1   4 

.32 

6   7 

1.60 

11  10 

2.88 

17   1 

4.16 

1   5 

.34 

6   8 

1.62 

11  11 

2.90 

17   2 

4.18 

1   6 

.36 

6   9 

1.64 

12 

2.92 

17   3 

4.20 

1   7 

.38 

6  10 

1.66 

12   1 

2.!«4 

17   4 

4.22 

1   8 

.40 

6  11 

1.68 

12   2 

2.96 

17   5 

4.34 

1   9 

.42 

7 

1.70 

12   3 

2.98 

17   6 

4.26 

1  10 

.44 

7   1 

1.72 

12   4 

3.00 

17   7 

4.28 

1  11 

.46 

7   2 

1.74 

12   5 

3  02 

17   8 

4.30 

2 

.49 

7   3 

1.76 

12   6 

3.04 

17   9 

4.32 

2   1 

.51 

7   4 

1.78 

12   7 

3.06 

17  10 

4  34 

2   2 

.53 

7   5 

1.80 

12   8 

3.  -08 

17  11 

4.36 

2   3 

.55 

7   6 

1.82 

12   9 

3.10 

18 

4.38 

2   4 

.57 

7   7 

1.84 

12  10 

3.12 

18   1 

4.40 

2   5 

.59 

7   8 

1.86 

12  11 

3.14 

18   2 

4.42 

2   6 

.Gl 

7   9 

1.88 

13 

3.16 

18   3 

4.44 

2   7 

.63 

7  10 

1.90 

13   1 

3.18 

18   4 

4.40 

2   8 

.65 

7  11 

1.9-2 

13   2 

3.20 

18   5 

4.48 

2   9 

.67 

8 

1.95 

13   3 

3.  '22 

18   6 

4.50 

2  10 

.69 

8   1 

1.97 

13   4 

3.24 

18   7 

4.5i 

2  11 

.71 

8   2 

1.99 

13   5 

3.26 

18   8 

4.54 

3 

.73 

8   3 

2.01 

13   6 

3.28 

18   9 

4.5« 

3   1 

.75 

8   4 

2.03 

13   7 

3.30 

18  10 

4.58 

3   2 

.77 

8   5 

2.05 

13   8 

3.32 

18  11 

4.60 

3   3 

.79 

8   6 

2.07 

13   S 

3.34 

19 

4.62 

3   4 

.81 

8   7 

2.09 

13  10 

3.36 

19   1 

4.64 

3   5 

.83 

8   8 

2.11 

13  11 

3.38 

19   2 

4.  C.fi 

3   6 

.85 

8   9 

2.13 

14 

3.41 

19   3 

4.68 

3   7 

.87 

8  10 

2.15 

14   1 

3.43 

19   4 

'4.70 

3   8 

.89 

8  11 

2.17  . 

14   2 

3.45 

19   5 

4.72 

3   9 

.91 

9 

2.19 

14   3 

3.47 

19   6 

4.74 

3  10 

.93 

9   1 

2.21 

14   4 

3.49 

19   7 

4.76 

3  11 

.95 

9   2 

2.23 

14   5 

3.51 

19   8 

4.78 

4 

.97 

9   3 

2.25 

14   6 

3.53 

19   9 

4.80 

4   1 

.99 

9   4 

2.27 

14   7 

3.55 

19  10 

4.82 

4   2 

1  01 

9   5 

2.29 

14   8 

3.57 

19  11 

4.84 

4   3 

1.03 

9   6 

2.31 

14   9 

3.59 

£1  ..   .. 

4.8? 

4   4 

1.05 

9   7 

2.33 

14  10 

3.61 

1  ..   1 

4.89 

4   5 

1.07 

9   8 

2.35 

14  11 

3.63 

1  ..   2 

4.91 

4   6 

1.09 

9   9 

2.37 

15 

3.65 

1  ..   3 

4.93 

4   7 

1.11 

9  10 

2.39 

15   1 

3.67 

1  ..   4 

4.95 

4   8 

1.13 

9  11 

2.41 

15   2 

3.69 

1  ..   5 

4.97 

4   9 

1.15 

10 

2.43 

15   3 

3.71 

1  ..   6 

4.99 

4  10 

1.17 

10   1 

2.45 

15   4 

3.73 

1  ..   7 

5.01 

4  11 

1.19 

10   2 

2  47 

15   5 

3.75 

1  ..   8 

5.03 

5 

1.22 

10   3 

2.49 

15   6 

3.77 

1  ..   9 

5.05 

6   1 

1.24 

10   4 

2.51 

15   7 

3.79 

1  ..  10 

5.07 

5   2 

1.26 

10   5 

2.53 

15   8 

3.81 

1  ..  11 

5.09 

5   3 

1.28 

10   6 

2.55 

15   9 

3.83 

11.. 

5.11 

*1  penny  ='2 


.  cents-        j  shilling  =24  $li  cents. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


515 


KQUIVALENTS  OF  ENGLISH  AND  T3.  8.  MONEY— CONTINUED. 


£1    la  Id 

$5.13 

£1    6s  lOd 

$6.53 

£1    12s  7d 

$7.93 

£1    18s  4d 

$9.33 

112 

5.15 

1     6    11 

6.55 

1    12    8 

V.95 

1    18    5 

9.35 

113 

5.17 

1     7 

6.57 

1     12    9 

7.97 

1    18    6 

9.37 

114 

5.19 

171 

6.59 

1     12  10 

7.99 

1    18    7 

9.39 

115 

6.21 

172 

6.H1 

1    12  11 

8.01 

1    18    8 

9.41 

116 

6.23 

173 

6.63 

1     13 

8.03 

1    1       9 

9.43 

117 

5.25 

17      4 

6.65 

1     13    1 

8.05 

1    18  10 

9.45 

118 

5-27 

175 

6.67 

1     13    2 

8.07 

1    18  31 

9  47 

119 

5  .  '29 

176 

6.<>9 

1     13    3 

8.09 

1    19 

9.49 

1     1  10 

5.31 

177 

6.71 

1     13    4 

8.11 

1    19    1 

9.51 

1     1  11 

6.33 

1     7      8 

6.73 

1     13    5 

8.13 

1    19    2 

9.53 

1     2 

5.:io 

179 

6.75 

1     13    6 

8.15 

I    19    3 

9.55 

121 

5.37 

1     7    10 

6.77 

1     13    7 

8.17 

1    19    4 

9  57 

122 

5.39 

1    7     11 

6.79 

1    13    8 

8  19 

1    19    5 

9.09 

123 

5.41 

1     8 

6.81 

1     13    9 

8.21 

1    19    6 

9.61 

124 

6.43 

181 

6.83 

1     13  10 

8.23 

1     19    7 

9.63 

125 

5.45 

182 

6.85 

1     13  11 

8.25 

1    19    8 

9.65 

126 

6.47 

183 

6.87 

1     14 

8.27 

1    19    9 

9.67 

127 

5.49 

184 

6.89 

1     14    1 

8.29 

1    19  10 

9.C9 

128 

6.51 

185 

6.91 

1     14    2 

8.31 

1    19  11 

9.71 

129 

5.53 

1     8      6 

6.93 

1     14    3 

8.33 

2     ..   .. 

9.73 

1    2  10 

B.M 

187 

6.95 

1     14     4 

8.35 

2     ..     1 

9.75 

1     2  11 

5.57 

188 

6.97 

1     14    5 

8.37 

2     ..     2 

9.77 

1    3 

5.59 

189 

6.99 

1     14    6 

8.39 

2     ..     3 

9.79 

131 

5.62 

1     8     10 

7.01 

1     14    7 

8.41 

2     ..     4 

9.81 

132 

5.64 

1     8    11 

7.03 

1     14     8 

8.43 

2     ..     6 

9.83 

133 

5.66 

1    9 

7.06 

1     14    9 

8.45 

2     ..     6 

9.85 

134 

5.fi8 

191 

7.08 

1     14  10 

8.47 

2     ..     7 

9.87 

135 

5.70 

192 

7.10 

1     14  11 

8.49 

2     ..     8 

9.89 

136 

5.72 

193 

7.12 

1     15 

8.51 

2     ..     9 

9..1 

137 

5.74 

194 

7.14 

1     15    1 

8.*4 

2     ..  10 

9.^3 

138 

5.76 

195 

7.16 

1     15     2 

8.66 

2     ..11 

9  95 

139 

5.78 

196 

7.18 

1    15     3 

8.58 

2      1 

9.97 

1     3  10 

5.80 

197 

7.20 

1     15    4 

8.60 

211 

10.00 

1     3  11 

5.82 

198 

7.22 

1     15    5 

8  62 

212 

10.02 

1    4 

5.84 

199 

7.24 

1     15    6 

8.64 

213 

10.04 

141 

5.86 

1    9    10 

7.26 

1     15     7 

8.66 

214 

10  .06 

142 

6.88 

1    9    11 

7.28 

1     15    8 

8.68 

215 

10.03 

143 

5.90 

1  10 

7.30 

1     15    9 

8.70 

216 

10.10 

144 

5.92 

1  10      1 

7.32 

1     15  10 

8.72 

217 

10.1!? 

145 

6.94 

1  10      2 

7.34 

1     15  11 

8.74 

218 

10.14 

146 

5.96 

1  10      3 

7.36 

1     16 

8.76 

219 

10  16 

147 

5.98 

1  10      4 

7.38 

1     16    1 

8.78 

2      1  10 

1(1.18 

148 

6.00 

1  10      6 

7.40 

1     16    2 

8.80 

2      1  11 

10  20 

149 

6.02 

1  10      6 

7.42 

1     36    3 

8.82 

2      2 

10.22 

1     4  10 

6.04 

1  10      7 

7.44 

1     16    4 

8.34 

221 

10.24 

1     4  11 

6.06 

1  10      8 

7.46 

1     16     5 

8.86 

222 

10.26 

1    5 

6.08 

1  10      9 

7.48 

1     16    6 

8.88 

223 

10.28 

151 

6.10 

1  10    10 

7.50 

1     16    7 

8.90 

224 

10.30 

152 

6.12 

1  10    11 

7.52 

1    16    8 

8.92 

225 

10.32 

153 

6.14 

1  11 

7  54 

1     16    9 

8.94 

226 

10.34 

154 

6.10 

1  11      1 

7.56 

1    16  10 

8.96 

227 

10.36 

155 

6.18 

1  11      2 

7.58 

1    1«  11 

8.98 

228 

10.38 

156 

6.20 

1  11      3 

7.60 

1     17 

9.00 

229 

10.40 

157 

6.22 

1  11      4 

7  62 

1     17     1 

9.02 

2      2  10 

10.42 

158 

6.24 

1  11       5 

7.64 

1    17    2 

9.04 

2      2  11 

10.44 

159 

6.26 

1  11       6 

7.66 

1    17    3 

9.06 

2      3 

10  46 

1     5  10 

6.28 

1  11      7 

7.68 

1     17    4 

9.08 

231 

10.48 

1     5  11 

6.30 

1  11       8 

7.70 

1    17    5 

9.10 

232 

10.50 

1     6 

6.32 

1  11       9 

7.72 

1     17     6 

9.12 

233 

10.52 

161 

6.35 

1  11     10 

7.74 

1     17    7 

9  14 

234 

10.54 

1     G    2 

6.37 

1  11     11 

7.76 

1     17     8 

9.16 

235 

10.5C 

163 

6.39 

1  12 

7.78 

1    17    9 

9,18 

236 

10.58 

164 

6.41 

1  12      1 

7.81 

1     17  10 

9.20 

237 

10.  (10 

165 

6.43 

1  12      2 

7.83 

1     17  11 

9.22 

238 

10.62 

166 

6.45 

1  12      3 

7.85 

1     18 

9,24 

2      «    9 

10.64 

167 

6.47 

1  12      4 

7.87 

1     18    1 

9.27 

2      3  10 

10.66 

168 

6.49 

1  12      5 

7.89 

1     18    2 

9.29 

2      3  11 

10.68 

169 

6.51 

1  12      6 

7.91 

1     18    3 

9.31 

2      4 

10.70 

516 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


JUQU1VALENT8  OF  ENGLISH  AND  V.  8.  MO-NEY— COXTINLKD. 

Ncr» — This  continuation  of  the  preceding  tables  includes  only  pounds  sterling. 
To  ascertain  the  equivalent  of  an  amount  expressed  in  pounds,  shillings  and  pence. 
to  the  amount  given  in  this  page  for  pounds  add  the  equivalent  for  shillings  and" 
pence  as  shown  in  the  preceding  tables. 


*  1 

$    4.86.634 

£  66 

$321.18.9 

£131 

$637.51.1)4 

£196 

$    953.83.4 

2 

9.73.3 

67 

32(5.05.5)4 

132 

642.37.8 

197 

958.70.0J* 

3 

H.59.9J4 

68 

330.92.2 

133 

647.24.4J4 

198 

963.  "6.  7 

4 

19.46.6 

G9 

335.V8.8J4 

134 

652.11.1 

199 

968.43.3J4 

6 

24.33  2J4 

70 

340.65.5 

135 

656.97.7)4 

200 

973.30 

6 

29.19.9 

71 

345.52.1)4 

188 

661.84.4 

201 

978.16.6)4 

7 

34.06.5)$ 

72 

350.38.8 

137 

666.71.0J4 

202 

983.03  3 

8 

38.93.2 

73 

355.25.4)4 

138 

671.57.7 

203 

987.89.9)4 

9 

4:<.79.8)4 

74 

360.12.1 

139 

676.44.3J4 

204 

992.76.6 

10 

48.66.5 

75 

864.98.7)4 

140 

681.31 

205 

'.".'7.63.2)$ 

11 

53.53.1)j 

76 

369.85.4 

141 

686.17.6J4 

206  i      1,002.49.9 

12 

68.39.8 

77 

374.72.0J4 

142 

691.04.3 

207 

1,007.  36.  5)4 

13 

63.26.4)4 

78 

379  58.7 

143 

695.90.9J4 

208 

1,012 

14 

68.13.1 

79 

384.45.3)4 

144 

700.77  6 

209 

1,017.  09.  «J6 

15 

72.99.7J4 

80 

889.32 

145 

705.  64.  2  J4 

210 

1,021.96.5 

16 

77.86.4 

81 

394.18.6)4 

146 

710.50.9 

211 

1,026.83.13* 

17 

82.73.0)4 

82 

399.05.3 

147 

715.37  5)4 

212 

2,031.69.8 

18 

87.59.7 

83 

403.91.9)6 

148 

720.24.2 

•.>:3 

1,036.  56.  43<5 

19 

92.46.3J4 

84 

40-S.78.6 

149 

725.10.8)4 

214 

1,041.43.1 

20 

97.33 

85 

413.65.2)4 

150 

729.97.5 

215 

1,046.29.7)4 

21 

102.19.6)4 

f-6 

418.51.9 

151 

734.84.1J4 

216 

1,051.16.4 

22 

107.0fi.3 

87 

423.  at.  5)4 

]52 

739.70.8 

217 

1,056.03.0)4 

23 

111.92.9J4 

88 

428.25.2 

153 

744.57.4J4 

218 

1,060.89.7 

24 

116.79.6 

89 

433.11.HJ4 

154 

749.44.1 

219 

1,065.76.33* 

25 

121.66.2Ji 

90 

437.98.5 

155 

754.30.7)4 

220 

1,070.63 

26 

12C.52.9 

91 

442.85.1J4 

156 

759.17.4 

211 

1,075.49.63* 

27 

131.39.5)4 

92 

447.71.8 

157 

764.04.0)4 

222 

1.080.HC..3 

28 

136.26.2 

93 

452.58.4J4 

158 

768.90.7 

223 

1,085.22.93* 

29 

141.12.8)4 

94 

457.45.1 

159 

773.77.3)4 

224 

1,090.  09.  H 

30 

145.99.5 

95 

462.  31.  7  J4 

160 

778.64 

225 

1,094.96.23* 

31 

150.86.1)4 

96 

467.18.4 

161 

783.50.6J4 

226 

1,099.82.9 

82 

155.72.8 

97 

472.05.0)4 

162 

788.37.3 

227 

1,104.  PH.:;  3* 

33 

160.59.4J4 

98 

476.91.7 

163 

793.23.9J4 

908 

1,109.50.2 

34 

165.46.1 

99 

481.78.3)4 

164 

798.10.6 

229 

1,114.  42.  S3* 

35 

170.32.7)4 

100 

486.65 

165 

802.97.2)4 

230 

1,119.29.5 

36 

175.19.4 

101 

491.51.6)4 

166 

807.83.9 

231 

1,124.16.13* 

37 

180.06.0J4 

102 

496.38.3 

167 

812.70.5)4 

232 

1,129.02.8 

38 

184.92.7 

103 

501.24.9)4 

168 

817.67.2 

233 

1,133.89.43* 

39 

189.79.3)4 

104 

606.11.6 

169 

822.43.8J4 

234 

1,  138.7(5.1 

40 

194.60 

105 

510.98.2)4 

170 

827.30.5 

235 

1,143.62.73* 

41 

399.52.6J4 

106 

615.84.9 

171 

832.17  1J4 

236 

1,148.4'.!  4 

42 

204.39.3 

107 

620.71.5)4 

172 

837.03.8 

237 

1,153.36.03* 

43 

209.25.9)4 

108 

625.68.2 

173 

841.90.4)4 

238 

1,158.22.7 

44 

214.12.6 

109 

630.44.8)4 

174 

846.77.1 

239 

1,163.09.33* 

45 

218.99  2)4 

110 

635.31.5 

175 

851.63.7H 

240 

1,167.96. 

4fi 

223.85.9 

111 

540.18.1)4 

176 

856.50.4 

241 

1,172.82.63* 

47 

228.72.5)4 

112 

545.04.8 

177 

861.37.0)4 

242 

1,177.69.3 

48 

233.59.2 

113 

549.91.4J4 

178 

866.  23  '.7 

243 

1,182.55.93* 

49 

238.45.834 

114 

654.78.1 

179 

871.10.3J4 

244 

1,187.42.6 

SO 

243.32.5 

115 

659.64.7)4 

180 

875.97. 

245 

1,192.29.23* 

51 

248.19.1)4 

116 

664.5^.4 

181 

880.83.6)4 

246 

1.1H7.15.9 

62 

253.05.8 

117 

569.38.0J4 

182 

885.70.3 

247 

1,202.02.53* 

63 

257.92.4)4 

118 

674.24.7 

183 

890.5ii.9J4 

248 

1,206.89.2 

64 

262.79.1 

119 

679.11.3)4 

184 

895.43.6 

249 

1,211.75.83* 

65 

267.65.7)4 

120 

583.98 

185 

900.30.2)4 

250 

1,216.62.5 

56 

272.52.4 

121 

688.  84.6)4 

186 

905.16.9 

251 

1,221.  49.  1J* 

67 

277.39.0)4 

122 

693.71.3 

187 

910.  03.  5  J4 

252 

1,226.35.8 

68 

282  25.7 

123 

696.57.9J4 

188 

914.90.2 

253 

1,231.22.43* 

99 

287.12.3J4 

124 

603.44.6 

189 

919.76.8)4 

254 

1,236.09.1 

eo 

291.99 

125 

608.31.2J4 

190 

924.63.5 

255 

1,240.95.7}* 

61 

296.85.6)4 

126 

613.17.9 

191 

929.50.1J4 

256 

1.245.82.4 

62 

301.72.3 

127 

618.04.5J4 

192 

934.36.8 

257 

1,250.69.03* 

op 

306.58.9J4 

128 

622.91.2 

193 

939.23.4J4 

258 

1,255.55.7 

64 

311.45.6 

129 

627.77.8J4 

194 

944.10.1 

259 

1,260.42.33* 

05 

816.  32.  2)4 

130 

632.C4.5 

195        948.96.7X 

260 

M65.28. 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


517 


EQUIVALENTS  OF  FRENCH  AND  UNITED  STATES  MONEY. 


NOTE — The  United  States  Mint  valuation  of  the  franc,  19.3  cents,  is  here  used. 
100  centimes  make  one  franc.  French  money  is  denoted  as  follows:  64  francs  and 
72  centimes,  written— fr.  64.72. 


Ic 

$.00.2 

!<><• 

$.03.1 

31c 

$.06..0 

46c 

$.08.9 

61 

c$.11.8 

76c 

$.14.7 

91c 

$.17  5 

2 

.00.4 

17 

.03.3 

32 

.06.2 

47 

.09.1 

62 

.12.0 

77 

.14.8 

92 

.17.7 

3 

.00.6 

18 

.03.5 

33 

.06.4 

48 

.09.3 

63 

.12.1 

78 

.15.0 

93 

.17.9 

4 

.00.8 

19 

.03.7 

34 

.06.5 

49 

.09.4 

64 

.12.3 

79 

.15.2 

94 

.18.1 

6 

.01.0 

20 

.03.8 

35 

.06.7 

50 

.09  6 

05 

.12.5 

80 

.15.4 

95 

.18.3 

6 

.01.1 

21 

.04.0 

36 

.06.9 

51 

.09.8 

6i 

.12.7' 

81 

.15.6 

96 

.18.5 

7 

.01.3 

22 

.04.2 

37 

.07.1 

52 

.10.0 

07 

.12.9 

82 

15.8 

97 

.18.7 

8 

.01.5 

23 

.04.4 

38 

.07.3 

53 

.10.2 

68 

.13.1 

83 

.16.0 

98 

.18.9 

9 

.01.7 

24 

.04.6 

39 

.07.5 

f4 

.10.4 

69 

.13.3 

84 

.16.2 

99 

.19.1 

10 

.01.9 

25 

.04.8 

40 

.07.7 

55 

.10.6 

70 

.13.5 

85 

.16.4 

100 

.19.3 

11 

.02.1 

20 

.06  0 

41 

07  9 

66 

.10  8 

71 

.13.7 

85 

.16.6 

12 

.02.3 

27 

.05.2 

42 

.08.1 

57 

.11.0 

72 

.13.9 

87 

.16.8 

.... 

13 

.02.5 

28 

.05.4 

43 

.08.3 

58 

.11.2 

73 

.14.1 

88 

.17.0 

14 

.02.7 

29 

.05.6 

44 

.08.5 

59 

.11.4 

74 

.14.3 

89 

.17.2 

15 

.02.9 

30 

.05.8 

45 

.08.7 

60 

.11.6 

75 

.14.5 

90 

.17.4 

lfr$  .19.3 

51fr 

$  9.84.3 

101  fr 

$19.49.3 

151fr  $29.14.3 

fr. 

100 

$ 

19.30 

2 

.38.6 

5' 

> 

10.  ( 

)3.6 

102 

19.6 

8.0 

15 

2 

29.33.6 

200 

38.60 

3 

.67.9 

53 

10.22.9 

103 

19.87.9 

153 

29.52.9 

300 

57.90 

4 

.77.2 

54 

10.42.2 

104 

20.07.2 

154 

29.72.2 

400 

77.20 

6 

.96.5 

5 

10.  ( 

51.5 

105 

20.2 

6.5 

15 

5 

29.91.5 

500 

96.50 

£ 

1.15.8 

56 

10.80.8 

106 

20.45.8 

156 

30.10.8 

600 

115.80 

7 

1.35.1 

57 

11.00.1 

107 

20.65.1 

157 

30.30.1 

700 

135.10 

8 

1.54.4 

5* 

} 

11.19.4 

108 

20.84.4 

158 

30.49.4 

800 

154.40 

9 

1.73.7 

55 

> 

11.. 

)8.7 

109 

21.0 

3.7 

15 

J 

30.68.7 

900 

173.70 

10 

1.93.0 

60 

11.58.0 

110 

21.23.0 

160 

80.88.0 

1,000 

193.00 

11 

2.12.3 

61 

11.  ' 

f7.3 

111 

21.4 

2  3 

16 

1 

31.07.3 

2000 

386.00 

12 

2.31.6 

62 

11.96.6 

112 

21.61.6 

162 

31.26.6 

3,000 

579.00 

18 

2.50.9 

63 

12.15.9 

113 

21.80  9 

163 

31.45.9 

4,000 

772  .  00 

14 

2.70.2 

64 

12.35.2 

114 

22.00.2 

164 

31.65.2 

5,000 

985.00 

15 

2.89.5 

65 

12.54.5 

115 

22.19.5 

165 

31.84.5 

6,000 

1,158.00 

16 

3.08.8 

6£ 

12.  ' 

3.8 

116 

22.3 

161 

3 

32.03.8 

7,000 

1 

351.00 

17 

3.28.1 

67 

12.93.1 

117 

22.58.1 

167 

32.23.1 

8,000 

1 

544.00 

18 

3.47.4 

68 

13.12.4 

118 

22.77.4 

168 

32.42.4 

9,000 

1 

737.0.) 

19 

3.66.7 

6£ 

13.  J 

1.7 

119 

22.9 

5.7 

16 

) 

32  61.7 

10,000 

1 

930.00 

20 

3.86.0 

70 

13.51.0 

120 

23.16.0 

170 

32.81.0 

20,000 

3,860.00 

21 

4.06.3 

71 

13.70.3 

121 

23.35.3 

171 

33.00.3 

80.000 

6,790  00 

22 

4.24.6 

72 

13.  6 

9.6 

122 

23.54.6 

172 

33.19.6 

40,000 

7,720.00 

23 

4.43.9 

7C 

14.  C 

8.9 

123 

23.7 

3.9 

17 

J 

33.38.9 

50,000 

9 

650.00 

24 

4.63.2 

74 

14.28.2 

124 

23.93.2 

174 

33  58.2 

60,000 

11,580.00 

25 

4.82.5 

7£ 

14.4 

7.5 

125 

24.1 

2.5 

17 

33.77.5 

70,000 

13 

510.00 

26 

6.01.8 

76 

14.66.8 

126 

24.31.8 

176 

33.96.8 

80,000 

15,440.00 

27 

5.21.1 

77 

14.  £ 

6.1 

127 

24.5 

L.I 

17 

J 

34.16.1 

90,000 

17 

370.00 

28 

5.40.4 

78 

15.05.4 

128 

24.70.4 

178 

34.35.4 

100,000 

19,300.00 

29 

5.59.7 

79 

15.24.7 

129 

24.89.7 

179 

34.54.7 

200,000 

38,600.00 

30 

5.79  0 

8C 

15.4 

4.0 

130 

25.0 

).0 

18( 

) 

34.74.0 

C 

00,000 

67 

900.00 

31 

6.98.3 

81 

15.63.3 

131 

25.28.3 

181 

34.93.3 

400,000 

77,200.00 

32 

6.17.6 

82 

15.82.6 

132 

25.47.6 

182 

35.12.6 

500,000 

96,500.00 

33 

6.36.9 

83 

16.  C 

1.9 

133 

25.6 

5.9 

18 

J 

35.31.9 

e 

00,000 

115 

800  00 

34 

6.56.2 

84 

16.21.2 

134 

25.86.2 

184 

35.51.2 

f 

00,000 

135,100.00 

35 

6.75.5 

85 

16.40.5 

135 

26.05.5 

185 

35.70.5 

800,000 

154,400.00 

36 

6.94.8 

86 

16.  E 

9.8 

136 

26.24 

1.8 

18( 

5 

35.89.8 

S 

00,000 

173 

700.00 

37 

7.14.1 

87 

16.79.1 

137 

26.44.1 

187 

36.09.1 

1,000,000 

193,000.00 

38 

7.33.4 

8« 

16.98.4 

138 

26.63.4 

188 

36.28.4 

2,000,000 

386,000.00 

39 

7.52.7 

89 

17.1 

7.7 

139 

26.8' 

1.1 

18S 

) 

36.47.7 

3,0 

00,000 

679 

000.00 

40 

7.72.0 

90 

17.37.0 

140 

27.02.0 

190 

36.67.0 

4,000,000 

772,000.00 

41 

7.91.3 

91 

17.56.3 

141 

27.21.3 

191 

36.86.3 

6,000,000 

965,000.00 

42 

8.10.6 

92 

17.7 

5.6 

142 

27.  4( 

».e 

195 

37.05.6 

6,0 

00,000 

1,158 

000.00 

43 

8.29.9 

93 

17.94.9 

143 

27.59.9 

193 

37.24.9 

7,000,000 

1.351,000.  OC 

44 

8.49.2 

94 

18.1 

4.2 

144 

27.  7S 

.•> 

194 

37.44.2 

8,0 

00,000 

1,544 

000.00 

45 

8.68.5 

95 

18.33.5 

145 

27.  9! 

.5 

195 

37.63.5 

9,000,000 

1,737,000.00 

46 

8.87.8 

96 

18.5 

2.8 

146 

28.  r 

.8 

19« 

37.82.8 

10,0 

00.000 

1,930, 

000  00 

47 

9.07.1 

97 

18.72.1 

147 

28.37.1 

197 

38  02.1 

20,000,000 

3,860,000.00 

48 

9.26.4 

98 

18.9 

1.4 

148 

28.  5€ 

.4 

19S 

38.21.4 

30,0 

00,000 

5,790, 

000  00 

49 

9.45.7 

99 

19.10.7 

149 

28.75.7 

199 

38.40.7 

40,000,000 

7,720,000.08 

50 

9.65.0 

100 

19.3 

0.0 

150 

28.95.0 

200 

38  60.0 

50,000,000 

9,660,000.00 

THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Foreign  Coins. 

Chilean   Cold   Coins. 


DKN-OMIXATION. 

YALI-K. 

WKIGHT  i.v  GRAINS. 

DlAMETKR. 

Name.            1  Fine" 

xiwue.                 |  ness_ 

Pesos. 

Pure 
Metal. 

Alloy. 

Full 
Weight. 

Milli- 
metres. 

Inches. 

Condor....  .900 
Doblon...™  ...  _.     .900 
Kscudo  „  1    .900 
Peso  1    JXK) 

|1(U)0 

5.00 
2.00 
1.00 

21  J.  850 
105.925 
•12.369 
21.184 

23.523 
11.777 
4.714 

2..150 

235.374 
117.702 
47.084 
23.534 

28.5 
23.0 

18.  5 
14.0 

1.122!  45 
.MKJMO 
.649806 
.551180 

Chilean   Silver  Coins. 


Peso  _....„.„......«.. 
Medio  Peso."."!!.'™" 
Quin  to  „ 
Decimo._  _.  „ 

.900 
.900 
.900 
.900 

1.00 
.50 
.20 
.10 

347.227 
173.613 
69.445 
34.336 

a&sao 

19.290 
7.716 
4.243 

385.808 
192.904 
77.161 
38.580 

37.0 
30.0 
23.0 
180 

1.43609 

1.18110 
.90651 
.70366 

MecJio  Decimo  

.900 

.05 

17.361 

1.929 

19.290 

15.0 

.59055 

Chilean   Copper  Coins. 


Dos  Centavos  _.__ 
Un  Centavo_.»  :.,... 
Medio  Centavo... 

580 

?'l 

li 

.02 
.01 
.005 

wua 

51.3125 
25.65625 

5.401 

25.8495 
20.64075 

108.026 
77.162 
4(i.297 

25.0 
21.0 
19.0 

.9*425 
.82677 
.74803 

Chinese  Money  and  Equivalents. 

The  Director  of  the  U.  S.  Mint  reported  January  1,  1897,  that  the  value  of  the 
haikwan  or  customs  tael  of  China,  based  on  the  same  price  of  silver  that  was 
used  in  estimating  the  values  of  foreign  silver  coins,  proclaimed  in  the  circular 
of  January  1,  1897,  at  the  various  Chinese  ports,  is  as  follows:— 


PORT. 

VALUE.  |     POBT. 

VAUJE.JJ      PORT. 

VALUE.  '    PORT. 

VALVE, 

Amoy  

<0.76  7  ChinKiang 

$0.749  Jinchwang.... 

$0.',  t  9Swatow... 

$0.70$ 

Canton  
Chefoo  

.76  5  Fuchau  
.73  3  Hankow-... 

.709'NIngpo  
.71  7'  Shanghai... 

.73  7  Takao  
.70  0  Tien-Tsin 

.772 

.74  a 

Money  Weights. 

Equiv't    in 
Mex.  Coin. 

Money  Weights. 

Equiv't  ia 
Mex.  Coin. 

10  Hao=l    JLi=  1H  copper 
cash                                     = 
10    Li  =1  Fen=13H  copper 
cash                                      = 

$0.001  H  fro 
0.01  H  Pwo 

10  l-'en     E=!  Tsieu=      133  ^ 
copper  cash                      = 
10  Tsien=l  Liang—  l,133Ji 
copper  cash                      = 

$CJ3H  Peso 
1-33H  Peso- 

Japanese  Gold  Coins. 


DENOMINATION. 

FINE- 
NESS. 

WEIGHT  IN   GBAIN8   OF 

VALUE  IS  U.S. 
GOLD  COIN. 

PURE  METAL.)      ALLOY. 

FULL  WEIGHT 

One  Yen.  .. 
2      Yen    .. 
5      Yen    .. 
10      Yen    .  . 
20      Yen.   .. 

$  1.00 
2.00 
5.00 
10.00 
20.00 

900 
900 
900 
900 
900 

11.57 
23.14 
57.85 
115.70 
231.40 

1.29 
2.58 
6.45 
12.90 
25.80 

12.86 
25.72 
64.80 
128.60 
257.20 

?  0.49-86 
.99-72 
2.49-30 
4.98-SO 
9.97-20 

Japanese  Silrer  Coins. 


DENOMINATION. 

FINE- 
NESS. 

•WEIGHT  IN   GRAINS   OF 

VALUE  IN  U.S. 
GOLD  COIN. 

PURE  METAL.!     ALLOT. 

FULL  WEIGHT 

5  Sen  

$  .05 
.10 
.20 
.50 
1.00 
1.01 

900 
900 
900 
900 
900 
900 

18.7375 
37.475 
74.950 
187.375 
374.75 
378.00 

2.0C.25 
4.125 
8.250 
20.625 
41.25 
42.00 

20.8 
41.6 
832 
208.0 
416.0 
420.0 

$  0.0438 
0.0876 
0.17  52 
0.438 
0.87  6 
0.886 

10  Sen  

20  Sen  

60  Sen  

1  Yen  

Trade  Yen   .. 

Japanese  Copper  Coins 


DENOMINATION. 

ACT  OF 

WEIGHT   IS   GRAINS   OF 

VALUE    IN 

TESS. 

PURE  METAL. 

FULL  WEIGHT. 

1  Kin  =   
J$  Sen=  
1  Sen  =  
2  Sen  -     

$  0.0025 
0.005 
0.01 
0.02 

1871 
1871 
1871 
1&7] 

27.507 

65.014 
110.028 
220.056 

27.507 
65.014 
110.028 
220.056 

$  0.0025 
0.005 
0.01 
0.02 

The  f  mark  of  the  U.S.  U  Med  iu  Japan  to  designate  the  Yen. 


AYKIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


519 


Mex'o,an  Coins. 

NOTE — The  metric  system  of  weights  and  measures  became  compulsory  in 
Mexico,  January  1st,  1884. 

Coinage. — The  principal  coinage  is  of  silver,  consisting  in  every  12  dineros  of 
of  10  5-6  dineros  of  pure  metal  (1000  fine)  and  1  1-6  dinero  of  alloy ;  that  is,  it 
is  0.902,777  fine.  The  monetary  unit  is  the  peso.  The  gold  coinage  is  not  in  gen- 
eral  circulation;  the  fineness  of  the  "  Old  Doubloon  "  is  870,  the  "  Twenty  Pesos  " 
of  the  Kepublic,  (new)  873,  and  the  "  Twenty  Pesos "  of  the  Empire,  875  fine. 
The  so  called  nickel  coins  vary  from  20  to  25  per  cent,  of  nickel  and  75  to  80  per 
cent,  of  copper.  Pesos  continue  to  be  struck  with  the  legend  8E,  meaning  8  reales. 
The  piece  of  50  centavos  is  called  4  reales,  also  tosten.  That  of  25  centavos,  2 
reales,  also  peseta. 

MEXICAN  *  GOLD    COINS. 


DENOMINATION. 

Fineness 

Value 
in  Pesos. 

WEIGHT  IN 

DIAMETER  IN 

Grammes 

Troy  ozs. 

Mil'mtrs 

Inches. 

Double  Hidalgo  

875 
875 
875 
875 
875 

$  20.00 
10.00 
5.00 
2.50 
1.00 

33.841 
16.920 
8.460 
4.230 
1.692 

1.0860 
.5430 
.2715 
.13575 
.05430 

34 
27 
22 
18 
15 

1.33858 
1.06299 
.86614 
.70866 
.59055 

Medio  Hidalgo  

Cuarto  Hidalgo  

Decimo  Hidalgo  

MEXICAN  *  SILVER    COINS. 


Peso  

901 

1.00 

27.073 

0.866 

37 

1.45669 

60  centavos  

901 

.50 

13.536 

0.433 

30 

1.18110 

901 

.25 

6.768 

0.2165 

25 

.98425 

10  centavos  

901 

.10 

2.707 

.0866 

17 

.66929 

MEXICAN  *  NICKEL    (AND    COPPER)    COINS. 


6  centavos  

»  £ 

.05 

5. 

.16075 

20 

.78740 

2  centavos  

.02 

3. 

.09645 

18 

.70866 

1  centavo  

•  «  -S 

.01 

,2. 

.06430 

16 

.62992 

*  There  were  formerly  coined  in  gold  the  onia,  =  $16  in  silver;  the  rea2,=$0.12}£  ; 
media  real,  =  $0.06  M  ;  cuartilla,  =  $0.03%.  And  in  copper  the  tlaco,  =  $0.01  9-16; 
centavo,  =  $0.01.  The  grano,  as  a  monetary  unit,  was  1-96  of  a  /eso,  or  1-12  of  a  real 

Russian  Coinage  and  Money. 

The  Silver  Rouble  is  the  legal  unit  of  money  in  Russia,  and  must  contain  as 
such  278  grains,  or  4  Zolotnicks  and  21  Dolis,  of  fine  silver.  The  principal  circula- 
ting medium  is  paper  money,  in  3,  5,  10,  25,  50  and  100  Roubles;  the  issue  of  50 
Roubles  has  been  withdrawn  from  circulation,  on  account  of  its  being  eiten- 
Jively  counterfeited,  and  easily  accomplished. 

GOLD  COINS. 


DENOMINATION. 

Fineness. 

Weight, 
oz. 

Equivalent, 
Eng. 

Equivalent, 
U.S. 

M  Imperial=    5  Roubles  
1  Imperial  =  10  Roubles  

916 
916 

0.210 
0.420 

=  16  shillings.... 
=  32  shillings.... 

=  $3.89 
=    7.78 

SILVER  COINS. 


DENOMINATION. 

Fineness. 

Pure 

Silver 

Equivalent, 
Eng. 

Equivalent* 
U.S. 

1  Piatachek         =    5  Kopeks... 
1  Grivenik           =  10  Kopeks  .  .  . 
1  Dvougrivennl  =  20  Kopeks.  .  . 
1  Tchetvertak      =  25  Kopeks.  .  . 
1  Poltina               =  50  Kopeks  .  .  . 
1  Rouble               =100  Kopeks.  .. 

875 
875 
875 
875 
875 
875 

13.9 
27.8 
55.6 
69.5 
139. 
278. 

=  1  penny,  3  far. 
=  3  pence,    2    " 
=  7      " 
=  8      "         3    " 
=  1  s.  5  p.  2  far.. 
-2s.il  p  

=  $0.03548 
=    0.07096 
=    0.14192 
=    0.17740 
=    0.35480 
=    0.70960 

COPPER  COINS. 


DENOMINATION. 

Equivalent, 
Eng. 

Equivalent, 
U.S. 

1  1'oloushka  = 
2  Poloushka  = 
2  Grosh         = 
2  Kopeika     = 
3  Kopeika     = 
5  Kopeika      — 

1  Grosh 
1  Kopeika 
1  Dvoukopeechnik 
1  Trehkopeechnik 
1  Piatak 

%  Kopek  
=  %  Kopek  
—  1  Kopek  

=                  .35  far- 
=                  .7    far- 
=               1.4    far- 
=               2.8    far- 
=               4.2    far. 
=  1  penny  3  far. 

=   $0.001774 
=     0.003548 
=     0.007096 
=     0.014192 
=     0.021288 
=     0.03548 

=  2  Kopeks  
=  3  Kopeks  
=  5  Koneks  

520 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  .IKEZEH 


Estimate  of  Values  of  Foreign  Coins  in  U.  S.  Money,  Proclaimed  by  the 
Treasurj  Department,  January  1,  1907. 

NOTE.— The  "standard"  of  a  given  country  Is  Indicated  as  follows:  O.  AS  where 
Its  standard  silver  coins  are  unlimited  legal  tender,  the  same  as  its  gold  coins; 
single  gold  or  single  gilver.a.8  Its  standard  coins  of  one  or  the  other  metal  are  un- 
limited legal  tender.  The  par  of  exchange  of  the  monetary  unit  of  a  country  with 
a  single  gold,  or  a  double  standard  la  fixed  at  the  value  of  the  gold  unit  as  com- 
pared with  the  United  States  gold  unit.  In  the  case  of  a  country  with  a  single 
silver  standard,  the  par  of  exchange  is  computed  at  the  mean  price  of  silver  In  the 
London  market  for  a  period  commencing  Oct.  1  and  ending  Dec.  24,  each  year,  as 
per  daily  cable  dispatches  to  the  Bureau  of  the  Allot. 


Country. 

Standard. 

Monetary 
unit. 

Value. 

Coins. 

Argentine     1 
Republic; 
Austria-        \ 
Hungary-  ) 
Belgium  
Bolivia  

G.  &S  

Gold  

G.  &  S.  ... 
Silver..  .. 

Peso  _  

Crown  

Franc  
Boliviano  ... 

10.965 

.203 

.193 
.43  1 

1  Gold,  Argentine  ($4.8.'  4)  and     '  - 
)     Argentine;  silver,  peso  and  <liv". 
I  (a)Gold,  present  sys'm—  20cro\vus 
1     ($4.052),  10  crowns  ($2.02  6). 
Gold.  10  &  20  f  rs.;  silver.  5  frs.d-  dlv. 

Brazil  

Gold  

Milreis  

.546 

Gold,  5,  10  &  20m.-  silver,  2m  »fcdiv 

Br.  Poss.N.A 

Gold 

Dollar  

3.00 

Newfoundland,  gold  dollar  ($i  00) 

Br.  Honduras 

Gold  . 

Dollar.  

1.00 

C.  A.  Statesil- 
Chile  

Silver  
Gold  

Peso-  
Peso  •  

.431 
.365 

Silver,  Peso  and  divisions. 
i'  Gold,  Condor  ($9.12  3  &  %  Condor 

China  
Colombia      1 

Silver  ...( 

Tael,Shanghai 
Tael,  Customs 
Peso  

.645 
.719 
.424 

here  are  no  G.  &  S.  coins  in  China; 
the  tael  denotes  n  sum  of  monev. 
Gold,    Condor   ($11.64  7)   and  double 

U.S.  of  ....j 
Costa  Rica  ... 

5  Silver... 
i  Gold  

Dollar  
Peso  
Colon  

1.00 
.431 
.465 

condor. 
Silver,  Peso  and  divisions. 

Cuba  
Denmark  
Ecuador  
Egypt  
Finland  
France  
Germany  

G.  &  S.  ... 
Gold  
/Silver  > 
i  Gold...  5 
Gold  '.... 
Gold  
G.  <fc  S.  ... 
Gold  

Peso  
Crown  

Sucre  
Pound?  .... 
Mark  
Franc  
Mark  

.910 
.268 
.468 
.487 
4.943 
.193 
.193 
.238 

Gold,  Doubloon  ($5.01  7);  silver  peso. 
Gold,  10  and  20  crowns. 
Gold,   Condor  ($9.647)   and    double 
condor. 
Gold,  Pound  &  div.;  S  ,  20  pi.  &  div. 
Gold,  20  marks  ($3.85  9)  &  divisi.  .ns. 
Gold,  5,  10.20,  50,100fr.:S.,ofr.ifcdiv. 
Gold,  5,  10  and  20  marks. 

Great  Britain 
Greece  
Haiti  
India:  
Italy  
Japan  „  
Liberia  

Gold  
G.&S  
G.&S  
J  Silver  i 
}  Gold...  ; 
G.  &  S  

G.  <fe  S.»... 
Gold  

Pound  Sterli'g 
Drachma  ... 
Gourde  
Rupee  

Lira  
Y      fGold.. 
en  t  Silver 
Dollar  

4.866^ 
.1!)  3 
.965 
'   .32  4  ! 
1   .32  4  f 
.193 
.498 
.505 
1.00 

Gold,  Sovereign  (£  ster.)&  ><;  sov'n. 
Gold,  5,  10.  20,  50,  100  dr.;  silver,  5  dr. 
Silver,  Gourde  and  divisions. 
Gold,  Mohur  ($7.10  5);  S.,rupee&  div. 
Gold,  5.10.20,50.10),  llras;  8.  5  1.&  div. 
Gold,  1,  2,  5.  10  and  20  yen. 
Silver,  Yen  and  divisions. 
Gold.  $1.00. 

Mexico  
Netherlands.. 
Newfoundl'd. 

silver  .  ... 
G.&S  
Gold  

Dollar  _  .. 
Florin  
Dollar  _  

.468 
.402 
1.014 

Gold,  Peso  ($0.93  3)2M,  5,  10.20  pesos. 
Gold,  10  florins;  S.  }~,  1,  2js'  florins. 
Gold,  2  dollars  ($2.02  7). 

Norway  
Persia. 

Gold  
Silver  .  .  . 

Crown  

.268 
.079 

Gold,  10  and  20  crowns. 

Peru  _  
Philippine  Is 
Portugal  

Russia  
Spain  

Silver  _  ... 
Gold  
Gold  

Silverb  
G.  &  S.  ... 

Sol  
Peso  
MUreis  

Rouble..  [ 
Peseta  

.487 
.50 
1.08 
.51  5 
.374 
.193 

Silver,  Sol  and  divisions. 
Silver,  peso  and  divisions. 
Gold.  1.  2,  5,  10  m.:  S.I  m.  and  div. 
tGold.  Imperial  («7.718)&  %  Imp. 
Silver.  1  rouble  and  divisions: 
Gold,  25  pesetas;  S.  5  pes.  and  div. 

Sweden  

Gold  
G.  &  S  

Crown  
Franc  ... 

.268 
.193 

Gold,  10  and  20  crowns. 
Gold,  5,  10,  20,  50,  100  fr.;  S.,  fr  &  div. 

Tripoli 

Silver 

.442 

Silver,  Mahbub  of  20  piastres. 

Turkey  
Uruguay  

Venezuela  .... 

Gold  
Gold  

G.  &  S  

Piaster  
Peso  
Bolivar  

.044 
1  <M4 
.193 

Gold,  25,  50,  100,  200,  5'0  piastres. 
GoM,  1,  5,  10  and  20  pesos. 
Gold,  5.  10,  20,  50,  100  bol.;  S..  5  bol. 

•Gold  the  nominal  standard:  silver  the  practical  one. 

IHalf  Imperials  before  13s6  ($3.98  6).  JOne  lac  rupees=  100.000  rupees.  The  Br.  Sov. 
ereign  is  the  standard  coin  of  India,  but  the  rupee  is  the  money  of  account,  cur- 
rent at  15  to  the  sovereign. 

(Central  American  States,  Costa  Rica,  Guatemala,  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  and 
Salvador.  ?One  pound  is  divided  into  100  piastres. 

aGold:  former  system— 8  florins  ($3.85  8).  ducats  ($2.28  7),  and  4  ducats  ($9.15  8);  sil- 
ver, 1  and  2  florins. 

^Silver  the  nominal  standard.  Paper  the  actual  currency,  the  depreciation  of 
which  Is  measured  by  the  gold  standard.  The  rouble=100  kopecks. 

The  coins  of  Belgium,  Finland,  France,  Greece,  Italy,  Spain,  and  Switzerland  are 
of  equal  value,  though  differently  named;  these  countries  form  the  Latin  mofe- 
tury  union. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


521 


COMMERCIAL  RATIO  OF  SILVER  TO   «JO1,1>   FOR   EACH   YEAR 
SINCE  1687. 

[NOTE.— From  1687  to  1832  the  ratios  are  taken  from  the  tables  of  Dr.  A.  Soet- 
beer;  from  1833  to  1878  from  Pixley  and  Abell's  tables;  and  from  1878  to  date 
from  daily  cablegrams  from  London  to  the  Bureau  of  the  Mint.] 


Year. 

Ratio. 

Year. 

Ratio. 

Year. 

Ratio. 

Year. 

Ratio. 

Year. 

Ratio. 

1G87 

1494 

1729 

14  92 

1771. 

1466 

1813  . 

16.25 

1855. 

1538 

1688  
1689  
1690  
1691  
1602...... 
1693  
1694  
i695  
1696  
1697  
1698  
1099  

14.91 
15.02 
15.02 
14.08 
14.92 
14.83 
1..87 
15.01 
15.00 
15.20 
15.07 
14.94 

1730  
1731  
1732  
1733  
1734  
1735  
1736  
1737  
1738  
1739  
1740  
1741  

14.  SI 
14.94 
15.09 
15.18 
15.39 
15.41 
15.18 
15.02 
14.91 
14.91 
14.94 
14.92 

1772  
1773  
1774  
1775  
1776  
1777  
1778  
1779  
1780  
1781  
1782  
1783  

14.52 
14.62 
14.62 
14.72 
14.55 
14.54 
14.68 
14.80 
14.72 
14.78 
14.42 
14.48 

1814  
1815  
1816  
1817  
1818  
1819  
1820  
1821  
1822  
1823  
1824  
1825  

15.04 

15.26 
15.28 
15.11 
15.35 
15.33 
15.62 
15.95 
15.80 
15.84 
15.82 
15.70 

1856  
1857  
1858  
1859  
1860  
1861  
1862  
1863  
1864  
1865  
1866  
1867  

15.38 
15.27 
15.38 
15.19 

15.29 
15.50 
15.35 
15.37 
15.37 
35.44 
15.43 
15.57 

1700 

14  81 

1742 

14  85 

1784 

14  70 

1826 

1576 

1868 

15  59 

1701  
1702  
1703  
1704  
1705  
1706  
1707... 

15.07 
15.52 
15.17 
15.22 
15.11 
15.27 
15.44 

1743  
1744  
1745.  
1746  
1747  
1748  
1749  

14.85 
14.87 
14.98 
15.13 
15.26 
15.11 
14  80 

1785  
1786  
1787  
1788  
1789  
1790  
1791 

24.92 
14.96 
14.92 
14.65 
14.75 
15.04 
15.05 

1827.... 
1828  
1829  
1830  
1831  
1832  
1833...   . 

15.74 
15.78 
15.78 
15.82 
15.72 
15.73 
15.93 

1869  
1870  
1871  
1872  
1873  
1874  
1875  

15.60 
15.57 
15.57 
15.63 
15.92 
16.17 
16  59 

1708  

15.41 

1750  

14  55 

1792  

15.17 

1834  

15.73 

187<>  

17  88 

1709  
1710  
1711  
1712  
1713  
1714  
1715 

15.31 
15.22 
15.29 
15.31 
15.24 
15.13 
15  11 

1751  
1752  
1753  
1754  .... 
1755  
1756  
1757... 

14.39 
14.54 
14.54 
14.48 
14.68 
14.94 
14  87 

1793  
1794  
1795  
1796  
1797  
1798  
1799. 

15.00 
15.37 
15.55 
15.65 
15.41 
15.59 
15  74 

1835  
1836  
1837  
1838  
1839  
1840  
1841   . 

15.80 
15.72 
15.83 
15.85 
15.62 
15.62 
15.70 

1877  
1878  
1879  
1880  
1881  
1882  
1883  

17.22 
17.94 
18.40 
18.05 
18.16 
18.19 
18  64 

1716  
1717  
1718  
1719  
1720  .. 

15.09 
15.13 
15.11 
15.09 
15  04 

1758  
1759  
1760  
1761  
1762  

14.85 
14.15 
14.14 

14.54 

15  27 

1800  
1801  
1802  
1803  
1804  ... 

15.68 
15.46 
15.26 
15.41 
1541 

1842  
1843  
1844  
1845  
1846  . 

15.87 
15.93 
15.85 
15.92 
15.90 

1884  
1885  
1886  
1887  
1888... 

18.57 
19.41 
20.78 
21.13 
21  99 

1721  
1722  
1723....- 

15.05 
15.17 
15.20 

1763  
1764  
1765  

11.99 
14.70 
14.83 

1805  
1806  
1807  

15.79 
15.52 
15.43 

1847  
1848  
1849.  .  . 

15.80 
15.85 
15.78 

1889  
1890  
1891... 

22.09 
19.76 
20  92 

1724  
1725  
1726  
1727 

15.lt 
15.11 
15.15 
15  24 

not;  

1767  
176C  
1760 

14.80 
14.85 
14.80 
14  72 

1808  
1809  
1810  
1811 

16.08 
15.96 
15.77 
1553 

1850...... 
1851  
1852  
1853 

15.70 
15.46 
15.59 
15  33 

1892  
1893  
1894  
1895 

23.72 
26.49 
3256 

31  60 

1728  

15.11 

1770  

14.62 

1812  

16.11 

1854  

15.33 

1896.'!!!." 

*a0.66 

NOTE.— By  the  above  table  it  will  be  seen  that  the  highest  pricesllver  has  reached 
In  the  lust  205  years  (or  since  1687),  wasin  1760:  the  highest  during  this  century  was 
1814;  and  the  highest  since  1818,  was  in  1859. 

An  International  monetary  Conference  met  at  Brussels,  Belgium,  on 
Nov.  22,  1892,  to  consider  the  silver  question,  blmetalism,  etc.  The  following  14 
countries  were  represented  with  from  one  to  eleven  delegates  each,  viz:— Austria, 
Belgium,  Denmark,  France,  Germany,  Great  Britain,  Italy,  Mexico,  Netherlands, 
Spain,  Sweden  and  Norway,  Russia,  Switzerland,  and  the  United  States.  The  con- 
ference adjourned  on  Dec.  18, 189-,  after  holding  some  20  sessions;  they  did  nothing 
whatever,  no  new  light  was  thrown  upon  the  subject.  The  only  delegates  who  ap- 
peared to  be  masters  of  the  question  were  the  American.  Tht,  Rothschild  who  was 
a  member  <:id  not  figure  as  a  great  financier.  The  English  delegates  generally  ap- 
peared to  be  obstructionists.  One  of  them  wanted  to  adjourn  almost  before  ideus 
had  been  exchanged.  The  French,  who  were  expected  to  rally  around  the  double 
standard,  proved  a  disappointment.  There  was  no  cordial  alliance  between 
them  and  the  delegates  of  the  U.  8.,  though  the  two  republics,  in  a  sense,  maintain 
the  same  monetary  system.  Austria,  with  its  new-born  ambition  to  return  to  specie 
payments  in  gol  I  after  a  century  of  paper,  could  not,  of  course,  be  shaken.  Ger- 
many contributed  little  to  the  elucidation  of  the  question.  Soetbeer,  a  German 
financier,  made  the  only  suggestion  that  pame  from  that  nation,  though  he  did  not 
speak  officially— that  is  to  say ,  to  increase  the  ratio  from  iifa  grains  til  ver  to  20  grains 
silver  for  1  grain  of  gold. 

*  For  1897,  ratio,  34.28;  for  189S.  ratio,  35  03;  for  1399,  ratio,  34.30;  for  1900,  ratio,  33.33; 
for  1901,  ratio,  34.68;  for  1U02,  nitio,  SO.  15;  for  1!K)3,  ratio,  38.10. 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID JEEZEH 


Price  of  Silver  In  London,  per  Ounce,  British  Standard  C.885), 
ftince  1833,  and  the  equivalent  in  I  s  CJold  Coin  of  an  Ounce 
1,OOO  Fine.  Taken  at  the  average  Prlee. 


Calen- 
dar 
Year. 

Quotations. 

Calen- 
dar 
Tear. 

Quotations. 

Lowest. 

High- 
est. 

Aver- 
age. 

Value  of  a 
fine  01.  at 
average 

limitation. 

Lowest. 

High- 
est. 

Aver- 
age. 

Value  of  a 
fine  oz.  at 
average 
quotation 

d. 

d. 

d. 

Dollars. 

d. 

d. 

d. 

Dollars. 

1833.. 

58.75 

59.875 

59.1875 

1.297 

1866.. 

60.375 

62.25 

61.125 

1.339 

1834.. 

59.75 

60.75 

59.9375 

1.313 

1867.. 

60.375 

61.25 

60.5625 

1.328 

1835.. 

59.25 

60. 

59.6875 

1.308 

1868.. 

60.125 

61.125 

60.5 

1.326 

1836.. 

59.625 

60.375 

60. 

1.315 

1869.. 

60. 

61. 

60.5 

1.325 

1837.. 

59. 

60.375 

59.5525 

1.305 

1870.. 

60.25 

60.75 

60.5625 

1.328 

1838.. 

59.5 

60.125 

59.5 

1.304 

1871.. 

60.375 

61. 

60.5 

1.326 

1839.. 

60. 

60.625 

60.375 

1.323 

1872.. 

59.25 

61.125 

60.625 

1.322 

1840.. 

60.125 

60.75 

60.375 

1.323 

1873.. 

57.875 

59.9375 

59.25 

1.298 

1841.. 

59.75 

60.375 

60.0625 

1.316 

1874.. 

57.5 

59.5 

58.625 

1.278 

1842.. 

59.25 

60. 

59.875 

1.303 

1875.. 

59.5 

57.625 

56.875 

1.246 

1843.. 

59. 

59.625 

59.375 

1.297 

1876.. 

46.75 

58.5 

52.75 

1.156 

1844.. 

59.25 

59.75 

59.5 

1.304 

1877.. 

53.25 

58.25 

54.8125 

1.201 

1845.. 

68.875 

59.875 

59.25 

1.298 

1878.. 

49.5 

55.25 

52.5625 

1.152 

1846.. 

69. 

60.125 

59.625 

1.300 

1879.. 

48.875 

53.75 

51.25 

1.123 

1847.. 

58.875 

60.375 

59.6875 

L308 

1880.. 

51.625 

52.875 

52.25 

1.145 

1848.. 

58.5 

60. 

59.5 

1.304 

1881.. 

50.875 

52.875 

51.9375 

1.138 

1849.. 

69.5 

60. 

59.75 

1.309 

1882.. 

50. 

52.375 

51.8125 

1.136 

1850.. 

69.5 

61.5 

61.0625 

1.316 

1883.. 

50. 

51.375 

50.625 

1.110 

1851.. 

60. 

61.625 

61. 

1.337 

1884.. 

49.5 

51.375 

50.75 

1.113 

1852.. 

59.875 

61.875 

60.5 

1.326 

1885.. 

46.875 

50. 

48.5625 

1.0645 

1853.. 

60.625 

61.875 

61.5 

1.348 

isv6.. 

42. 

47. 

45.375 

0.9946 

1854.. 

60.875 

61.875 

61.5 

1.348 

1S87.. 

43.25 

47.125 

44.625 

0.9782S 

1855.. 

60. 

61.625 

61.625 

1.344 

1888.. 

41.625 

44.5625 

42.875 

0.93987 

1856.. 

60.6 

62.25 

61.625 

1.344 

1839.. 

42. 

44.375 

42.6875 

0.9357ft 

1857.. 

61. 

62.375 

61.75 

1.353 

1890.. 

43.625 

54.625 

47.75 

1.04633 

1858.. 

60.75 

61.875 

61.625 

1.344 

1891.. 

43.5 

48.75 

45.0625 

0.98782 

1859.. 

61.75 

-6*75 

62.0626 

1.360 

1892.. 

37.875 

43.75 

39.75 

.87105 

I860.. 

61.25 

62.375 

61.6875 

1.352 

1893.. 

30.50 

38.75 

35.5625 

.78031 

1861.. 

60.125 

61.375 

60.8125 

1.333 

1894.. 

1*7. 

31.75 

28.875 

.6347* 

1862.. 

61. 

62.125 

61.875 

1.346 

J895.. 

27.187 

31.375 

29.8125 

.65406 

1863.. 

61. 

61.75 

61.375 

1.345 

1896.. 

29.75 

31.9375 

30.75 

.67437 

1864.. 

60.625 

62.5 

61.375 

1.345 

1897.. 

23.625 

29.8125 

27.5625 

.60354 

1865.. 

60.5 

61.62-5 

61.0625 

1.338 

1898.. 

25.          28.5 

26.9375 

.59010 

*  Highest  quotation  reached  since  1833.  fLowest  quotation  in  200  years  oc- 
curred in  July,  1893. 

NOTE.—  The  ratio  that  gold  and  silver  bore  to  each  other  In  Egypt  and  Babylon. 
The  researches  of  Prof.  Brugesch  prove  the  ratio  of  gold  to  silver  In  ancient  Egypt 
wasl  lol'2>i.  Dr.  Brandes  has  shown  that  In  Baby  Ion  the  ratio  was  al  ways  1  to  13.0303. 

Value  or  the  Silver  in  a  Silver  Dollar,  Reckoned  at  the  Commer- 
cial Price  of  Silver  Bullion  from  8O  cent*  to  81  S»29  parity), 
per  Fine  Ounce. 


Fnr(  Silver,  1.000  fine. 

Pare  Silver,  1,000  fine. 

Pure  Silver,  1,000  fine. 

Pure  Silver,  1,000  fine. 

At  price 

Value  in 

At  price 

Value  in 

At  price 

Value  in 

At  price 

Value  in 

per  fine 

a  Silver 

per  fine 

a  Silver 

perhne 

a  Silver 

per  flue 

a  Silver 

ounce. 

Dollar. 

ounce. 

Dollar. 

ounce. 

Dollar. 

ounce. 

Dollar. 

10.80 

80.619 

«0.93 

«0719 

fl.06 

$0.820 

81.19 

$0.920- 

.81 

.626 

.94 

727 

1.07 

.828 

1.20 

.928 

.82 

.634 

.95 

735 

1.08 

.835 

1.21 

.936 

.83 

.642 

.96 

742 

1.09 

.843 

1.22 

.944 

.84 

.649 

.97 

750 

1.10 

.851 

1.23 

.951 

.85 

.657 

.98 

758 

1.11 

.859 

1.24 

.959 

.86 

.665 

.99 

766 

1.12 

.J-66 

1.25 

.967 

.87 

.673 

1.00 

773 

1.13 

.874 

1.26 

.975 

.88 

.681 

1.01 

781 

1.14 

.882 

1.27 

.982 

.89 

.688 

1.02 

789 

1.15 

.889 

1.28 

.990 

.90 

.696 

1.03 

797 

1.16 

.897 

1.29 

.99S 

.91 

.704 

1.04 

804 

1.17 

.905 

1.2929 

LOGO 

92 

.712 

1.06 

812 

1.18 

.913 

\VKKtHTS  AND  MEASURES 


523 


INTEREST. 


In  calculating  interest  it  is  customary  to  consider  the  month  as  the  twelfth  part 
of  a  year;  and  each  day  as  the  thirtieth  part  of  a  month,  when  interest  is  calcu- 
lated on  any  number  of  days  less  than  a  month.  The  tables  under  this  head  are 
computed  on  this  basis. 

RULES  FOR  COMPUTING  INTEREST. 

1.  To  compute  interest  at  6  %  when  the  time  is  in  months  or  years. 

RULE— Multiply  the  principal  by  the  number  of  months;  if  there  are  no  cents  in 
the  principal  point  off  two  decimals ;  if  there  are  cents  in  the  principal  point  off 
four  decimals  and  divide  the  product  by  2. 

'    Example — Determine  the  interest  on  $400  for  2  years  and  4  months  at  6  % 
2  years  and  4  months  are  28  months. 
28X400=11200 
112.00-^2=$56.00,  the  interest  required. 

2.  To  compute  interest  at  6  %  when  the  time  is  in  days. 

RULE — Multiply  the  principal  by  the  number  of  days;  if  there  are  no  cents  in 
the  principal  point  off  three  decimals;  if  there  are  cents  in  the  principal  point  off 
five  decimals;  and  divide  the  product  by  6. 

Example— Determine  the  interest  on  $700  for  330  days  at  6  % 
330X700=231.000 
231.00-=-6=$38.50,  the  interest  required. 

3.  To  compute  interest  at  6  %  when  the  time  is  given  in  years  or  mouths  and 
dayii. 

RULB— Call  one-half  the  number  of  months  cents  and  one-sixth  of  the  number 
of  days  mills;  and  multiply  their  sum  by  the  principal. 

Example — Determine  the  interest  on  $600  for  1  year,  4  months,  and  18  days  at  6  % 

one-half  of  16  months 08 

one-sixthof  18  days 003 


multiply  by  principal. 


.083 
600 


the  interest  required $49 . 80 

4.     To  compute  interest  at  various  rates. 

RULE— Find  the  interest  at  6  %  according  to  the  above  rules,  and  for  other  rates, 

compute  therefrom,  as  follows: 

For  3  %  divide  by  2 

"   4  %  subtract  Vt 

"6%       »        1-6 

"    7%  add         1-6 

««  8%  ««         yt 

"   9%    "  X 

"  10  %  multiply  by  10  and  divide  by  <5 
"  11  %  multiply  by  2  and  subtract  1-12 
"12%  "  2 

Example — Determine  the  Interest  on  $900  for  1  year,  4  months  and  18  days  at  3, 4, 
5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11  and  12  % 

one-half  of  16  months 08 

one-sixth  of  18  days 003       • 


multiply  by  principal . 
interest  at  6% 

2)  74.70 
Interest  at  3% $37.35 

3)  74.70 
24.90 

Interest  at  4  % $49. bO 

6)  74.70 
12.45 

Interest  at  5% $62.25 

6)  74.70 
12.45 

Interest  at  7  % $87.15 

3)  74.70 

24.90 

Interest  »t  8% $99. GO 


.083 
900 

$74.70 


2)     74.70 

37.35 

Interestat9% $112.05 

6)  747.00 
Interest  at  10  % $124.50 

74.70 
2 


12)  149.40 
12.45 

Interest  at  11  % ,.    $136.95 

74.70 

a 

Interest  at  12  % $149,4C 


52-1 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


INTEREST  TABLES. 


NOTE— These  tables  show  the  interest  on  one  dollar  for  the  given  time;  the 
amounts  being  expressed  in  decimals  of  a  dollar. 


TIME. 

fc* 

?<% 

«% 

1% 

1** 

1U  " 

PER  MONTH 

PEB  MONTH 

PEB  MONTH 

PEB  MONTH 

PEB  MONTH 

PEH  MONTH 

1  Day. 

.00016667 

.00023 

.00029167 

.00033333 

.000375 

.00041667 

2    "    . 

.00033333 

.00(15 

.OOOC8333 

.00066667 

.00075 

Jiiios:i3:i3 

3    "    . 

.0005 

.00075 

.000875 

.001 

.001125 

.00125 

4    "    . 

.00066667 

.001 

.OtiH6667 

.00133333 

.0015 

.00166667 

6    "    . 

.00083333 

.00126 

.00145833 

.00166667 

.001875 

.00208333 

6    "     . 

.001 

.0015 

.  00175 

.002 

.00225 

.0025 

7     "    . 

.00116667 

.00176 

.00204167 

.00233333 

.002625 

.00291667 

8    "     . 

.00133333 

.002 

.00233333 

.00266667 

.003 

.00333333 

0     '     . 

.0015 

.00225 

.002625 

.003 

.003375 

.00375 

10     •     . 

.00166667 

.0025 

.00291667 

.00333333 

.00375 

.10116667 

11      '    . 

.00183333 

.00276 

.00320833 

.00366667 

.004125 

.00458333 

12      '     . 

.002 

.003 

.0035 

.004 

.0046 

.005 

13      '     . 

.00216667 

.00325 

.00379167 

.00433333 

.004875 

.00541667 

14      '    . 

.00233333 

.0036 

.00408333 

.00466667 

.00525 

.00883333 

15      '     . 

.0025 

.00375 

.004375 

.005 

.005625 

.00625 

16      ' 

.00266667 

.004 

.00466667 

.00533333 

.006 

.00666667 

17      '    . 

.00283333 

.00425 

.00495833 

.00566667 

.006375 

.00708333 

18     '     . 

.003 

.0045 

.00525 

.006 

.00675 

.0075 

19       '     . 

.00316667 

.00475 

.00554167 

.00633333 

.007125 

.00791667 

20     '    . 

.00333333 

.005 

.00583333 

.00666667 

.0075 

.0083«333 

21      «    . 

.0035 

.00526 

.006125 

.007 

.007875 

.00876 

22      '     . 

.00366667 

.0055 

.00641667 

.00733333 

.00825 

.00916667 

23      •    . 

.00383333 

.00575 

.00670833 

.00766667 

.008625 

.0005h33£ 

24     '    . 

.004 

.006 

.007 

.COS 

.009 

.01 

25     '     . 

.00416667 

.00625 

.00729167 

.00833333 

.009375 

.01041667 

26      •    . 

.00433333 

.0065 

.00758333 

.00866667 

.00975 

.01083333 

27      '     . 

.0045 

.00675 

.007875 

.009 

.010125 

.01125 

28      '    . 

.00466667 

.007 

.00816667 

.00933333 

.0105 

.01166667 

29      ' 

.00483333 

.00725 

.00845833 

.00966667 

.010875 

.01208333 

1  Month 

.005 

.0075 

.00875 

.01 

.01125 

.012.") 

196% 

1*5% 

i*X 

i\X 

1%  % 

2% 

PEB  MONTH 

PEB  MONTH 

PEB  MONTH 

PEB  MONTH 

PEB  MONTH 

PER  MONTH 

1  Day. 

.00045833 

.0005 

.00054167 

.00058333 

.000625 

.00066667 

2    "     . 

.00091667 

.001 

.00108333 

.00116667 

.00125 

.00133333 

3    "    . 

.001375 

.0015 

.001625 

.00175 

.001875 

.002 

4    "     . 

.00183333 

.002 

.00216667 

.00233333 

.0025 

.00266667 

6    "    . 

.00229167 

.0025 

.00270833 

.00291667 

.003125 

.00333333 

6    "     . 

.00275 

.003 

.00325 

.0035 

.00375 

.004 

7     "    . 

..00320833 

.0035 

.00379107 

.00408333 

.004375 

.00466667 

8    "    . 

.00366667 

.004 

.00433333 

.00466667 

.005 

.00533333 

9    "    . 

.004125 

.0045 

.004875 

.00525 

.005625 

.006 

10    "    . 

.00458333 

.005 

.00541667 

.00583333 

.00625 

.00666667 

11      '    . 

00504167 

.0055 

.00595833 

.00641667 

.006875 

.00733333 

12      '     . 

.0055 

.006 

.0065 

.007 

.0075 

.008 

13      '    . 

.00595833 

.0065 

.00704167 

.00758333 

.008125 

.00866667 

14      '    . 

.00(341667 

.007    . 

.00758333 

.00816667 

.00875 

.00933333 

15      '    . 

.006875 

.0075 

.08125 

.00875 

.009375 

.01 

16      '     . 

.00733333 

.008 

.0866667 

.00933333 

.01 

.01066667 

17      '    . 

.00779167 

.0085 

.0920833 

.00991667 

.010625 

.01133333 

18      '    . 

.00825 

.009 

.0975 

.0105 

.01125 

.012 

19    "    . 

.00870833 

.0095 

.01029167 

.01108333 

.011875 

.01266667 

20     '     . 

.00916667 

.01 

.01083333 

.011(56667 

.0125 

.01333333 

21      '    . 

.009625 

.0105 

.011375 

.01225 

.013125 

.014 

22     '     . 

.01008333 

.011 

.01191667 

.012833*3 

.01375 

.01466667 

23      '    . 

.01054167 

.0115 

.01245833 

.01341667 

.014375 

.01533333 

24      '    . 

.011 

.012 

.013 

.014 

.015 

.016 

25    "    • 

.01145833 

.0125 

.01354167 

.01458333 

.015625 

.01666667 

26    "    . 

.01191667 

.013 

.01408333 

.01516667 

.01625 

.01733333 

27    "    . 

.012375 

.0135 

.014625 

.01575 

.016875 

.018 

28    "    . 

.01283333 

.014 

.01516667 

.01633333 

.0175 

.01866667 

29    » 

.01329167 

.0145 

.01570833 

.01691667 

.018125 

.01933333 

1  Month 

.01375 

.015 

.01625 

.OJ75 

.01875 

.02 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


525 


INTEREST  TABLES— COHTIMBED. 

NOTE — These  tables  show  the  interest  on  one  dollar  from  one  day  to  one 
year,  advancing  by  days,  the  amounts  being  expressed  in  decimals  of  a  dollar. 


TIME. 

M.  D. 

6% 

PER  YEAR 

6% 

PER  YEAR 

7% 

PEB  TEAS 

8% 

PER  YEAR 

9% 

PEB  YEAB 

10% 

PEB  YEAR 

11% 

PEBYEAB 

12% 

PEB  YEAB 

1. 

.0001389 

.0001667 

.0001944 

.0002222 

.00025 

.0002778 

.0003056 

.0003333 

2. 

.0002778 

.0003333 

.0003889 

.0004444 

.0005 

.0005556 

.0000111 

.0006667 

3. 

.0004167 

.0005 

.0005833 

.0006667 

.00075 

.0008333 

.0009167 

.001 

4. 

.0005556 

.0000667 

.0007778 

.0008889 

.001 

.0011111 

.0012222 

.0013333 

5. 

.0006944 

.0008333  .0009722 

.0011111 

.00125 

.0013889 

.0015278 

.0016667 

6. 

.0008333 

.001     .0011667 

.0013333 

.0015 

.0010667 

.0018333 

.002 

7. 

.0009722 

.0011667|  .0013611 

.0015556 

.00175 

.0019444 

.0021389 

.0023333 

8. 

.0011111 

.0013333!  .0015556 

.0017778 

.002 

.0022222 

.0024444 

.0020667 

9. 

.00125 

.0015 

.00175 

.002 

.00225 

.0025 

.00275 

.003 

•  10. 

.0013889 

.DO  16667 

.0019444 

.0022222 

.0025 

.0027778 

.0030556 

.0033333 

11. 

.0015278 

.0018333 

.0021389 

.0024444 

.00275 

.0030556 

.0033611 

.0030667 

12. 

.0016667 

.002 

.0023333 

.0026667 

.003 

.0033333 

.0036667 

.004 

33. 

.0018056 

.0021667 

.0025278 

.0028889 

.00325 

.0036111. 

.0039722 

.0043333 

14. 

.0019444 

.0023333 

.0027222 

.0031111 

-.0035 

.0038889 

.0042778 

.0046667 

15. 

.0020833 

.0025 

.0029167 

.0033333 

.00375 

.0041667 

.0045833 

.005 

16. 

.0022222 

.0026667 

.0031111 

.0035556 

.004 

.0044444 

.0048889 

.0053333 

17. 

.0023611 

.0028333 

.0033056 

.0037773   .00425 

.0047222 

.0051944 

.0056667 

18. 

.0025 

.003 

.0035 

.004    1  .0045 

.005 

.0055 

.006 

19. 

.0026389  .0031667 

.0036944 

.00422221  .00475 

.0052778 

.0058056 

.0003333 

20. 

.0027778 

.0033333 

.0038889 

.0044444 

.005 

.0055556 

.0061111 

.0066687 

21. 

.0029167 

.0035 

.0040833 

.0046667 

.00525 

.0058333 

.0064167 

.007 

22. 

0030556 

.0036667 

.0042778 

.0048889 

.0055 

.0001111 

.00;!7222 

.0073333 

23. 

.0031944 

.0038333 

.0044722 

.0051111 

.09575 

.0063889 

.0070278 

.0076667 

94. 

.0033333 

.004 

.0046667 

.0053333 

.006 

.0066667 

.0073333 

,008 

25. 

.0034722 

.0041667 

.0048611 

.0055556 

.00625 

.0069444 

.0076389 

.008J333 

26. 

.0036111 

.0043333 

.0050556 

.0057778 

.0005 

.0072222 

.0079444 

.0086667 

27. 

.00375 

.0045 

.00525 

.006 

.00675 

.0075 

.00825 

.009 

28. 

.0038889 

.0046667 

.0054444 

.0062222 

.007 

.0077778 

.0085556 

.0093333 

29. 

.0040278 

.0048333 

.0056389 

.0064444 

.00725 

.0080556 

.0088611 

.0096667 

1  ... 

.0041667 

.005 

.0058333 

.0066607 

.0075 

.0083333 

.0091667 

.01 

1   1. 

.0043056 

.0051667 

.0060278 

.OOG8889 

.00775 

.0086111 

.0094722 

.0103333 

1   2. 

.0044444 

.0053333 

.0062222 

.0071111 

.008 

.0088889 

.0097778 

.0106667 

1   3. 

.0045833 

.0055 

.0064167 

.0073333 

.00825 

.0091667 

.0100833 

.011 

1   4. 

.0047222 

.0056667 

.0066111 

.0075556 

.0085 

.0094444 

.0103889 

.0113333 

1   6. 

.0048611 

.0058333 

.0068056 

.0077778 

.00875 

.0097222 

.0106944 

.0116667 

1   6. 

.005 

.006 

.007 

.008 

.009 

.01 

.011 

.012 

1   7. 

.0051389 

.0061667 

.0071944 

.0082222 

.00925 

.0102778 

.0113056 

.0123333 

1   8. 

.0052778 

.0063333 

.0073889 

.0084444 

.0095 

.0105556 

.0116111 

.0126667 

1   9. 

.00541G7 

.0065 

.0075833 

.0086667 

.00975 

.0108333 

.0119167 

.013 

1  10. 

.0055556 

.0066667 

.0077778 

.0088889 

.01 

.0111111 

.0122222 

.0133333 

1  11. 

.6056944 

.0068333 

.0079722 

.0091111 

.01025 

.0113889 

.0125278 

.0136667 

1  12. 

.0058333 

.007 

.0081667 

.0093333 

.0105 

.0116667 

.0128333 

.014 

1  13. 

.oosg^a 

.0071667 

.0083611 

.0095556 

.01075 

.0119444 

.0131389 

.014333J 

1  14. 

.0061111 

0073333 

.0085556 

.0097778 

.011 

.0122222 

.0134444 

.0140667 

1  15. 

.00625  :  .0075 

.00875 

.01 

.01125 

.0125 

.01375 

.015 

1  16. 

.0063889  .0076667 

.0089444 

.0102222 

.0115 

.0127778 

.0140556 

.0153333 

1  17. 

.006.5278 

.0078333 

.0091389 

.0104444 

.01175 

.0130556 

.0143611 

.0156667 

1  18. 

.0066667 

.008 

.0093333 

.0106667 

.012 

.0133333 

.0146607 

.016 

1  19. 

.0068056 

.0081667 

.0095278 

.0108889 

.01225 

.0136111 

.0149722 

.0103333 

1  20. 

.OOC9444 

.00?3333 

.0097222 

.0111111 

.0125 

.0138889 

.0152778 

.01C6667 

1  21. 

.0070833 

.0085 

.0099167 

.0113333 

.01275 

.0141667 

.0155833 

.017 

I  22. 

.0072222 

.0086667 

.0101111 

.0115556 

.013 

.0144444 

.0158889 

.0173333 

1  23. 

.0073611 

.0088333 

.0103056 

.0117778 

.01325 

.0147222 

.0161944 

.0176667 

1  24. 

.0075 

.009 

.0105 

.012 

.0135 

.015 

.0165 

.018 

1  25. 

.0076389 

.0091667 

.0106944 

.0122222 

.01375 

.0152778 

.0168056 

.0183333 

1  26. 

.6077778 

.0093333 

.C  108889 

.0124444 

.014 

.0155556 

.0171111 

.0186667 

1  27 

.0079167 

.0095 

.0110833 

.0126667 

.01425 

.0158333 

.0174167 

.019 

1  28. 

.0080556 

.0096667 

.0112778 

.0128889 

.0145 

.0161111 

.0177222 

.0193333 

1  29. 

.0081944 

.0098333 

.0114722 

.0131111 

.01475 

.0163889 

.0180278 

.0196667 

2  .. 

.0083333 

.01 

.0116667 

.0133333 

.015 

.0166667 

.0183333 

.02 

2  i. 

.0084722 

.0101667 

.0118611 

.0135556 

.01525 

.0169444 

.0186389 

.0203333 

2  2. 

.0086111 

.0103333 

.0120556 

.0137778 

.0155 

.0172222 

.0189444 

.0200007 

2  3. 

.00875 

.0105 

.01225 

.014 

.01575 

.0175 

.01925 

.021 

2  4. 

.0088889 

.0106667 

.0124444 

.0142222 

.016 

.0177778 

.0195556 

.0213333 

526 


THE  GREAT  P VRAM  1 1)  JEEZEH 


INTEREST  TAlfi-ES— CONTINUED. 


TIME. 

M.     D. 

6% 

PER  YEAR 

6% 

PER  YEAR 

7% 

PEKYEAR 

8% 

PEB  YEAR 

9% 

PEB  YEAR 

10% 

PEB  YEAR 

11% 

PER  YEAB 

12  Z 

PER  YEAB 

').     5. 

.0090278 

.0108333 

.0126389 

.0111444 

.01625 

.0180556 

.0198611 

.0216667 

'i     6. 

.0091667 

.011 

.0128333 

.0146667 

.0165 

.0183333 

.0201667 

.022 

2     7. 

.0093056 

.0111667 

.0130278 

.01188-9 

.01675 

.0186111 

.0201722 

.0-223333 

2      8. 

.0091414 

.0113333 

.0132222 

.0151111 

.017 

.0188880 

.0207778 

.0226667 

2      9. 

.0095833 

.0115 

.0131167 

.0153333 

.01725 

.0191667 

.0210*53 

.023 

2    10. 

.0097222 

.0116667 

.0136111 

.0155556 

.0175 

.0194444 

.0213889 

.0233333 

2    11. 

.i'098611 

.0118333 

.0138066 

.0157778 

.01775 

.0197222 

.0210944 

.0236667 

2    12. 

.01 

.012 

.014 

.016 

.018 

.02 

.022 

.024 

2    13. 

.01013«9 

.0121667 

.0111944 

.0162222 

.01825 

.02"2778 

.0223056    .0213333 

2    11 

.0102778 

.0123333 

.0143889 

.0164444 

.0185 

.0205556 

.0226111     .0216(>67 

2    15. 

.0101167 

.0125 

.0115833 

.0166667 

.01875 

.0208331 

.0229107     .11-25 

2    16. 

.0165556 

.0126667 

.0147778 

.0168889 

.019 

.0211111 

.0232222     .02533.B3 

2    17. 

.0106914 

.0128333 

.0149722 

.0171111 

.01925 

.0213889    .023527«    .0256667 

2     18. 

.0108333 

.013 

.0151667 

.0173333 

.0195 

.0216667    .0238333    .026 

2    19. 

.6109722 

.0131667 

.0153611 

.0175556 

.01975 

.0219444 

.  0241  3*9 

.0203333 

2    20 

.0111111 

.0133333 

.0155556 

.0177778 

.02 

.0222222 

.0244444 

.026C667 

2    21. 

.01125 

.0135 

.01575 

.018 

.02025 

.0225 

.02475 

.027 

2    82. 

.0113889 

.0136667 

.0159144 

.0182222 

.0205 

.0227778    .0250556 

.0273333 

2    23. 

.0115278 

.0138333 

.0161389 

.0184111 

.02075 

.0230556    .0253611 

.02766(57 

2    21. 

.0116667 

.011 

.0163333 

.0186667 

.021 

.0233333    .0256067 

.028 

2    25 

.8118056 

.0141667 

.0165278 

.0188889 

.02125 

.0236111    .0259722 

.028333? 

2    26. 

.0119144 

.0143333 

.0167222 

.0191111 

.0215 

.0238889    .0262778 

.0-286067 

2    27 

.0120833 

.0115 

.0169167 

.0193333 

.02176 

.0241007     .0265833 

.029 

2    28. 

.0122222 

.0116667 

.0171111 

.01955561     .022 

.0241111    .0268889 

.0293335 

2    29. 

.0123611 

.0118333 

.0173056 

.0197778      .02225 

.0247222    .0271911 

.0296667 

3     ... 

.0125 

.015 

.0175 

.02               .0225 

.025 

.0275 

.03 

3      1. 

.0126389    .0151667 

.0176944 

.0202222'     .02275 

.0252778 

.0278056 

.0303333 

3      2. 

.0127778    .0153333 

.0178889 

.0204444 

.023 

.0255556 

.0281111 

.0306667 

3      3. 

.0129167    .0155 

.0180833 

.0206667 

.02325 

.0258333 

.0-284167 

.031 

3      4. 

.0130556    .0156667 

.0182778 

.0208889 

.0235 

.0261111 

.0287222 

.031333i> 

3      6. 

.0131944    .0158333    .0181722 

.0211111 

.02375 

.02(8881 

.0290278 

.0310067 

3      6. 

.0133333    .016 

.0186667 

.0213333 

.024 

.0-266667 

.0293333 

.032 

3      7. 

.0134722    .0161667 

.0188611 

.0215556 

.02425 

.0269114 

.0296389 

.0323333 

3      8. 

.0136111    .0163333 

.019055& 

.021777& 

.0245 

.0272222 

.0291)144 

.o:!-2t;t;o7 

3      9 

.01375        .0165 

.01925 

.022 

.02475 

.0275 

.03025     |   .033 

3    10. 

.0138889!   .01-66667 

.Ol'.ill44 

.0222222 

.025 

.0277778 

.0305556 

.0333333 

3    11. 

.0140278    .0168333    .0196389 

.0224444 

.02525 

.0280556 

.0908C11 

.0380667 

3    12. 

.0111667    .017 

.0198331 

.0226667 

.0255 

.0283333 

.0311667 

.034 

3    13. 

.0143056J    .0171667    .0200278 

.0228889 

.02575 

.0286111 

.0314722 

.0343333 

3    14. 

.0114444    .0173333    .0202222 

.0231111 

.026 

.0288889 

.0317778 

.0346667 

3    15. 

.0145833    .0175 

.0201167 

.0233333 

.02625 

.0291667 

.0320833 

.035 

3    16. 

.0147222 

.0176667)  .0206111 

.0235556 

.0265 

.0291144 

.0323889 

.0353"33 

3    17. 

.C148611 

.0178333 

.0208056 

.0237778 

.02675 

.0297222 

.0320944 

.0356667 

3    18. 

.015           .018 

.021 

.024 

.027 

.03 

.033 

.030 

3    19. 

.0151389 

.0181667 

.0211944 

.0242222 

.02725 

.0302778 

.0333056 

.0363333 

3    20. 

.0152778 

.0183333 

.0213889 

.0214111 

.0275 

.0305556:    .0330118 

.0366067 

3    21. 

.0154167 

.0185 

.0215833 

.0246607 

.02775 

.0308333    .0339167 

.037 

3    22. 

.0155f56    .0186667 

.0217778 

.0248889 

.028 

.0311111     .0342222 

.037,3333 

3    23. 

.0156914'    .0188333    .0219722 

.0251111 

.02825 

.0313889    .0315278 

.0376667 

3    21. 

.01583331   .019           .0221667 

.0253333 

.0285 

.0316667     .031*333 

.038 

3    25. 

.0159722    .01916"7    .0223611 

.0255650 

.02875 

.0319111;    .0351389 

.0383333 

3    20. 

.0161111    .0193333,   .0225556 

.0257778 

.029 

.0322222 

.0354444 

.0386667 

3    27. 

.01625 

.0195          .02275 

.026 

.02925 

.0325 

.03575 

.039 

3    28. 

.0163889 

.0196667    .0229444    .0202222 

.0295 

.0327778 

.0360556    .0393333 

3    29. 

.0105278    .0198333 

.0231389 

.0261444 

.02975 

.0330556 

.0363611 

.0396607 

4     ... 

.0166667    .02 

.0233333 

.0266667 

.03 

.0333333 

.0366667 

.04 

4      1. 

.0168056 

.0201607    .0235278 

.026KS-9 

.03025 

.0336111 

.0369722 

.0403333 

4      2. 

.0169114 

0203333i   .0237222 

.0271111 

.0305 

.0338889 

.0372778 

.0406667 

4      3. 

.0170833 

.0205          .0239167 

.0273333 

.03075 

.0311667 

.0375833 

.041 

4      4. 

.0172222 

.0206667'   .0211111 

.0275556 

.031 

.0341444 

.0378889 

.0413333 

4      5. 

.0173611 

.0208333.   .0213056 

.0277778 

.03125 

.0347222 

.0381941 

.0416667 

4      6. 

.0175 

.021           .0215 

.028 

.0315 

•035            i0385~ 

.042 

4      7. 

.0176389 

.0211667'   .0216944 

.0282222 

.03175 

.03527781    .0388056 

.0423333 

4      8. 

.0177778 

.0213333 

.0218889 

.0281444 

.032 

.0355556     .039HH 

.0426667 

4      9. 

.0179167 

.0215 

.0250833    .0286667 

.03225 

.0358333     .0391167 

.043 

4    16. 

.0180556 

.0216667 

.0252778     .0288.889 

.0325 

.0361111|     0897222 

.0133:333 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


527 


INTEREST  TABLES— CONTDTOMD. 


TIME. 

M.  1). 

5% 

PEE  YEAB 

6% 

PER  YEAB 

7% 

PEB  YEAB 

8% 

PEKYEAR 

9% 

PEB  YEAB 

10% 

PER  YEAR 

11% 
PEBYEAB 

12% 

FEB  YEAB 

4  11. 

.0181944 

.0218333 

.0254722 

.0291111 

.03275 

.0363889 

.0400278 

.0436667 

4  12. 

.0183333 

.022 

.0256667 

.0293333 

.033 

.0366667 

.0403333 

.044 

ft  13. 

.0184722 

.0221667 

.0258611 

.0295556 

.03325 

.0369444 

.0406389 

.0443333 

'A  11. 

.0186111 

.0223333 

.0260556 

.0297778 

.0335 

.0372222 

.0409444 

.0446667 

A  lo. 

.01875 

.0225 

.02(525 

.03 

.03375 

.0375 

.04125 

.045 

4  1'i. 

.0188689 

.0226667 

.0204444 

.0302222 

.034 

.0377778 

.04155561  .0453333 

4  17 

.0190278 

.0228333 

.0266389 

.0304444 

.03425 

.0380556 

.0118611  .0456667 

4  18. 

.0191067 

.033 

.0268333 

.0306667 

.0345 

.0383333 

.0421667  .046 

4  19. 

.0193056 

.0231667 

.0270278 

.0308889 

.03475 

.0386111 

.0424722  .0463338 

4  20. 

.0194444 

.6233333 

.0272222 

.0311111 

.035 

.0388889 

.0427778,  .0466667 

4  21. 

.0195833 

.0235 

.0274167 

.0313333 

.03525 

.0391667 

.0430833;  .047 

4  22. 

.0197222 

.0236667 

.0276111 

.0315556 

.0355 

.0394444 

.04338891  .0473333 

A   23! 

.0198611 

.0238333 

.0278056 

.0317778 

.03575 

.0397222 

.0436944 

.147(5667 

*  21. 

.02 

.024 

.028 

.032 

.036 

.04 

.044 

.048 

4  25. 

.0201389 

.0241667 

.0281944 

.0322222 

.03625 

.0402778 

.0443056 

.0483333 

4  2.i. 

.0202778 

.0243333 

.0283889 

.0324444 

.0365 

.0405556 

.0446111 

.0486667 

4  27. 

.0204107 

.0245 

.0285833 

.0326C67 

.03675 

.0408333 

.0449167 

.049 

4  28. 

.0205556 

.0246667 

.0287778 

.0328889 

.037 

.0411111 

.0452222 

.0493333 

4  29. 

.0206944 

.0248333 

.0289722 

.0331111 

.03725 

.0413889 

.0455278 

.0496067 

6  ... 

.OB08333 

.025 

.0291667 

.0333333 

.0375 

.0416667 

.0458333 

.05 

5   1. 

.0209722 

.0251667 

.0293611 

.0333556 

.03775 

.0419444 

.0461389 

.0503333 

5   2 

.0211111 

.0253333 

.0295556 

.0337778 

.038 

.04222X2 

.0464444 

.0500667 

5   3. 

.02125 

.0255 

.02975 

.034 

.03825 

.0425 

.04675 

.061 

5   4. 

.0213889 

.0256667 

.0299444 

.0342222 

.0385 

.0427778 

.0470556 

.0513331 

5   5. 

0215278 

.0258333 

.0301389 

.0344444 

.03875 

.0430556 

.0473611 

.0516667 

5   6. 

.0216667 

.026 

.0303333 

.0346667 

.039 

.0433333 

.0476667 

.052 

6   7. 

.0218056 

.0261667 

.0305278 

.0348889 

.03925 

.0436111 

.0479722 

.0523333 

5   J. 

.0219444 

.0263333 

.0307222 

.0351111 

.0395 

.0438889 

.0482778 

.05266B7 

6   9. 

.0220833 

.0265 

.0309167 

.0353333 

.03975 

.0441667 

0485833 

.053 

5  10. 

.0222222 

,0(i666G7 

.0311111 

.0355556 

.04 

.0444444 

.0488889 

.0533833 

6  11. 

.0223611 

.0268333 

.0313056 

.0357778 

.04025 

.0447222 

.0491944 

.0536607 

5  12. 

.0225 

.027 

.0315 

.036 

.0405 

.045 

.0495 

.054 

5  13. 

.0226389 

.0271667 

.0316944 

.0362222 

.04075 

.0452778 

.0498056 

.0543333 

6  14. 

.0227778 

.0273333 

.0318889 

.0364444 

.041 

.0455556 

.0501111 

.0546067 

5  15. 

.0229167 

.0275 

.0320833 

.0366667 

.04135 

.0458333 

.0504167 

.055 

5  16. 

.0230556 

.0276667 

.0322778 

.0368889 

.0415 

.0461111 

.0507222 

.0553333 

5  17. 

.0231944 

.0278333 

.0324722 

.0371111 

.04175 

.0463889 

.0510278 

.0556667 

5  18. 

.0233333 

.028 

.0326667 

.0373333 

.042 

.0466667 

.0513333 

.056 

5  19. 

.0234722 

.0281667 

.0328611 

.0375556 

.04225 

.0469444 

.0516389 

.0563333 

5  20. 

.0236111 

.0283333 

.0330556 

.0377778 

.0425 

.0472222 

.0519444 

.0566607 

6  21. 

.02375 

.0285 

.03325 

.038 

.04275 

.0475 

.05225 

.057 

6  22. 

.0238889 

.0286607 

.0334444 

.0382222 

.043 

.0477778 

.0525556 

.0573333 

5  23. 

.0240278 

.0288333 

.0336389 

.0384444 

.04325   .0480556 

.0528611 

.0576667 

5  24. 

.0241667 

.029 

.0338333 

.0386667 

.0435    .0483333 

.0531667 

.058 

6  25. 

.0243056 

0291687 

.0340278 

.0388889 

.04375 

.0486111 

.0534722 

.0583333 

6  26. 

.0244444 

.0293333 

.0342222 

.0391111 

.044 

.0488889 

.0537778 

.0586667 

5  27. 

.0245833 

.0295 

.03H167 

.0393333 

.04425 

.0491667 

.0540833 

.059 

5  28. 

.0247222 

.0296687 

.0346111 

.0395556 

.0445 

.0494444 

.0543889 

.0593333 

5  29. 

.0248611 

.0298333 

.0348056 

.030T778 

.04475 

.0497222 

.0546944 

.0596667 

6  ... 

.025 

.03 

.035 

.04, 

.045 

.05 

.055 

.06 

6   1. 

.0251389 

.0301667 

.035194.4 

.0402222 

.04525 

.0502778 

.0553056 

.0603333 

6   2. 

.0252778 

.0303333 

.0353889 

.0404U4 

.0455 

.0505556 

.0556111 

.0606667 

6   3. 

.0254167 

.0305 

.0355838 

.0406667 

.04575 

.0508333 

.0559167 

.061 

6   4. 

.0255556 

.030666T 

.0337778 

.0408889 

.046 

.0511111 

.  0562222 

.0613333 

6   5. 

.0236944 

.0308,333 

.0359T22 

.0411111 

.04625 

.0513889 

.0565278 

.0016667 

6   G 

.0258333 

.031 

.0361067 

.0413333 

.0465 

.0516667 

.0568333 

.062 

6   7. 

.0259722 

.0311667 

.0363611 

.0415556 

.04675 

.0519444 

.0571389 

.06233.33 

0   8. 

.0261111 

.0313333 

.0363556 

.0417778 

.047 

.0522222 

.0574444 

.0626667 

8   9. 

.02625 

.0315 

.086T5 

.042 

.04725 

.0525 

.05776 

.063 

6  10. 

.0263889 

.0316667 

.0369444 

.0422222 

.0475 

.  0527^78 

.0580556 

.0633333 

6  11. 

.0265278 

.0318333 

.0371389 

.0424444" 

.04775 

.0530556 

.0583611 

.0636667 

6  12. 

.0266667 

.032 

.0373333 

.0426667 

.048 

.0533333 

.0586667 

.064 

6  13. 

.026805f 

.03-21667 

.0375278 

.0428889 

.04825 

.0536111 

.0589722 

.9643333 

6  14. 

.0269444 

.0323333 

.0377222 

.0431111 

.0485 

.0538889 

.0592778 

.0646607 

6  15. 

.0270833 

.0325 

.0379167 

.0433333 

.04875 

.0541667 

.0595833 

.005 

5  1'i. 

.0272222 

.0326667 

.0381111 

.  0435556  j  .049 

.0544444 

.0598889 

.0653333 

528 


THE  GEE AT  PYRAMID  JEEZ EH 


INTEREST  TABLES— CONTINUKD. 


TIME. 

M.  D. 

5% 

PEBYEAB 

6% 

PEE  1  1  :.\  K 

7% 
f  EB  YEAB 

8% 

PEBYEAB 

9% 

PEBYEAB 

10% 
PEBYEAB 

11% 

PEBTEAK 

12% 

PEB  YEAB 

6  17. 

.0273611 

.0328333 

.0383056 

.0437778 

.04925 

.0547222 

.0601944 

.0656667 

6  18. 

.0275 

.033 

.0385 

.044 

.0495 

.055 

.0605 

.066 

6  19. 

.0276389 

.0331667 

.0380944 

.0442222 

.04975 

.0552778 

.0608056 

.0663333 

6  20 

.0277778 

.0333333 

.0388889 

.0444444 

.05 

.0555556 

.0011111 

.0606667 

6  21. 

.0279167 

.0335 

.0390833 

.0446667 

.05025 

.0558333 

.0614167 

.067 

6  22. 

.0280550 

.0336667 

.0392778 

.0448889 

.0505 

.0561111 

.0617222 

.0673333 

6  23. 

.0281944 

.0338333 

.0394722 

.0451111 

.05075 

.0563889 

.0620278 

.0676667 

6  24. 

.0283333 

.034 

.0396667 

.C453333 

.051 

.0566667 

.0623333 

.068 

6  25. 

.0284722 

.0341667 

.0398611 

.0455556 

.05125 

.0569444 

.0626389 

.U0,s:i333 

6  26. 

.0286111 

.0343333 

.0400556 

.0457778 

.0515 

.U572222 

.0629444 

.0680067 

6  27. 

.02875 

.0345 

.04025 

.046 

.05175 

.0575 

.06325 

.069 

6  28. 

.0288889 

.0346667 

.0404444 

.0462222 

.052 

.0577778 

.0635556 

.0093333 

6  29. 

.0290278 

.0348333 

.0406389 

.0464444 

.05225 

.0580556 

.0638611 

.0690067 

7  ... 

.0291667 

.035 

.0408333 

.0466667 

.0525 

.0583333 

.0641667 

.07 

7   1. 

.0293056 

.0351667 

.0410278 

.0468889 

.05275 

.05^6111 

.0644722 

.0703333 

7   2. 

.0294444 

.0353333 

.0412222 

.0471111 

.053 

.0688889 

.0647778 

.0700067 

7   3. 

.0295833 

.0355 

.0414167 

.0473333 

.05325 

.0591667 

.0650833 

.071 

7   4. 

.0297222 

.0356667 

.0416111 

.0475556 

.0535 

.0594444 

.0653889 

.0713333 

7   6 

.0298611 

.0358333 

.0418056 

.0477778 

.05375 

.0597222 

.0656944 

.071666T 

7   6. 

.03 

.036 

.042 

.048 

.054 

.06 

.066 

.072 

7   7. 

.0301389 

.0361667 

.0421944 

.0482222 

.05425 

.0602778 

.0603056 

.0728333 

7   8. 

.0302778 

.0363333 

.0423889 

.0484444 

.0545 

.0605556 

.0666111 

.0726667 

7   9 

.0304167 

.0365 

.0425833 

.0486667 

.05475 

.0608333 

.0669167 

.073 

7  10. 

.0305556 

.0366667 

.0427778 

.0488889 

.055 

.0611111 

.0672222 

.073333* 

7  11. 

.0306944 

.0368333 

.0429722 

.0491111 

.05525 

.0613889 

.0675278 

.0736667 

1  12. 

.0308333 

.037 

.0431667 

.0493333 

.0555 

.0616667 

.0678333 

.074 

7  13. 

.0309722 

.0371667 

.0433611 

.0495556 

.05575 

.0619444 

.0681389 

.0743333 

7  14. 

.0311111 

.0373333 

.0435556 

.0497778 

.056 

.0622222 

.0684444 

.0740007 

7  16. 

.03125 

.0375 

.04375 

.05 

.06625 

.0625 

.06875 

.075 

T  16. 

.0313889 

0376667 

.0439444 

.0502222 

.d5B5 

.0627778 

.0690556 

.0753338 

7  17. 

.0315278 

.0378333 

.0441389 

.0504444 

.05675 

.0630556 

.0693611 

.0756667 

T  18. 

.0316667 

.038 

.0443333 

.0506667 

.057 

.0633333 

.0690607 

.076 

7  19. 

0318056 

.0381667 

.0445278 

.0508886 

.05725 

.0636111 

.0699722 

.076333S 

7  20. 

.0319444 

.0383333 

.0447222 

.0511111 

.0575 

.0638889 

.0702778 

.0766667 

7  21. 

.0320833 

.0385 

.0449167 

.0513333 

.05775 

.0641667 

.0705833 

.077 

7  22. 

.0322222 

.0386667 

.0451111 

.0515556 

.058 

.0644444 

.0708889 

.0773338 

7  23. 

.0323611 

0388333 

.0453056 

.0517778 

.05825 

.0647222 

.0711944 

.6776067 

7  24. 

.0325 

.039 

.0455 

.052 

.0585 

.065 

.0715 

.078 

7  25. 

.0326389 

.0391667 

.0456944 

.0522222 

.05875 

.0652778 

.0718056 

.0783333 

7  26. 

.0327778 

.0393333 

.0458889 

.0524444 

.059 

.0655556 

.0721111 

.0786667 

7  27. 

.0329167 

.0395 

.0460833 

.0526667 

.05925 

.0658333 

.0724107 

.079 

7  28. 

.0330556 

.0396667 

.0462778 

.0528889 

.0595 

.0661111 

.0727232 

.0793333 

7  29. 

.0331944 

.0398333 

.0464722 

.0531111 

.05975 

.0663889 

.0730278 

.0796687 

8  ... 

.0333333 

.04 

.0466667 

.0533333 

.06 

.0606667 

.0733333 

.08 

8   1. 

.0334722 

.0401667 

.0468611 

.0535556 

.06025 

.0669444 

.0736389 

.080333S 

8   2. 

.0336111 

.0403333 

.0470556 

.0537778 

.0605 

.0672222 

.0739444 

.0800667 

8   3. 

.03375 

.0405 

.04725 

.054 

.06075 

.0675 

.07425 

.081 

8   4. 

.0338889 

.0406667 

.0474444 

.0542222 

.061 

0677778 

.0745556 

.0813333 

8   5. 

.0340278 

.0408333 

.0476389 

.0544444 

.06125 

.0680556 

.0748611 

.0816667 

8   p. 

.0341667 

.041 

.0478333 

.0546667 

.0615 

.0683333 

.0751667 

.082 

8   7. 

.0343056 

.0411667 

.0480278 

.0548889 

.06175 

.0686111 

0754722 

.0823333 

8   8. 

.0344444 

.0413333 

.0482222 

.0551111 

.062 

.0688889 

.0757778 

.0826667 

8   9. 

.0345833 

.0415 

.0484167 

.0553333 

.06225 

.0691667 

.0760833 

.083 

8  10. 

.0347222 

.0416667 

.0486111 

.0555556 

.0625 

.0694444 

.0763889 

.0833333 

8  11. 

.0348611 

.0418333 

.0488056 

.0557778 

.06275 

.0697222 

.0766944 

.0836667 

8  12. 

.035 

.042 

.049 

.056 

.063 

.07 

.077 

.084 

8  13. 

.0351389 

.0421667 

.0491944 

.0562222 

.06325 

.0702778 

.0773056 

.0643333 

8  14. 

.0352778 

.0423333 

.0493889 

.0564444 

.0635 

.0705556 

.0776111 

.084GG6V 

8  15. 

.0354167 

.0425 

.0495833 

.0566667 

.06375 

.0708333 

.0779167 

.085 

8  16. 

.0355556 

.0426667 

.0497778 

.U568889 

.064 

.0711111 

.0782222 

.0853333 

8  17. 

.0356944 

.0428333 

.0499722 

.0571111 

.06425 

.0713889 

.0785278 

.0850667 

8  18. 

.0358333 

.043 

.0501667 

.0573333 

.0645 

.0716667 

.0788333 

.086 

8  19. 

.0359722 

.0431667 

.0503611 

.0575556 

.00475 

.0719444 

.0791389 

.0863333 

8  20. 

.0361111 

.0433333 

.0505556 

.0577778 

.065 

.0722222 

.0794444 

.0866067 

8  21. 

.03625 

.0435 

.05075 

.058 

.06525 

.0725 

.07975 

.087 

8  22. 

.0363889 

.0436667 

.0.509444 

.0582222 

.0655 

.0727778 

.0800556 

.0873333 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASUEES 


529 


HCTERJ18T  TABLES— COKITNUIK. 


TIME. 

If.  D. 

6% 

PEBYEAR 

6% 

PEBYEAB 

7% 

PEBYEAR 

8% 

PEBYEAB 

9% 

PEBTEAB 

10% 
PEE  YEAH 

11% 

PZBYEAK 

12% 

PEB  YE  AB 

8  23. 

.0365278 

.0438333 

.0511389 

.0584444 

.06575 

.0730556 

.0803011 

.0876667 

8  24. 

.0366667 

.044 

.0513333 

.0586667 

.066 

.0733333 

.0806667 

.088 

8  25. 

.0368056 

.0441667 

.0515278 

.0588889 

.06625 

.0736111  .0809722 

.088333? 

8  26. 

.0369444 

.0443333 

0517222 

0591111 

.0665 

.07388891  .0812778 

.0886667 

8  27. 

.0370833 

.0445 

.0519167 

.0593333 

.06675 

.0741667 

.0815833 

.089 

8  28. 

.0372222 

.0446667 

.0521111 

.0595556 

.067 

.0744444 

.0818889 

.0893333 

8  29. 

.0373611 

.0448333 

.0523056 

.0597778 

.06725 

.0747222 

.0821944 

.0896667 

9  ... 

.0375 

.045 

.0525 

.06 

.0675 

.075 

.0825 

.09 

9  1. 

.0376389 

.0451667 

0526944 

.0602222 

.06776 

.0752778 

.0828056 

.0903333 

9  2. 

.0377778 

.0453333 

.0528889 

.0004444 

.068 

.0755556 

.0831111 

.0906667 

9  3. 

.0379167 

.0455 

.0530833 

.0606667 

.06825 

.0758333 

.0834167 

.091 

9  4. 

.0380556 

.0456667 

.0532778 

.0608889 

.0685 

.0761111 

.0837222 

.0913339 

9  5. 

.0381944 

.0458333  .0534722 

.0611111 

.06876 

.0763889 

.0840278 

.0916667 

9  6. 

.0383333. 

.046     .0536667 

.0613333 

.069 

.0706667 

.0843333 

.092 

9  7. 

.0384722 

.0461667  .0538611 

.0615556 

.06925 

.0769444 

.0846389 

.0923333 

9  8. 

.0386111 

.0403333  .0540556 

.0617778 

.0695 

.0772222 

.0849444 

.0926667 

9  9. 

.03875 

.0465    .05425 

.062 

.06975   .0775 

.08525 

.093 

9  10. 

.0388889 

.0466667  .0544444 

.0622222 

07    !  .0777778 

.0855556 

.0633333 

9  11. 

.0390278 

.04683331  .0546389 

.0624444 

07026   .0780056 

.0858611 

.0936667 

9  12. 

.0391667 

.047 

.0548333 

.0626667 

.0705   .0783333 

.0861667 

.094 

9  13. 

.0393056 

.0471667 

.0550278 

.0628889 

.07075 

.0786111 

.0864722 

.0943333 

9  14. 

.0394444 

.0473333 

.0552222  .0631111 

.071 

.0788889 

.0867778 

.0946667 

9  15. 

.0395833 

.0475 

.0554167  .0633333 

.07125 

.0791667 

.0870833 

.095 

9  16. 

.0397222 

.0476667 

.0556111!  .0635550 

.0715 

.0794444 

.0873889 

.095333? 

9  17. 

.0398611 

.0478333 

.0558056 

.0637778 

.07175 

.0797222 

.0876944 

.0956667 

9  18. 

.04 

.048 

.056 

.064 

.072 

.08 

.088 

.096 

9  1'J. 

0401389 

.0481667 

.0561944 

.0642222 

.07225 

0802778 

.0883056 

.0963332 

9  20. 

0402778 

.0483333  .0563889 

.0644444 

.0725 

.0805556 

.0880111 

.0906667 

9  21. 

0404167 

.0485    .0565833 

.0646667 

.07275 

.0808333 

.0889167 

.097 

9  22. 

.0405556 

.0486667  .0567778 

.0648889 

.073 

.0811111 

.0892222 

.0973333 

9  23. 

.0406944 

.0488333  .0569722 

.06511111  .07325 

.0813889 

.0895278 

.0976667 

9  24. 

0408333 

049     .0571067 

.0653333'   .0735 

.0816667 

.0898333 

.098 

9  25 

.0409722 

.04916671  .0573011 

.0655556   .07375 

.0819444 

.0901389 

.0983333 

;;  20. 

.0411111 

0493333  .0575550 

.0657778   .074 

.0822222 

.0904444 

.0986667 

9  27. 

.04125 

.0495 

.05775 

.066 

.07425 

.0825 

.09075 

.099 

9  28. 

.0413889 

0496667 

.0579444 

.0662222   .0745 

.0827778 

.0910556 

.099333? 

9  29. 

.0415278 

.0498333 

.0581389 

.0664444   .07475 

.0830556 

.0913611 

.0996667 

18  ... 

.0416667 

06 

.0583333 

.0666667 

.075 

.0833333 

.0816667 

.10 

10  1. 

.0418056 

0501667  .0585278 

.0668889 

.07525 

.0836111 

.0919722 

.1003338 

19  2. 

.  0419444 

0503333 

.0587222 

.0671111 

.0755 

.0838889 

.0922778 

.1006667 

10  3. 

.0420833 

0505 

0589167 

.0673333 

.07575 

0841667 

.0925833 

.101 

10  4. 

040O29'> 

0506667 

.  0591  1  1  1 

.0675556   .076    .0844444!  .0928889 

.1013333 

10  5. 

.0423611 

0508333  .0.-)93056 

.0677778   .07625   .0847222!  .0931944 

.1016667 

10  6. 

.0425 

.051     .0596 

.068 

.0765 

.085 

.0935 

.102 

19  7. 

.0426389 

.0511667  .0596944 

.0682222 

.07675 

.0852778 

.0938056 

.1023333 

10  8. 

.0427778 

.05133331  .0598889 

.0684444 

.077 

.0855556 

.0941111 

.1026667 

19  9. 

0429167 

.0515 

.0600833 

.0686667 

.07725 

.0858333 

.0944107 

.103 

10  10. 

.0430556 

.0516667 

.0602778 

.0688889 

.0775   .0861111 

.0947222 

.1033338 

10  11. 

.0431944 

.0518333 

.0604722 

.0691111 

.07775  !  .0863889 

.0950278 

.1036667 

10  12. 

.0433333 

.052 

.0606667 

.0693333 

.078    .0866667 

.0953333 

.104 

10  13. 

.6434722 

.0521667 

.0608611 

.0695556 

.07825   .0869444  .0956389 

.1043333 

18  14. 

.0436111 

.0523333 

.0610556 

.0697778 

.0785   .0872222  .0959444 

.1046667 

10  15. 

.04375 

.0525 

.00125 

.07      .07876 

.0875   {  .09625 

.105 

10  16. 

.0438889'  .0526667 

.0614444 

.0702222   .079 

.0877778  .0965556 

.1053333 

10  17. 

.0440278 

.0528333 

.0616389 

.0704444,  .07925 

.0880556  .0908011 

.1056667 

10  18. 

.0441667 

.053 

.0618333 

.0706667 

.0795 

.0883333'  .0971007 

.106 

10  19. 

.0443056 

.0531667  .0620278 

.0708889 

.07975   .0886111  .0974722 

.1063333 

10  20. 

.0444444 

.0533333,  .0622222 

.0711111 

.08     .0888889  .0977778 

.1G6666/ 

10  21. 

.0445833 

.0535    .0624167 

.0713333 

.08025   .0891667  .0980833 

.107 

10  22. 

.0447222 

0536667'  .0626111 

.0715556 

.0805 

.0894444  .0983889 

.  107333S 

10  23. 

.0448611 

.0538333  .0628056 

.0717778 

.08075 

.0897222 

.0986944 

.1076667 

10  24. 

.045 

.054 

.063 

.072 

.081 

.09 

.099 

.108 

10  25. 

.0451389  .0541667 

.0631944 

.0722222 

.08125 

.0902778 

.0993056 

.1083333 

10  26. 

.0452778 

.0543333 

.0633889 

.0724444 

.0815 

.0905556 

.0996111 

.10866*7 

10  27. 

.0454167 

.0545 

.0635833 

.0726667 

.08175 

.090R333 

.0099167 

.100 

10  *«. 

.0455556 

.05466*7 

.0637778 

.0728889 

.082 

.0911111 

,  1002222 

.1603338 

530 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


INTEREST  TABLES — CONTMUKD. 


Tim. 

5% 

6% 

7% 

8% 

9% 

10% 

"% 

J2% 

U.     D. 

PEBTEAB 

PEBYEAR 

PEBYEAB 

PEBTEAR 

PER1EAB 

PEBYEAB 

PEBTEAB 

PET.  YEAS 

1929. 

.0456944 

.0548333 

.0639722 

.0731111 

.08225 

.091:^9 

.1005278 

.io'jt»;7 

11  ... 

.0458633 

.055 

.0641667    .0733333 

.0825 

.091C667 

.1008888 

.11 

11    1. 

.0459722 

.0551667 

.0643611     .0735556 

.08275 

.0919444 

.1011389 

.1103333 

11    2. 

.0461111 

.0553333 

.0645556    .0737778 

.083 

.09-22222 

.1014444 

.1106667 

11    3. 

.04625 

.0555 

.06476        .074 

.08325 

.09-25 

.10175 

.111 

11    4. 

.M63889 

.0556667    .0649444    .0742222 

.0836 

.0927778 

.1020556 

.1113333 

11    6. 

.0465278 

.0558333    .0651389    .0744444 

.08375      .0930556 

.1023611 

.1116667 

11    6. 

.0466667 

.056 

.0653333    .0746667 

.084 

.0933333 

.1026667    .112 

11    7. 

.0468008 

.0561667 

.0655278    .0748889 

.08425 

.0936111 

.1029722    .1123333 

11    8. 

.0469444 

.0563333 

.0657222.    .0751111 

.0845 

.0938889 

.1032778    .1126G67 

11    9. 

.M70s:;:j 

.0565 

.0659167 

.0753333      .08475  '    .0941667 

.1035833    .113 

11  10. 

.0472222 

.0566867 

.0661111 

.0755556      .085          .0944444 

.1038889    .1133333 

1111. 

.0473611    .0568333 

.0663056 

.0757778 

.08526      .OU47J-J2 

.1041944.    .1136t>67 

1112. 

.0475          .057 

.0666 

.076 

.0855 

.096 

.1045 

.114 

11  13. 

.0476389    .0571667 

.0666944 

.0762222 

.08575 

.0952778 

.1048056 

.1143333 

11  14. 

.0477778    .0573333 

.0668889;   .0764444      .086 

.0955556 

.1051111 

.1140607 

11  15. 

.0479167 

.0575 

.0670833    .0766667      .08626 

.0958333 

.1054167     .115 

11  16. 

.0480556 

.0578667 

.0672778    .0768889      .0865 

.0961111    .  10572-22    .1153336 

1117. 

.0481944 

.0578333 

.0674722.   .0771111 

.08675 

.0963889 

.1060278 

.1156667 

11  18. 

.0483333 

.058           .0676667 

.0773333 

.087          .096t>667 

.1063333 

.116 

11  19. 

.0484722 

.0581667    .0678611 

.0775556 

.08725 

.0969444 

.1066389 

.1163333 

1120. 

.04S6111 

.0583333|  .0680566 

.0777778 

.0875 

.0972222 

.1069444.   .1166667 

11  21. 

.04875 

.0585      |  .06825 

.078 

.08775 

.0975 

.10725    |   .117 

1122. 

.0488889 

.0586667'  .0684444 

.0782222 

.088 

.0977778 

.1075556    .1173333 

11  23. 

0490278    .0588333    .06863891   .0784444 

.08825 

'  .0980556 

.1078611 

.1176667 

1124 

.0491667 

.059           .0688333    .0786667 

.0885 

.0983333 

.1081667 

.118 

1125 

.0493056 

.0591667    .0690278,   .0788889 

.08875 

.0986111 

.1084722 

.1183333 

11  26 

11  27 

.0494444 
.0495833 

.05933331   .0692222    .0791111 
.0595      |  .0694167    .0793333 

.089 
.08925 

.0988881 

.0991667 

.1087778 
.1090883 

.1186667 
.119 

11  28 

.0497222 

.0596667     .0(5961111    .0795555 

.0895 

.0994444 

.1093889 

.1193333 

11  29 

.0498611 

.0598333 

.O'-.'J&Ooti 

.0797778 

.08976 

.0997222 

.1096944 

.1196667 

12  .. 

.05 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.12 

ly'r 

.05 

.06 

.07 

.08 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.12 

2  " 

.10 

.12 

.14 

.16 

.18 

.20 

.22 

.24 

3" 

.15 

.18 

.21 

.24 

.27 

.30 

.33 

.36 

4" 

.20 

.24 

.28 

.32 

.36 

.40 

.44 

.48 

5" 

.26 

.30 

.35 

.40 

.45 

.50 

.55 

.60 

6" 

.30 

.36 

.42 

.48 

.64 

.60 

.66 

.72 

7" 

.36 

.42 

.49 

.56 

.63 

.70 

.77 

.84 

8" 

.40 

.48 

.56 

.64 

.72 

.80 

.88 

.96 

9" 

.45 

.54 

.63 

.72 

.81 

.90 

.99 

1.08 

10" 

.50 

.60 

.70 

.80 

.90 

1.00 

1.10 

1.20 

11" 

.56 

.66 

.77 

88 

.99 

1.10 

1.21 

1.32 

12" 

.60 

.72 

.84 

.96 

1.08 

1.20 

1.32 

1.44 

13" 

.65 

.78 

.91 

1.04 

1.17 

1.30 

1.43 

1.56 

14" 

.70 

.84 

.98 

1.12 

1.26 

1.40 

1.54 

1.68 

15" 

.76 

.90 

1.05 

1.20 

1.35 

1.50 

1.65 

1.80 

16" 

.80 

.96 

1.12 

1.28 

1.44 

1.60 

1.76 

1.92 

17" 

.86 

1.02 

1.19 

1.36 

1.53 

1.70 

1.87 

2.04 

18" 

.90 

1.08 

1.26 

1.44 

1.62 

1.80 

1.98 

2.16 

19" 

.95 

1.14 

1.33 

1.52 

1.71 

1.90 

2.09 

2.28 

20" 

1.00 

1.20 

1.40 

1.60 

1.80 

2.00 

2.10 

2.40 

EXAMPLE— What  is  the  interest  on  $15,000  for  10 
Interest  on  one  dollar  for  given  time, 
Multiply  by  the  principal 


months  and  29  days  at  7  % 
$  .0639722 
15000 


The  interest  required  is $959 . 58 

2.    EXAMPLE— What  is  the  interest  on  $12,643.57  for  3  years,  11  months  and  8  daye 
1*8% 

Interest  on  one  dollar  for  3  years $.24 

"        "        "  11  months  and  8  days 0751111 

"              "        "        "  3years,  11  months  and  8  days... .$.3151111 
Multiply  by  the  principal 12643.57 

The  interest  required  is $3984.13 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


531 


COMPOUND  INTESEST--CoirniroED. 

Table  showing  the  accumulation  of  principal  and  interest  on  one  dollar,  com. 
pounded  semi-annually;  interest  from  three  to  ten  per  cent.,  from  one  to  fifty 
years. 


o  2 

&& 

3  per 
cent. 

4  per 
cent. 

4>$per 
cent. 

5  per 

cent. 

6  per 
cent. 

7  per 
cent. 

7  3-10  pr 
cent. 

8  per 
cent. 

10  per 
ceiit. 

i.... 

$1.0302 

$1.0404 

$1.0455 

$1.0506 

$i.oi;o9 

$1  .0712 

$1.0743 

$1.0816 

$1.1025 

'2  

1.0613 

1.0824 

1.0930 

1.1028 

1.1255 

1.3475 

1.1530 

1.1692 

1.2155 

3  

1.0934 

1.1261 

1.1438 

1.1596!     1.1940 

1.2292 

1.2387 

1.2646 

1.3400 

4  

1.1264 

1.1715 

1.1948 

1.2184      1.2667 

1.3168 

1-3308 

1.3678 

1.4773 

5.... 

1.1605 

1.2188 

1.2481 

1.2800 

1.3439 

1.4105 

1.4298 

1.4794 

1.6287 

6... 

1.1956 

1.2681 

1.3004 

1.3448 

1.4257 

1.5110 

1.5360 

1.6002 

1.7957 

7.... 

1.2317 

1.3193 

1.3643 

1.4129 

1.5125 

1.6186 

1.6502 

1.7307 

1.9747 

8  .. 

1.2689 

1.3726 

1.4264 

1.4845 

1.6047 

1.7339 

1.7729 

1  8720 

2.1827 

9.... 

1.3073 

1.4281 

1.4913 

1.5596 

1.7024 

1.8574 

1.9047 

2.0247 

2.4064 

10.... 

1.3463 

1.4858 

1.5592 

1.6385 

1.8061 

1.9897 

2.0462 

2.1899 

2.6530 

11... 

1.3875 

1.5458 

1.6301 

17234 

1.9161 

2.1315 

2.1982 

2.3687 

2.9250 

12.... 

1.4295 

1.6082       1.7044 

1.8080 

2.0326 

2.2833 

2.3617 

2.5619 

3.2248 

13  

1.4727 

1.6732      1.7820 

1.9001 

2.1564 

2.4459 

2.5372 

2.7710 

3  5558 

H  

1.5172 

1.7408       1.8631 

1.9963 

2.2878 

2.6201 

2.7258 

2.9071 

3.9198 

15  

1.5630 

L8111 

1.9479 

2.0933 

2.4271 

2.8068 

2.9284 

3.2417 

4.3216 

16... 

1.6103 

1.8843 

2.0365 

2.2027 

2.5749 

3.0067 

3.1461 

3.5062 

4.7645 

17.... 

1.G589 

1.9604 

2  1272 

2.3142 

2.7317 

3.2208 

3.3800 

3.7923 

6.2529 

18.... 

1.7091 

2.  0396 

2.2240 

2  4313 

2.8981 

3.4502 

3.6312 

4.1018 

5.7883 

10  .... 

1.7607 

2.1220 

2-3252 

2.5544 

30746 

3.6960 

3.9011 

4.4365 

6.3816 

20  

1.8140 

2.2078 

24310 

2.6837 

3.2618 

3.9592 

4.1911 

4.7985 

7.0362 

•21.... 

1.8686 

2.2970 

2.5415 

2.8196 

3.4605 

4.2412 

4.5026 

5.1900 

7.7574 

22  

1.9253 

2.3898 

2.6572 

2.9624 

3.6712 

4.5433 

4.8373 

6.6136 

8.5525 

123.... 

1.9835 

2.4863 

2.7781 

3.1123 

3.8948 

4.8669 

5.1969 

6.0716 

9.4292 

24  

26434 

2.5868 

2.9045 

3.2699 

4.1320 

5.2136 

5.5832 

6.5670 

10.3957 

25.... 

2.1052 

2.6913 

30367 

3.4354 

4.3836 

6.5849 

5.9982 

7.1030 

11.4612 

26.... 

2.1688 

2.8006 

3.1749 

3.6094 

4.6506 

5.9827 

6.4441 

7.6826 

12.6359 

27  

2.2344 

2.91S1 

3.3193 

3.7921 

4.9338 

6.4088 

6.9231 

8.3094 

13.9311 

28.... 

2.3019 

3.0318- 

34703 

3.9841 

5.2343 

6.8653 

7.4377 

8.9875 

15.3591 

29.... 

2.3715 

3,1543 

3.6282 

4.1858 

5.5531 

7.3543 

7.9906 

9.7208 

16.9334 

30.   .. 

2.4432 

3.2818 

3.7933 

4.3977 

6.8913 

7.8781 

8.5846 

10.5143 

18.6691 

31.... 

2.5170 

3.4144 

3.9660 

4.6203 

6.2500 

8.4391 

9.2227 

11.3742 

20.5827 

32  

2.5931 

3.5523 

4.1465 

4.8542 

6.6307 

9.0402 

9.9087 

12.3024 

22.6924 

33  

2.6715 

3.6958 

4.3351 

5.0999 

7.034-3 

9.6841 

10.6453 

13.2062 

25.0184 

34.... 

2.7522 

3.8451 

4.5324 

6.3581 

7.4629 

10.3738 

11.4366 

14.3920 

27.5828 

35.... 

2.8354 

4.0005 

4.7387 

5.6294 

7.9174 

11.1126 

12.2867 

15.5664 

30.4081 

36.... 

2.9211 

4.1621 

4.9543 

6.9144 

8.3996 

11.9041 

13.2000 

16.8367 

33.5249 

37.... 

3.0094 

4.3302 

5.1798 

6.2138 

8.9111 

12.7620 

14.1811 

18.2105 

36.9612 

38.... 

3.1004 

4.5052 

5.4146 

6.5284 

9.4538 

13.6709 

15.2353 

19.6965 

40.7497 

39  

3.1941 

4.6872 

5.6610 

6.  8589 

10.0295 

14.6446 

16.3677 

21.3038 

44.9266 

40.... 

3.2907 

4.8766 

5.9288 

7.2061 

la  6403 

15.6877 

17.5844 

23.0422 

49.5316 

41... 

3.3901 

5.0736 

6.1986 

7.5709 

11.2883 

16.8050 

18.8915 

24.9224 

54.6086 

4J  

3.4926 

5.2785 

64807 

7.9542 

11.9758 

18  0020 

20.2956 

26.9561 

60.2059 

43.... 

3.5982 

5.4928 

6.7756 

8.3569 

12.7051 

19.'.!84'2 

21.8043 

29.1857 

66.3771 

44  ... 

3.7070 

5.7147 

7.0840 

8.7800 

13.8832 

20.6577 

23.2350 

31.5348 

73.1807 

4o  

3.8191 

5.9456 

7.4062 

9.2245 

14.7287 

22.1290 

25.1663 

34.1080     80.6817 

40.... 

3.9345 

6.1858 

7.7430 

9.6915 

15.6257 

23.7052 

27.0369 

36.8813 

88.9516 

47  

4.0432 

6.4357 

a0954 

10.1822 

16.57731    25.3936 

29.0466 

39.890H 

98.0692 

48.... 

41655 

6.6957 

8.4638 

10.6967 

17.5868     27.20-22 

31.2057 

43.1459 

107.1213 

40.... 

4.2914 

6.9662 

8.8490 

11.2383 

18.6597     29.1307 

33.5253 

46.6666 

118.1012 

60  

4.4211 

7.2477 

9.251fi 

11.8072 

19.7941     31  2141 

36.0154 

50.4746]  130  2066 

532 


THE  GEEAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


HEIGHT  OF  COLUMNS,  TOWERS,  DOMES,  SPIRES,  ETC. 


Name. 

Location. 

Feet. 

Name. 

Location. 

Feet. 

Washington  
Chimney,  St.  Rollox 
Chimney,  Musprat's 
Bunker  Hill  
City  

Washington  .  . 
Glasgow.  . 
Liverpool.. 
Mass  
London  .  . 
St.  Petersburg. 
London  . 

555 
455^ 
406 
221U 
202/S 
175 
171 
157 
145 
138 
136 
134 
132 
114 
984 
680 
53714 
501 
492 
476 
486 
464 
457 
195>£ 

Cathedral  
Cathedral  
St.  Paul's  
St.  Paul'sf  D.  Dome). 
Cathedral  

Cremona.  . 
Florence  .  . 
London  .  .  . 
London  .  .  . 
St.  Petersburg. 
Venice  
Wash.,  U.  S.  . 
Wash,  D.  S.. 

392 

384 
366 
112 
363 
328 
287J4 

200  4 
200 
188 
182.8 
165 
450 
404 
825 
286 
216 
210 
200 
486U. 
356 
844 
216 

Alexander  
Nelson's  

St.  Marks  
Capitol  
"    (Diam.  Dome)  . 
Cathedral 

July  

Paris  

Trajan  
York    

Rome  
London  .  .  . 
Paris  

Porcelain 

China  . 

Place  Vendome  

Leaning  

I'isa  .  .  . 

Nelson's.           

Dublin.... 
Paris  

Nicolai  Church  
St.  Stephen's 

Hamburg,  Ger  . 
Vienna  
Salish'y,  Eng. 
Lubeck 

Napoleon  

Pompey's  Pillar  
Eiffel  Tower   . 

Egypt  

Paris,  Prance- 

Salisbury  

St.  Marv''s 

Babel  

Cathedral  . 

New  York. 
New  York. 
New  York  . 
New  York. 
New  York 

Egypt  '."'.'. 

Paris  

City  Hall  
Cathedral  

Phi  la.,  Pa. 
Cologne..  . 
Rouen  
Antwerp.. 
Strasbourg 

Trinity  Church  
Grace  Church  

Cathedral  .            .  . 

St.  John's 

Cathedral  
Cathedral  

St.  Paul's  
Pyramid  Jeezeh  
Pyramid  of  Sakkara 
Hotel  des  Invalides. 
Balus.  Notre  Dame.. 

Utrecht  

St.  Peter's  
"    (Diam.  Dome).. 
Cathedral  

Rome  
Rome  
Milan  

Paris  

CASCADES  AND  WATERFALLS. 


Name. 

Location. 

Feet. 

Name. 

Location. 

Feet, 

Sentinel  

Yosemite  V.. 

3270 

r  50 

Yosemite  

2634 

Missouri    

Montana.  .  .  . 

J    M 

Royal  Arch  

« 

2000 

t    04 

Cascade  

Alps  

2400 

Passaic  

NewJersey 

71 

Arve  

Savoy  

1600 

Potomac  

Va.  &  Md  .  .  . 

74 

Montmorency. 

Canada. 

250 

Mohawk 

New  York 

68 

Niagara  

N.  America.. 

164 

Cataracts  of  Nile.. 

Egypt  

40 

*  ALTITUDES  OF  YOSEMITE  VALLEY-WATERFALLS. 


Indian  Name. 

Signification. 

American  Name. 

Height. 

Pohono 

Spirit  of  the  Evil  Wind 

Bridal  Veil 

940  ft. 

Yosemite  . 

Large  Grizzly  Bear  . 

I 

26::  1  ft. 

Pi-wy-ack  

Cataract  of  Diamonds 

Vernal  

4(10  ft. 

Yo-wi-ye  

Meandering    

Nevada  

600  ft. 

Too-lool-we-ack  . 

South  Fork  

600  ft. 

Loya     

A  Medicinal  Shrub  . 

Sentinel  

3270  ft. 

To-co-yae  

Shade  to  Baby  Cradle  Basket. 

Royal  Arch  Fall  .  . 

2000  ft. 

f  First  Fall,  1600  feet;  Second  Fall,  534  feet;  Third  Fall,  500  feet. 
*  MOUNTAINS. 


Tis-sa-ack 

Goddess  of  the  Valley        .... 

Half  Dome  

5300  ft. 
5700  ft. 
3568  ft. 
2200  ft. 
4600  ft. 
5600ft. 
3700  ft. 
3043  ft. 
2titi()  ft. 
3750  ft. 
2850  ft. 
4200  ft. 
330U  ft. 

Cloud's  Rest  
North  Dome  
Washingt'ii  Tower 
Cap  of  Liberty  
Mt.  Star  King.  ... 
Glacier  Rock  
Sentinel  

To-co-yse  

Shade  to  Baby  Cradle  Basket. 
Watching  Eve                

Hunto. 

Mah-ta  

Martyr  or  Suicide  Mountain. 

See-vrah-lam  

Er-na-linr;  Itrw-oo-too  .  . 
Loya            

Bearskin  Mountain      

A  Medicinal  Shrub  

Poo-see-nah  Ohnck-ka  .  . 
Wah-wah-le-na  .  .  . 

Large  Acorn  Store  House  — 

Cathedral  Rock..  . 
Three  Graces  
Inspiration  Point. 
Three  Brothers  .  .  . 
ElCapitan  

Pom-pom-pa-sus.  . 
Tu-toch-ah-nu-lah 

Mountains  Playing  Leap  Frog 
Great  Chief  of  the  Valley  

The  Yosemite  Valley  is  a  little  over  seven  miies  in  length  and  from  half 
a  mile  to  one  mile  in  width.    It  is  4060  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
*  Altitudes  are  rejckoned  above  the  floor  of  the  valley. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASUEES 


533 


TIME  OF  DIFFERENT  LOCALITIES. 

EXPLANATORY. — When  it  is  12  o'clock  at  noon  in  San  Francisco,  the  time  at  other 
places  is  as  denoted  in  the  table.  In  the  Latitude  of  San  Francisco  a  difference  of 
one  minute  in  time  is  equivalent  to  about  13.64  statute  miles  in  distance. 


LOCALITIES. 

TIME.                           LOCALITIES. 

TIME. 

Albany  N.  Y  

H.     M     S. 

3  14  41   p.  it  Louisville,  Ky  

H.     M     8. 
2  26  59      .  M 
8  28  57     .  M 
2  12     8      .M 
7   54  54      .  M 
8  31     8     .  M 
5  49  35     .  M 
2     9  39     .  M 
1  32  38     .  M 
8  46  25      .  M 
2  17  32      .  M 
3  15  27      .M 
10  39  56      .  M 
9     6  39     .  M 
2  22  23      .M 
2     4  00     .M 
3  17   58     .  M 
2     9  35     .  M 
3  24  15      .aj 
3  13   39      .M 
2   51   39      .  M 
8  19     0     .  M 
3  55  34     .  M 
3     9     0     .  M 
2  49  43     .  M 
3  28  45     .it 
11  59  42       M 
3  26  51      .  M 
3  24  51      .  M 
2  54  38      .  M 
2   55     7      .  M 
2  59  61     .  M 
5  17     4     .  M 
8  59  28     .  M 
0     3  47      .  v 
2     8  3(i     .  M 
1  57  20      .  M 
10  10  53     .  M 
0  41   15      .  M 
1   10     8      .  M 
2  45  18      .  M 
9  21    58      .M 
3  23  11      .  M 
8  59     5     .  M 
1   45     5      .M 
9  15   12      .  M 
3     1   28      .  M 
5  28   17   A.  M 

Alexandria  Egypt  

10     9     5  P.  M  !  Lyons,  France  

Algiers    Algeria  

8  21   57  P.  M  Madison,  Wis  

Amsterdam,  Netherlands. 
Athens,  Greece  
Baltimore,  Md  

8  29  12  p  M  Madrid   Spain               

9  44  34   p.  M  Marseilles,  France  

3     3  13  p.  M  Melbourne,  Australia  

3  16  52  A.  M  ;  Memphis,  Tenn  

9    3  14  p  M  Mexico  Mexico   

Bern,  Switz  

8  39  25  p.  M  Milan,  Italy  

3  25  23  p.  M  Mobile,  Ala  

Breslau,  Prussia  

9  17  49  p.  M  •:  Montreal,  Canada  

8  27     8  p.  M  Moscow  Russia....         .   .. 

10  14  41  v  M  Naples,  Italy     

230  A.  M'  (Nashville,  Tenn  

Cambridge,  Mass  

3  25     9  p.  M,  (Natchez,  Miss  

Charleston,  S.  C  

2  49  54  p.  M'  New  Haven,  Conn  

Chicago,  111  

2  19  43  p.  M  New  Orleans,  La  

Christiani  a,  Norway  

8  52  34  p  M  Newport.  R.  I  

Cincinnati,  Ohio  

2  31  41  p.  M  New  York,  N.  Y  

•Columbia,  S.  C  

2  45  32  p.  M  Panama,  N.  G  

2  37  31  p  M  Paris,  France  

Constantinople,  Turkey.. 
Copenhagen,  Denmark.  .  . 
Des  Moines,  Iowa  

10     5  35  p.  M  Pekin,  China  

8  59  59  p.  M  Philadelphia,  Penn  

1  55  11  p.  M  Pittsburgh,  Penn  

2  37  27  p.  M  Portland,  Me  

Dresden,  Saxony  
Dublin,  Ireland  

9     4  35  p.  M  Portland,  Or  
7  44  17  p.  M  Portsmouth,  N.  H  

Edinburgh,  Scotland  
Galveston,  Texas  

7  56  58  p.  M  Quebec,  Canada  
1  50  19  p.  M  Quito,  Ecuador  

Genoa,  Italy  

Oibralter,  Spain  

8  45  16  p.  M  Raleigh,  N.  C  
7  48  15  p.  M  Richmond,  Va  

Greenwich,  England  

8     9  39  p.  M  Rio  de  Janerio  

8  26  53  p.  M  Rome,  Italy  

Hamburg,  Germany  

8  49  32  p.  M  Sacramento,  Cal  

Harrisburgh,  Penn  

3     2  19  p.  M  St.  Louis,  Mo  

3  18   56  p   M  St.  Paul  Minn 

2  40  14  p.  M  St.  Petereburg,  Russia  
3  46  16  A.  M  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  

Hong  Kong,  China  

Honolulu   H.I  

9  38  18  A  M  'Santa  Fe  N   M 

Jefferson  City,  Mo  

Jerusalem,  Syria  

10  30  32  p.  M'iValparaiso,  Chili  

319  p.  M  [Venice,  Italy  
7  33    5  p  H  Vera  Cruz  Mexico  

Little  Rock,  Ark  

2     0  40  P.  M   Vienna,  Austria  

Liverpool,  England  
London,  England  

7  57   23  p.  M  Washington.  D.  C  
8     9  18  p.  M  Yokohama,  Japan  

LENGTH  OF  A  DEGREE  OF  LONGITUDE  AT  EACH  DEGREE  OF  LATITUDE, 


Lat. 

Miles. 

Lat. 

Miles. 

Lat.    Miles.    Lat. 

Miles. 

Lat. 

Mile*. 

Lat. 

Miles. 

1* 

59.99 

16"      57.68 

31°      51.43 

46* 

41.68 

61° 

29.09 

76* 

14.52 

2 

59.96 

17 

57.38 

32 

50.88 

47 

40.92 

62 

28.17 

77 

13.50 

3 

59.92 

18 

67.06 

33 

50.32 

48 

40.15 

63 

27.24 

78 

12.47 

4 

59.85 

19 

56.73 

34 

49.74 

49 

39.36 

64 

26.30 

79 

11.45 

5 

59.77 

20 

56.38 

35 

49.15 

50 

38.57 

05 

25.36 

80 

10.42 

6 

59.67 

21 

66.01 

36 

48.54 

51 

37.76 

66 

24.40 

81 

9.39 

7 

59.55 

22 

65.63 

37 

47.92 

52 

36.94 

67 

23.44 

82 

8.35 

8 

59.42 

23 

65.23 

38 

47.28 

53 

36.11 

68 

22.48 

83 

7.31 

9 

59.26 

24 

54.81 

39 

46.63 

54 

35.27 

69 

21.50 

84 

6.27 

10 

59.09 

25 

54.38 

40 

45.96 

55 

34.41 

70 

20.52 

85 

6.23 

11 

68.90 

26 

63.93 

41 

45.28 

66 

33.55 

71 

19.53 

86 

4.19 

12 

58.  C9  i 

27 

63.46 

42 

44.59 

67 

32.68 

72 

18.54 

87 

3.14 

13 

58.46  ; 

28 

62.98 

43 

43.88 

68 

31.80 

73 

17.54 

88 

2.09 

14 

68.22 

29 

62.48 

44 

43.16 

59 

30.90 

74 

16.54 

89 

1.05 

}5          57.96 

30 

51.96 

45 

42.43  '    60 

30.00 

75 

15.53       90 

0.00 

534 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Distances,  in  Miles,  by  the  Shortest  Post  Route,  between  the 
Larger  and  More  Important  Places  in  the  United  States. 


FROM  POST  OFFICE  AT 

To  POST  OFFICES  AT 

Boston,  Muss... 

New  York, 
N.Y  

Philadelphia 
Pa  

WASHINGTON 
D.C  

g 

ra 

B 

Charleston, 

8.  C  

Ciiii-innatl, 
Ohio  

St.  Louis.  Mo 

O 
g 

1 

% 
pf 

Sail  Frnnnsf 



- 

: 

823 

1,057 
1,006 

1,E37 
1,506 
1,753 

534 
723 
789 
720 
759 

2,163 
1,970 
1,640 
1,911 
1,777 
2,067 
1,867 

847 
568 
634 

910 
638 

1,441 
1,459 
1,509 

1,334 
1,290 
1,302 

1,246 

1,467 
1,359 
1.850 
1,162 
1.333 
1,59- 

1,022 
1,193 
1,101 
922 
1,111 
1,303 

1,353 
1,068 
1,649 

564 
491 

p 

Alabama. 

Decatur  

1,192 
1,4-34 
1,274 

2,884 
2,816 
3,063 

1.626 
1,467 
1,584 
1,515 
1,660 

3,679 
3,297 
2,967 
3,427 
3.29:; 
3,377 
3,383 

2,25$ 
2,084 
1,961 
2,404 
2,099 

117 
141 
108 

382 
346 
334 

445 

1,402 
1,294 
1.785 
1,437 
1,384 
1,533 

1,099 
1,023 
1,237 
1,069 
1.148 
1,122 

2,869 
2.584 
2,859 

1.243 
1.02o 

975 
1,237 

1,057 

2,724 
2,611 
2,858 

1,463 
1,250 
1,367 
1,298 
1,443 

3,546 
3,107 
2,807 
3,294 
3,160 
3,172 
3,250 

2,098 
1,930 
1,801 
2,244 
1,939 

112 

76 
126 

165 
129 
117 

228 

1,185 
1,077 
1,568 
1,220 
1,167 
1,316 

882 
806 
1,020 
852 
931 
905 

2,736 
2,451 
2,784 

1,083 
900 

885 
1,147 
967 

2,647 
2,521 
2,768 

1,373 
1,160 
1,277 
1,208 
1,353 

3,469 
3,017 
2,730 
3,217 
3,083 
3,082 
3,173 

2,021 
1,853 
1,724 
2,167 
1,862 

202 
166 
216 

75 
39 
27 

138 

1,095 
987 
1,478 
1,130 
1,077 
1,226 

792 
719 
930 
762 
841 
815 

2,660 
2,374 
2,657 

1,006 
823 

747 
1,009 
829 

2,560 
2,383 
2,630 

1,235 

1,022 
1,130 
1,070 
1,215 

3,409 
2,879 
2,043 
3,157 
3,023 
2,944 
3,113 

1.934 
1,766 
1,637 
2,080 
1,775 

340 
304 
354 

159 
99 
111 

957 
849 
1,340 
992 
939 
1,088 

654 
578 
792 
624 
703 
677 

2,599 
2,314 
2,606 

903 
772 

570 
858 
763 

1,903 
1,852 
2,099 

701 
608 
687 
CIS 
763 

2,654 
2,316 
1,986 
2,402 
2,268 
2,413 
2,358 

1,277 
1,059 
980 
1,401 
1,118 

950 
976 
1,026 

851 
807 
819 

772 

1,198 
1,090 
1,581 
916 
1,080 
1,329 

739 
910 
848 
639 
828 
1,020 

1,845 
1,559 
1,834 

ME 

571 
640 
458 

2,313 
2,077 
2,324 

1,059 
846 
963 
894 

1,039 

3,351 
2,573 
2,559 
3,187 
3,017 
2,638 
3,055 

1,990 
1,834 
1,693 
2,136 
1,831 

916 
880 
930 

735 
675 
687 

576 

395 
287 
778 
535 
377 
526 

309 
133 
363 
409 
263 
115 

2,684 
2,399 
2,832 

797 
Hfl 

41", 

780 
600 

2.031 
1,910 
2,103 

7W 
.   574 
672 
603 

748 

2,880 
2,412 
2,114 
2,628 
2,494 
2,477 
2,584 

1,405 
1,237 
1,108 
1,551 
1,246 

856 
820 
870 

698 
638 
650 

553 

934 

826 
1,317 
763 
832 
1,065 

475 
646 
613 
375 
564 
756 

2,070 
1,785 
2,128 

350 
294 

409 
643 
592 

1,699 
1.60f> 
!  1.855 

418 
338 
414 
345 
490 

2,577 
2,104 
1,7*2 
2,325 
2,191 
2,109 
2,281 

1,073 
917 
776 
1,219 
914 

i,m 

1,124 
1,174 

999 
955 

967 

894 

1,053 
945 
1,436 
748 
919 
1,184 

608 
779 
687 
508 
697 
889 

1,767 
1.4S2 
2,004 

150 
283 

2.614 
2,097 

843 
97* 
731 

2,224 

2,ass 

2  °74 
2^291 
2,14ft 

293 
4-2 
612 
26O 
90 
663 

1,396- 
1,457 
1,62$ 
1.1W 
1,485 

3.30S 
3,328 
3,375 

3,201 
3,15? 
3,169- 

3,113 

3,154 
3,lKi5 
3,52? 
2,695 
2,900 
3,276 

2,772 
2,91' 

-J.iV.i2 
2,776 
2,792 
2,98* 

1,251 
966 
1,19? 

2,431 
2,358 

Mobile  

Montgomery  
Arizona. 

Prescott  

Tucson  

Yuma  

Arkansas. 

Fort  Smith  

Helena      

Hot  Springs  
Little  Rock  

Texarkana.  

California. 

Eureka  

Los  Angeles  

Needles  

Redding  

Sacramento  

San  Diego      

San  Francisco  

Colorado. 

Antonito  

Denver  

Granada  

Grand  Junction  
Pueblo  

Connecticut. 

Hartford  

New  Haven      

New  London  

Delaware. 

Dover     

Newark  

Wilmington  

iHst.  or  <  oiiim. 

Washington... 
Florida. 

Cedar  Kevs  

Jacksonville  

Key  West  

Pensacola  

Tallahassee  

Tampa  

Georgia. 

Atlanta  

Augusta  

Columbus 

Dalton  

Macon  

Savannah  

Idaho. 

Boise  Citv  

McCammon  

Pendd'Oreille-  
Illinois. 

Cairo      

Chicago  

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASUEES 


535 


DISTANCES  B\  SHORTEST  POST  ROUTE— CONTINUED. 


FROM  POST  OFFICE  AT 

To  POST  OFFICES  AT 

w 

1 

o" 

g 

p 

• 

I 

New  York, 
N.  Y  

Philadelphia, 
Pa  

WASHINGTON, 
D.  C  

O 

E 

| 

g 
p1 

: 

Charleston, 
8.  C  

Cincinnati, 
Ohio  

M 
£ 

? 

O 

3 

| 

p 

f 

San  Francisco, 
Cal  

Quiucv  

1,273 
1,206 
1,160 

1,137 
872 
968 
914 
914 
1,041 

1,572 

1,232 
1,341 
1,383 
1,215 
1,542 

1,490 
1,508 
1,488 
1,530 
1,883 

899 
1,037 
1,147 
1,039 
1,265 

1,650 
1,041 
1,561 
1,678 
1,562 

171 

245 
360 
108 
359 

445 
405 

584 

1,113 
1,081 
1,000 

977 
751 
808 
821 
73C- 
881 

1,412 

1,089 
1,198 
1,257 
1,090 
1,417 

1,330 
1,348 
1,328 
1,370 
1,723 

682 

834 
987 
854 
1,080 

1,433 
1,424 
1,344 
1,461 
1,345 

388 
462 
577 
325 
576 

228 
188 
367 

217 
211 
154 
138 
182 

743 

884 
827 
1.23S 
796 

1.272 

1,036 
1,OC4 
923 

900 
674 
731 
744 
659 
804 

1,335 

1,012 
1,121 
1,180 
1,013 
1,340 

1,253 
1,271 
1,251 
1,293 
1,646 

592 
744 
910 

777 
1,003 

1,343 
1,334 
1,254 
1,371 
1,255 

478 
552 
667 
415 
666 

138 
98 
277 

307 
301 
244 

228 
272 

666 

807 
750 
1,161 
719 

1,195 

949 
947 
836 

797 
623 
644 
684 
576 
717 

1,258 

952 
1,054 
1,120 
962 
1,289 

1,166 
1,194 
1,164 
1,206 
1,559 

454 
606 
807 
663 
889 

1,205 
1,196 
1,116 
1,233 
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616 
690 
805 
553 
804 

42 
40 
152 

445 
439 
382 
366 
410 

615 

756 
699 
1,110 
668 

1.144 

263 
181 
185 

293 

148 
183 
117 
224 
182 

647 

207 
316 
358 
190 
517 

509 
535 
507 
549 
902 

427 

358 
303 
293 
415 

887 
995 
915 
877 
819 

1,171 
1,245 
1,300 
1,114 
1,359 

814 
803 
620 

1,025 
1,044 
873 
924 
980 

273 
177 
141 

410 
220 

372 

1,047 
1,094 
952 

755 
880 
805 
895 
788 
866 

1,171 

1,099 
1,167 
1,250 
1,177 
1,424 

1,241 
1,150 
1,220 
1,262 
1,615 

763 
668 
745 
695 
771 

870 
861 
781 
934 
818 

1,192 
1,206 
1,:!S1 
1,129 
1,380 

618 
616 

728 

1,021 
1,015 
958 
942 
986 

982 
1,041 
973 
1,428 
1,015 

1.325 

420 
418 
307 

244 
162 
115 
177 
70 
188 

705 

423 

5125 
591 
484 
811 

637 
641 
635 
677 
1,030 

180 
108 
254 
110 
336 

853 

906 
826 
862 
776 

1,075 
1,149 
1,264 
1,018 
1,263 

595 
579 
401 

929 
955 

777 
828 
884 

264 
323 
255 
734 
297 

649 

130 
247 
98 

162 
342 

240 
270 
308 
167 

364 

202 
250 
333 
349 
507 

324 
300 
303 
345 
698 

486 
330 
172 
265 
200 

672 

780 
700 
604 
604 

1,354 

1,428 
1,543 
1,297 
1,542 

936 
920 
742 

1,208 
1,257 
l,05(i 
1,107 
1,163 

482 
460 
424 
723 
477 

455 

319 
322 
422 

576 
639 
602 
562 
669 
556 

381 

294 
205 
145 
339 
101 

153 
299 
174 
203 
556 

872 
744 
586 
679 
614 

1,053 
1,095 
1,081 
815 
98a 

1,662 
1,736 
1,851 
1,605 
1,850 

1,288 
1,272 
1,094 

1,516 
1,535 
1,364 
1,415 
1,471 

764 
668 
632 
820 
711 

269 

2,171 
2,189 
2,274 

2,443 
2,508 
2,469 
2,429 
2,536 
2,408 

2,117 

2,161 
2,051 
2,012 
2,206 
1,968 

1,963 
2,109 
1,984 
2,029 
1,676 

2,739 
2,611 
2,453 
2,546 
2,481 

2.?S9 
2,40." 
2,449 
2,121 

2,<n<> 

3,52k 

3,603 
3,718 
3,472 
3,717 

3,155 
3,139 
2,961 

3,383 
3,392 
3,231 
3,282 
3,338 

2,631 
2,53? 
2,499 

2.687 
2,578 

2.136 

Kock  Island  

Springfield  

'in.  liana 

Evansville  

Fort  Wayne 

Indianapolis  

Logansport  

Richmond  

Terre  Haute  

Indian  Ter. 

Vinita.-  

Iowa. 

Burlington  '.... 

Centreville  

Des  Moirtes  

Dubuque  

Sioux  City  

Kansas. 

Atchison  

Fort  Scott  

Leavenworth  

Topeka  

Wallace  

Kentucky. 

Ashlani  

Frankfort  

Henderson  

ixmisvillc  

Paducah  

Louisiana. 

Baton  Rouge  

Morgan  City  

New  Orleans  

Shreveport  

Vidalia  

Maine. 

Augusta  

Bangor  

Eastport  

Portland  

Vance  borough  

Maryland. 

Annapolis  

Baltimore  

Cumberland  

Massachusetts. 

Boston  

Fall  River  

49 
152 
101 

45 

860 
1,001 
944 
1,865 
913 

1.397 

Pittsflcld  

Springfield  

Worcester  

Michigan. 

Detroit  

Grand  Haven  
Kalamazoo  

L'Anse  

Lansing  
Minnesota. 

Albert  Lea  

536 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEKXKII 


DISTANCES  BY  SHORTEST  POST  ROUTE—  CoNTiNfFD. 

FROM  POST  OFFICE  AT 

To  POST  OFFICES  AT 

Boston,  Mas«.. 

New  York, 
N.  Y  

Philadelphia. 
Pa.  

WASHINGTON, 
D.  C  

g 

Charleston, 
S.  C  

Cncinnati  
Ohio  

CO 

g1 

e 
f 

g 

o 

1 
tf 

San  Francisco 
Cal  

Brecken  ridge 

1,642 
1,580 
1,425 
1,322 

1,543 
1,461 
1,365 

1,517 
1,455 
1,300 
1,197 

1,326 
1,244 
1,148 
1,288 

1,103 
1,173 
1,302 
1,309 
1,048 
1,288 

2,567 
1,959 
2,423 

1,422 
1.383 
1,537 
1,797 

3,036 

2,692 

•>  788 

1,440 
1,378 
1,223 
1,120 

1,236 
1,154 
1,058 
1,198 

1,026 
1,096 
1,225 
1,232 
971 
1,211 

2,490 
1,882 
2,346 

1,345 

1,306 
1,460 
1,720 

2,959 
2,615 
2,711 
2,928 

353 

302 
318 

82 
69 
33 

2,301 
2,319 
2,260 
2,096 

232 
414 
413 
268 
90 
337 
138 

525 
438 
341 
503 

1,661 
1,466 

1,3^9 

1.327 
1,172 
1,069 

1,098 
1,016 
920 
1,060 

939 
1,019 
1,138 
1,145 
894 
1,134 

2,430 
1,831 
2,295 

1,285 
1,246 
1,373 
1,660 

2,899 
2,555 
2.632 
2,868 

491 

440 
456 

220 
207 
171 

2,163 
2,232 
"  1''2 
i',009 

370 
437 
432 
296 
228 
432 
276 

387 
300 
203 
365 

1,610 
1.415 

617 
555 
400 
297 

947 

732 
723 
741 

282 
376 

481 
488 
283 
623 

1,675 
1,059 
1,523 

540 
491 
677 
905 

2,14-1 
1,800 
1,896 
2,113 

1,037 
962 
1,013 

905 
826 

856 

1,632 
1,575 
1,615 
1,352 

822 
524 
482 
670 
900 
713 
916 

842 
948 
939 
1,030 

838 
643 

1,605 
I,o43 
1,388 
1,285 

729 

717 
621 
761 

1,028 
1,042 

1,194 
1,225 
917 
1,047 

2,515 
2,047 
2,511 

1,372 
1,331 
1,453 

1,745 

2,984 
2,640 
2,688 
2,953 

1,067 
1.016 
1,032 

796 

783 
747 

1,857 
2,148 
1,816 
2,065 

946 
1,013 
1,008 
872 
804 
l.OOS 
852 

236 
288 
373 
211 

1,826 
1.631 

911 
849 
694 
591 

869 
675 
630 

707 

410 
466 
609- 
616 
341 
581 

1,901 
1,353 

1  817 

756 
717 
8J4 
1.131 

2,370 
2,026 
2,103 
2,339 

941 

866 
917 

749 
670 
700 

1,696 
1,703 
1,655 
1,480 

726 
428 
386 
574 
744 
617 
792 

572 
683 
657 
760 

1,132 
937 

787 
725 
570 
490 

732 
517 
508 
526 

111 
125 
277 

3U8 

'246 

1.59S 
1,229 
1,693 

455 
414 
536 

82S 

2,067 
1,728 

1,771 
2,036 

1,220 
1,145 
1,196 

1,053 
974 
1,004 

1,388 
1,371 
1,847 

1,148 

1,005 
707 
665 
853 
1,018 
896 
1,096 

814 
925 

998 
1,002 

1,008 
813 

588 
526 
371 
423 

1,133 
893 

922 
907 

319 
B26 

200 
13! 
414 
402 

1,184 
1,03 

1,427 

88 

"•wo 

411 

1,653 

1,309 
1,405 
1,622 

1,528 
1,453 
1,504 

i.ass 

1,309 
1,339 

1,286 
1,22;  > 
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1,006 

1,313 
1,016 

973 
1,161 
1,383 
1.204 
1,407 

1,228 
1,339 
1,384 
1,416 

809 
614 

2,258 
2  :','.':: 
2,238 

2,290 

2,501 
2,338 
2,434 
2,284 

2.171 
2,168 
2,010 
1,965 
2,281 
2,203 

1.082 
1.787 

1,323 

1,807 
1,867 

1.778 
1,453 

276 
558 

1,2(16 
245 

3,C95 
3,320 
3.371 

8,256 

3  176 
3,206 

1,198 
1,023 
1,287 

1,232 

3,180 
2,882 
2,840 
3,028 
3,250 
3,071 
3,274 

3,039 
3,206 
3,251 
3,192 

2.027 

'>   ;  "•> 

Duluth  

St.  Paul  

Winona  

Mississippi. 

BavSt.  Louis  

Jackson  

Meridian  

Vicksburg  

1,505 

1,263 
1,333 
1,462 
1,469 
1,208 
1,448 

2,700 
2,084 
2,548 

1,565 
1,516 
1,697 
1,930 

3,169 

2,825 
2  921 

•Missouri. 

Hannibal  

Jefferson  City  

Kansas  Citv  

St.  Joseph.  .  .. 

i?t.  Louis  

Springfield  

jflontana. 

Dillon  

Glendive  

Helena  

Nebraska. 

Lincoln  

Omaha  

Red  Cloud  

Sidney  

Nevada. 

Carson  City  

Elko  

Pioche  

Reno  

3,138 

70 
93 
40 

889 
291 
274 

2,596 
2,556 
2,555 
2,333 

203 
501 
543 
404 
217 
312 
239 

832 
745 

648 
810 

1.863 
I,6o8 

3,005 

263 
212 
228 

172 
74 
57 

2,391 
2,396 
2.350 
2,173 

142 
410 
452 
264 

'247 
48 

615 
528 
431 
593 

1,738 
1,543 

New  Hampshire 

Concord  

Keene  

Nashua  

New  Jersey. 

Cape  May  

Phillipsburgh...   . 

Trenton.  „  

New  Mexico. 

Deming  

Manuelito... 

Mesilla  

Santa  F<*  

New  York. 

Albany   

Buffalo  

Dunkirk  

Elmira  

New  York  

Rome  

West  Point  

North  Carolina. 

'    Charlotte  

Raleigh  

Weldon  

Wilmington  
North  I>akota. 

Bismarck  

Fareo  

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


537 


DISTANCES  BY  SHORTEST  POST  ROUTE— CONTINUED. 


FROM  POST  OFFICE  AT 

To  POST  OFFICES  AT 

Boston,  Mass 

New  York, 
N.  Y  

Philadelphia 
Pa  

WASHINGTON 
D.  C  

Chicago,  HI.. 

Charleston, 
8.  C  

Cincinna'i, 
Ohio  

GO 

i 

K- 

K 

c 

Omaha,  Neb 

San  Franci?c 
Cal  

Ohio. 

Cincinnati  

929 
686 
823 
761 
691 
798 
690 

3,032 
3,306 
3,503 
3,359 

588 
399 
307 
648 
362 
453 

68 
44 

1,021 
03N 
919 
1,093 

1,557 
2,082 
1,806 
1,603 

828 
1,070 
969 
1,380 
1,221 

2,004 
1,873 
1,794 
2,508 
2,006 
2,084 
1,803 

2,828 
2,549 
2,585 

115 
202 
164 
139 

657 
624 
559 

744 
568 
624 
620 
474 
681 
502 

2,899 
3,181 
3,378 
3,234 

484 
182 
90 
431 
145 
236 

186 
189 

804 
721 
702 
876 

1,432 
1,957 
1,681 
1,478 

611 
853 
742 
1,163 
1,004 

1,787 
1,656 
1,599 
2303 
1,789 
1,867 
1,598 

2,695 
2,416 
2,452 

222 
327 
302 
262 

440 
407 
342 

667 
491 
547 
543 
397 
604 
425 

2,822 
3,104 
3,301 
3,157 

447 
105 

"354 
165 
199 

276 
279 

714 
631 
612 

786 

1,355 
1,880 
1,604 
1,401 

521 
763 
652 
1,073 
914 

1,697 
1,566 

1,509 
2,213 
1,699 
1,777 
1,508 

2,618 
2,339 
2,375 

312 
417 
392 
352 

350 
317 
252 

553 
440 
487 
492 
346 
553 
374 

2,762 
3,053 
3,250 
3,106 

450 
125 
138 
303 
260 
218 

414 
417 

576 
493 
474 
648 

1,304 
1,829 
1,553 
1,350 

,    383 
625 
514 
935 
776 

1,559 
1,428 
1,371 
2,075 
1,561 
1,639 
1,370 

2,539 
2,279 
2,315 

450 
555 
530 
490 

212 
179 
191 

294 
340 
314 
2SO 
444 
234 
406 

2,007 

2,281 
2,478 
2,334 

437 
718 
823 
469 
793 
680 

1,063 
1,022 

988 
858 
940 
1,023 

532 
1,057 
776 
578 

691 

599 
560 
521 

448 

1,123 
1,176 
869 
1,583 
1,143 
1,203 
878 

1,803 
1,524 
1,560 

959 
1,014 
1,039 
999 

669 
752 
937 

718 
962 
838 
886 
922 
920 
950 

2,847 
3,152 
3,349 
3.205 

1.026 
701 
714 
879 
836 
794 

990 
993 

'l30 
102 
86 

1,495 
1,931 
1,719 
1.485 

475 
449 
428 
759 
600 

1,260 
1,059 
1,146 
1,769 
1,192 
1,340 
1,145 

2,595 
2,364 
2,400 

1,026 
1,131 
1,106 
1,066 

527 
444 
535 

244 
120 
168 
270 
202 
299 

2,233 
2,538 
2,735 
2,591 

341 

562 
667 
313 
646 
524 

930 
933 

718 
588 
670 

758 

795 
1,317 
1,075 
872 

421 
335 
290 
487 
295 

1,108 
1,136 
904 
1,608 
1,128 
1.18S 
903 

2,010 
1,750 
1,786 

863 
918 
943 
903 

387 
470 
655 

341 
523 
4L'4 
447 
574 
436 
581 

1,930 
2,235 
2,432 
2,288 

620 
866 
971 
617 

950 
828 

1.234 
1,235 

917 
830 
912 
891 

578 
1,014 
802 
568 

663 
468 

532 
306 
317 

850 
903 
586 
1,300 
870 
930 
595 

1,678 
1,447 
1,483 

1,142 
1,197 
1,222 
1,182 

728 
811 
996 

717 
831 
759 
770 
909 
725 
897 

1,516 

1,821 
2,018 
1,874 

928 
1,201 
1,306 
952 
1,284 
1,163 

1,554 
1,513 

1,331 
1,244 
1,326 
1,305 

172 
600 
397 
162 

1,077 
882 
946 
687 
731 

897 
1,024 
603 
1,310 
991 
977 
612 

1,312 
1,033 
1,069 

1,450 
1,505 
1,530 
1,490 

1,114 
1,197 

1,382 

2584 
2,698 
2,626 
2,639 
2,776 
2,592 
2,764 

841 
751 
554 
698 

2,795 
3,068 
3,173 
2,819 
3,151 
3,030 

3,411 
3,370 

3,055 
3.002 
3,084 
3,029 

2,039 
1,698 
2,264 
2,029 

2,944 
2,736 
2,813 
2,426 
2,598 

1,998 
2,210 
1,998 
1,286 
2,177 
1,918 
1,991 

1,113 
834 
870 

3,317 
3,372 
3,397 
3,357 

2,981 
3,064 
3,249 

Cleveland  

Columbus  

Crestline  

Steubenville  

Toledo  

YoungBtown  

Oregon. 

La  Grande  

Portland  

Roseburgh  . 

Salein  

Pennsylvania. 

Erie  

Harrisburg  

Philadelphia. 

Pittsburg  

Scrantoii  

\Yilliamsport  

Rhode  Island. 

Newport  

Providence  

South  Carolina. 

Charleston 

Columbia  

Florence  

Port  Roval 

South  Dakota. 

C'anton  

Dead  wood  

Pierre  

Yankton  

Tennessee. 

Bristol  

Chattan  ooga 

Knoxville  

Memphis  

Nashville  

Texas. 

Austin  

Beaumont 

Denison. 

El  Paso  

Galveston  

San  Antonio  . 

Sherman  

Utah. 

Frisco  

Ogden  Citv  

Salt  Lake  City  
Vermont. 

Bellows  Falls  

Montpelier  

Wells  River  

White  River  Junc'n 
Virginia 
Clifton  Forge  
Lynchburg  

Newport  News  

538 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


DISTANCES  BY  SHORTEST  POST  ROUTE-CONCLUDWX 


fttoM  POST  OFFICE  AT 

To  POST  OFFICES  AT 

! 

New  York, 
N.  Y  

Philadelphia 

pa  .:.  

WASHINGTON 
P.  C  

O 

gr 
o° 

I 

: 

Charleston, 
S.  C_  

Cincinnati, 
Ohio  

8t  Louis,  Mo._ 

Omaha,  Neb  

San  "'raw  i.  sco, 
Cal  

'• 

Norfolk  

562 
561 
600 

3.023 
3,346 
8,389 
3,334 

833 
685 
487 
883 
789 
713 

1,454 
1,163 
1,110 
1,261 

2,032 

2.393 

345 
344 
383 

2,898 
3,221 
3,264 
3,209 

816 
468 
270 
666 
572 
496 

1.329 
1,038 
985 
1,136 

1,899 

2,260 

2-55 
254 
293 

2,821 
3,144 
3,187 
3,132 

526 
378 
180 

576 

482 
419 

1,252 
961 
908 
1,059 

1,822 

2,1*3 

220 
116 
155 

2,770 
3,093 
3,136 
3,081 

888 
254 
55 
438 
358 
853 

1,201 
910 
857 
1,008 

1,762 

2,123 

956 
862 
765 

1,998 
2,321 
2.364 
2,309 

493 
526 
717 
443 
426 
456 

429 
138 
85 
236 

1,007 

1,368 

454 
460 
546 

2,986 
3,192 
3,274 
3,269 

703 
830 
631 
753 
913 
929 

1,417 
1,126 
1,073 
1,233 

1847 
£208 

674 
580 
483 

2,292 
2,578 
2,657 
2,603 

211 
299 
498 
161 
195 
251 

723 
432 
379 
530 

1,233 

1,594 

1,015 
921 
824 

2,168 
2,275 
2,357 
2,352 

552 
640 
M 
502 
536 
566 

655 
361 
368 
404 

930 
1.291 

1,401 
1,307 
1,210 

1,803 
1,861 
1,943 
1,938 

938 
992 
1,191 

87* 
871 
901 

556 
456 
510 
395 

516 

877 

3.26S 
3.174 
3,077 

1,108 
791 
873- 
896 

2,805 
2,859 
3.05S 
2.745 
2.73S 
2,768 

2,423 

2.32:5 
2,377 
2,262 

1,351 

990 

Richmond.  

Sim  IP  ton.  

Washington. 

Colfax.  

Kiilania  

Olympia  

Tacoma  

West  Virginia. 

Charleston  _  

Grafton  

Harper's  Ferry_  
Huntington  

Parkersburg  
Wheeling  

Wisconsin. 

Ashland  

Madison  _  

Milwaukee  

Prairie  du  Chien.... 
Wyoming. 

Cheyenne  City  
Granger  

Time  of  Transit  Of  Mails  Bettveen  Pacific  Coast  and  Eastern 

Cities. 

NOTE. — Time  computed  upon  the  oasis.  01  connections  being  made. 


Boston, 
Mass  

New  York, 
N.  Y..  

Philadel- 
phla,  Pa... 

WASHING- 
TON, D.  C. 

O 

9 

Charleston, 
S.  0...  

Cincinnati, 
Ohio  

R 

*s 

if 

1 

O 

fej3 

ft 

San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal. 

H.    M. 

H.    M.  H.    M. 

H.    H. 

H.    H. 

H.    M. 

H.    M. 

H.    M. 

H.    M. 

H.  M. 

Arizona. 

Prescott-  
California. 

Los  Angeles  
Sacramento  
San  Francisco.. 
Colorado 
Denver  

14550 

13000 
119  30 
12330 

7320 
12730 
8530 
11935 
9650 

126  '20 
12820 

8930 

12400 
12900 

13600 

126  00 
115  30 
11930 

6630 
12030 
8100 
11515 
8900 

121  30 
123  30 

89  SO 

12465 
12355 

13400 

124  00 
115  40 
11940 

6340 
12040 
8200 
11200 
8635 

121  30 
123.30 

8640 

124  10 
12510 

13420 

124  00 
119  00 
12300 

6430 
124  00 
8500 
11500 

89  25 

124  30 
12630 

7100 

127  25 
128  25 

11255 

113  25 
9050 
9450 

4055 
91  50 
57  20 
8625 
62  55 

9250 
9450 

5830 

93  15 
96  15 

14945 

12745 
141  45 
145  45 

8715 
14450 
125  15 
13345 
10145 

14545 
14745 

10945 

148  10 
149  10 

11050 

11350 
121  30 
125  30 

4500 
10400 
61  00 
9800 
6255 

10020 
102  20 

6900 

107  25 
10825 

9830 

101  30 
11000 
11400 

3310 
10335 
7000 
87  00 
5230 

9950 
.'.0150 

67  30 

94  05 
95  05 

9800 

101  30 
75  40 

79  40 

2030 
7640 
5900 
7200 
5230 

7400 
7600 

4300 

71  15 
72  15 

5?.  45- 

2245 
400 

75  45 
68  15 
6800 
1515 
7345 

3945 
3745 

4915 

4825 
4835 

Idaho. 

Boise  City._  
Montana. 
Helena  

Nevada. 

Carson  Ci'.y  
Slew  Mexico. 
Santa  F6.  
Oregon. 
Portland  
Salem.  _  

I  tah. 

Salt  Lake  City_ 
Washington. 

Tacoma...  „.. 
*)lympia  -... 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  539 

PRECIOUS   STONES. 

List  of  Gem  Stones  Known  to  be  Found  in  the  United  State*, 

Achroi'te  (Tourmaline).  Grossularite  garnet.  Quartz. 

Agate  (Quartz).  Heliotrope.  Rhodonite. 

Agatized  wood  (Quam).  Hematite.  Rock  crystal  (Quartz/. 

Almandine  (Garnet).  *Hiddenite  (Spodumene).  Hose  quartz  (Qu.aitz). 

Amazon  stone  (Jticrocline).  Hornblende  in  quartz.  Ruby  (Corundum). 

Amber.  Idocrase.  Rubelite  (Tourmaline). 

Amethyst  (Quartz).  Indicolite  (Tourmaline).  *Rutile. 

Aquamarine  (Beryl).  lolite.  Rutile  in  quartz  (Quartz). 

Asteria.  Isopyre.  Sagenite  (Quartz). 

Beryl.  Jade.  Sapphire  (Corundum). 

Bloodstone.  Jasper  (Quartz) .  Silicified  wood  (Quartz). 

*Bowenite  (Serpentine).  Jet  (Mineral  coal).  Smoky  quartz  ( Quartz) . 

Cairngorm  (Quartz).  Labradorite.  Smoky  topaz  (Quartz). 

Catlinite.  Labrador  spar  ( Labradorite) .  Spinel. 

Chalcedony  (Quartz).  Lake.  George  diamonds  Spodumene. 

Chiastolite.  (Quartz).  Suustone  (Fe/dspar). 

*Chlorastrolite.  *Lithia    emeralds    (Spodu-  *Thetis  hair  stone  (Quartz- 

*Chondrodile.  mene).  *Thonisonile. 

Chrysolite.  Macle.  Tourmaline. 

Danburite.  Malachite.  Topaz. 

Diamond.  Moonstone  (Feldspar  Group)  Turquois. 

Diopside   (Pyroxene).  Moss  agate  (Quartz).  Venus  hair  stone  (Qwortz; 

Elseolite  (Nepkelue).  *Novaculite  (Quartz).  *Willemite. 

Emerald  (Beryl}.  Obsidian.  *Williamsite  (Serpentine). 

Epidote.  Olivine  (Ckryolite).  Wood  agate  (Quartz). 

Essonite  (Garnet).  Opalized  wood  (Opal),  Wood  jasper  (Quartz). 

Fleche  d'aniour  (Quartz).  Peridot  (Chrysolite).  Wood  opal  (Opal). 

Flnorite.  Phenakite.  Zircon. 

Fossil  coral.  Prehnite.  *Zonochlorite  (Prehniu). 

Ukruet.  Pyrope  (Garnet). 

The  following1  complete  the  list  of  precious  stones  known  to  exist  in  the  U.  S.  at 
the  close  of  1893:  Anthracite,  Arrow  points,  Catlinite,  Pyrite,  and  Trilobite. 
*  Gem  stones  found  only  In  the  United  States. 

Species  and  varieties  found  in  the  U.  S.  bat  not  in  gem  form. 

Axinite.  Cassiterite.  Cyanite.  Opal.  Sphene. 

Andalusite.  ChrysoberyL  Ilvaite.  Prase  (Quartz).        Titanite. 

Species  and  varieties  not  yet  identified  in  any  form  in  the  U.S. 

Alexandrite.  Cat's-eye  quartz.  Detnantoid.  Lapislazulite. 

Cat's-eye  chrysoberyl.      Chrysoprase.  Euclase.  Ouvarovite. 

Estimated  production  of  precious  stones  in  the  U.  S.  in  l  so:i 

[  Details  of  value  only. } 

Agate,  $1,000;  Amazon-stone,  81,000;  Anthracite,  83,000;  Beryl,  8500;  Catlinite 
(pipestone),  85,000;  Chlorastrolite,  8500;  Fossil  Coral,  81,000;  Garnet,  82,000;  Moss 
Agate,  82,000;  Pyrite,  81,500;  Quartz,  810,000;  Sapphire  Gems,  810,000;  Silicified 
Wood,  81,250;  Smoky  Quartz,  $5,000;  Thomsonite,  8500;  Topaz,  8100;  Tourmaline, 
$5,000;  Turquoise,  8143,136.  During  1893  some  work  was  carried  on  at  Mount 
Mica,  Paris,  Me.,  which  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  a  number  of  large  green 
erystals,  one  of  which  furnished  one  of  the  finest  tourmaline  ever  found  on  this 
continent,  being  of  a  clear  grass  green  color  and  weighing  63%  carats.  About 
820,000  worth  of  sapphire  was  sent  abroad  in  1892,  but  during  1893  more  Montana 
sapphires  were  actually  sold  than  in  any  previous  year,  probably  on  account  of 
the  company  having  a  lapidary  at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  where 
these  stones  were  cut  and  sold.  The  largest  diamond  known  to  have  been  found 
in  the  U.  S.  was  at  Manchester,  Va.;  it  weighed  10  carats  after  it  was  cut,  and 
was  valued  in  the  rough  at  85,000;  a  3-carat  stone  was  found  near  San  Francisco. 
Cal.,  and  recently  a  diamond  weighing  3  14/16  carats  was  found  in  Wisconsin;  a 
number  have  also  been  found  in  Butte  and  Shasta  Co.'s,  Cal.,  and  three  on  Peb- 
ble Beach,  Pescadero,  Cal.,  one  of  which  was  valued  at  8300  in  the  rough  state. 
It  is  interesting  to  note  that,  in  spite  of  the  financial  depression,  8143, 13<>  worth 
of  American  turquoises  were  sold  in  1893,  a  greater  amount  probably  than  has 
ever  been  sold  from  the  Persian  mines  in  a  single  year.  The  importation  of 
precious  stones  into  the  U.  S.  has  steadily  increased  from  about  81,318,000  worth 
In  1867,  to  814,521,851  in  1892,  and  810,197,505  in  1893. 


540 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


SYMBOLS  OF   111  F.  »I!.VIS 


ELEMENTS. 

Symbols 

ELEMENTS, 

Symbols 

ELEMENTS. 

Symbols 

Aluminium  ...... 

A  1 

Hydrogen......  .. 

H 

Rhodium  

Bo 

S  b 

B  b 

A  8 

Indium...   ...... 

I  n 

P.  u 

Iodine  

I 

Barium  

Ba 

Iridium  

I  r 

_  j     . 

8  « 

Bi 

Iron  

Fe 

Silicon  

81 

Bromine  

B  o 
Br 

Lan  thanium  ..... 

La 

Silver  

Ag 

K  a 

C  d 

Lead  ;.  
Lithium 

Pb 
L 

Strontium  

Sr 

Cs 
Ca 
G 

Magnesium  
Manganese  

Mg 
Mu 

Tellurium  

T  6 

T  b 

Cobalt  

Ci 
Or 

Co 

Molybdenum  .... 
Nickel  

Hg 
M 

Nl 

Thallium  . 
Thorium  
Tin  

Ti 
Th 

Sn 
T  t 

tColumbium  .... 
Copper....  

Ta 
C  u 

Niobium  

N  b 
N 
No 

Tungsten  

W 

V 

Didymium  

D 

Osmium......  .  .  .. 

Os 

o 

V 

Erbium  

E 

Palladium       ... 

Pd 

Yttrium  

T 

Fluorine  

F 

P  e 

p 

Zinc  

ZB 

G  1 

P  t 

Zirconium..  ...... 

Zr 

Sold  

Au 

Potassium  

K 

t  Identical  -with  Tantalum. 
BIBLICAL  WEIGHTS,  MEASURES  AND   MOSEY-Weights. 


WEIGHTS. 

EQUIVALENT  TBOY. 

WEIGHTS. 

EQUIVALENT  TROY. 

1  Gera          = 
1  Beka          = 
1  Shekel       = 

117.41  grains 
1.174.14      " 
2.348.28      " 

1  Maneh      = 
1  Talent       = 

234,828.10  grs.,  or  30.70  Ibs. 
704,484.50  grs.,  or  122.34  Ibs. 

Measures  of  Length  and  Capacity, 


A  day's  journey  was  =  33.20  miles 

A  Sabbath  day's  journey    =    2.13  miles 
A  cubit  was  nearly  =  22.00  inches 

6  cubits  =  1  great  cubit  or  =  11.00  feet 
A  finger's  breadth  =    1.00  inch 


1  Log     =  54  pint;    1  cab     =  3  pints 
1  Omer  =  3  quarts;  1  firkin  =  7  pints 
1  Hin     =  1  gallon  and  2  pints 
1  Epah  or  bath  =  7  gallons  and  2  quarts 
1  Homar  —  75  gallons  and  5  pints. 


Money. 


Denomination. 

GOLD. 

SlLVEB. 

COPPER. 

Denomination. 

GOLD. 

SILVER. 

COPPER. 

Gerah  

$  0.28.45 
2.84 
6.69 

$  0.02.65 
0.26.50 
0.53 

$0.00.17 
0.01.642 
0.03.143 

Maneh  
Talent  

$     569.00 
17,070.00 

$  53.00 
1,590.00 

$  3.145 
94.28 

Beka  

Shekel  

Relative  value  of  Biblical  metals— Gold  at  14  =  160  Silver  •• 
Ancient  Money  (Not  Biblical), 


764  Copper. 


MONET. 

GBS.  TBOY. 

GOLD 

VAL'E. 

MOSEY. 

GRAINS 
TBOY. 

GOLD 
VALUE. 

Persian  Daric 

Farthing  (Assarium, 

(Drains)                 = 

128  grains= 

$5.52 

copper)                   = 

84  grains 

$  0.0050 

Maccabxn  Shekel 

Mite  (copper)           = 

21      " 

.00125 

"Piece  of  money" 

.53 

A  Piece  of   Silver  or   a  Penny  was  15 

(Stater  silver)      = 
Penny  (Denarius, 
silver)                    = 

220     " 
58.85" 

** 

.53 
.14 

A  Farthing  (silver)  was  3  cents. 
A  Gera  was  2  cents. 

Farthing  (Quadrans, 

A  Mite  was  Jj  a  cent. 

copper                   = 

42      " 

= 

.0025 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASUKES  541 

MINERAL  SUBSTANCES  AND  THEIR  COMPOSITION. 

Actinolite— (Kay  Stone)— Is  found  in  boulders,  or  rolled  masses;  also  with 
garnets,  in  fine  needle  crystals,  and  in  quartz,  which  when  broken  show 
beautiful  green  radiating  crystals.  See  AmphiboJe. 

Agalmatolite  or  Agalinamolite  (Pagodite)—  A  variety  of  pinite,  hydrous 
silicate  of  alumina,  magnesia,  iron,  lime,  soda  and  potash.  It  is  soft  and 
appears  like  soapstone ;  much  used  for  ornamental  carved  work  by  the  Chinese. 

Agate — A  semi-pellucid  uncrystallized  variety  of  quartz  combining  various  tints. 

Alabaster— A  compact  variety  of  sulphate  of  lime,  or  gypsum  of  fine  texture, 
and  usually  white,  but  sometimes  yellow,  red  or  gray. 

Alaskaite— Occurs  in  quantity  as  massive  mineral  with  tetrahedrite,  ehaleo- 
pyrite,  barite  and  quartz.  (Symbol  A.) 

Albite— A  species  of  mineral  of  the  feldspar  family;  contains  silicate  of  alumi- 
na and  soda;  color  white;  composition,  silica  68.6,  alumina  19.6,  soda  11.8. 

Altaite— Telluride  oi  lead;  composition,  lead  61.7,  tellurium  38.3=100. 

Alum—  (Tchermignite) — A  double  sulphate  of  alumina  and  potassa;  composition, 
sulphate  of  potash  1,  ter-sulphate  of  alumina  1,  water  21  parts  =26. 

A 1 11  in  in  in  in  or  Aluminum — The  metallic  base  of  alumina;  white,  with  & 
bluish  tinge,  specific  gravity  only  about  2.6. 

Alunogeii — Sulphate  of  Alumina;  found  on  the  Verde  river,  Arizona. 

Amber — A  yellowish  resin  resembling  copal;  a  fossil;  friction  electrofies  it. 

Amethyst — A  sub-species  of  quartz,  of  a  bluish-violet  color,  of  different  de- 
grees of  intensity,  generally  occurs  crystallized  in  hexahedral  prisms. 

Amianthus — Amphibole.    See  Asbestus. 

Amphibole — Actinolite,  Anthophyllite,  Amianthus,  Asbestus,  Hornblende, 
Mountain  Cork,  Mountain  Leather,  Tremolite,  etc. — Is  an  anhydrous  silicate 
of  various  bases — iron,  magnesia,  lime,  etc.,  and  a  little  water. 

Amphibolite — Trap,  or  greenstone;  base  cf  Amphibole  or  Hornblende. 

Aiidalusite — Is  a  silicate  of  alumina,  containing  sometimes  sesqui oxide  of  iron, 
magnesia,  lime,  soda,  potash  and  manganese  in  varying  proportions;  when 
pure,  it  contains  silica  36.8,  alumina  63.2  parts=100. 

Anglesite — Native  sulphate  of  lead,  occurs  in  white  or  yellowish  prismatic 
crystals. 

Anhydrite — Anhydrous  gypsum. 

Aiiorthite— Of  the  feldspar  family,  occurring  in  small  glossy  crystals. 

Anthophyllite — So  named  from  its  clove-brown  color.    See  Amphibole. 

Antimony — The  gray  ore,  contains  sulphur  and  antimony,  is  of  a  tin-white 
color,  and  brittle. 

Apatite — Native  phosphate  of  lime,  usually  six-sided  prisms,  of  a  greenish  color. 

Aragoiiite — Identical  with  calcite  or  carbonate  of  lime,  but  harder,  crystalliz- 
ing in  prismatic  forms.  See  Tufa. 

Aragotite — A  hydro-carbon,  peculiar  to  the  quicksilver  mines  of  California; 
found  in  dolomite  and  with  cinnabar;  identical  with  Idrialite.  See  Petroleum. 

Argentite— Silver  Glance,  Sulphuret  of  Silver,  Vitreous  Silver. — color,  dark 
lead,  gray,  opaque;  luster,  metallic;  composition,  silver  87.1,  sulphur  12.9=100. 

Arsenic — A  metal  of  a  steel-gray  color,  brilliant  luster,  dull  from  tarnish;  very 
brittle,  and  sublimes  at  356°  Falir.;  specific  gravity  from  5.7  to  5.9;  it  is  some- 
times found  native,  but  usually  combined  with  silver,  cobalt,  nickel,  iron, 
antimony  and  sulphur. 

Arseuolite — An  oxide  of  arsenic;  composition,  arsenic  75.76,  oxygen  24.24= 
100  parts. 

Arsenopyrite  or  Mispickel  —  Luster,  metallic;  color,  grayish-white  to 
almost  silver  white;  quite  brittle;  composition,  arsenic  46.0,  iron  34.4,  sul- 
phur 19.6  =100  parts. 

Anbestus — A  mineral  unaffected  by  fire;  a  variety  of  hornblende  and  pyroxene ; 
found  in  long,  delicate  fibers,  or  fibrous  masses  or  seams;  color,  white  or  gray, 
but  sometimes  greenish  or  reddish.  See  also  Mountain  Cork,  Mountain  Leather, 
Eock  Cork,  Tremolite,  etc. 

Asholine — Earthy  cobalt,  with  lead  ores,  carrying  10  to  11  per  cent,  of  nickel. 

Asphalt um — Mineral  pitch,  Jew's  pitch,  or  compact  native  bitumen;  brittle, 
black  or  brown  color,  and  high  luster  on  a  surface  of  fracture.  See  Aragotite, 
Bitumen,  Idrialite  and  Petroleum. 

Atacamitc — A  native  oxychlorhle  of  copper  (a  rare  mineral,)  originally  found 
in  the  form  of  sand,  in  the  desert  of  Atacama,  Chile;  reported  to  have  been 
found  in  Inyo  Co.,  California. 

Angite—  Diallage,  Diopside,  Omphazite,  Sahlite,  etc.    See  Pyroxene. 

Aurichalof  to — Brass  ore,  found  with  other  zinc  ores  in  Arizona. 

Axinite — Thumite — A  mineral  occurring  in  brilliant  glassy  crystals;  it  con* 
sists  chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  and  peroxide  of  iron. 


542  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Azurite--Blue  carbonate  of  copper,  a  hydrous  carbonate  of  copper,  compo- 
sition, oxide  of  copper  69.2,  carbonic  acid  25.6,  Water  5.2=100  parts.  8te 
Azure  Copper,  Chessy  Copper,  Blue  Malachite,  and  Mt.  Blue. 

Barytes  or  Barite— Sulphate  of  baryta,  generally  called  heavy  spar. 

Barytum  or  Barium — The  metallic  basis  of  baryta  or  baria,  oxide  of  oarium. 

Barnhardtite — Sulphide  of  copper  and  iron,  abundant  with  other  copper  ores. 

Bernardinite — A  resin  found  in  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Cal.,  new,  but  little  known. 

Berthierite— Sulphide  of  antimony  and  iron,  associated  with  argentiferous  ores. 

Beryl— A  mineral  of  great  hardness,  and  when  transparent,  of  much  beauty. 
It  occurs  in  green  or  bluish-green,  six-sided  prisms,  and  consists  of  silica, 
alumina,  and  the  rare  earth  glucina;  colored  by  oxide  of  iron.  As  a 
gem,  aqua-marint. 

Bindhe  i  mite— A  hydrous  antimoniate  of  lead;  composition,  oxide  of  antimony 
31.71,  oxide  of  lead  61.38,  water  6.46=99.55  parts. 

Biolite— Hexagonal  Mica.    Biotite — Brown  Mica.    Bee  Mica. 

liiotine — A  variety  of  anortnite  found  in  the  volcanic  debris  of  Vesuvius. 

Bismuth — A  metal  of  a  reddish  white  color,  crystallizing  in  rhoiubohedrons, 
nearly  like  cubes.  It  is  harder  than  lead,  rather  brittle;  specific  gravity  8. 
Melts  at  476«  Fahr. 

Bi*miithine  or  Bismnthinite — Sulphate  of  bismuth.  A  rare  mineral, 
composed  of  bismuth  and  sulphur, 

Bisuiuthite— Bismuth  ochre;  found  in  small  quantities  in  South  Carolina. 

Bitumen — Mineral  pitch,  a  substance  having  a  pitch-like  odor,  and  burning 
readily  with  a  bright  flame,  without  residue.  See  Asphaltum,  Petroleum,  etc, 

Black  Jack  or  False  Galena—  Sulphuret  of  zinc,  consisting  of  sulphur, 
zinc,  and  a  little  iron;  zinc  blende.  See  Sphalerite. 

Blende — An  ore  of  zinc,  called  also  mock  lead,  false-galena  and  blackjack.  It  is  s 
sulphuret  of  zinc,  consisting,  when  pure,  of  zinc  07  parts  and  sulphur  33,  but 
often  containing  some  irou.  Its  color  is  usually  yellow,  brown  or  black,  and 
its  luster  resinous. 

Bloodstone— A  green  silicious  stone  sprinkled  with  red  jasper;  called  also 
Heliotrope.  See  Hematite. 

Borax. — Bi-borate  of  soda,  native  boras,  tincal,  etc,;  a  salt  formed  by  a  combina- 
tion of  boracic  acid,  with  soda;  color,  white,  grayish,  or  with  a  shade  of  blua 
and  green. 

Bornite— Erabescite,  horseflesh  ore,  purple  copper  ore,  variegated  copper,  etc.; 
a  double  sulphide  of  copper  and  iron;  elements  vary  in  different  specimens] 
composition  (average,)  copper  58.20,  iron  14.85,  sulphur  26.98=104  parts. 

Boron — An  elementary  substance,  nearly  related  to  carbon,  of  adeep  olive  Color, 
infusible,  and  not  a  conductor  of  electricity.  At  a  red  heat  it  burns,  uniting 
With  oxygen,  and  forming  boracic  acid.  Is  found  in  nature  in  borax,  boracite, 
datholite,  tourmaline,  etc. 

Brauiiite— Maugaiiese  ore.    See  Manganese,  Pyrolusite,  etc. 

Brenuerite  or  Brown-Spar— A  crystallized  variety  of  dolomite;  reddish  > 
brown  color,  tinged  with  oxide  of  iron  and  manganese. 

Broguiardite — Associated  with  other  argentiferous  ores.    [E.  Stahl,  Arizona,] 

Bromine — One  of  the  elements  chemically  related  to  chlorine  and  iodine;  f 
deep  reddish-brown  liquid  of  a  disagreeable  odor.  Is  also  found  in  a  silvot 
ore  of  Chile. 

Brookite— Arkansite,  Titanic  Acid.    See  Titanium. 

Brucite — Native  hydrate  of  magnesia  (incorrectly  called  chondroite);  a  white, 
pearly  mineral,  occurring  thin  and  foliated,  like  talc,  and  also  fibrous. 

Cad  mi  a — An  oxide  of  zinc  (incorrectly  called  calamine.)    See  Calamine. 

Cadmium — A  metal  related  to  zinc;  color  white,  and  both  ductile  and  malle- 
able; found  in  some  zinc  ores. 

Civsinm — An  alkaline  metal  first  discovered  In  mineral  waters. 

Calamine — A  mineral,  the  silicate  of  zinc.    See  Cadmia. 

•Calaverite— A  rare  mineral  (first  found  in  Calaveras  Co.,  Cal.,)  is  a  telluride 
of  gold  and  silver;  composition  (about),  tellurium  56.00,  gold  40.92,  silver 
3.08  =100  parts.  See  Tellurium, 

Caleite— Calc-spar,  Gay-Lussite,  Thinolite, Travertine,  Tufa;  carbonite  of  lime, 
consisting  of  lime  and  carbonic  acid.  It  includes  common  limestone,  with 
all  the  white  and  most  of  the  colored  marbles. 

Caledonite- -Impure  sulphate  of  lead;  occurs  with  other  lead  ores. 

Calcium— The  metallic  basis  of  lime. 

Carbon— Anjelementary  substance,  not  metallic  in  nature;  predominates  in 
all  organic  compounds.  It  is  combustible,  and  forms  the  base  of  CHAR- 
COAL, and  enters  largely  into  mineral  coals.  In  its  pure,  crystallized  state 
it  constitutes  the  DIA'MOSD,  and  is  the  hardest  of  known  substances.  It 
enters  largely  into  graphite,  or  black  lead,  and  in  this  it  is  soft,  and 
occurs  Tn  hexagonal  prisms  or  tables. 

Carbonite— Natural  Coke,  Coke,  Coak. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  543 

Varrolllte— Cobalt  ore;  occurs  In  small  quantities  with  chalcopyrite  and  dial. 
cocite. 

Cassiterite— Tin  Ore,  Tin-stone,  Binoxlde  of  Tin;  atomic  weight  74;  compos!, 
tion,  tin  78.67,  oxygen  23.33=102. 

Cat's-Eye— A  variety  of  quartz  or  chalcedony,  exhibiting  yellowish  opalescent 
reflections  from  within,  somewhat  like  the  eye  of  a  cat,  produced  by  filaments 
of  asbestus. 

Celestiue  or  Celestite— Native  sulphate  of  strontia  (or  strontian) ,  a  mineral, 
so  named  from  its  occasional  delicate  blue  color. 

Cerargyrite— A  chloride  of  silver,  horn  silver;  composition,  chlorine  24.7, 
silver  75.3  =100  parts. 

Cerium— A.  metal  of  high  specific  gravity,  grayish-white  color,  and  lamellar 
texture.  It  exists  In  the  mineral  allanite,  cerite,  gadolinite,  etc. 

Cer  asite — The  native  muriate  of  lead .    See  Cerusite. 

Cerusite — Carbonate  of  lead,  white  lead,  white  lead  ore;  composition,  carbonic 
acid  16  5,  oxide  of  lead,  83.5  =  100  parts.  Is  also  known  as  carbonate,  hard 
carbonate,  sand  carbonate,  etc.;  is  usually  argentiferous,  and  in  Colorado  is 
mined  for  both  silver  and  lead. 

Cervantite — Antimony  ocher,  occurs  with  stibnite  and  other  antimony  ores. 

Ceylanite— A,  dingy-blue  or  grayish-black  variety  of  spinel.  Also  called  pie- 
onast. 

Chabasite — A  mineral  occurring  in  glassy-rhombohedral  crystals,  nearly  the 
form  of  a  cube;  also,  in  double  six-sided  pyramids;  colorless,  or  tinged  wiiU 
red  or  yellow;  composition,  alumina,  lime,  silica,  and  20  per  cent,  of  water 

Chalcanthite— Blue  Stone,  Blue  Vitriol,  Native  Sulphate  of  Copper.  See 
Copper. 

Chalcedony — An  uncrystallized  translucent  variety  of  quartz,  of  a  whitish 
color,  and  a  luster  nearly  like  wax.  See  Heliotrope. 

Chalcosite  or  Chalcoeite — Copper  Glance,  Vitreous  Copper;  is  a  sulphide 
of  copper;  composition,  sulphur  20.2,  copper  79.8  =  100  parts. 

Clialcopyrite — Copper  Pyrites,  Yellow  Copper  Ore;  this  mineral  is  a  double 
sulphide  of  copper  and  iron;  composition,  sulphur  34. 9, copper  34.6,  iron  30.5, 
=100  parts. 

Chromite — Chromic  Iron,  Chrome  Ore;  a  black  sub-metallic  ore  consisting  of 
oxide  of  chromium  and  iron;  composition  (average,)  protoxide  of  iron  27.53, 
magnesia  6.50,  alumina  9.57,  sesquioxide  of  chromium  53.62,  silica  (and  loss) 
2.78=100  parts. 

Chromium — A  hard  brittle  metal  of  a  grayish-white  color,  very  difficult  of 
fusion,  and  related  to  iron  in  many  of  its  properties. 

Chrysoberyl — A  yellowish-green  gem, next  to  a  sapphire  in  hardness,  and  con- 
sisting of  alumina  and  the  earth  gluciua. 

Chrysocolla— The  green  or  blue  carbonate  of  copper;  it  is  a  hydrous  silicate  of 
copper;  when  pure,  its  composition  is  cxide  of  copper  45.3,  silica  34.2,  water 
20. 5  =  100  parts. 

Chrysolite — A  mineral,  composed  of  iron,  magnesia  and  silica,  varying  in  color 
from  a  pale  green  to  a  bottle-green;  occurring  in  glassy  grains  disseminated 
in  basalt  and  many  lavas,  sometimes  in  large  imbedded  crystals  and  other  rocks. 

Chrysotile — (Peridot)— A  magnesian  mineral,  a  variety  of  serpentine,  of  no 
value, 

Cinnabar— A  red  sulphuret  of  mercury  or  quicksilver,  occurring  native,  in 
brilliant  red  crystals,  and  also  in  amorphous  masses  of  different  shades  of  red 
and  brown.  See  Mercury  and  Quicksilver. 

Cinnamon-Stone  or  I  Xson  i  t  <• — A  variety  of  garnet,  of  a  cinnamon  color. 

Coal — Anthracite,  lonite,  Lignite,  Mineral  coal,  etc.  A  black,  or  brownish  black, 
solid,  combustible  substance,  consisting,  like  charcoal,  mainly  of  carbon,  but 
more  compact,  and  of  ten  containing  a  large  proportion  of  bitumen.  A 11 1  lira- 
cite,  or  Glance  Coal,  that  containing  little  or  no  bitumen,  and  therefore  burn- 
ing with  very  little  flame.  Bituminous  Coal,  that  containing  from  10  to  50 
per  cent  of  bitumen.  Cannel  Coal,  a  very  compact  bituminous  coal,  of  fine 
texture  and  dull  luster,  and  burns  with  a  beautiful  white  flame.  JEoiiite  is  a 
hydro-carbon  mineral,  first  found  in  lone  valley,  Cal.;  when  first  found  it  con- 
tains 50  per  cent,  of  water,  but  when  air-dried  it  floats  on  water ;  specific  grav- 
ity about  .9;  melts  to  a  pitch-like  mass,  which  burns  easily  with  a  dense  black 
smoke,  having  a  resinous  aromatic  odor  and  with  a  yellow  flame.  lAgnitc, 
or  Brown  Coal,  that  variety  that  has  something  of  the  woody  texture  apparent, 
and  an  empyreumatic  odor;  any  coal  of  later  formation  than  that  of  the  true 
coal  era. 

ik>balt — A  metal  of  &  reddish-gray  color;  brittle;  difficult  of  fusion;  specific 
gravity  (about)  7.8;  it  has  not  been  found  native,  but  combined  with  arsenic, 
or  its  acid,  with  iron,  nickel  and  sulphur.  The  ores  of  metallic  lustre  are 
white,  grayish,  or  very  slightly  reddish.  Cobalt-bloom,  a  cii-ular  arseniate 
of  cobalt.  Cobalt-  blue,  a_oompound  of  phosphate  of  cobalt  and  alumina. 


544  THE  GKEAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Cobalt-crust,  earthy  arseniate  of  cobalt.  Cobalt-grreen.  a  preparation 
of  cobalt  and  iron,  having  a  green  color;  see  Erythrite,  and  Millerite. 

Cobaltine— A  crystallized  mineral,  of  a  nearly  silver-white  color,  composed 
chiefly  of  arsenic,  cobalt  and  sulphur. 

Cobaltite— Cobalt  Glance,  found  in  earthy  cobalt  and  lead  ores  in  clay  slate. 

Coccinite — Iodide  of  mercury,  found  in  San  Einidio  Canon,  Kern  Co.,  Cal. 

Colemanite  or  Priceite — From  the  mean  of  three  analyses,  by  Prof.  Silli- 
man,  the  composition  is — Boracic  acid  49.00,  Lime  31.83,Water  18.2'J,  Alumina, 
Salt,  and  Oxide  of  Iron  .96=100.08  parts.  Two  samples  analyzed  by  Thos. 
Price,  averged— Boracic  acid  46.13,  lame  29.88,  Water  23.87,  Alkalies  .I2=iuo. 

Columbiiim — A  rare  metal  first  discovered  in  an  ore  or  oxide,  found  at  Xew  Lon- 
don, Conn.;  also  called  Xiobiuin  and  Tantalum. 

Copper — A  metal  of  a  reddish  color,  ductile,  malleable  and  tenacious.  It  is 
among  the  most  elastic  and  sonorous  of  the  metals.  It  fuses  at  2,000  •'Fahr.; 
specific  gravity  8.8  to  8.9;  it  is  found  native,  and  in  various  ores. 

Copperas — Coquirnbite,  in  part  hydrous  sulphate  of  iron;  sulphate  of  iron,  or 
green  vitriol;  a  salt  of  a  green  color,  and  styptic,  astringent  taste. 

Corundum — The  earth  alumina,  as  fotmd  native  in  a  crystalline  state,  includ- 
ing Sapphire,  the  blue  variety;  Oriental  .Ruby,  or  red  sapphire;  Ori- 
ental Amethyst,  or  purple  sapphire;  Adamantine  Spar,  the  hair- 
brown  variety;  whe*n  combined  with  manganese  and  other  impurities  it  be- 
comes Emery.  It  is  the  hardest  known  substance  next  to  the  diamond. 

Covellite  or  Indigo  Copper — Is  a  compound  of  sulphur  and  copper,  of  e. 
dark  indigo  color;  in  Alabama  is  found  with  pyrite  and  quartz. 

Crednerite — Oxide  of  manganese  and  copper. 

C'rocoicite  or  Crocolte — The  chromate  of  lead,  red-lead  ore. 

Cuban — Sulphate  of  copper  and  iron;  brownish  appearance,  and  resembles  ehal- 
copyrite. 

Cuprite — The  red  oxide  of  copper;  red  copper. 

Cuproselieelite — This  mineral  is  a  tungstate  of  lime  and  copper,  found  mas- 
sive, and  in  well  defined  crystals ;  homogeneous,  yellowish-green  color.  Com- 
position: Tungstic  acid  79.69,  Oxide  of  Copper  6.77,  Lime  10.95,  Protoxide  of 
Iron  .31,  Water  1.40=99.12  parts. 

Datolite  or  I>atholite — Is  a  silicate  of  lime,  containing  from  18  to  22  per 
cent,  of  boracic  acid,  foundin  trappean  rocks — gneiss,  diorite,  arid  serpentine . 

Dec.henite  or  Descloizite — Vauadate  of  lead;  found  with  other  lead  ores. 

IHallogite — Rhodochrosite,  carbonateof  manganese,  in  piuk  crystals, 

Diamond — A  mineral  and  gem  remarkable  for  its  hardness,  as  it  scratches  all 
other  minerals.  It  is  pure  carbon  crystallized.  Chemically  it  does  not  differ 
from  charcoal,  and  is  also  nearly  identical  in  composition  with  graphite.  Its 
specific  gravity  is  3.529  to  3.55.  Diamonds  are  not  always  colorless,  but  some- 
times tinged  with  yellow,  red,  orange,  green,  brown,  blue,  rose-red,  and  often 
black.  The  diamond  can  be  crushed  with  a  hammer,  or  split  on  the  edge  of  a 
knife;  a  fact,  not  generally  known. 

IHdymium — A  rare  metal  related  to  Cerium,  in  the  ores  of  which  it  is  found; 
also  with  the  ores  of  Lantaniuin. 

IHoptase — An  ore  of  copper,  consisting  of  silica  and  copper,  with  12  per  cent, 
water.  It  is  found  in  rich,  emerald-green  crystals. 

Dolomite — Carbonate  of  lime  and  magnesia;  when  pure  the  composition  is: 
Carbonate  of  lime  54.35,  Carbonate  of  magnesia  45.65=100. 

Doiueykite — Arseniuret  of  copper;  a  mineral  found  in  Peru. 

Duf'reYiite — Hydrous  phosphate  of  iron;  a  kind  of  iron  ore. 

IMifrenoysite — Sulpharsenide  of  lead;  composed  of  sulphur,  arsenic  and  lead. 

I>yscrasite — Antimonide  of  silver;  associated  with  other  ores  of  lead  ami  silver . 

J>yselasite— A  mineral,  usually  fibrous,  of  a  white  or  yellowish  color  and 
somewhat  pearly  luster,  consisting  chiefly  of  silicate  of  lime;  so-called  from 
its  great  toughness. 

Einbolite — Chlorobromide  of  silver;  color  dark  green. 

Enargite — A  sulpho-arsenide  of  copper,  sometimes  containing  antimony,  iron, 
silver  or  zinc. 

Enstatite— A  silicate  of  magnesia,  alumina,  iron,  lime,  manganese,  etc.  The 
variety  "Bronzite"  is  found  in  Alameda  County,  California. 

Epiflote — Is  a  silicate  of  alumina,  iron,  lime,  etc.;   rare  in  California. 

Epsomite — Epsom  salt,  hair  salt,  sulphate  of  magnesia.  Composition:  Mag- 
nesia 16.3,  Sulphuric  Acid  32.5,  Water  51.2=100. 

Erbium— (Terbium,  Yttrium)— A  metal  found  in  ores  of  Yttrium. 

Erubeseite — Variegated  copper;  is  found  in  the  copper  mines  of  New  Jersey. 

Erythrite — Arseniate  of  Cobalt,  Ked  Cobalt  Ore;    a  rare  mineral. 

Eucaii'ite — A  mineral,  consisting  principally  of  selenium,  copper  and  silver. 

Eiichroite— Arseniate  of  copper;  a  mineral  of  a  light  emerald-green  color. 

Eur  hy  Miderite — Pyroxene ;  containing  silica,  lime,  magnesia  and  oxide  of  iron. 

Euolase — A  brittle  gem  of  the  beryl  family;  consisting  of  silica,  alumina  and 
glucina. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  545 

Eudialyte — A  mineral  containing  silicates  of  iron,  ziraonia  and  lime;  of  a 
brownish-red  color,  and  vitreous  luster;  easily  dissolved  in  acids. 

Eulytine — Consisting  chiefly  of  the  silicate  of  bismuth,  found  at  Freiburg. 

Kxautlialose — Native  sulphate  of  soda;  an  efflorescence  in  certain  lavas. 

Fahlerz— Tetrahedrite.  Gray  Copper,  or  gray  copper  ore;  it  contains  copper, 
antimony,  arsenic  and  sulphur. 

feldspar — See  Albite,  Labradorite,  and  Orthoclase.  A  mineral  occurring  in  crys- 
tals and  crystalline  masses,  somewhat  vitreous  in  luster,  colors  are  white, 
flesh-red,  and  sometimes  bluish  or  greenish.  It  consists  of  silica,  alumina, 
and  potash;  and  is  one  of  the  essential  constituents  of  granite,  gneiss,  mica- 
slate,  porphyry,  etc.,  and  nearly  all  volcanic  rocks. 

Fire-Clay — Chiefly  pure  silicate  of  alumina,  capable  of  sustaining  great  heat. 

J-'luorite — Fluoride  of  Calcium,  Fluor  Spar;  occurs  in  small  white  cubes,  with 
copper  ore,  at  Mt.  Diablo,  Cal. 

J-'raiiklinite — A  mineral  compound  of  iron,  manganese  andzinc;  found  in  N.  J. 

Kreiherjfite — Argentiferous  Tetrahedrite ;  found  in  Sawtooth  District,  Idaho. 

Vreieslebenite — Antimonial  siilphideof  silver.  Abundant  in  Ariz.     [E.  Stahl.] 

(jiadanolite — See  Erbium.  A  mineral;  black,  or  greenish-black  color,  and  vit- 
reous luster;  containing  the  silicate  of  cerium,  iron  and  Yttrium. 

4xaleim  or  Cralonite — Lead, lead  ore,  lead  dross.  A  sulphuret  of  lead;  color, 
lead-gray;  luster,  highly  metallic.  Composition:  Lead  8(i.6,  Sulphur  13.4. 

Ciarnet — A  mineral,  usually  occurring  In  symmetrical,  twelve-sided  crystals 
(dodecahedrons),  of  a  deep-red  color.  There  are  also  black,  brown,  green  and 
yellow  varieties.  Composition:  Alumina,  lime  and  silica,  with  more  or  less 
oxide  of  iron  and  manganese.  Other  varieties  are,  Allochroite,  Colophonite, 
Grossular,  Melanite  and  Ouvarovite;  the  latter  of  an  emerald-green  color. 

iUSSite — Is  a  carbonate  of  limo  and  soda  found  in  alkaline  lakes  in  fine 
crystals.    A  yellowish-white  translucent  mineral. 

GeocTonite — Sulphide  of  lead  and  antimony;  a  lead-gray  or  grayish-blue  min- 
eral, with  a  metallic  luster,  consisting  of  antimony,  lead  and  sulphur,  with 
traces  of  arsenic. 

Cwlauberite — Sulphate  of  lime,  and  soda,  found  In  borax,  salt  and  soda  mines; 
occurs  in  flattened,  oblique  crystals,  somewhat  glassy,  and  of  a  yellowish  or 
grayish  color. 

(jilaucolite — A  greenish-blue  variety  of  scapolite,  consisting  of  the  silicates  of 
alumina  and  lime. 

IwlaiH'Oiiite — The  green  mineral  which  gives  the  peculiar  character  to  the  green 
sand  of  the  chalk  and  other  formations. 

4vlaiic,opliane — This  mineral  occurs  in  a  rock  matrix,  widely  distributed  in 
California,  and  associated  with  serpentine;  first  observed  in  1877. 

<>!iiciiiiuiii  or  Glucinuiu — A  metal  which  appears  in  the  form  of  a  grayish- 
black  powder,  and  acquires  a  dark,  metallic  luster  by  burnishing.  It  occurs 
in  nature  only  in  combination  with  silicic  acid. 

tiold— Is  a  precious  metal  of  a  reddish-yellew  color,  is  not  acted  upon  by  nitric 
acid,  and  it  fuses  B.  B.  to  a  bright  bead  on  charcoal  without  incrustation.  In 
sufficiently  large  pieces,  it  may  be  recognized  by  being  malleable  under  the 
hammer,  and  cutting  with  the  knife  without  crumbling.  The  atomic  weight 
of  gold  is  196.5,  hydrogen  being  taken  as  unity.  It  fuses  at  2016°  Fahr. ;  its  spec- 
ific gravity  19/258,  which  may  be  increased  to  19.376  by  hammering.  Iridium 
nnd  Platinum  (hammered)  are  the  only  metals  heavier  than  gold. 

<•Tii.li  amit «' — Asphalt.    See  Asphaltum 

«*raiiite— A  crystalline,  unstratified  rock,  consisting  of  quartz,  feldspar  and  mica, 
and  presenting  usually  a  whitish,  grayish  or  flesh-red  color.  It  differs  from 
gneiss  in  not  having  the  mica  in  planes,  and  therefore  in  being  destitute  of  a 
schistose  structure.  The  varieties  of  granite  are:  Gneissoid  Granite,  in  which 
the  mica  has  traces  of  a  regular  arrangement.  Graphic  Granite,  consisting  of 
quartz  and  feldspar,  without  mica,  and  having  the  particles  so  arranged  in 
the  feldspar  as  to  appear,  in  a  transverse  section,  like  oriental  characters. 
Porphyritic  Granite,  containing  feldspar  in  distinct  crystals.  Seynitic  Granite, 
containing  hornblende  as  well  as  mica. 

(itrapliite — Black  Lead,  Plumbago,  etc. ;  is  carbon  in  one  of  its  conditions,  usu- 
ally crystallizing  in  foliated  six-sided  prisms,  though  often  massive;  is  soft; 
luster,  metallic,  of  a  dark-lead  color,  and  sometimes  contains  iron. 

<"t"eenockite — Sulphide  of  Cadmium;  see  Cadmium. 

4*reenMaiid — (often  called  Marl) — Is  a  variety  of  sandstone,  usually  imperj  • 
fectly  consolidated,  consisting  largely  of  green  particles  of  a  mineral  celled! 
Glauconite. 

(wroroilite — An  earthy  ore  of  manganese,  in  roundish  masses  of  a  blackish- 
brown  color. 

(UroMHtilnr  °r  Grossnlarite — A  translucent  garnet  of  a  pale-green  color; 
known  as  lime  garnet,  and  often  mistaken  for  tin  ore 

(xlirliofite — A  compact,  snowy-white,  subtranslucent  variety  of  dolomite. 


546  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

fiiymnite — A  hydrous  silicate  of  magnesia. 

<j>y|>Niiin—  (Ancient  name,  Alabaster) — Satin  Spar,  Selenite,  Plaster  of  Paris 
When  calc'ued.  This  mineral  is  a  hydrous  sulphate  of  lime.  Composition: 
Sulphuric  Acid  46.5,  Lime  32.6,  Water  20.9«=1CO.  Color:  white,  gray,  pink, 
yellow,  blue,  and  sometimes  black;  transparent  to  opaque. 

Halite— Chloride  of  Sodium,  Common  Salt,  Kock  Salt. 

Hal  loy>ile — Occurs  iu  cherty  strata  of  lower  subcarboniferous;  and  is  mined 
extensively  for  the  manufacture  of  fine  ware,  in  DeKalb  and  Jackson  Counties, 
Alabama. 

Haiismannite — Black  Manganese,  Black  Oxide  of  Manganese. 

Heliotrope — A  variety  of  chalcedony,  of  a  deep-green  color,  variegated  with 
blood-red  or  yellowish  spots. 

Hemachate — A  species  of  agate,  sprinkled  with  spots  of  red  jasper. 

Hematite — Hfeinatitis,  Micaceous  Iron,  Oligist  Iron,  lied  Hematite,  Bed  Oxide 
of  Iron,  Sesquioxide  of  Iron,  Specular  Iron,  and  Khombohedral  Iron  Ore. 
Composition:  Iron  70,  Oxygen  30=100.  Brown  Hematite,  a  brown  ore  of  iron. 

Hessite— Telluride  of  Silver. 

Hornblende— (See  Amphibole) — The  green  variety  Is  called  Actinolite;  the 
fibrous,  Asbestus;  the  white,  Tremolite;  and  the  black,  Hornblende. 

Humboldtllite—  A  variety  of  mellite,  found  in  the  lava  of  Vesuvius,  and  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  alumina,  lime  and  silica. 

Huiiiboldtiiie — Oxalite,  a  native  oxalate  of  iron. 

Huinboldtite — Borosilicate  of  lime,  a  rare  variety  of  datholite. 

H.viU'in  t  h — (See  Zircon) — A  red  variety  of  zircon,  sometimes  used  as  a  gem. 

Hyalite — (Miiller's  Glass) — A  pellucid  variety  of  opal,  looking  like  colorlesa 
gum  of  resin. 

Hydraulic  I<ime— Cement  Rock,  Water  Lime.  An  insoluble  silicate  of  alum, 
iua,  composed  partly  of  lime. 

Hydrogen — A  gas  which  constitutes  one  of  the  elements  of  water,  of  which  it 
forms  one-ninth,  and  oxygen  eight-ninths.  An  inflammable,  colorless  gas,  of 
extreme  ughtness;  specific  gravity  0.0092;  that  of  water  being  1. 

Hydromagiiesite— A  mineral,  supposed  to  be  found  in  the  serpentines  on  the 
peninsula  of  San  Francisco,  Cal.  f  H.  G.  Hanks.} 

Hydroziiicite — (Marionite) — Earthy  Calamiue,  the  silicate  of  zinc. 

Id'ocrase — Vesuvian  of  Werner,  Vesuvianite;  consisting  of  alumina,  lime  and 
silica.  Cyprine  is  the  name  of  a  rose-red  variety. 

Idrialine,  or  Idrialite — (See Petroleum) — A  bitmninous  substance  obtained 
from  the  quicksilver  mines  of  Idria. 

IImeiiite--(See  Meuaccanite) — Titanic  Iron.  A  black  metallic  mineral,  con. 
sisting  of  iron,  oxygen  and  titanium. 

Indicolite — Tourmaline  of  an  indigo-blue  color. 

Indium— Symbol,  In. 

Iodine — A  grayish  or  bluish-black  solid,  metallic  luster,  resembling  plumbago; 
occurring  in  scales  or  crystals;  exists  in  many  marine  plants  and  animals,  in 
mineral  waters, and  in  a  few  minerals,  notably  with  nitrate  of  soda  and  salt. 

lolite — (Finite) — A  mineral  having  a  glassy  appearance,  remarkable  for  pre- 
senting a  blue  or  violet-blue  color  in  one  direction,  and,  at  right  angles  with 
this  direction,  a  yellowish-gray  or  brownish  color.  It  consists  of  alumina, 
magnesia  and  silica,  with  some  oxide  of  iron. 

I  riil  i  ii  in — One  of  the  metallic  elements,  having  a  density  of  from  19.3  to  21.1 2, 
thus  being  the  heaviest  of  known  substances.  In  its  native  state  is  alloyed 
with  osmium  or  platinum.  A  specimen  from  California  gave  the  following 
analysis:  Iridium  53.50,  Osmium  43.40,  Rhodium  2. CO,  Euthenium  0.50=100. 

Iridosmine  or  I  ritlosniiiim — The  native  compound  of  Iridium  and  Osmi- 
um; found  in  flattened  metallic  grains  of  extreme  hardness. 

Irite — A  black  mineral,  shining  luster,  and  magnetic ;  consisting  chiefly  of  oxides 
of  chromium,  iridium,  iron  and  osmium. 

Iron — One  of  the  metallic  elements  having  the  chemical  equivalent  28,  and  den- 
sity of  about  7.8.  It  is  monometric  in  crystallization,  and  of  a  white  color 
when  pure.  It  is  hard,  very  malleable  when  hot,  welding  easily  at  a  high  tem- 
perature, and  oxidises  under  moisture.  The  varieties  are  :  Arsenical  Iron 
—  (SeeLcillingite.  Kog  Iron — (See  Limonite.)  Cast-Iron  or  Pig  Iron, 
a  compound  of  carbon  and  iron,  brittle,  and  harder  than  pure  iron.  Mag- 
netic Iron  or  Magnetite,  an  oxide  iron  containing  three  parts  of  iroif  to 
four  of  oxygen,  and  one  of  the  most  common  of  its  ores,  having  generally  an 
octahedral  crystallization  ;  some  specimens  having  magnetic  polarity,  are 
called  Loadstone — Specular  iron,  see  Hematite.  Wronght-Iron,  the  purest 
form  of  iron  known  in  the  arts;  possesses  great  malleability  and  ductility  ;  is 
soft,  very  tenacious,  and  at  a  high  temperature  may  be  welded. 

Itaberite  or  Itabirite — A  variety  of  Hematite,  being  a  granular,  slaty  rock, 
consisting  of  specular  or  magnetic  iron  and  quartz. 

Itacoluiiiite — A  laminated,  granular  quartz  roi'k,  often  occurring  in  regions 
where  the  diamond  is  found.  Flexible  Sandstone. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  547 

J  ami-soil  it  e — Sulphide  of  antimony,  iron,  copper,  lead  and  zinc.  A  steel-gray 
ore  of  lead  and  antimony.  Gray  Antimony  Ore. 

Jasper — An  opaque,  impure  variety  of  quartz,  of  red,  yellow  and  other  dull 
colors.  It  breaks  with  a  smooth  surface,  and  admits  of  a  high  polish. 

Jet— A  variety  of  lignite,  of  a  very  compact  texture,  and  velvet  black  color. 

Kaolin  or  JHLaoliite,  Kaolinite — A  variety  of  clay  used  for  making  porce* 
lain,  consisting  of  decomposed  mineral  feldspar. 

Kirivanite — A  native  silicate  of  iron,  lime  and  alumina,  found  In  basalt  on  the 
north-east  coast  of  Ireland. 

Kyanite— Consisting  of  alumina  and  silica;  occurs  usually  in  long,  thin,  blade- 
like  crystals,  of  a  clear  blue  or  bluish-white  color. 

.Lauradorite — Labrador  Spar;  a  beautiful  variety  of  opalescent  feldspar,  from 
Labrador. 

JLiiuit  liaiiiuill  or  Lanthanum — A  metal  occurring  with  cerium,  and  so-called 
because  its  properties  were  concealed  by  those  of  the  latter  metal.  Symbol,  La. 
ad — Anglesite,  Cerusite,  Galena,  Leadhillite.  A  metal  of  a  dull  white  color, 
with  a  cast  of  blue.  It  is  the  least  elastic  and  sonorous  of  all  the  metals,  and 
at  the  same  time  it  is  soft  and  easily  fusible.  Its  specific  gravity,  when  pure, 
is  11.445;  it  is  found  native  in  small  masses,  but  generally  mineralized  by 
sulphur  and  other  substances. 

JLenzinite— Hydrous  silicate  of  alumina,  a  mineral  of  a  clear  brown  color. 

JLepidolite — A  species  of  mica,  presenting  a  lilac  or  rose- violet  color. 

JLeucopyrite — White  Pyrites;  a  mineral  of  a  color  between  white  and  steel- 
gray,  with  a  metallic  luster;  composition.  Arsenic  and  Iron. 

.Lignite—Mineral  Coal,  retaining  the  texture  of  the  wood  from  which  it  was 
formed.  See  Coal. 

Limestone — Consisting  chiefly  of  carbonate  of  lime,  from  which  lime  is  ob- 
tained by  the  expulsion  of  its  carbonic  acid. 

Limoiiite — Bog- Ore  {see  Iron).  This  is  a  hydrous  sesquioxide  of  iron,  found 
sometimes  compact  and  fibrous,  at  others  earthy  and  dull.  When  pure,  the 
composition  is:  Sesquioxide  of  Iron  86.6,  Water  li. 4=100.  Equivalent  in 
metallic  iron.  59.3  per  cent. 

Liiinscite— Siegeuite,  cobalt  pyrites. 

Lithium — One  of  the  alkaline  metals,  so-called  because  obtained  from  a  min- 
eral. It  is  the  lightest  metal  known;  specific  gravity  0.59;  atomic  weight  7. 

Lithomarge — A  fine-grained  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina,  probably  sediment- 
ary. It  contains  generally  magnesia  and  lime. 

loadstone— A  piece  of  magnetic  iron  ore  possessing  polarity  like  a  magnetic 
needle:  (See  Iron — Magnetic). 

Lolliiigite — Arsenical  iron;  known  to  be  found  at  Paris,  Me.    [J.  C.  Smock]. 

JLucullltc — A  variety  of  black  limestone,  used  for  ornamental  purposes. 

Jlaele — Andalusite,  Chiastolite,  the  crystals  of  which  present  a  tessellated  ap- 
pearance when  cut  transversely. 

Magnesite — Silicate  of  Magnesia,  containing  a  large  quantity  of  water;  also 
Carbonate  of  Magnesia,  composed  of:  Magnesia  47.0,  Carbonic  Acid  52.4=100. 

Magnesium — The  undecomposable  metallic  base  of  magnesia. 

Magnetite — Magnetic  iron  ore.  Composition:  Protoxide  of  iron  31.03,  Sesqui- 
oxide of  Iron  68.97=100.  Equivalent  to:  Iron  72.4,  Oxygen  27.6«100. 

Malachite — Native  green  Carbonate  of  Copper,  Mountain  Green.  Composition: 
Protoxide  of  Copper  71.9,  Carbonic  Acid  19.9,  Water  8.2=100. 

Manganese^-A  metal  of  a  dusky  white  or  whitish-gray  color,  very  hard  and 
difficult  to  fuse.  Sybol  Mn.,  chemical  equivalent  27.6. 

Maiiganite — One  of  the  ores  of  Manganese;  called  also  gray  manganese  ore. 

Marble — Any  species  of  calcareous  stone  or  mineral  of  a  compact  texture;  see 
Calcite. 

Mareasite — Sulphide  of  Iron,  White  Pyrites;  often  containing  a  small  propor- 
tion of  arsenic. 

Tllari  posite — A  mineral  of  an  apple-green  color,  found  with  quartz,  on  the 
Mariposa  Estate,  California;  referred  by  Dana  to  Fuchsite. 

DIarl  or  Marlite — A  mixed  earthy  substance,  consisting  of  carbonate  of  lime, 
clay,  and  silicious  sand,  in  very  variable  proportions;  see  Greenland. 

Marniatite — A  black  mineral,  consisting  of  the  sulphurets  of  zinc  and  iron; 
black  blende. 

Marmolite — A  variety  of  serpentine,  usually  of  a  pale-green  color,  capable  of 
being  split  into  thin,  brittle  lamitife. 

Mascagnln— Native  sulphate  of  Ammonia,  found  in  volcanic  districts. 

Massioot — Protoxide  of  lead,  or  yellow  oxide  of  lead,  which  has  not  been 
fused.  When  melted  and  allowed  to  crystallize,  forms  Litharge. 

Meadow-Ore — Conchoidal  bog-iron  ore.     (See  Iron). 

Melaconite — Black  Copper,  Black  Oxide  of  Copper;  a  rare  mineral  in  Califor- 
nia, occurs  with  malachite  and  bornite,  contains  granules  of  metallic  copper 
the  size  of  birdshot. 


548  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Mcnaccanite — Ilmenite,  Titanic  iron.  A  black  or  steel-gray  mineral,  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  the  titanate  of  iron. 

Meiigite — A  black  mineral,  occurring  in  small  crystals  in  granite  veins  in  the 
Iluien  mountains,  and  consisting  of  zirconia,  peroxide  of  iron  and  titanic  acid. 

Mercury — Cinnabar,  Quicksilver.  A  metal,  white  like  silver,  liquid  at  com- 
mon temperatures,  congealing  at  403  below  zero,  Fahr. ;  specific  gravity  13. ti. 

ottetacimiabarite — Is  a  black  sulphide  of  mercury,  resembles  ciuuabar  in 
composition ;  a  rare  metal.  [H.  G.  Hanks] . 

Mesotype— A  zeolitic  mineral,  occurring  in  slender  crystals,  and  delicate,  rad- 
iated concretions,  and  consisting  of  the  hydrated  silicate  of  alumina  and  .soda. 

Meteoric  Iron— Is  of  cosmical  origin,  having  fallen  to  the  earth  from  space. 
Specimens  have  been  found  at  different  times,  varying  from  a  few  inches  to 
many  feet  in  thickness,  of  every  conceivable  shape.  Composition  principally 
iron  and  nickel;  but  have  also  been  found  to  contain  (in  variable  quantities) 
Cobalt,  Carbon  in  combination,  Graphite,  Silica,  Phosphorus  and  Sulphur. 

Miargyritc — A  mineral  of  an  iron-black  color,  and  very  sectile,  consisting 
principally  of  sulphur,  antimony  and  silver. 

Mica — Isinglass,  Muscovite,  Muscovy  Glass,  Phlogopite,  etc.  It  is  an  essential 
constituent  of  granite,  gneiss  and  mica  slate;  capable  of  being  cleaved  into 
elastic  plates  of  extreme  thinness.  It  occurs  in  various  colors,  and  three  or 
four  varieties. 

Michaelite — A  white,  pearly,  fibrous  variety  of  opaL 

Mlllerite — Sulphide  of  Nickel.  A  rare  mineral  of  a  brass-yellow  color,  resem- 
bling Chalcopyrite ;  known  to  have  been  found  near  Cisco,  Cal.  [Hanks], 

M  inict  cue — The  mineral  arseniate  of  lead,  occurring  in  pale  yellow  or  brown- 
ish hexagonal  crystals. 

Mineral  Coal — Anthracite,  lonite,  Lignite,  etc.    See  Coal. 

Molybdena  or  Molybdenite — Sulphide  of  Molybdenum.  An  ore  of  a  dark 
lead  color,  occurring  in  flexible  laminae,  like  plumbago. 

Molybdenum — A  rare  metal  occurring  variously  in  nature,  as  a  sulphide;  as 
molybdic  acid;  and  with  lead,  as  molydate  of  lead;  obtained  only  in  small, 
separate  globules,  in  a  blackish-brilliant  mass,  which  are  brittle,  and  ex- 
tremely infusible. 

Molybdite — Molybdic  Acid,  Molybdic  Ochre.  Found  with  Molybdenite  and 
gold.  [Dana], 

Muiidic — (See  Pyrite) — Iron  Pyrites,  or  Arsenical  Pyrites. 

Muriacite — A  variety  of  anhydrite  crystallized  in  broad  lamellae. 

Xaji'yaji'ite — Not  abundant,  but  occurring  with  gold,  pyrite  and  chalcopyrite; 
in  numerous  mines  in  Montana.  [ W.  Cross], 

Matrolite — (See  Mesotype) — Soda  Mesotype,  Zeolite,  occurring  in  implanted 
groups  of  glassy,  acicular  crystals,  and  in  fibrous  concretions. 

X sit  roil — Native  carbonate  of  soda;  see  Trona. 

Xeedle-Ore — Acieular  ore  of  bismuth. 

Xeedle-Spar — Aragonite.     A  mineral  consisting  chiefly  of  carbonate  of  lime, 

Xeedle-Stoiie — Natrolite.    A  mineral  of  the  zeolite  family. 

XewUirltite — A  black,  opaque  mineral,  with  splendent  metallic  luster,  crys- 
tallizing in  small  needles,  and  consisting  of  sequioxide  of  manganese,  perox- 
ide of  iron  and  water. 

Xiccolite — Copper-nickel,  associated  with  smaltite.    [  John  C.  Smock], 

Nickel — (See  also  Millerite  and  Zaratite) — liather  a  rare  metal,  generally  found 
with  iron  and  cobalt;  except  in  meteorites,  it  is  never  found  in  the  metallic 
state,  being  always  combined  with  other  elements,  as  antimony,  arsenic,  car- 
bon, copper,  oxygen,  silicon,  sulphur,  etc.  It  is  a  silver-white,  malleable, 
and  ductile  metal ;  specific  gravity  8.28  when  cast,  and  8.6GG  when  forged. 

Xiobium—  See  Columbium. 

Xiter  or  Xitre— Saltpeter,  Nitrate  of  Potassa. 

Xitratine— A  mineral  occurring  in  transparent  crystals,  usually  of  a  white, 
sometimes  of  a  reddish,  gray,  or  lemon-yellow  color;  native  nitrate  of  soda. 

Xltrogeii — A  gaseous  element,  without  taste,  odor  or  color,  forming  nearly  four- 
fifths  of  common  air,  and  incapable  of  sustaining  life;  azote.  Its  specific 
gravity  is  0.94;  atomic  weight  14. 

Xoii  t  roiiite — A  greenish-yellow  or  green  mineral,  consisting  chiefly  of  the  hy- 
drous silicate  of  alumina. 

Xorium — (See  Zircon) — A  metal  discovered  in  Zircon. 

Kovaculite— Oilstone;  Razor-stone;  Turkey-stone ;  Whet-slate;  Whetstone.  A 
variety  of  argillaceous  slate,  of  which  hones  are  made. 

Obsidian— (See  Orthoclase)—  A  kind  of  glass  produced  by  volcanoes,  usually  of 
a  black  color,  and  opaque,  except  in  thin  splinters. 

Ocher— (See  Limonite)— A  variety  of  fine  clay  containing  iron;  red  and  yellow 
are  the  common  colors. 

Oniphazite— A  foliated  leek-green  variety  of  pyroxene. 

Onyx— (See  Aragonite)— Chalcedony  consisting  of  parallel  layers  of  different 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  549 

shades  of  color.    The  purest  horn-colored  onyx,  with  beautiful  green  jaspery 
zones,  is  called  J  asp-onyx. 

Opal— A  mineral  consisting  of  sllex  in  what  is  called  the  soluble  state,  and 
usually  a  small  quantity  of  water. 

Orpinient — Yellow  sulphide  of  arsenic,  having  a  resinous  taste.  It  occurs  in 
nature  as  an  ore  of  arsenic,  and  usually  in  combination  with  realga. 

Orthoola.se — Common  Feldspar,  including  the  subtranslucent  varieties;  a  sill, 
cate  of  alumina  and  potash.  Composition:  Alumina  18.5,  i>otash  16.9,  Silica 
64.6=100. 

Osmium— A  brittle,  gray-colored  metal,  found  with  platinum.  Its  oxide  forms 
a  volatile  acid  of  an  acrid,  disagreeable  odor.  See  also  Iridium,  with  which 
it  is  invariably  alloyed  or  associated. 

Oxygen — A  gaseous  element,  destitute,  in  its  ordinary  condition,  of  taste,  color 
and  smell,  possessing  strong  chemical  affinities.  In  certain  conditions  it  is 
peculiarly  active,  and  possesses  both  odor  and  taste,  being  then  known  as 
ozone.  It  serves  to  support  life,  and  though  heavier  than  air,  forms  about  22 
per  cent,  of  the  atmosphere.  By  composition  with  hydrogen,  it  forms  water. 

Palladium — A  metal,  found  in  very  small  grains,  of  a  steel-gray  color,  and 
fibrous  structure,  in  auriferous  and  platiniferous  sand.  It  is  infusible  by  or- 
dinary heat,  and  when  native,  is  alloyed  with  a  little  platinum  and  iridium. 

Pectolite — A  grayish  or  whitish  mineral,  occurring  in  aggregating  crystals  of  a 
silky  luster,  and  arranged  in  stellar  or  radiated  forms,  or  in  fibrous  masses. 
It  consists  of  the  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina,  lime  and  soda. 

Pelopium— Symbol,  Pe. 

Peliom — A  variety  of  lolite,  of  a  smoky-blue  color. 

Petroleum — Maltha,  Kock Oil, a  liquid, inflammable, bituminous  substance,  ex- 
uding from  the  earth  and  collected  on  the  surface  of  the  water  in  wells  and 
fountains;  it  is  essentially  composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen ;  seeAsphaltum. 

Petzite — Hessite,  a  telluride  of  silver  and  gold;  the  latter  metal  replacing  part 
of  the  silver.  Composition:  Tellurium  35.40,  Silver  40.60,  Gold  24.80=100.80. 

Pbacolite — A  mineral  consisting  of  the  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina,  lime  and 
soda;  a  variety  of  chabasite. 

Pharmacolite — A  native  hydrous  arseniate  of  lime,  white  or  grayish  color, 
vitreous  luster,  found  with  ores  of  cobalt  and  silver. 

Phenacite — A  mineral  consisting  principallyof  silica  and  glucina,  like  quartz. 

Phoenicochroite — Subsesquionromate  of  lead,  occasionally  met  with  in  other 
lead  ores,  in  Arizona.  [E.  Stahl], 

Plionolite — Clink-stone,  a  compact,  feldspathic,  volcanic  rock. 

Phosgene  or  Phosgenite — Light  Producer,  Chloro-Carbonateof  lead;  straw- 
colored,  acicular  interlaced  crystals  in  cavities. 

Phosphorus — An  elementary  substance,  of  a  yellowish  color,  and  semi-trans- 
parent, resembling  fine  wax.  Phosphorus  acid  is  formed  by  a  combination  of 
phosphorus  with  oxygen,  in  the  proportion  of  two  equivalents  of  phosphorus 
to  three  of  oxygen. 

Photizite — A  mineral  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  rhodonite  and  carbonate  of 
manganese. 

Phyllite — A  mineral  consisting  chiefly  of  the  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina,  iron 
and  manganese,  occurring  in  thin  scales  or  leaves. 

Jfyrrhotite — Magnetic  pyrites.     [Blake]. 

Picotite — -Chrome  Spinel,  occurs  in  the  basalts  of  Mt.  Shasta,  Cal. 

Pic.rolite — A  fibrous  variety  of  serpentine;  see  Serpentine. 

Picrophyllite — A  species  of  serpentine  occurring  in  dark-green,  foliated 
masses. 

Picrosmine — A  mineral,  consisting  chiefly  of  silicate  of  magnesia,  and  having 
a  bitter,  argillaceous  odor  when  moistened. 

Pimelite — An  apple-green  mineral,  having  a  greasy  feel,  consisting  chiefly  of 
the  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina,  iron,  magnesia  and  nickel. 

Pitch — An  igneous  rock  of  semi-glassy  nature,  having  a  luster  like  pitch,  and 
related  to  obsidian. 

Pitchblende — An  ore  of  uranium,  black  or  brownish  color,  and  semi-metallic 
luster. 

Plagionlte — A  sulphuret  of  lead  and  antimony,  of  a  blackish  lead-gray  color, 
and  metallic  luster. 

Platinum — (Platiniridium,  Iridium) — A  metal  of  the  color  of  silver,  but  less 
brigtt,  harder  than  iron,  resists  the  action  of  acids,  very  ductile  and  capable 
of  being  rolled  into  thin  plates;  specific  gravity  (native)  1G.OO,  (rolled)  22.69; 
is  the  least  expansible,  and  with  the  exception  of  Iridium,  the  heaviest  of 
known  substances.  It  is  now  found  to  be  fusible  under  theoxyhydrogen  blow- 
pipe. Analysis  finds  it  generally  to  be  alloyed  with  copper,  gold,  iridium, 
iron,  osmium,  palladium,  rhodium,  sand,  etc. 

Polybasite— A  sulphide  of  many  bases,  viz:     Antimony,  arsenic,  copper, 
silver  and  zinc. 


550  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

Polyhalite— A  mineral,  brick-red  color,  being  tinged  with  iron,  of  a  fibrous 
structure,  consisting  chiefly  of  the  sulphate  of  lime,  magnesia  and  soda. 

Polymignite— A  black,  opaque  mineral,  having  a  brilliant,  almost  metallic 
luster,  containing  cerium,  lime,  manganese,  oxides  of  iron,  titanic  acid,  yttria 
and  zirconia,  and  traces  of  magnesia,  oxide  of  tin,  potash  and  silica. 

Potassium— A  lustrous,  bluish-white  metal,  having  a  strong  affinity  for  oxygen, 
with  which  it  forms  potassa.  Atomic  weight  39,  and  lighter  than  water. 

Priceite — Pandermite;  see  Colemanite. 

Proustite — Light  Ruby  Silver  Ore,  arsenical  sulphide  of  silver,  found  with 
galena,  pyrite,  pyrargyrite  and  quartz. 

Psilomelane — Manganese  Ore,  containing  baryta,  oxide  of  manganese  and 
water;  dark  color  nearly  steel-gray,  and  occurring  in  smooth,  botryoidal  forms, 
and  massive. 

Pumice  or  Pumice-Stoiie— (Lava) — A  substance  ejected  from  volcanoes,  of 
various  colors,  as  gray,  white,  reddish-brown,  or  black;  hard,  rough  and  por- 
ous; and  so  light  as  to  float  on  water.  It  is  supposed  to  be  produced  by  the 
disengagement  of  gas,  within  the  lava,  while  in  a  liquid  or  plastic  state. 

Pyrargyrite — Dark  Ruby  Silver,  Antimonial  Sulphide  of  Silver. 

Pyrites — Sulphuretof  Iron,  Mundic,  consisting  of  sulphur  with  cobalt,  popper, 
iron  or  nickel,  presenting  a  white  or  yellowish  metallic  luster.  Composition: 
Sulphur  53.3,  Iron  46.7=100. 

Pyroclilore — A  mineral  usually  of  a  yellowish  or  brownish  color,  consisting 
chiefly  of  columbic  acid,  lime,  and  protoxide  of  cerium,  and  sometimes  titanic 
acid  with,  or  in  place  of,  the  columbic  acid. 

Pyrolusite  -Biuoxide  of  manganese,  color  and  streak  black;  it  is  brittle  and 
opaque.  Composition:  Manganese  63.3,  Oxygen  3(5.7=100. 

Pyromorphite — The  mineral  phosphate  of  lead,  occurring  in  bright-green  and 
brown  hexagonal  crystals  and  masses. 

Py  rophyllite — The  hydrous  silicate  of  alumina,  of  a  white  or  greenish  color 
and  pearly  luster. 

Pyrrhite — An  orange-yellow  mineral,  vitrious  luster,  consisting  of  the  colum. 
bate  of  zirconia,  colored,  apparently ,  by  oxides  of  iron,  manganese  and  uranium . 

Pyroxene — A  silicate  of  different  bases;  the  varieties  of  which  are  known  ai 
augite,  diallage,  diopside,  hypersthene,  omphazite,  sahlite,  smaragdite,  etc. 
It  occurs  crystallized  in  oblique  prismatic  forms,  and  also  massive,  llamellar, 
granular  and  fibrous;  color  green,  but  sometimes  white  or  black. 

Ouartz—  It  is  abinoxideof  silicon,  the  elements  being  combined  as  follows: 
Oxygen  53.33,  Silicon  46.67=100.  Quartz  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  of  min- 
erals, occurs  in  every  variety  of  color  and  form;  is  colorless  when  pure, 
otherwise  black,  blue,  brown,  green,  red,  yellow,  and  variegated.  The  varie. 
ties,  from  crystallized  to  massive,  are  known  by  many  names,  among  which 
are  Agate,  Amethyst,  Aventurine,  Bloodstone,  Brazilian  Pebble,  Buhr  Stone, 
Cairngorm,  Carnelian,Cat's-Eye,  Chrysoprase,  FalseTopaz,  Heliotrope,  Jasper, 
Mocha  Stone,  Onyx,  Prase,  Quartz,  Quartzite,  Rock  Crystal,  Sardonyx,  Siderite. 

4^nicltsilver — (Mercury) — The  ore  of  this  mineral  is  of  a  bright-red  color, 
the  streak  scarlet;  and  as  Cinnabar  (sulphide  of  mercury)  has  a  specific  grav- 
ity =8.99.  Composition:  Mercury  86.2,  Sulphur  13.8=100;  see  Mercury. 

Realgar— Sulphide  of  Arsenic.  A  mineral,  of  a  bright  red  to  orange  color. 
Composition:  Sulphur  29.9,  Arsenic  70.1=100. 

Remoliuite — A  mineral  usually  of  a  bright-green  color,  consisting  of  oxide  of 
copper,  chloride  of  copper,  and  water, 

Retinalite— (See  Serpentine) — A  translucent  variety  of  serpentine,  of  a  honey, 
yellow  or  greenish-yellow  color,  having  a  resinous  appearance. 

Rhodium — A  metal  associated  with  platinum,  of  a  white  color  and  metallic  lus- 
ter, extremely  hard  and  brittle,  and  has  a  specific  gravity  of  about  11.  It  re. 
quires  the  strongest  heat  that  can  be  produced  by  a  wind  furnace  for  its  fusion. 

Rhodocrosite — Carbonate  of  Manganese. 

Rhodonite — Manganese  Spar,  or  silicate  of  manganese. 

Rock  Soap — This  is  a  mineral  resembling  halloysite,  and  mordenite,  but  be- 
lieved to  be  a  mechanical  mixture  of  two  or  more  minerals.  No  two  analysts 
agree  as  to  its  composition;  it  takes  the  place  of  certain  soaps. 

Roscoelite — A  very  rare  mineral  found  in  Eldorado  County,  California;  the 
analysis  by  Prof.  H.  E.  Roscoe,  of  Manchester,  England,  is  as  follows:  A'.uia- 
ina  12.84,  Lime  .61,  Magnesia  2.01,  Oxide  of  Manganese  (Mn.  3.  O.  4)  1.10 
Potash  8.56,  Sesquioxide  of  Iron  1.13,  Silica  41.25,  Soda  .»•>,  Vauadic  Acid 
(V  2;  O.  5)  28.60,  Water  combined  1.08,  Moisture  2.'27=100.27. 

Ituhellite — A  red  variety  of  tourmaline,  varying  in  color  from  a  pale  rose-red 

to  a  deep  ruby. 
Rubicelle— A  variety  of  ruby  of  a  reddish  color,  from  Brazil. 

Rubidium — An  alkiline  metal  first  found  in  mineral  waters;  so-called  from  ex. 
hibiting  dark  red  lines  in  the  spectrum  analysis,  by  means  of  which  it  was 
discovered.  Symbol,  Rb, 


WRIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  551 

Ruthenium — A  metal  extracted  from  the  ore  of  platinum.  It  is  of  a  gray  colo?, 
very  hard  and  brittle;  specific  gravity  8.6;  symbol,  Ru. 

Kutile — Titanic  Acid;  an  ore  of  titanium,  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  sometimes 
passing  into  red.  It  occurs  usually  in  prismatic  crystals,  sometimes  massive. 

Salt— Chloride  of  Sodium,  Halite,  Bock  Salt;  the  analysis  of  the  average  com- 
mon  salt  gathered  from  the  desert  basins  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  of  rock 
salt  mined,  is  as  follows:  Chloride  of  Sodium  97.76,  Sulphate  of  Sodium  .70. 
Chloride  of  Iodine  .27,  Moisture  .96,  Insoluble  matter  .20=99.89. 

Sandstone — A  rock  made  of  sand  more  or  less  firmly  united.  Argillaceous 
Sandstone,  contains  much  clay;  Granitic  Sandstone,  consists  of  granitic  sand; 
Silicious  Sandstone,  consists  mainly  of  quartz  sand;  but  if  very  hard,  it  is  often 
called  Grit. 

Sa|>ouite — Rock  Soap;  see  Rock  Soap. 

{Sapphire — Pure  crystallized  alumina;  occurs  in  hexagonal  crystals,  and  also 
in  grains  and  massive;  color  blue. 

Sarcolite— A  variety  of  analcime  from  Vesuvius ;  applied  also  to  a  variety  of 
chabasite,  and  to  the  mineral  humboldtite. 

Hard — Carnelian.  A  variety  of  chalcedony,  of  a  rich  brownish-red  color,  but 
which.wheii  held  between  the  eye  and  the  light,  appears  of  a  deep  blood-red. 

va*»solite  or  Sassol  iii<' — Native  Boracic  Acid;  occurs  in  the  ciaters  ot  extinct 
volcanoes,  and  as  a  saline  incrustation  on  the  borders  of  mineral  hot  springs. 
Composition:  Boracic  Acid  56.45,  Water  43.55=100. 

Scheeletiiie — A  mineral  of  a  green, yellowish,  brown  or  red  color,  and  resinous 
luster,  consisting  chiefly  of  tungstic  acid  and  oxide  of  lead;  tuugstate  of  lead. 

Selieelite — (See  Cuproscheelite)  —  Tungstate  of  lime,  a  calcareous  ore  of  tung- 
sten, of  a  white  or  pale-yellowish  color.  Composition:  Tuugstic  Acid  80.6, 
Lime  19.4=100. 

Scheereritik— A  resinous,  inflammable  sul'stance,  occurring  in  loosely  aggre- 
gated crystalline  grains  and  folia,  ov  in  minute  acicular  crystals  in  small 
cavities  in  coal,  and  consisting  of  carbon  and  hydrogen. 

Schorl — Black  Tourmaline;    see  Tourmaline. 

Schorlite — A  variety  of  Topaz;  a  mineral  of  a  greenish-white,  and  sometimes 
yellowish  color. 

Scolecite — Lime  Mesctype;  hydrated  silicate  of  alumina  and  lime, 

Scorodite— A  native  compound  of  arsenic  acid  and  oxide  of  iron,  having  a  leek- 
green  or  brownish  color. 

Selenite — Gypsum;  a  variety  of  sulphate  of  lime  or  gypsum,  occurring  in 
transparent  crystals,  or  crystalline  masses. 

Selenium— An  elementary  substance,  allied  to  sulphur,  having  a  dark-brown 
color,  with  a  metallic  luster.  It  vaporizes  at  650°  Fahr. 

Sepiolite — Meerschaum,  Hydrous  Silicate  of  Magnesia. 

Serpentine — Chryotile,  Picrolite,  Eetinalite.  A  mineral  or  rock  consisting 
chiefly  of  the  hydrous  silicate  of  magnesia,  and  usually  of  an  obscure-green 
color,  spotted  or  mottled  in  appearance,  from  the  presence  of  chromic  iron. 
The  translucent  varieties  of  rich  oil-green  shades,  usually  dark,  but  some- 
times pale,  are  called  precious  or  noble  serpentine. 

Siderite— Carbonate  of  Iron,  Spathic  Iron;  a  hydrous  arseniate  of  iron;  cube 
ore:  an  indigo  blue  variety  of  quartz.  Composition:  Carbonic  Acid  37.9,  Pro- 
toxide of  Iron  62.1=100. 

Silicon — A  dark-brown  elementary  substance,  destitute  of  metallic  luster,  and: 
a  non-conductor  of  electricity.  It  is  the  base  of  silex  or  silica. 

Silver— A  soft,  white,  metallic  element,  very  malleable  and  ductile,  and  capable 
of  a  high  polish.  It  occvirs  in  nature  and  also  in  combination  with  sulphur, 
arsenic,  etc.,  and  with  ores  of  lead,  copper  and  gold.  Pure  silver  -melts  at 
I8600  Fahr.;  atomic  weight  108;  specific  gravity  10.47.  The  following  is  a  list 
of  the  silver  minerals,  with  the  percentage  of  silver  in  each.  Those  marked 
with  an  asterisk  have  been  found  in  California: 
Rittingerite —  Eucairite 43.1  *Embolite 61.07,71.94 

*Galeuite,  variable..  lodyrite 46.0         Naumannite 73.2 

Styloptypite 8.0      *Stromeyrite 53.1    .   *Cerargyrite 75.3 

*Sylvanite 3-9,  14.68      Bromyrite 57.4       *Polybasite 75.5 

*Tetrahedrite...?....    —      *Pyrargyrite 59.8         Dyscrasite 78.0 

Freieslebenite 24.3        Pyrostilpnite 62.3         Chileuite 86.2 

Brogniardite 2C.1       *Hessite 62.8       *Argentite 87.1 

Freibergite 3.9,31.29      Xanthoconite .64.0      ""Native    Silver— nearly 

Sternbergite 3'j.2       *Proustite 64.67  pure. 

Miargyrite 36.0      *Stephanite 68.5 

Skolopsite — A  mineral  of  a  grayish- white  or  reddish-gray  color,  consisting 
chiefly  of  alumina,  lime,  silica  and  soda. 

Skiitterudite — A  mineral  of  a  bright  metallic  luster,  sometimes  iridescent, 
of  a  color  between  tin-white  and  pale  lead-gray,  consisting  chieflr  «<  arsenic 
and  cobalt. 


552  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Slate — The  slates  are  silicious  sedimentary  rocks ;  specific  gravity  from  26.72  to 
27.84;  and  a  cubic  foot  weighs  from  167  to  100  Ibs.  ;  both  slate  and  shale  are, 
no  doubt,  sedimentary  mud  or  silt,  which,  from  great  age,  have  become  indur- 
ated, and  for  the  most  part  were  formed  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  The  fossil* 
contained  in  them  are  conclusive  evidence  of  this. 

Smaltine  or  Smalt  ite — Gray  cobalt  ore;  a  tin-white  or  gray  mineral,  consist 
ing  of  arsenic  and  cobalt,  or  arsenic  and  nickel,  or  sometimes  all  three  corn* 
bined  with  iron. 

Smectite — A  hydrous  silicate  of  alnmina,  of  a  greenish  color,  which  In  certain 
states  of  humidity  appears  transparent  and  almost  gelatinous. 

Smithsonite — Carbonate  of  zinc;  occurs  with  cerusite,  in  Inyo  County,  Cal. 

Soda  Alum — A  mineral  consisting  of  sulphate  of  alumina,  sulphate  of  soda, 
and  water. 

Soapstone— Steatite;  see  Talc. 

Sodalite— A  mineral  occurring  usually  in  small  bluish  dodecahedrons,  and  con. 
taining  a  large  proportion  of  soda,  with  silica,  alumina  and  hydrochloric  acid. 

Soda  Xiter — Nitrate  of  soda.      Composition:    Nitric  Acid  63.5,  Soda  30,. ">=10C. 

Sodium — A  yellowish-white  metallic  element,  soft  like  wax,  and  lighter  thai. 
water;  specific  gravity,  97. 

Spalerite— Blende,  Zinc  Blende,  Black  Jack,  Sulphuret,  of  zinc.  A  mineral  of 
a  black,  brown,  green,  or  yellow  color;  streak  white;  transparent,  opaque; 
specific  gravity  3.9  to  4.  Composition :  Sulphur  33,  Zinc  67=100. 

Spliene — Titanite.  A  mineral  composed  of  silica,  titanic  acid  and  lime.  It? 
colors  are  dull  yellow,  green,  gray,  brown  and  black;  found  usually  in  thin 
wedge-shaped  crystals. 

Spherosiderite— Clay  Ironstone;  Nodular  Iron  Ore;  Carbonate  of  iron  is. 
spheroidal  masses,  occurring  in  trap. 

Spherulite — A  variety  of  obsidian  or  pearl-stone,  found  in  roimded  grains. 

Spragide — Earth  of  Lemnos,  Lemniau  Earth.  A  species  of  oeherous  clay  whicii 
falls  to  pieces  in  water,  with  the  emission  of  many  bubbles. 

Spindle — A  mineral  occurring  in  octahedrons,  of  great  hardness,  consisting  of 
a  sesquioiide  and  a  protoxide  in  equal  proportions,  the  former  being  usually 
alumina,  but  often  partly  sesquioxide  of  iron,  the  latter  usually  magnesia, 
but  sometimes  protoxide  of  iron,  of  zinc,  etc.;  colors  black,  bluej  brown  and 
green;  when  red  or  ruby,  constitutes  the  gem  Spinal  Ruby. 

Spodumene—  (see  Beryl; — A  mineral  consisting  chiefly  of  alumina,  silica,  and 
the  rare  earth  lithia. 

Stalactite— A  pendent  cone  or  cylinder  of  carbonate  of  lime;  see  Caleite. 

Stalagmite — A  deposit  of  earthy  calcareous  matter,  made  by  calcareous  water 
dropping  on  the  floors  of  caverns;  see  Calcite 

Staurotide — A  mineral  crystalized  in  rhombic  prisms,  either  single  or  inter- 
secting each  other,  so  as  to  form  a  cross.  Its  color  is  usually  brown  or  black, 
generally  opaque,  or  nearly  so,  and  consists  essentially  of  alumina,  silica,  and 
oxide  of  iron. 

Steatite — (see  Talc) — Soapstone;  a  soft  magnesian  rock  having  a  soapy  fW!, 
presenting  brown,  grayish-green,  and  whitish  shades  of  color;  composition: 
Magnesia  and  Silica. 

Stephanite— Black  Silver,  Brittle  Silver  Ore,  Silver  Glan<v.. 

Sternbergite — A  foliated  ore  of  silver,  consisting  of  silver,  ir-oa,  and  sulphur. 

Stibicouite — Antimony  Ochre,  Hydrous  Oxide  of  Antimony,  Partzite.  The  col- 
ors are  yellow,  pea-green  to  black;  sp.  gr.,  3.8;  composition:  Teroxide  of  An- 
iimony  47.65,  Oxide  of  Copper  32.11,  Oxide  of  Silver  6.12,  Oxide  of  Lead  2.01, 
•,'xide  of  Iron  2.33,  Water  8.29=98.5L 

,«<til>nite — Antimony  Glance,  Sulphide  of  Antimony;  color  or  streak  lead-gray, 
sometimes  tarnished  black  or  iridescent;  sp,  gr.,  4.5  to  4.6;  composition:  An- 
timony 71.8,  Sulphur  28.2=100. 

Stromeyerite — Silver  Copper  Glance;  a  steel-gray  ore  of  eilvfer,  consisting  of 
sulphur,  silver,  and  copper. 

Stroiitia — An  earth  of  a  white  color,  resembling  baryta  in  many  of  its  proper- 
ties. It  is  a  compound  of  oxygen  and  the  metal  sirontiuui,  in  the  proportion 
of  8  of  the  former  to  43.8  of  the  latter. 

Stroiitianite — Carbonate  of  Strontia,  occurring  crystalized, fibrous,  massive, 
and  stellated  in  the  form  of  a  modified  rhombic  prism. 

Strontium--A  malleable  metal,  yellowish  color,  in  properties  resembling  ba- 
rium; symbol,  Sr.;  sp.  gr.,  2.54. 

Succinite — Amber;  a  garnet  of  an  amber  color. 

Sulphur— Brimstone;  a  simple  mineral  substance,  of  a  yellowish  color,  brittle, 
insoluble  in  water,  easily  fusible,  and  inflammable;  if  coo)«i  slowly  crystal- 
lizes in  needles;  sp.  gr.,  2.07. 

Sylvan  ite — Telluride  of  Gold;  a  mineral  of  steei-gray  silver-white,  or  some- 
times  yellowish  color,  consisting  of  native  tellurium  with  a  considerate*  }*.(» 
portion  of  gold  and  silver. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  553 

Talc— French  Chalk,  Steatite,  Soapstone;  this  is  a  soft  mineral,  generally  foli- 
ated, except  where  it  occurs  in  rocky  masses  aa  soapstone,  when  it  is  granular 
or  crypto-crystalline.  When  pure  it  is  of  a  green,  white,  or  yellowish  color, 
with  a  greasy  or  soapy  feel.  H. =1-2.5.  Sp.  gr.  =2. 55-2.78. 

Tellurium — See  also  Altaite,  Calaverite,  Hessite,  Petzite  and  Tetradymite. 
Tellurium  is  a  white  metal,  brittle,  and  easily  fusible.  Its  equivalent  or  com- 
bining  weight  is  64.2  (old  system,  128.4  by  the  new).  Symbol,  Te.  Tellu- 
rium, as  far  as  known,  is  found  only  in  ten  rare  minerals,  as  follows  (the 
figures  showing  the  percentage  of  tellurium  in  each) :  Altaite,  combined  with 
lead  38.2;  Calaverite,  combined  with  gold  and  silver  5(i.O;  Hessite,  combined 
with  silver  37.2;  Joseite,  combined  with  bismuth,  selenium  and  sulphur  15.<)3; 
Nagyagite,  combined  with  copper,  gold,  lead,  silver  and  sulphur  30.52 ;  Petzite, 
a  variety  of  hessite  (No.  3) — ;  Sylvanite,  combined  with  antimony,  gold,  lead 
and  silver  44.0  to  60.0;  Tellurium,  native,  nearly  pure ;  Tetradymite,  combined 
with  bismuth  and  silver  33.0  to  48.0;  Tellurite,  doubtful. 

Tephroite— A  silicate  of  manganese  of  an  ash-gray  color,  occurring  both  mas- 
sive and  granular. 

Terbium— Symbol,  Tb.    See  Gadinolite. 

Tetradymite — Bismuth,  with  Tellurium.    Telluride  of  bismuth. 

Tetrahedrite— Fahlerz,  Gray  Copper.  This  mineral  is  a  double  sulphide  of 
copper  and  antimony,  of  which  there  are  numerous  varieties. 

Thallium— An  alkaline  metal,  closely  resembling  lead  in  color,  density,  nnd 
softness,  but  in  its  chemical  relations  similar  to  the  alkali-metals  potassium 
and  sodium. 

Theuardite— Anhydrous  Sulphate  of  Soda;  composition:  Soda  56.3,  Sulphuric 
Acid  43.7  =100. 

Thomsoiiite — A  mineral  of  the  zeolite  family,  occurring  generally  in  masses 
of  a  radiated  structure,  and  glassy  or  vitreous  luster.  It  consists  of  silica, 
alumina  and  lime,  with  some  soda  and  water. 

Thorite — A  massive  and  compact  mineral,  resembling  gadolinite.  It  contains 
58  per  cent,  of  the  rare  earth  thoria,  combined  with  silica. 

Thorium — A  heavy  gray  metal,  which,  when  heated  in  the  air,  takes  fire  and 
burns  with  great  brilliancy,  being  then  converted  into  thoria. 

Throniwolite — An  opaque  amorphous  mineral  of  a  vitreous  luster,  and  of  an 
emerald  or  dark-green  color,  consisting  chiefly  of  phosphoric  acid,  oxide  of 
copper  and  water. 

Thuriiigite — A  tough  mineral  of  an  olive-green  color,  pearly  luster  and  argil- 
laceous odor,  consisting  chiefly  of  silica,  protoxide  of  iron,  peroxide  of  iron, 
alumina  and  water. 

Tiemaiinite — Selenide  of  Mercury. 

Tin — Cassiterite.  A  white,  soft,  non-elastic  metal,  very  malleable,  fuses  at  4423 
Fahr.,  and  has  a  specific  gravity  of  7.3;  see  Cassiterite 

Tincal— (See  Borax)— Crude  Borax  as  it  is  imported  from  the  East  Indies,  in 
yellow,  greasy  crystals. 

Tit  unite  or  Sphene — Titaniferous  Iron,  found  in  iron  sand;  sphene  is  found 
in  small  hair  form  crystals;  see  Sphene. 

Titanium— A  metal  of  a  deep-blue  color;  it  occurs  in  different  states  of  oxida- 
tion or  intermixture,  in  various  parts  of  the  world.  The  ores  of  this  metal 
are  called:  Iserine,  Menackanile,  Nigrine,  Octahedrite,  Rutile  and  Sphene. 

Topaz — A  mineral  occurring  in  rhombio  prisms,  generally  yellowish  and  pellucid, 
also  colorless,  and  of  greenish,  bluish  or  brownish  shades;  sometimes  mas- 
sive and  opaque,  and  consisting  of  silica,  alumina  and  fluoric  acid.  It  is 
highly  valued  as  a  gem. 

Topazolite— A  variety  of  precious  garnet,  of  a  topaz-yellow  color,  or  an  olive- 
green. 

Tourmaline — A  mineral  almost  invariably  found  crystallized,  of  all  colors, 
from  opaque  black  to  nearly  or  quite  transparent  colorless.  The  usual  colors 
are:  black  (Schorl) ,  red  (Rubellite) ,  blue  (Indicolite) ,  green  (Chrysolite) ,  honey- 
yellow  (Peridot) ,  colorless  (Achroite).  All  the  tourmalines  contain  boracic  arid 
from  3  to  10  percent.  Composition:  Alumina  30.0,  Binoxide  of  Manganese 
6.14,  Boracic  Acid  6.49,  Flourine  2.0,  Lime  0.8,  Magnesia  2.3,  Potash  0.38,  Ses- 
quioxide  of  Iron  7.14,  Silica  36.71,  Soda  2.04=99.28. 

Trap — A  heavy,  igneous  rock,  of  a  greenish-black  or  grayish  color,  consisting  of 
an  intimate  mixture  of  feldspar  and  hornblende  or  pyroxine. 

Triphyline — A  mineral  of  a  grayish-green  or  bluish  color,  consisting  of  the 
phosphates  of  iron,  manganese  and  lithia. 

Triplite — An  imperfectly  crystallized  mineral,  of  a  dark-brown  color,  consisting 
of  phosphoric  acid  and  the  oxides  of  manganese  and  iron. 

Troiia — Sesquicarbonate  of  soda.  This  mineral  is  found  with  gay-lussite,  salt, 
thenardite  and  tincal,  in  many  different  localities  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Com- 
position: Carbonic  Acid  40.2,  Soda  37.8,  Water  22  0=100. 

Tufa—  A  soft  or  porous  stone  formed  by  depositions  from  water,  usually  calcareous. 


554  THE  GEEAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 

Til  ngston — A  metal  of  a  grayish-wnite  color,  considerable  luster,  brittle,  nearly 

as  hard  as  steel,  and  fused  with  extreme  difficulty ;   specific  gravity  near  17. 6s 

also  called  Wolfrainium. 
Tnrpeth  or  Turbith  Mineral— Yellow  Sulphate  of    Mercury.      A  yello-w 

salt  composed  of  3  equivalents  of  the  protoxide  of  mercury  and  1  equivalent 

of  sulphuric  acid.    It  is  not  found  in  nature. 
Turquois— A  mineral  of  a  peculiar  bluish-green  color,  occurring  in  reniforra 

masses,  with  a  botryoidal  surface;  susceptible  of   a  high  polish,   and  when 

highly  colored,  much  esteemed  as  a  gem;  Calaite. 
Tyrolite — A  translucent,  very  sectile  mineral,  of  a  green  color,  and  pearly  or 

vitreous  luster,  consisting  chiefly  of  arsenic  acid,  oxide  of  copper,  carbonate 

of  lime  and  water. 
Ulexite — Borate  of  Lime,  Boronatrocalcite,  Cotton  Balls,   Natroborocalcite, 

Sheet  Cotton,  Tiukalzit,  Tiza,  etc.    This  curious  mineral  was  first  found  in 

the  Niter  beds  of  Peru,  in  small  quantities.    It  is  a  natural  hydrated  borate 

of  lime  and  soda.     Analysis  by  Ulex,  is  as  follows:     Boracic  A'cid  4'J.5,  Lime 

15.9,  Soda  8.8,  Water  25.8=100. 
Ullmnmiite — A  brittle  mineral  of  a  steel-gray  color  and  metallic  luster,  con. 

sisting  of  antimony,  arsenic,  nickel  and  silver. 
Uraninite — Pitchblende,  an  ore  of  uranium;  see  Pitchblende. 
Uranite — An  ore  of  uranium,  of  a  bright-green  or  yellow  color,  and  foliattd 

like  mica.    The  green  variety  consists  of  oxide  of  uranium,  phosphoric  acid, 

and  copper,  and  is  called  chalcolite  or  copper  uranite. 
Uranium — A  metal  discovered  in  the  mineral  called  pitchblende,  in  which  it 

exists  as  an  oxide,  with  oxide  of  iron,  and  some  arsenic,  cobalt,  lead,  sulphur 

and  zinc.    It  occurs  also  in  uranite,  and  uran-ochre,  and  a  few  other  minerals. 

Color  reddisfi-brown;  luster  metallic;  form  crystalline. 
Vanadinite — The  mineral  vanadate  of  lead,  occurring  in  yellowish  and  brown. 

ish  hexagonal  crystals. 
Vanadium— A  metal  having  a  white  color,  and  a  strong  metallic  luster,  ex> 

tremely  brittle,  resembling  silver,  but  more  like  molybdenum. 
Variscite— An  apple-green  mineral  occurring  in  reniform  masses,  and  consist. 

ing  chiefly  of  alumina,  phosphoric  acid  and  water. 

Vauquelinite — Chromate  of  copper  and  lead,  of  various  shades  of  green. 
Vermiculite — A  mineral  having  a  granular,  scaly  structure,  and  resembling 

steatite  in  appearance;  consisting  chiefly  of  alumina,  magnesia  and  silica. 
Vesnvianite — Idocrase.    Is  a  silicate  of  alumina,  iron  and  lime. 
Vivianite — A  phosphate  of  iron  of  various  shades  of  blue  and  green;  the  min. 

eral  is  that  variety  known  as  blue  iron  earth  or  native  Prussian  blue.    Com- 
position: Phosphoric  Acid  28.3,  Protoxide  of  Iron  43.0.  Water  28.7=100. 
Volborthite — Vanadate  of  Copper.     A  mineral  of  a  green  or  gray  color,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  vanadic  acid,  oxide  of  copper,  lime,  and  water. 
Volgerite— Antimony  Ocher,  associated  with  other  antimony  ores. 
"Voltzite — A  rose-red,  yellowish  or  brownish  mineral,  occurring  in  impiantci 

spherical  globules,  and  consisting  chiefly  of  sulphuret  of  zinc  and  oxide  of  zinc. 
Vnlpinite — A  variety  of  anhydrite,  containing  some  silica  and  presenting  & 

grayish,  white  color  and  high  luster. 
Wad— Bog-manganese.    An  earthy  oxid,"  of  manganese,  or  mixture  of  different 

oxides  and  water,  with  some  oxide  of  iron,  and  often  alumina,  baryta,  lime. 

or  silica,  and  including  several  varieties ;  sometimes  applied  to  Plumbago  or 

Black  Lead. 

Wagiierite — A  phosphate  of  magnesia,  resembling  the  Brazilian  topaz. 
llValctiOWite — A  resinous  substance  occurring  in  yellow,  translucent  masses,, 

often  striped  with  brown;  formerly  called  Retinite. 
Warwieltite— A  dark-brown  or  black  mineral,  consisting  chiefly  of  boracic 

acid,  titanic  acid,  magnesia  and  oxide  of  iron. 
W^heel-Ore — An  opaque  mineral  of  a  steel-gray  or  black  color,  and  metallic 

luster,  consisting  chiefly  of  antimony,  copper,  lead  and  sulphur. 
\Vhewell  ite— A  brittle,  crystalline  mineral,  consisting  chiefly  of  oxalaie  of  li;r.°. 
\Villemite — Anhydrous  Silicate  of  Zinc.     A  mineral  of  a  resinous  luster  and 

yellowish  color,  consisting  chiefly  of  silicate  of  zinc. 

Wolfram — Tungstate  of  Iron.    An  ore  of  tungsten;  color  brownish  or  grayish- 
black,  and  sub-metallic  in  luster.    It  occurs  massive  and  crystallized,  and  in 

concentric,  lamellar  concretions. 
Wulfenite — Molybdateof  lead;   occurring  in   small,  perfect,  tabular  crystals, 

yellowish  color,  with  a  specific  gravity  of  from  6  to  7 
Xylotile — An    opaque,  glimmering,  delicately  fibrous  mineral,   of  a  light  or 

dark  wood-brown  or  sometimes  green  color,  consisting  of  magnesia,  i«esqui- 

oxide  of  iron,  silica  and  water. 
ytt.roeerite — Amineral  of  a  violet-blue  color,  inclining  to   gray  and  •»  bite,  or 

sometimes  white  or  reddish-brown.    It  consists  of  lime,  sesquioxid.'    '«f  cer- 

Jum,  yttria.  and  hydro-fluoric  acid. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 


555 


V  ttriiim — A  very  rare  mefal,  texture  ?c«ly.  color  grayish-black,  and  luster  per- 
fectly metallic.  Yttria,  Pliosphyttrlte. 

irttroeolumbite— Au  ore  of  columbium  and  yttrium,  in  black,  brown  and 
yellow  colors. 

Karatite — Emerald  Nickel,  Hydrate  of  Nickel,  Hydrated  Carbonate  of  Nickel. 
A  rare  mineral  and  ore  that  is  never  found  in  large  quantities,  generally  as  a 
thin  coating  or  chromic  iron  and  serpentine. 

Zeolite — The  name  applies  to  a  group  of  minerals  which  includes  at  least  20 
species:  the  name  is  therefore  indefinite.  They  are  all  hydrous  silicates  of 
alumina,  and  generally  are  found  in  lavas  and  ainygdaloids 

Zinc — See  also  Blende,  Smithsonite,  and  Spalerite.  A  metal  of  rather  rare  oc- 
currence, never  found  in  nature,  of  a  brilliant  white  color,  with  a  shade  of 
blue,  and  appearing  as  if  composed  of  plates  adhering  together;  it  is  not  brit- 
tle, but  less  malleable  than  copper,  lead,  or  tin.  Sp.  gr.=6.8(il;  atomic  weight 
32.56  (by  old,  and  65  by  the  new  method) . 

Zinc-blende — A  native  sulphuret  of  zinc,  often  containing  some  iron,  occur- 
ring crystallized,  massive,  or  in  other  forms,  and  of  various  colors,  but  usu- 
ally yellowish,  red,  brown,  or  black.  Blende. 

Zinc-bloom— An  opaque  mineral,  of  a  dull  luster  and  white,  grayish,  or  yel- 
lowish color,  consisting  chiefly  of  carbonic  acid,  oxide  of  zinc,  and  water. 

»— Ked  Oxide  of  Zinc,  Red  Zinc  Ore.    A  brittle,  translucent  mineral,  of 
a  deep-red  color,  sometimes  inclining  to  yellowish,  and  consisting  chiefly  of 
oxide  of  zinc,  but  containing  also  a  small  quantity  of  oxide  of  manganese. 
nkenite — A  steel-gray  ore  of  antimony  and  lead. 

Zircon — Jargon.  Hyacinth,  Silicate  of  Zirconia.  A  mineral  containing  the  enrih 
zirconia  and  silica,  with  67  per  cent,  of  the  former  to  33  per  cent,  of  the  latter; 
occurring  in  square  prisms  with  pyramidal  terminations  of  a  brown  or  griiy 
color,  occasionally  red,  and  often  nearly  transparent.  A  red  variety  is  called 
Hyacinth. 

Zirconium— A  metal  obtained  from  the  minerals  zircon  and  hyacinth.  It  is 
commonly  obtained  in  the  form  of  a  black  powder. 

Zoislte — A  grayish  or  whitish  mineral,  related  to  epidote. 

Supplemental  List  of  Some  New  Varieties  of  Minerals, 

Aenesite— Carbonate  of  bismuth. 
Agric.olite— Silicate  of  bismuth. 
Animikite— Antimonide  of  silver. 
Arff.vrodite — Sulphide  of  silver  and  germanium. 
Arsenargeiitite— Arsenide  of  silver. 
Arsenstibite— Hydrous  arsenate  of  antimony. 
Harysil— Silicate  of  lead. 
Belonesite— Molybdate  of  magnesium. 
Cobaltomenite— Selenite  of  cobalt. 
Col  oradoite— Telluride  of  mercury. 
Kdisonite— Oxide  of  titanium. 
Kggonite-Silicate  of  cadmium. 
Ferrotellurite— Tellurate  of  iron. 
F I  in  kite— Hydrous  arsenate  of  manganese. 
llaiiksite— Sulphato-carbonate  of  sodium. 
II or sfordite— Antimonide  of  copper. 
Huntilite— Arsenide  of  silver. 
Hydrargyrite— Oxide  of  mercury. 
Mrennerite— Telluride  of  eold,  silver  and  copper. 
Liiskeardite — Hydrous  arsenate  of  aluminum. 
Maiiganosite — Protoxide  of  manganese. 
Melanosiderite— Hydrous  silicate  of  iron. 
Metastibnite— Red  sesquisulphide  of  antimony. 
Molybdomenite— Selenite  of  lead. 
X  itrobarite— Nitrate  of  barium. 
Phosphuranylite— Hydrous  phosphate  of  uranium, 
I'seiidobrookite— Titanate  of  iron. 
Ilandite— Hydrous  carbonate  of  calcium  and  uranium. 
Kedingtonite— Hydrous  sulphate  of  chromium. 
Itciiiite— Tungstate  of  iron. 
Siderazot— Nitride  of  iron. 
Sperrylite — Arsenide  of  platinum. 
Hphaeroeobaltite— Carbonate  of  cobalt. 
Spodiosite— Fluo-phosphate  of  calcium. 
Stutzite— Telluride  of  silver. 
Tocornalite— Iodide  of  silver  and  mercury. 
Xanthiosite— Arsenate  of  nickel. 
Yttrialite— Silicate  of  yttrium  and  thorium. 
And  !8t>7  other  new  species  and  varieties. 


s  s  g  g  a 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEKZKH 


Supply   and     Cost    of    l.;i  i-m.   Including    Intoxicants    and 
Tobacco,    in    Principal    Countries   of  the   World. 


COUNTRY. 

CONSUMPTION  OF  FOOD,  Pounds  PEE 
INHABITANT  OF:— 

flntoxiranU 

TOBACCO. 

2"si 

S  ~  a 

3  "3.C 

»      0 

8«8 

%s* 

j>     H 

e 

'§ 
O 

'S 

0) 

S 

Potatoes. 

1 

ti 

3 

cc 

Gallons. 

Pounds, 

Australasia  
Austria  

20 
7 
15 
22 
22 
8 
8 
19 
4 
15 
14 
3 
9 
5 
9 
3 
11 
11 
20 

127 
28 
142 
72 
140 
66 
78 
91 
20 
240 
144 
18 
8 
6 
8 
6 
112 
110 
162 

350 
460 
590 

400 
560 
540 
550 
378 
400 
560 
440 
500 
400 
635 
400 
480 
560 
440 
370 

276 

61 
05. 
90 
64 
77 
64 
109 
26 
57 
78 
45 
82 
51 
84 
71 
62 
62 
160 

3U5 
560 
1,050 

600 
410 
570 
1,020 
380 
50 
820 
500 
40 
80 
180 
80 
20 
500 
140 
170 

36.5 
14 

91 

18 
27 
45 
22 
20 
18 
75 
8 
35 
13 
12 
4 

2.20 
2.80 
4.00 

2.83 
2.73 
3.15 
2.11 
2.24 
2.05 
3.00 
1.38 
1.28 
6.92 
2.2'.) 
1.75 

Belgium  

Canada  

40 

25 
20 
17 
40 
18 
20 
40 
17 

Denmark  

5.00 
5.10 

3.08 
3.57 
3.40 
4.00 

France  

Germany  

Great  Britain- 
Italy  

Netherlands  
Norway  

Portugal  

3.00 

Roumania  
Russia  

19 

11 
4 

2.02 

1.82 

Servia  

Spain  

17 
28 

6 
22 

26 

2.85 

1.10 

1.87 
3.24 

4.40 

Sweden  

Switzerland.... 
United  States  .. 

39 

53 

2.65 

*  Ounces  of  coffee  and  tea.    f  Reduced  to  gallons  of  proof  spirit. 

Annual  Expenditure  per  Inhabitant  in  Principal  States  of 

Europe  and  IT.  S. 


Country. 

Amt.perj 
capita. 

Country. 

Amt.  per 

capita. 

Country. 

Amt.p'r 
capita. 

Australasia  

$212.38 

Germany  

1  98.14 

Russia  

S  49.13 

Austria  A... 

69.28 

Great  Britain... 

144.72 

Spain  

76.04 

Belgium  

123.66 

Italy  

56.21 

Sweden  

99.36 

Canada  ... 

111.43 

Netherlands   .. 

101.55 

Switzerland  

87.60 

Denmark  

139.04 

Norway  

92.46 

United  States.... 

159.66 

France  

116.63 

Portugal  

54.87 

Ingredient*  of  Ordinary  Food  Materials,  such  as  meat,  fish,  eggs, 
potatoes,  wheat,  etc.,  consist  of :  Refuse.— As  the  bones  of  meat  and  fish,  shells  of 
shellfish,  skin  of  potatoes,  bran  of  wheat,  etc.  Edible  portion.— As  the  flesh  of 
meat  and  fish,  'the  white  and  yelk  of  eggs,  wheat  flour,  etc.  The  edible  portion 
consists  of  water  and  nutritive  ingredient*  or  nutrients.  The  principal  kinds  of  nu- 
tritive ingredients  are  protein,  fats,  carbohydrates,  and  mineral  matters.  The  water, 
refuse,  and  salt  of  salted  meat  and  fish  are  called  non-nutrients.  In  comparing 
Ihe  values  of  different  food  materials  for  nourishment  they  are  left  out  of  account. 

Familiar  Examples  of  Compounds  of  each  of  the  four  principal  classes 
«f  nutrients:— 

PROTEIN.  Proteids.— Albuminoids,  e.  g.,  albumen  (white  of  eggs);  casein  (curd)  of 
milk;  myosin,the  basis  of  muscle  (lean  meat);  gluten  of  wheat,  etc.  Gelatinouls, 
e.  g.,  collagen  of  tendons;  ossein  of  bones,  which  yield  gelatin  or  glue,  etc.  Meats 
and  fish  contain  very  small  quantities  of  so-called  "extractives."  They  include 
kreatln  and  allied  compounds,  and  are  the  chief  ingredients  of  beef  tea  and  meat 
extract.  They  contain  nitrogen,  and  hence  are  commonly  classed  with  protein. 

Fats,  e.  g.,fat  of  meat;  fat  (butter)  of  milk;  olive  oil;  oil  of  corn,  wheat,  etc. 

Carbohydrates,  e.  g.,  sugar,  starch,  cellulose  (woody  fiber),  etc. 

Mineral  matters,  e.  g.,  phosphate  of  lime,  sodium  chloride  (common  salt),  etc. 

Ways  in  \\  tii«-!i  Food  Is  Used  in  the  Body.— Protein  forms  tissue 
(mp.scle,  tendon,  etc.,  and  fat)  and  serves  as  fuel.  Fats  form  fatty  tissue  (not 
muscle,  etc.)  and  serve  as  fuel.  Carbohydrates  are  transformed  into  fat  and  serve 
as  fuel.  All  yield  energy  in  form  of  heat  and  muscular  strength.  In  being  them- 
selves burned  to  yield  energy  the  nutrients  protect  each  other  from  being  con- 
sumed. The  protein  and  fats  of  body  tissue  are  used  like  those  of  food.  An  im- 
portant use  of  the  carbohydrates  and  fats  Is  to  protect  protein  (muscle,  etc.)  from 
consumption.  Food  supplies  the  wants  of  the  body  in  several  ways.  It  either 
is  used  to  form  the  tissues  and  fluids  of  the  body,  is  used  to  repair  the  wastes  of 
tissues,  is  stored  in  the  body  for  future  consumption,  is  consumed  as  Ifuel,  its  po- 
tential energy  being  transformed  into  heat  or  muscular  enorgy,  or  other  forms  of 
energy  required  by  the  body,  or,  in  being  consumed,  protects  tissues  or  other  food 
from  consumption. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  557 


CANALS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

Depth  of  Canals  in  the  United  States.— Ogeechee  Canal,  Ga.,  3  feet;  Galves- 
ton  and  Brazos,  Tex.,  3^  feet ;  Black  River,  N.  Y.;  Hocking,  Ohio ;  Ohio  Canal ; 
and  Walhouding Branch,  Ohio,  each  4  feet ;  Des  Moines  Rapids;  Morris,  Pa.,  and  N. 
J.;  and  Santa  F6,  Fla.,  each  5  feet;  Miami  and  Erie;  and  Susquehanna  and  Tide- 
water, Pa.  and  Md.,  each  5J4  feet;  Champlain,  N.  Y.;  Chesapeake  and  Ohio,  Md. 
and  D.  C.;  Company's  La.;  Delaware  and  Hudson,  N.  Y.  and  Pa.;  Delaware  Di- 
vision, Pa.;  Dismal  Swamp.  Va.  and  N.  C.;  111.  and  Mich.,  111.;  Lehigh  Coal  and 
Nav.  Co.,  Pa.;  Muscle  Shoals  and  Elk  River  Shoals,  Tenn.;  and  Pennsylvania, 
Pa.,  each  6  feet;  Schuylkill  Nav.  Co., Pa., 6%  feet;  Cayugaand  Seneca,  N.  Y.;  Dela- 
ware and  Raritan,  N.  J.;  Erie,  N.  Y.;  111.  and  Miss.,  111.;  and  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  each 
7  feet ;  Albemarle  and  Chesapeake,  Va.  and  N.  C.,  7}£  feet;  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware, Md.  and  Del.,  9  feet;  Augusta,  Ga.,  11  feet ;  Welland,  connects  Lake  Onta- 
rio and  Lake  Erie,  14  feet;  Portage  Lake  and  Lake  Superior,  Mich.;  and  Stur- 
geon Bay  and  Lake  Mich.,  each  15  feet;  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  St.  Mary's  River, 
-Mich.,  18  feet ;  St.  Mary's  Falls,  Mich.,  '21  feet. 

The  Harlem  River  Ship  Canal,  connecting  the  Hudson  River  and  Long 
Island  Sound,  by  way  of  Spuyten  Dnyvil  Creek  and  Harlem  River,  opened  for 
traffic  June  17, 1S95,  and  cost  $2,700,000. 

New  York  Canals.— The  whole  number  of  tons  of  freight  carried  upon  the 
state  canals  during  1897  was  3,617,804  tons,  as  compared  with  3,714,894  tons  for 
1S96. 

St.  Mary's  Falls  Canal.— Gross  tonnage  for  1897,  was  18,982,755  tons,  against 
16,239,061  tons  in  1896,  and  15,062,580  tons  in  1895. 

Baltic  Canal —Also  called  the  "North  Sea  and  Baltic,"  and  "Kiel"  Canal. 
The  traffic  from  Apr.  1, 1897,  to  Mar.  31,  1898,  was  23,108  vessels,  with  a  net  car- 
rying capacity  of  2,469,795  registered  tons,  against  19,960  ships  and  1,848,458  tons 
in  the  previous  working  year. 

Manchester  Canal.— Cost  about  877,000,000.  The  sea-going  tonnage  for  six 
mouths  ending  June  30,  1898,  was  979,992  tons,  as  compared  with  783,280  tons  dur- 
ing the  corresponding  period  of  1897,  while  the  barge  traffic  was  193,888  tons, 
against  173,930. 

Suez  Canal.— This  canal  was  opened  for  traffic  in  1869,  the  English  Govern- 
ment acquiring  by  purchase,  Nov.  25, 1875,  shares  to  the  amt.  of  £4,000,000,  the 
present  value  of  which  is  (Jan.  1, 1899)  £24,435,000.  The  total  length  of  the  canal 
is  99  miles,  with  a  width  of  327  feet  for  77  and  196  for  the  remaining  22  miles ;  the 
depth  is  26  feet  throughout.  By  an  agreement  signed  Oct.  29,  1888,  the  canal 
was  exempted  from  blockade,  and  vessels  of  all  nations,  whether  armed  or  not, 
are  to  be  allowed  to  pass  through  it  in  peace  or  war.  It  cost  $102,750,000  to  con- 
struct it.  For  the  year  1895,  the  receipts  were  $15,147,184,  received  from  3,434 
vessels,  with  a  net  tonnage  of  8,418,383.  In  1896,  receipts  $15,787,046.;  vessels 
passed,  3,409;  net  tonnage,  8,560,283.  In  1897  receipts  $14,129,122;  vessels  passed, 
2,986;  net  tonnage,  7,899,374.  For  the  first  six  months  of  1898,  the  receipts  were 
$8,636,920  in  dues,  from  1,792  ships,  with  4,842,078  net  tons. 

Nicaragua  Canal.— Projected  to  connect  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans,  using 
the  waters  of  Lake  Nicaragua.  The  total  distance  from  ocean  to  ocean,  169.4 
miles;  depth  of  canal,  30  feet;  least  width  at  bottom,  100  feet;  time  transit  from 
ocean  to  ocean,  44  hours;  length  of  Lake  Nicaragua,  110  miles;  average  width, 
40  miles ;  surface  area,  about  2,600  square  miles;  area  of  watershed  of  lake,  about 
8,000  square  miles.  Estimated  cost  of  construction  of  this  waterway  by  the  Nic- 
aragua Canal  Commission  was  $125,000,000;  time  required  for  construction,  5 
years.  Distance  from  N.  Y.  to  S.  F.,  Cal.,  by  water  via  Cape  Horn,  14,549 :  by  the 
Nicaragua  Canal,  the  distance  between  the  same  points  will  be  4,907  miles,  a 
saving  of  about  9,642  miles.  Distance  from  N.  Y.  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  via  the 
Nicaragua  Canal,  2,519  miles;  to  San  Francisco  via  R.  R.,  3,250  miles;  to  San 
Diego,  via  R.  R.,  3,172  miles;  to  Tacoma,  Wash.,  3,209  miles;  to  Victoria,  B.  C., 
3,619.  Distance  from  N.  Y.  to  Manila,  P.  I.,  viaS.  F.,  Cal.. rail  and  water,  9,250 
miles;  via  Nicaragua  Canal,  11,746  miles;  via  Suez  Canal,  11,565. 

Panama  Canal.— Length,  46%  miles ;  estimated  time  of  transit,  14  hours.  The 
canal  is  practically  finished  from  Colon  to  Bujee,  14  miles;  this,  however,  is  the 
least  expensive  part.  The  great  trouble  is  in  passing  through  the  Culebra  Ridge. 
The  width  of  the  canal  will  be  124  feet  at  the  top,  and  72  feet  at  the  bottom, 
except  througli  the  ridge,  where  it  will  be  78  feet  at  the  top  and  29  feet  at  the 
bottom,  and  30  feet  in  depth.  About  $297,000,000  is  estimated  as  having  already 
been  expended  on  the  eanal,  resulting  in  the  accomplishment  of  about  40  per 
cant  of  the  entire  amount  of  excavation  that  will  be  required.  Time  required 
for  completion,  about  ten  years. 


558 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


il-\  OPERATIC*)  IX  THE  UXITED  STATES, 


CANALS  BY  STATES. 

Points  Connected. 

Built. 
Enl'rgd 

Length 
Miles. 

Cost  Con- 
struction 

Delaware. 

Chesapeake  &  Del.  *  t  

Del.  City—  Chesapeake.. 

........... 

14.00 

3 

|  3,730.230 

Florida. 

Santa  FG  *     

Waldo  —  Melrose  ......  ...... 

877-1880 

10.50 

70,000 

(jleorgia. 

Augusta  Canal  f-  —  

Savannah  R.  —  Augusta.. 

1847  

8.00 

^..  . 

1,500,000 

"       "—  Oge'ch'e  R 

8-'J-184B 

16.00 

5 

407,314 

Illinoih. 

111.  &  Mich.  Canal  f..~—  •  —  • 

Chicago  —  La  Salle_™«_ 

183&-1848 

102.00 

15 

6,557,631 

Louisiana. 

Carondalet  C.  &  Nav.Co.  J... 

N.  Orleans—  Bayou  St.  J. 

1794»«. 

2.00 

.. 

750,000 

Company's  Canal  f  .™™....™. 

Miss  K.  —  Lake  Salvador. 

1847.._~ 

3.00 

90,000 

Harvey's  Canal  f..  —  ••••••-.••• 

1830 

S.75 

8 

150,000 

Orleans  Bank  Canal  £....-.—  •  • 

X.Orleans  —  Ponchartr'n 

1832-18:55 

6.50 

1,000,000 

Tagliaferro  Canal  t  ~.._.™.. 

Miss,  R.—  Bay.  Baritaria 

1880-1881 

1.75 

•~"o 

40,000 

Jlsirj  land. 

Chesapeake  &  Ohio  *.™  
Susquelianna  <fc  Tide-water*;, 

Wash.,  D.  C.—  Cnmberl'd 
Pa.  S.  L.  —  H&vre  de  G  race 

lf!?8-18oO 

l3:''.l....... 

179.50 
15.CO 

75 

11,290,327 

Michigan. 

L.  S.  Ship-canal,  R.  &  I.  Co™ 

L.  Superior—  Portag'e  L.. 

1868-1873 

2.12 

.—... 

8,925,300 

St.  Marv's  Falls  *  t—«—  —  •••• 

St.Mary  's  F—  S.Mary  's  R 

1853-1855 

L02 

8,500,000 

S"e\v  Jersey. 

Pel.  and  Raritaii  *  t.....™.—  — 

X.Brnnsw*k—  Bordenfn 

1834-1838 

44.00 

14 

4,735,353 

"       u        ••        feeder  

Bull's  Island  —  Trenton.  . 

1838  

'22.00 

] 

Morris  Canal  &  Banking  Co. 

Easton,  Pa,  —  Jersey  C'y 

1825-1845 

103.00 

a  46 

6000,000 

Pa,  Neck  Canal  t  ft...—.-.-  « 

Salem  Creek—  Del.  H.«_ 

1800-1872 

2.02 

41,005 

>e\v  York. 

Black  River  Canal  &  I  Co.™ 

Rome  —  Carthage™..™.... 

1836-1861 

85.50 

110 

3,224.778 

Cayuga  &  Seneca  *..™..™,.™. 

Monte«uma—  C.  &  S.  L's 

1825-1855 

24.77 

11 

1,520,54?. 

Charaplain  Canal  e.  .„....-  

Whitehall—  Waterford... 

1817-1870 

81.00 

83 

2,378.9n 

Del.  4  Hudson  •»...-  „  —  .. 

Honesd'le,  Pa.  —  Rond'ut 

1826-1828 

fl    83.00 

dlOT 

6,:W!'.210 

Erie  Canal  h  ............... 

Albany—  Buffalo  

1817-1862 

36.").4^ 

51,609,2iK) 

Oneida  R.  Improvement  

3  R's  Point  —  Brewerton 

1S:!9-1850 

/    20.00 

] 

79,346 

Oswego  Canal.™..™  ..... 

Syracuse—  Oswego  

1825-1862 

18.CO 

18 

8,077,429 

North  Carolina, 

Albemarle    &    Chesapeake 

(N  C  cut)  g  t        

Canjock  Bay—  5T.  River 
Allig'trR—  Mat'muskt  JL 

1855  

I'Mi-^  

B.50 
4.50 



*"~ioo76oc 

Pairfleld  C.  &  Turnpike  CO™ 

New  Berne  &  Beaufort  *  t... 

Clubfoot  Cr.—  Newp'rtR 

1880-18S2 

8.00 

...... 

200,000 

Ohio. 

Hocking  Canal.........™™..  

Carroll  —  T>TelsonvlHe  _... 

1843  

42.00 

26 

847,670 

Miami  &  Erie  *  A...™  

Cincinnati  —  Toledo...^ 

1825-1835 

93 

7,144,234 

Muskingum  Improvement...  jZanesville—  Marietta.  

1840.  
1825-1835 

/  "7o!ofl 
£1300 

12 

150 

1,62S,02S 
<i  fi'lo  'TiS 

Walhonding  Branch,.™......... 

Rochester  —  Roscoe_.  .™ 

Is43.  

25^00 

11 

'a07,:50» 

Oregon. 

Willamette  T.  <fc  Locks  Co.  t 

Oregon  City.™  _...™...™. 

1873.  

0.75 

6 

eoc.ooe/ 

I'ftiiio.*  I  v;iiii:i. 

Delaware  &  Hudson  *—-....., 

(See  New  yorky.™...™« 

18-26-1828 

25.00 

--IM  __ 

Delaware  Division  *...  ™. 

Easton—  Bristol.™^  ....... 

1830  

60.00 

•>2 

"  2.'"':;.:':>ii 

Lehigb  Coal  A  N.  Co  ......  „.  . 

Coalport—  Easton...™™  ... 

1819-1821 

48.00 

67 

4,000,008 

Monongahela  Nav.  f!«...  ,....., 

Pittsburg—  Geneva...  ..^. 

18:58-1844 

/  85.00 

e 

1,115.452 

Muncv  Canal  Co.^^  ..„_....„  _.. 

Muncy  —  Perm.  Canal...... 

0.75 

7,077 

Penn.'Canal  Co.  i  „..  ,. 

Columbia  —  Dun  can  'sis  . 

j'saMsii 

46.00 

'~15 

**          "       •*  j  M>fc 

Clark's  F'v  —  N'umberl'c 

1828-1833 

4i.no 

9 

M                 M           U    ^. 

N'umberl'd—  Wilkesb're 

1830  

0     64.00 

7 

**                 "           "     t..'.'.'.""*. 

Junction—  Huntingdon.. 

1827-1834 

80.00 

86 

7,731,750 

**          **       "  m.'.'.'l 

N'umberl'd  —  Flem'gton 

1828-183: 

68.00 

18 

U                 «           M     Jl.-."^...._"'.  '"" 

Schuylkill  Xav.  (;o  

Clark's  F'y—  Millersburg 
Mill  Creek—  Phila.  ... 

1838-183S 
1816-1826 

13.00 
68.18 

6 

71 

12,5«n,4R1 

BusqueliannaA  Tide-water     Columbia—  Md.  St."  Line. 

1837-1840 

0    80.00 

43 

4,9:50.705 

Union  Canal  Co  ......™_™.™... 
Texas. 

Middletown—  Reading.™ 

1819-1827 

6l!'U 

93 

6,907,850 

Oalveston  <fe  Brazos  Xav.Co.t 

Galveston  —  Brazos  R..™ 

1850-1851 

8.00 

840,001 

Virginia. 

Albemarle  <fc  Chesapeake  *  + 

Norfolk—  Cnrrltuck  

1855-1860 

q      8.44 

1 

i,wi,3<a 

Alexandria  <fe  Georgetown  '•'•  \V.\Vush.D.  C.—  Al'xnd'ailSSO  

7.12 

4 

1,250.000 

Dismal  Swamp  *  f  ™    Eliz'b'th  &—  rasquot'uk,17'^  

28.00 

1 

1,151,000 

Total  „_  

7-2,695.04 

1,22-i 

1  70.1  .•>,  Kit 

ANCIENT    FREEMASONRY 

An  Extract  from  a  Lecture  entitled,  "Freemasonry  in  General,"  by  the  Rev- 
O.  C  Wheeler,  D.  I).,  LL.  D.,  first  delivered  at  Masonic  Temple,  Oakland, 
Cal.,  Feb.  21,  1882. 

"Free  Masonry  has  been  the  theme  of  thought,  the  object  of  envy,  and  the  subject 
of  persecution  from  remote  ages. 

Its  friends  have  sought  its  origin,  and  watched  its  course.  Its  enemies  have  tra- 
duced its  advocates,  maligned  its  motives,  and  impeded  its  progress,  until  it  seems 
to  engage  the  attention  of  universal  man.  It  has  now  reached  a  point  where  the 
man  who  throws  light  upon  its  true  character  and  unrolls  any  portion  of  the  end- 
less scroll  of  its  history,  is  as  much  a  public  benefactor  as  he  who  discovers  a  law 
of  nature  or  develops  a  hidden  science.  Therefore,  if  my  present  effort  shall  in 
any  measure  increase  the  sum  of  your  masonic  knowledge,  I  shall  not  have  'labored 
in  vain,  nor  spent  my  strength  for  naught.'  For  my  ability  to  prepare  this  lecture, 
I  am  indebted  to  studies  that  have  continued  through  more  than  twenty-five  years, 
during  which  I  have  laid  under  contribution  the  works  of  such  ancient  authors  as 
Sesostris,  Misraim,  Hermes,  Plato,  Zoroaster,  Socrates,  Pythagorus,  Solon,  Lycurgus, 
Alcibiades,  Homer,  Thales,  Orpheus,  Virgil,  Hyppocrates,  Pluche,  Proctus,  Heroditus, 
Claville,  and  Plutarch;  and  such  modern  ones  as  Rebolt,  Strait,  Macoy,  Ussar, 
Wilder,  Mackey,  Wake,  Westropp,.  Taylor,  Pierson,  Davies,  King,  Sanderson,  War- 
burton,  Oliver,  Pike,  Webb,  La  Plugeon,  Zosismus,  Pansanius,  Knight,  Rawlinson, 
Jablonski,  Champolion,  and  others,  and  Hieroglyphics — to  each  and  all  of  whom 
I  make  grateful  acknowledgements.  My  method  has  been  to  read  with  care,  make 
notes,  full,  free,  and  accurate;  then  compare,  collate,  and  arrange  data,  from 
which  to  deduce  facts  and  evolve  principles — thus  consolidating  and  digesting  all 
accessible  knowledge  and  learning  on  this  subject.  After  all  that,  I  have,  in  my 
own  language,  very  seldom  appropriating  a  phrase,  or  making  a  reference,  written 
my  discourse,  and  now  give  you  what  these  numerous  standard  authors  have 
taught  me,  together  with  my  deductions  therefrom.  Should  you  ask  me,  'Where 
did  you  find  this  or  that  fact,  or  idea/  I  should  probably  not  be  able  to  tell  you. 
Freemasonry,  not  only  in  the  substance  of  its  principles,  but  in  its  organized  form 
and  active  labor,  is  older  than  any  other  institution  now  existing  on  earth.  And 
that  its  honor  is  not  inferior  to  its  age,  is  attested  by  the  fact  that  the  princes 
and  rulers,  the  highest  and  the  noblest,  the  wisest  and  best  men  of  every  age,  have 
been  and  still  are  proud  to  be  able  to  say,  'I  am  a  Freemason,'  as  the  noble  Ro- 
man ever  was  to  say,  'I  am  a  Roman  citizen.'  Nor  was  the  latter  ever  a  more  sure 
protection  from  danger  or  potent  guaranty  of  favor,  than  the  former  from  remotest 
ages  has  been,  now  is,  and  to  the  end  of  time  will  be. 

ANTIQUITY. — I  have  referred  to  the  age  of  the  institution  of  Freemasonry,  as 
being  superior  to  that  of  any  other.  The  discovery  of  a  key  to  the  Egyptian 
Hieroglyphics  on  the  'Rosetta  stone,'  by  Champolion,  in  the  early  part  of  the  19th 
century,  has  opened  the  past  in  such  immensity  as  to  confound  the  most  learned 
Antiquarians,  and  to  challenge  the  faith  of  the  most  credulous.  Heroditus  says,  the 
secret  institution  of  Isis — which  the  Hieroglyphics  tell  us  was  the  real  origin  of 
.Masonic  mysteries — with  its  imposing  ceremonies,  made  its  appearance  simultan- 
eously with  the  organization  of  Egyptian  society,  and  the  birth  of  Egyptian  civili- 
zatioii.  Now  as  it  takes  about  100,000  years  for  Egypt — according  to  the  teaching  of 
her  Hieroglyphics — to  rise  from  primitive  barbarism  to  the  zenith  of  enlightened 
civilization  and  return  to  its  first  estate,  and  as  Egypt,  at  the  beginning  »f  Bible 
history,  had  been  twice  to  the  pinnacle  of  learning  and  art,  and  was,  for  the  third 
time  at  the  depth  of  degradation,  the  sublime  mysteries  of  Isis  must  have  been,  at 
that  time,  not  less  than  250,000  years  old.  With  this  state  of  facts  before  us,  we 
can  see  how  very  possible  was  the  account  which  has  hitherto  given  our  credence 
such  a  strain,  viz:  That  the  mysteries  were  carried  to  all  the  Oriental  nations, 
from  Egypt  to  India,  by  Brahma;  to  China  and  Japan  by  Buddah;  to  Persia,  by 
Zoradhust;  to  Greece,  by  Metampus;  to  Crete,  by  Minos;  to  Messene,  by  Cancan; 
to  Thebes,  by  Methapus ;  to  Athens,  by  Erectheus ;  to  Italy,  by  Palasgi ;  to  Gaul  and 
Britain  by  Gomer;  to  Mexico,  by  Yitzlipultzli;  to  Peru,  by  Manco  Capac;  and  to 
Judea,  by  Hiram  Abiff.  The  antiquity,  therefore,  is  established,  not  only  beyond 
doubt,  but  almost  beyond  belief.  How  strangely  this  contrasts  with  the  strange  con- 
clusion of  Prof.  Moses  Stuart,  of  Andover  Theological  Seminary,  who,  in  the  days 
of  the  great  Anti-Masonic  excitement,  on  account  of  his  superiority  as  an  Oriental 
scholar,  was  appointed  to  examine  into  and  report  upon  the  question  of  the  age 
of  the  institution  of  Free-Masonry.  After  several  months  of  profound  investiga- 
tion, he  came  forward,  and  looking  over  his  spectacles  'officially  reported'  to  his 
employers,  "Gentlemen,  I  assure  you  that  the  institution  of  Free-Masonry  has  no 
claims  to  antiquity."  (See  next  page.) 


560  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

Brethren,  that  Key,  on  that  'Rosetta  stone"  has,  through  the  unlocking  of  the 
Egyptian  Hieroglyphics,  opened  a  door  to,  and  given  us  a  view  of  the  past,  so  great 
that  it  was  reckoned  by  tens  of  thousands  of  years,  prior  to  the  utmost  stretch  «( 
Prof.  Stewart's  imaginings  in  the  direction  of  antiquity.  And  the  farther  border 
of  that  incomprehensible  vista,  we  trace  the  footsteps  of  our  unequaled  fraternity 
with  all  the  distinctness  of  the  most  modern  history. 

INITIATORY  DEGREE  25,000  YEARS  B.  C. — A  brief  description  of  some  of  the  initia- 
tory ceremonies  practiced  at  and  near  the  city  of  Memphis,  (which  was  then  the  prin- 
cipal seat  of  the  work)  25,000  years  B.  C.,  will  not  fail  of  interest.  (The  members 
of  the  'Mystic  Tie'  will  not  need  that  I  stop  to  explain,  others  present  will  not 
expect  me  to.)  The  candidate  satisfied  the  craft  that  he  was  worthy.  He  then 
spent  a  week  in  a  chamber  of  reflection,  with  a  light  diet  and  frequent  ablutions 
to  purify  his  blood.  He  then  entered  the  pyramid  in  the  night,  descended  the  nar- 
row way,  without  steps,  on  his  hands  and  knees,  until  he  passed  through  a  large 
room,  and  into  another,  on  the  walls  of  which,  he  read:  "The  mortal  who  shall 
travel  over  this  road  alone,  without  looking  behind,  be  punished  by  fire,  water,  and  air, 
without  complaint  or  fear  of  death,  shall  be  brought  again  to  the  light  of  day,  and 
be  prepared  to  receive  the  mysteries  of  the  God  Osiris."  At  this  moment  three 
Priests,  masked  with  heads  like  Jackalls,  and  armed  with  swords,  by  act  and  word, 
and  portrayal  of  awaiting  dangers,  still  further  tested  his  courage.  If  he  did  not  fal- 
ter, he  was  led  to  a  hall  of  fire,  where  were  a  burning  bush  and  other  material  all 
aflame,  through  which  he  had  need  to  hasten,  to  save  his  life.  Then  he  encountered 
a  stream  of  water  which  he  must  swim  across,  holding  in  one  hand  a  small  lamp, 
the  light  of  day  being  excluded.  He  landed  on  a  small  platform  which  gave  way. 
and  left  him  hanging  by  his  arms  over  a  dark  abyss ;  from  which  came  a  gust  of  cold 
air,  that  extinguished  his  lamp,  and  leu  him  in  total  darkness.  Thus  he  had  been 
tried  by  the  four  great  purifying  elements,  Air  and  Earth,  Fire  and  Water.  After  a 
few  moments  he  was  released  and  conducted  to  the  Sanctuary  of  Isis,  where,  under 
a  glow  of  light,  the  Priests  were  standing  in  two  ranks,  clad  in  ceremonial  ill 
singing  an  ode  of  welcome,  and  congratulated  him  on  his  courage  and  escape. 
On  the  walls  of  this  room  he  beheld  the  symbolical  representations  of  the  product- 
ive heat  of  the  sun,  the  ceaseless  duration  of  eternity,  and  the  reproductive  power 
of  nature.  He  was  then  led  to  the  altar,  and  obligated  to  reveal  what  he  had  thus 
far  learned,  to  no  one  who  had  not  had  like  experience.  He  was  then  lectured  by  an 
adept,  and  subjected  to  still  further  physical  trials  and  exercises,  not  so  much  to 
test,  as  to  augment  his  power  of  endurance.  This  done,  he  was  prepared  for  his 
recognition  as  a  completed  novitiate,  which  took  place  with  much  pomp  and  cere- 
mony, and  a  banquet,  at  which  certain  grave  questions  were  propounded  and  dis- 
cussed. After  this  he  was  again  led  to  the  altar  and  took  another  solemn  obligation 
of  perpetual  fealty  and  fraternity;  whereupon  he  was  clad  in  a  royal  robe,  con- 
ducted through  the  streets,  crowned  as  a  victor,  invested  with  the  insignia  of  the 
Order,  and  proclaimed  an  adept  in  the  sublime  mysteries,  and  was  henceforth 
consecrated  to  a  life  of  benevolence  and  virtue.  He  was  also  given  a  'new  name.' 
This  name  was  engraved  upon  a  'White  Stone,'  together  with  a  certain  mystic 
sign,  which  stone  he  was  expected  to  carry  with  him  wherever  he  went,  as  a  talis- 
man against  evil,  and  as  a  means  of  recognition  among  the  craft.  It  was  undoubted- 
ly to  this,  then  ancient  custom,  that  St.  John,  in  the  Apocalypse,  alludes,  when  he 
promises  a  'White  Stone'  and  a  'new  name'  to  'him  that  overcometh.'  At  a  later 
period,  the  tragedy  of  Osiris  was  added  to  the  initiatory  ceremonies;  giving  to  the 
initiate  some  of  the  most  solemn  and  impressive  lessons  ever  received  by  man; 
teaching,  and  illustrating  to  him  the  great  doctrines  of  death,  burial,  and  resur- 
rection of  every  one  who  had  attained  a  fidelity  and  fortitude  that  would  sooner 
suffer  death  than  forfeit  his  integrity. 

ANCIENT  SYMBOLISM. — As  a  study,  is  marvelously  rich  in  result;  and  at  times, 
tells  tales  not  exactly  to  a  fastidious  taste.  A  lady  in  any  walk  in  life,  from  the 
throne  to  the  kitchen,  regards  th£  ring  on  her  finger  or  bracelet  on  her  wrist  a  thing 
of  beauty;  and  so  it  is.  No  cultured  mind  can  fail  to  admire  it — and  happy  is  the 
wearer  in  her  ignorance  of  its  origin.  But,  my  lady  friend,  go  back  with  me  to  a 
period  6,000  years  before  the  earliest  Pharaoh  of  Egypt,  when  the  snake  worship- 
ers deafied  the  serpent,  and  of  his  body  made  a  ring,  by  putting  his  tail  in  his 
mlfuth,  and  declaring  the  circle  thus  made  to  be  the  emblem  of  eternity;  and  wore 
his  form  in  their  ears,  and  around  their  fingers,  wrists,  and  ankles,  and  then  tell 
me,  if  it  were  not  for  the  fact  that  your  ring  symbolizes  your  hope  of  an  endless 
life,  would  it  not  at  once  have  the  charm  of  its  beauty  merged  in  the  repulsive 
idea  of  the  snake?  And  yet  that  was  the  real  origin  of  your  elegant  ornament. 
*  *  *  We  are  far  more  nearly  allied  to  ancient  Egyptian  Symbolism  than  we  are 
accustomed  to  suspect.  A  case  in  point:  It  has  been  claimed  the  making  of  As- 
phaitum  floors  is  a  very  recent  invention.  And  yet  Rassam,  some  26  years  ago,  un- 
earthed an  Asphaltum  floor  in  every  essential  like  our  own,  in  a  room  of  a  burial  city 
on  the  Tigris,  so  old  that  when  Moses  wrote  our  earliest  history  it  was  an  unknown 
ruin." 

The  lecture  as  a  whole,  contains  nearly  one  hundred  pages  of  manuscript,  and 
required  nearly  two  hours  in  delivery;  it  is  purely  statistical,  and  should  be  heard 
in  its  entirety  to  be  appreciated. 


CONCLUSION. 

(Sec.  103.)  There  is  no  one  thing  known  in  the  world,  or 
in  ethereal  space  above  the  earth,  animate,  or  inanimate, 
that  so  many  (known)  sciences  have  to  be  brought  to  bear, 
or  consulted,  in  the  attempt  to  elucidate  its  origin  as  the 
'Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh,'  of  Lower  Egypt.  A  friend  who 
has  been  watching  the  progress  of  the  work  on  this  volume 
for  many  months,  asked  us  a  few  days  since:  "What  has 
astronomy,  higher  mathematics,  geography,  and  earth-- 
quakes got  to  do  with  the  construction  or  use  of  the  Great 
Pyramid  ? ' '  While  the  party  acknowledged  that  it  required 
an  extraordinary  intelligent  mind  in  the  person  of  its  archi- 
tect. In  reply  will  say:  (i.)  That  without  the  aid  of  as- 
tronomy, the  builders  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  would  not  have 
been  able  to  have  found  the  geographical  center  of  all  the 
land  of  the  earth ;  or  a  star  in  the  northern  heavens  to  look 
down  the  (present)  passage-way,  and  light  up  the  hidden 
recesses  of  that  greatest  of  all  buildings — nor,  the  distance 
to  that  Deific  orb,  the  sun,  that  practically  governs  the 
whole  universe. 

(2.)  Higher  Mathematics,  are  a  necessity  to  the  study 
and  thorough  understanding  of  astronomy;  and  without 
its  aid  there  would  have  been  no  'coffer,'  or  'King's 
Chamber,'  or,  even  a  (perfectly)  square  base  for  the  struc- 
true  in  question  to  stand  upon.  Which  silent  monitor 
speaks  in  unmistakable  (mathematical)  language. 

(3.)  Geography — -the  more  thorough  understanding  we 
possess  about  this  science,  the  easier  the  mysteries  of 
geology  will  unfold  the  formation  of  continents,  and 
mountain  building,  together  with  the  history  of  prehistoric 
races,  and  earthquakes. 

(4.)  Earthquakes — a  complete  and  comprehensive  theory 
of  the  phenomena  of  earth  disturbances,  tidal  waves,  and 
volcanic  activities,  by  the  builders  of  the  Great  Pyramid, 
was  what  caused  them  to  place  that  structure  where  it 
now  stands.  That  point  being  the  center  of  all  the  land 


36 


562  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZ  EH 

of  the  earth,  is  the  reason  why  'earth  disturbances' 
seldom  or  never  visit  it.  The  few  that  have  occurred  there 
in  the  last  2,000  years,  were  so  slight  that  they  were  not 
a  matter  of  record. 

THE  STORY  THAT  EARTHQUAKES  REVEAL. 

Taking  up  the  subject  of  earth  disturbances,  and  what 
they  reveal;  or,  more  particularly  to  expose  what  u'c  do  not 
know,  will  say:  water  seeping  down  from  the  surface  of  the 
land,  and  the  flows  of  the  oceans,  to  a  bed  of  perpetual 
molten  lava  in  the  center  of  the  earth;  that  is  not  over  500 
miles  below  the  surface  anywhere,  and  within  30  to  100 
miles  throughout  the  'torrid  zone.'  This  is  a  partial 
theory  for  there  being  more  of  such  disturbances  near  the 
'equator'  than  at  the  poles.  The  reason  for  the  molten 
portion  being  nearer  the  surface  in  the  'tropics,'  is:  that 
the  velocity  of  the  earth  turning  upon  its  axis,  from  west 
to  east  at  the  'equator,'  is  about  1042  miles  an  hour, 
against  practically  nothing  at  the  poles.  This  keeps  the 
crust  of  the  earth  worn  away  to  the  maximum  thinness. 
This  is  another  proof  that  terrestrial  gravity  does  not  extend 
down  to  the  center  of  the  earth.  If  it  does  extend  down 
to  the  center  of  the  globe  ( ?)  why  is  it,  that  the  'Mississippi 
river'  continues  to  flow  south  towards  the  equator,  when 
it  is  positively  known  that  the  mouth  of  said  river,  is  4 
miles  and  over,  farther  from  the  center  of  the  earth  than 
at  its  source  ( ?)  and  yet  that  river  has  a  little  over  3  inches 
fall  to  the  mile,  or  over  10,250  feet,  from  its  source  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

While  there  are  more  seismic  disturbances  throughout 
the  'torrid  zone'  than  in  the  'polar  regions';  there  are 
more  seismic  disturbances  in  the  'arctic'  than  in  the 
'antarctic  zone.' 

Our  theory  for  this  is:  pressure;  there  being  more 
land  surface  (above  water)  in  the  'north  frigid,'  than  in 
the  'south  frigid  zone.'  Weight  is  constantly  being  added 
to  the  north  frigid  zone  from  its  frozen  waters;  and  here 


THE  CONCLUSION  563 


we  will  indulge  in  another  theory,  that — when  the  ice  gathers 
there  in  sufficient  quantity,  the  earth  will  temporarily 
lose  its  polarity,  and  a  cataclysm  will  be  the  result. 

There  should  not  be  any  regularity  about  this  occurrence 
owing  to  planetary  interference,  so  it  is  liable  to  vary  from 
50,000  to  150,000  years. 

Most  'tidal  waves'  occur  in  the  tropics  and  are  supposed 
to  be  caused  by  eruptions  at  sea. 

The  'Pacific  Ocean,'  from  Alaska  to  Cape  Horn,  on 
on  the  west  side  of  North  and  South  America,  is  slightly 
higher  than  the  Atlantic,  on  the  east  side  of  these  same 
continents.  The  difference  in  the  elevation  is:  the  Pacific 
is  about  2  feet  higher  in  Panama  Bay,  at  Panama,  than  the 
Caribbean  Sea  on  the  Atlantic  is  at  Aspinwall.  The  waters 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean  at  high  tide  run  through  the  Straits 
of  Magellan  toward  the  Atlantic;  it  comes  to  a  standstill 
at  low  tide,  but  never  ebbs. 

//  there  is  an  underground  outlet  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
under  the  continent  of  North  America,  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
(and  we  think  there  is)  the  elevation  of  the  Pacific  mentioned 
above,  would  account  for  the  'Gulf  Stream'  both  for  its 
force  and  heat. 

Volcanoes: — if  it  were  not  for  the  1001  burning  moun- 
tains on  the  face  of  the  globe,  to  act  as  vent  holes,  in  re- 
leiving  the  great  force  of  molten  lava,  by  allowing  a  portion 
to  escape,  (that  produces  the  earthquakes)  the  earth  would 
split  open  every  day. 

All  continents  have  been  built  up  from  their  west 
coasts  (since  the  last  change  of  polarity)  and  sink  first 
from  their  east  coasts.  .But  the  changes  of  this  character, 
take  place  at  very  long  intervals,  by  what  we  recognize  as 
earthquakes.  However,  a  change  of  polarity  might  sink 
any  continent,  with  the  noted  exception  of  the  territory 
that  lies  within  a  circuit  of  100  miles,  (more  or  less)  of  the 
Great  Pyramid,  and  that  will  not  sink  in  the  next  250,000 
years.  (See  Part  I.  for  explanatory  theory  on  this  sub- 
ject.) 


564  THE  GREAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 

All  mountain  ranges  running  east  and  west,  are  older, 
(by  far)  than  those  running  north  and  south,  if  over  five 
miles  in  length.  And  all  mountain  ranges  running  north 
and  south,  extending  along  the  east  coast  of  each  continent, 
are  older  than  the  chains  of  mountains  running  north  and 
south,  extending  along  the  west  coast  of  each  cnotinent; 
where  500  miles  or  more  intervene  between  ranges. 

The  subject  of  the  formation  of  continents  is  too  exten- 
sive and  complex  to  treat — even  in  a  single  volume — much 
less  in  a  single  article. 

A  few  notes,  however,  giving  the  exceptions  to  all 
general  rules  on  this  subject — will  not  be  out  of  place  here. 
Viz: — Yucatan,  for  instance,  has  been  formed  at  (at  least) 
three  different  intervals;  the  eastern  portion  being  the 
oldest,  and  ranking  in  age  with  (a  portion  of)  Panama,  all 
of  Easter  Island,  and  Northern  Egypt.  While  the  western 
portion  of  Yucatan  is  second  in  age  of  formation,  and  we 
would  place  its  formation  to  date  with  all  the  principal 
territory  of  the  Central  American  states,  extending  from 
the  Isthmus  of  Tehauntepec,  east  to  the  western  boundary 
of  Panama.  And  the  northern  portion  of  Yucatan  still 
later  and  ranking  in  age  with  the  Isle  of  Cuba,  which  is 
older  than  Florida. 

Our  earth  disturbance  theory  may  still  further  be  eluci- 
dated, by  a  glance  at  the  map  of  the  principal  'mineral 
fields'  of  the  world.  Viz. — (we  have  reference  to  the 
precious  metals)  gold  and  silver  are  found  most  extensive- 
ly at  the  extreme  ends  or  edges  of  continents.  We  claim 
that  the  principal  depository  of  the  precious  or  heaviest 
metals,  are  at  or  near  the  center  of  the  earth,  in  a 
molten  state.  And  are  thrown  to  the  ends  of  continents, 
during  cataclysms  and 'polar  changes;  when  the  earth  is 
supposed  to  turn  around  in  less  time  than  the  atmosphere 
that  surrounds  it;  thereby  disrupting  the  continents.  We 
also  believe  that  there  are  other  metals  of  still  greater 
specific  gravity  (than  gold  and  silver)  in  a  molten  state, 
near  the  center  of  the  earth,  that  we  have  never  seen; 
they  being  too  heavy  to  be  forced  to  the  surface. 


THE  CONCLUSION  565 


Referring  again  to  the  subject  of  mountain  building,  will 
add :  that  the  popular  conception  is  that  mountain  chains  are 
due  to  the  folding  and  plication  of  strata;  "but  careful 
study  (say  the  great  lights  of  cyclopaedia  makers)  of  their 
structure  shows  that  these  are  but  accidents  of  structure 
in  no  way  essential  to  the  formation  of  mountains,  and 
sometimes  absent."  The  theories  of  De  Montlosier  and 
J.  P.  Lesley,  on  the  nature  and  origin  of  mountains  and 
valleys,  and  to  James  Hall  for  further  elucidation  and 
illustration  of  North  American  geology;  are  probably  the 
most  popular  and  best  received  of  all  writers  on  this  sub- 
ject. 

But  in  the  main,  or  principal  theories  of  these  gentle- 
men we  beg  to  differ. 

There  are  so  many  exceptions  to  their  theories  that  it 
would  take  a  volume  larger  than  this  one  we  here  present, 
to  combat  each,  even  with  a  passing  notice.  We  will 
indulge,  however,  with  a  few  exceptions:  viz. — in  the  State 
of  Pennsylvania,  the  principal  coal  measures — varying 
from  a  few  inches  to  140  feet  in  thickness — are  located 
underneath  their  highest  mountains.  One  of  the  most 
productive  coal  mines  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  is  located 
deep  down  beneath  a  level  plain.  And  the  most  productive 
and  most  extensive  coal  mine  in  Chile,  is  located  at  Lota, 
on  Coronell  Bay,  and  extends  under  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
The  entrance  to  which  is  on  made  land,  that  rose  up  during 
a  great  earthquake  in  the  early  part  of  the  last  century 
from  the  bottom  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Previous  to  which, 
this  spot  was  ten  miles  from  shore.  If  the  theory  of  the 
production  of  all  coal  measures  is  correct,  that  they  were 
produced  from  great  forests  of  timber  once  on  the  face  of 
the  earth;  wherein  are  the  theories  of  these  scientific 
gentlemen  to  be  taken  ? 

In  the  State  of  Utah,  there  is  a  small  mountain  of  'rock 
salt,'  that  can  be  quarried  out  like  stone;  and  yet  this 
elevation  is  entirely  covered  with  heavy  timber. 


566  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

The  question  of  the  geological  age  of  mountains  is 
twofold,  including,  first,  that  of  the  deposition  of  the  rocks 
of  which  they  are  composed,  and  second,  that  of  their 
uplifting  and  erosion.  Elie  de  Beaumont,  considering  only 
the  latter  question,  supposed  all  mountain  chains  having 
the  same  direction  on  the  earth's  surface  to  be  of  the  same 
age;  but  this  notion  is  no  longer  tenable,  since  a  great 
mountain  chain  such  as  the  Appalachians,  exhibits  con- 
siderable variations  in  different  parts  of  its  course,  from  a 
N.  and  S.  direction  in  parts  of  New  England  to  one  nearly 
east  and  west  in  other  parts  of  its  extension.  As  regards 
the  age  of  the  rocks  in  this  great  chain,  while  the  Green  and 
White  mountains,  the  Adirondacks,  and  the  Blue  Ridge 
are  eozoic,  the  Catskills,  the  Alleghanies,  the  Unaka,  and 
the  Cumberland  ranges  are  composed  of  paleozoic  sediments 
and  the  whole  Appalachian  system  was  not  uplifted  until 
after  the  deposition  of  the  coal  measures. 

ELECTRICITY  AND  NOT  DIRECT  HEAT  THAT  WE 
RECEIVE  FROM  THE  SUN. 

It  is  supposed  that  heat,  light  and  motion  are  component 
parts  of  each  other;  from  the  fact,  that  any  two  of  the 
'trio,'  produces  the  third.  But  we  do  not  know  (at  least, 
our  principal  scientists  do  not  know)  what  heat  is.  Why? 
Because  our  greatest  astronomers  say:  the  'sun'  is  hot. 
It  is  not-hot;  for  the  simple  reason  that  the  nearer  you 
approach  it  the  nearer  you  come  to  an  absolute  zero.  To 
test  it,  clime  to  the  top  of  any  mountain  over  three  miles 
in  altitude,  and  see  there  the  ice  and  perpetual  snow.  Or 
try  a  balloon  ascension  up  to  18,000  or  20,000  feet,  and 
then  say:  that  it  gets  warmer  as  you  appr6ach  the  sun. 
We  have  witnessed  both  of  these  experiences.  We  will 
put  your  query,  then  why  is  it  warmer  on  the  earth  in 
the  sun -shine  than  in  the  shade?  or  at  mid-day  than  at 
midnight?  We  will  attempt  the  solution.  It  is  an  electric 
condition;  but  what  is  electricity?  Aro  one  knows.  All 
we  can  attempt  to  do  with  it  is:  to  harness  this  invisible 


THE  CONCLUSION  567 


'Deific  substance,'  and  unilize  its  force  for  the  benefit 
of  mankind  where  power  and  light  are  needed.  We  desig- 
nate it  by  many  pet  names,  such  as  'upper  and  lower 
current,'  'hard  and  soft  side,'  'positive  and  negative 
poles,'  etc. 

For  the  lack  of  a  better  appellation,  we  will  use  the 
latter  terms.  Viz:  'positive'  and  'negative.'  And, 
after  naming  the  sun  as  the  depository  of  the  great  positive 
(force)  battery  of  the  Universe,  and  the  planets  that  sur- 
round it  as  the  depositories  of  the  negative  force,  we  will 
reason  with  you  why  the  sun  is  not  hot. 

(i.)  Because  it  contains  only  one  component  part  of 
heat,  'the  positive.'  And,  until  it  comes  in  contact  with 
its  opposite  force  'the  negative,'  it  is  perfectly  passive  as 
to  force,  light,  or  heat.  The  earth  as  a  negative  battery, 
(to  the  sun)  does  not  transmit  its  force  to  any  inanimate 
substance  upon  its  surface,  or  even  the  atmosphere;  and 
it  ceases  with  all  animate  creatures  in  proportion  as  their 
feet  are  taken  above  the  level  of  the  oceans.  (2.)  If  the 
sun  had  contained  real  heat,  instead  of  one  of  the  compo- 
nent parts  of  heat  it  would  have  been  burned  out  before  it 
had  been  in  position  six  months.  (3.)  Sunspots. — Did 
you  ever  look  at  the  sun  with  a  powerful  glass,  or  telescope 
when  (what  are  called)  sun-spots  were  forming?  and  if  so, 
within  one  hour  see  those  spots  increase  ffom  (apparently) 
the  size  of  your  thumb,  to  the  size  of  your  hand?  What 
does  it  convey  to  you  if  you  believe  with  the  mass  of  scien- 
tists that  solid  matter  is  being  destroyed?  Simply  this: 
that  when  you  first  saw  the  spot  (apparently)  the  size  of 
your  thumb,  it  was  a  chasm  5,000  miles  across  it,  and  at  the 
end  of  one  hour  it  had  increased  to  the  size  of  your  hand, 
or  was  over  185,000  miles  across  it.  Does  not  any  sane 
mathematician  know,  that  if  the  space  of  185,000  miles 
of  solid  matter  was  destroyed,  on  the  face  of  the  sun  to  any 
considerable  depth,  in  one  hour's  time,  that  it  would  cease 
to  exist  inside  of  a  year?  Furthermore,  the  combined 
heat  of  a  thousand  volcanoes  concentrated  into  one  spot 


568  THE  GREAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 

could  not  cremate  that  amount  of  solid  matter  in  one  hour's 
time. 

The  fact  that  the  sun  has  been  known  to  exist  for  several 
thousand  years,  is  evidence  that  solid  matter  is  not  destroy- 
ed. Then  what  is  destroyed?  Prof.  Mansill,  in  his  great 
work  'A  New  System  of  Universal  Natural  Science,' 
says:  "The  sun  is  not  hot,  but  is  covered  with  snow 
many  miles  in  depth;  and  it  is  this  substance  that  is  des- 
troyed, or  melted,  and  sent  up  in  vapor,  to  return  again  as 
light  snow,  without  any  rain  cloud,  when  cooled  off,  and 
the  sun  again  becoming  normal,  after  an  electrical  disturb- 
ance." 

Which  disturbance  is  caused  by  the  extra  (or  over 
balancing)  negative  force  thrown  towards  the  s'un,  at  a 
conjunction  of  planets,  while  passing  from  'perihelion  to 
aphelion'.  A  similar  disturbance  is  sometimes  produced 
(although  in  a  several  million  times  milder  form)  by  a 
thunder  and  lightning  storm  passing  over  some  high  eleva- 
tion where  an  electric  telegraph  line  extends  down  into  a 
valley;  the  extra  positive  current  in  this  case  wrecking  the 
plant — if  the  forces  are  not  separated  at  the  first  flash. 

AN  EPITOME  OF  MANSILL'S  UNIVERSAL  SYSTEM  OF  NAT- 
URAL SCIENCE   OR  THE   RECIPROCATION   OF 
MATTER  AND  THE  FORCES. 

"If  all  matter  was  evenly  diffused  through  space  there 
would  be  no  motion  of  matter.  But  we  find  the  matter 
collected  together  in  a  nucleus  as  sun  and  planets,  and 
these  present  a  system  of  motion  of  matter  through  matter. 
The  most  dense  bodies  move  through  space  and  matter 
with  the  greatest  velocity  in  proportion  to  their  densities. 
All  planets,  comets  and  satellites  go  through  a  reversible 
change  of  motion,  volume,  distance  and  density  at  their 
perihelions  and  aphelions  each  orbital  revolution;  this 
being  effected  through  reciprocating  electric  currents  or 
lines  that  exist  and  undulate  between  the  sun  and  planetary 
bodies,  and  which  currents  are  used  to  carry  on  these  planet- 


THE  CONCLUSION  569 

ary  changes  with.  These  changes  continue  from  perihelion 
to  aphelion  and  aphelion  to  perihelion  again,  and  are  in 
proportion  to  the  amount  of  ellipticity  in  their  several 
orbits — the  greater  the  ellipiticity  the  greater  are  the 
changes. 

All  bodies  move  through  space  in  proportion  to  their 
densities — those  most  dense  move  with  the  greatest  velo- 
cities on  the  average  in  proportion  to  their  densities.  All 
matter  composing  the  earth,  or  any  body  of  matter,  denser 
than  the  average  density,  promotes  its  motion  in  the  same 
proportion.  All  matter  of  less  than  the  mean  density 
helps  to  retard  its  motion  through  space  in  the  same  pro- 
portion. 

The  motion  is  the  equivolent  of  the  cohesive  mass — 
the  cohesiveness  is  the  equivolent  of  the  density  of  motion — 
or  by  this  dense  matter  is  held  cohered  together  and  balan- 
ced or  rides  on  a  cushion  of  motion.  (Or  hydrogen  at 
the  density  of  water  can  impel  a  motion  of  20,000  miles  an 
hour  through  space,  while  as  hydrogen  gas  it  could  only 
produce  a  motion  of  i^  miles  an  hour.  This  is  on  the 
principal  or  base  that  all  matter  moves  through  space  at 
the  average  of  20,000  miles  an  hour  for  each  one  time 
that  it  is  the  density  of  water  or  any  part  thereof.) 

The  heat  which  is  supposed  to  be  received  from  the  sun 
by  spontaneous  emission,  is  in  reality  the  electricity  un- 
dulating and  vibrating  between  the  earth,  the  sun  and 
every  other  kindred  or  solar  planet,  regulating  their  mo- 
tions, densities,  volumes  and  distances. 

The  earth  and  other  planets  consense  and  part  with 
electricity  to  the  sun  and  other  planetary  bodies  while 
passing  from  perihelion  to  aphelion.  The  earth  and 
other  planets  absorb  electricity  from  the  sun  and  planets 
as  they  expand  while  passing  from  aphelion  to  their  peri- 
helion. 

All  volatile  matter,  while  receiving  electricity,  expands 
and  moves  its  own  average  distance  farther  from  its  own 
center  also  from  the  sun,  and  it  has  a  tendencv  to  retard  its 


570  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

mean  motion;  while  this  is  reversed  when  matter  parts 
with  electricity,  it  then  condenses  and  has  a  tendency 
to  move  toward  its  own  center  and  the  sun  (or  center) 
and  increases  its  average  motion  power  in  the  same  pro- 
portion. 

It  is  when  the  planets  are  about  passing  their  perihe- 
lions,  aphelions,  inferior,  superior  and  longitudinal  con- 
junctions, or  anything  that  interrupts  these  electric  lines 
or  currents,  that  most  of  our  worst  earthly  meteorological 
disturbances  occur,  such  as  unusual  earthquakes,  volcanic 
eruptions,  great  storms  and  tornadoes  and  electric  ground 
currents  and  other  electric  phenomena — many  of  our 
epidemics  and  droughts  are  inaugurated  and  terminated 
also  excessive  rains — likewise  depressions  of  atmospheric 
temperature,  or  the  general  results  of  meteoric  irregulari- 
ties, etc.,  take  place  about  these  times. 

Matter  and  force  are  always  the  same  in  quantity,  but 
the  form  of  matter  changes. 

Kepler's  third  law  is  constructed  so  that  the  square  of 
the  periodic  times  of  the  planets  around  the  sun  are  pro- 
portional to  the  cube  of  their  mean  distances  from  the  sun . 
Kepler  also  found  that  the  planets  moved  in  eliptical 
orbits." 

DOES  THE  SUN'S  HEAT  REACH  THE  EARTH  AS  is 

SUPPOSED?     WE  SAY  No. 
[From  MansilVs  Almanac  for  ipoi.] 

"The  earth's  heat  does  not  come  from  the  sun's  cold  and 
zero  surface.  The  sun  does  not  radiate  heat  by  spon- 
taneous emmission.  The  earth's  heat  or  high  temperature 
as  maintained  about  the  tropics  does  not  come  direct  from 
the  sun,  but  is  produced  on  the  earth's  surface  by  and 
through  the  cold  electric  currents  undulating  between  the 
sun  and  earth's  atmosphere,  and  the  volatility  of  the  at- 
mosphere and  water  keeps  on  absorbing  this  cold  electricity 
and  expanding,  and  at  the  same  time  producing  a  chemi- 
cal effect  among  the  vapors  and  volatile  elements  of  the 


THE  CONCLUSION  571 


earth's  surface,  and  produces  or  generates  the  heat  or 
high  temperature  in  the  earth's  atmosphere.  The  water, 
or  vapor  of  the  atmosphere  possesses  a  powerful  electric 
absorbing  and  expanding  force  for  the  sun's  cold,  undula- 
ting electricity,  which  continues  to  permeate  and  re-per- 
meate the  atmosphere,  generating  heat  and  a  high  temper- 
ature in  the  earth's  atmosphere.  This  expansive  force  of 
the  water  or  vapors  is  seen  when  the  vapors  of  the  water 
are  condensed  into  rain  water  of  many  hundreds  of  tons 
to  the  square  mile  for  every  inch  of  rainfall.  While  the 
fluid  is  in  the  form  of  water  and  vapor  both  the  oxygen 
and  hydrogen  appear  to  have  a  strong  expanding  force 
but  when  the  vapor  moves  on  and  about  the  earth's  surface 
and  comes  in  contact  with  the  decomposing  and  germinating 
seeds,  the  oxygen  unites  with  the  carbon  and  other  elements 
forming  carbonic  acid  gas,  and  while  rising  with  a  part  of 
the  vapor  in  and  about  the  forest  and  trees  the  oxygen  now 
leaves  the  carbon  and  hydrogen  and  thus  leaves  carbon 
and  hydrogen  in  the  wood  of  trees  through  the  influence  of 
the  cold  undulating  electricity  acting  between  the  earth  and 
sun.  Therefore,  to  procure  the  carbon  again  we  must 
cut  down  the  timber,  construct  a  charcoal  pit  or  pile,  cover 
the  pile  of  wood  with  turf  sod,  soil  or  sand,  burn  the  pile 
to  drive  off  the  hydrogen  and  all  other  volatile  matter 
or  elements ;  this  leaves  tolerably  pure  carbon  in  the  shape 
of  charcoal. 

These  are  natural  and  chemical  processes  going  on  under 
the  tropic  and  in  the  temperate  zones.  If  we  go  toward 
or  near  the  poles  of  the  earth  we  come  in  contact  with  a 
cold  and  finally,  a  zero  temperature..  If  we  climb  a  moun- 
tain or  go  up  in  a  balloon  we  soon  strike  a  cold,  and  finally 
a  zero  temperature.  We  have  got  but  a  small  arc  in  which 
to  exist.  We  cannot  leave  the  face  of  this  earth  ten  miles 
at  any  time  or  anywhere  without  coming  in  contact  with 
a  zero  temperature.  The  highest  atmospheric  temperature 
on  the  face  of  the  earth  is  at  the  level  of  the  sea.  The 
temperature  diminishes  at  the  rate  of  about  15  degrees 


572  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

to  the  mile  going  toward  the  sun,  so  the  nearer  we  approach 
the  sun  the  colder  it  gets  until  we  reach  a  zero  temperature. 
This  being  the  case,  how  and  where  does  heat  and  high 
temperature  get  into  the  earth's  surface  from  the  sun's  heat? 
through  this  92,000,000  miles  of  zero  temperature, — or 
where  does  the  sun's  heat,  so-called;  commence  and  ter- 
minate, etc.?  Now,  gentlemen  philosophers,  I  would  very 
much  like  for  you  to  answer  these  questions  in  truth,  as 
it  would  save  me  a  great  deal  of  trouble,  as  I  am  somewhat 
interested  in  the  subject.  *  *  *  If  you  would  inform 
me  how  the  heat,  so-called,  from  the  sun  reaches  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth  through  92,000,000  miles  of  zero  space  or 
temperature,  I  should  like  it  very  much.  *  *  * 

There  is  but  little  matter  in  space,  therefore  there  is 
none  or  but  very  little  chemical  action  in  space.  As  there 
is  no  heat,  so-called,  where  there  is  no  matter  or  chemical 
action  going  on,  or  a  change  of  density  taking  place  among 
the  elements  of  matter — in  fact  there  is  no  heat  produced 
on  the  earth  until  the  cold  undulating  electricity  comes 
in  contact  with  and  permeates  the  earth's  atmosphere  and 
produces  chemical  action  and  a  change  of  density  among 
the  volatile  elements — the  water  and  its  vapors  and  the 
atmosphere;  then  the  highest  atmospheric  temperature 
is  generated  at  or  about  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  this  at- 
mospheric temperature,  as  above  said,  diminishes  every- 
where under  this  arc  at  about  the  rate  of  1 5  degrees  a  mile 
for  every  mile  that  we  leave  the  earth's  surface  going  to- 
wards the  sun — or  at  least  until  we  strike  or  come  in  contact 
with  a  zero  temperature;  therefore  there  can  be  but  little 
or  no  heat  in  cold,  zero  space,  or  yet  but  little  cheimcal 
action.  We  contend  that  there  cannot  be  any  heat  in 
space  where  there  is  but  little  matter,  or  chemical  action, 
or  change  of  density  going  on.  Therefore  as  above  said, 
we  cannot  anywhere  leave  the  surface  of  this  earth  ten 
miles  without  moving  into  a  zero  temperature,  even  if 
we  go  toward  the  sun.  Now  as  above  said,  if  some  one 
will  tell  us  how  the  heat  of  or  from  the  sun  gets  to  the  earth's 


THE  CONCLUSION  573 

surface  through  the  92,000,000  (or  exactly — 91,840,000) 
miles  of  space  and  a  zero  temperature,  and  below,  without 
getting  cooled  down  to  a  zero  temperature,  we  would  like 
very  much  to  know  it.  It  is  as  easy  for  the  cold  electricity 
to  move  from  the  sun  to  the  earth  and  planets  to  support 
their  chemical  changes  of  density — and  to  regulate  their 
volume,  density,  motions,  and  distances — and  elevate  or 
generate  a  moderate  atmospheric  temperature  in  the  earth's 
electric  absorbing  volatile  elements  about  the  earth's 
surface  as  it  is  for  cool  electricity  generated  at  a  power  house 
to  go  or  be  sent  to  trolley  cars  to  heat  them — and  furnish 
cold  electricity  to  heat  many  other  things — many  miles 
from  the  electric  machines  or  generators.  The  sun,  with- 
out a  doubt,  is  surrounded  by  a  zero  temperature  and  its 
outside  shell  is  composed  of  snow  and  ice,  but  we  believe, 
that  like  the  earth,  that  its  temperature  increases  and  that 
it  becomes  quite  warm  as  it  reaches  some  10,000  or  20,000 
miles  from  its  surface  towards  its  center,  which  center 
is  supposed  to  be  some  400,000  miles  or  more.  The  sun, 
in  this  condition,  could  last  and  perform  its  work  for  millions 
of  years,  to  supply  and  exchange  or  reciprocate  electricity 
to  and  with  the  planets  to  support  the  earth  and  planetary 
bodies,  changes  with  which,  if  it  were  a  fire  ball  as  it  is 
supposed  to  be,  it  would  not  last  30  days — the  whole  solar 
system  would  go,  where  I  do  not  know  nor  cannot  imagine. 
It  is  advocated  by  some  that  the  planet  Mars  is  inhabited 
by  human  beings.  This  is  very  doubtful,  for  Mars  has  to 
go  through  too  great  a  change  of  density  and  orbital  revo- 
lution from  perihelion  to  aphelion  and  from  aphelion  back 
to  perihelion  again,  as  there  is  about  26,000,000  miles  of 
ellipticity  in  its  orbit,  and  all  planets  go  through  a  change 
of  volume,  density  and  motions  each  orbital  revolution  in 
proportion  to  the  amount  of  ellipticity  in  their  orbits. 
There  might  be  a  low  class  of  animal  life  on  Mars,  such  as 
fishes  reptiles  and  insects  or  such  things  that  can  live  in  and 
about  water.  If  there  is  anything  like  human  beings 
living  on  any  planet  except  the  earth  it  is  Venus,  as  the 


574  THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

planet  Venus  has  the  least  ellipticity  in  its  orbit  of  any  other 
planet,  therefore  it  has  the  least  change  of  density  to  go 
through  of  any  other  known  planet;  hence  human  life 
could  exist  on  that  body." 

FINAL    CONCLUSIONS    THAT  OUR   WHOLE    SUBJECT 
REVEALS   REGARDING   THE   GREAT   PYRAMID. 

It  is  not  a  difficult  proposition  to  speculate  upon  any 
'mysterious  subject,'  that  but  few  people  have  investigated 
and  obtain  followers  for  the  theory.  But  a  mysterious 
subject  like  that  of  the  'Great  Pyramid,'  that  has  been 
before  the  intelligent  thinking  inhabitants  of  the  earth 
for  over  5,000  years  (that  we  have  history  for)  during  which 
period,  the  population  has  varied  in  numbers  from  a  few 
thousand,  to  1,555,000,000;  and  the  intelligence  has  ranked 
from  the  naked  nomadic  'Xcgrito'  of  the  Philippines,  to 
the  most  gifted  'scientist'  of  the  age — it  is  not  so  easy 
to  obtain  followers,  and  recognition  for  a  ncic  theory  re- 
garding it.  But  few  people  change  their  theories  of  life- 
long standing,  even  though  their  opinions  be  classed  by 
the  masses  as  purely  superstitious. 

The  Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh,  of  Lower  Egypt,  probably 
has  been  the  subject  of  more  speculation;  caused  more 
people  to  change  their  fixed  ideas;  and,  has  created  more 
doubts,  on  more  different  subjects,  than  all  other  visible 
mysteries  in  the  world  combined.  For  the  reasons  above 
expressed,  we  may  be  excused  for  our  effort — in  the  fore- 
going pages  to  demonstrate  an  entire  original  theory,  for 
the  construction  and  use  of  this  "First  Great  Wonder  of 
the  World." 

If  you  have  closely  scrutinized  what  we  have  presented 
for  your  eximination  in  the  preceding  sections  of  this  work, 
and  have  read  between  the  lines,  where  we  have  presented 
such  opportunity,  this  recapitulation  will  have  the  tendency 
to  refresh  your  memory.  As  many  people  make  a  tour 
of  the  world  in  eighty  days,  and  try  to  shade  that  by  a  few 
hours — to  such  this  condensed  statement  will  be  in  place. 


THE  CONCLUSION  575 


For,  they  have  no  time  to  listen  to  corroborative  evidence, 
but  upon  all  subjects  constitute  themselves  "Barrister, 
Judge  and  Jury."  However,  to  the  student  that  desires 
to  refresh  his  memory,  for  either  conversation  or  instruc- 
tion this  statement  will  not  be  out  of  place. 

In  the  endeavor  to  substantiate  our  theory  regarding 
this  "First  Great  Wonder  of  the  World"  we  have  diverged 
from  the  subject  of  Architecture  and  Building,  at  intervals, 
but  for  a  purpose. 

We  think  we  have  made  out  an  excusable  case,  for 
having  treated  at  some  length,  the  subjects  of  Astronomy, 
Mathematics,  and  Seismology  with  our  own  theory  for 
Earthquakes.  And,  also,  for  using  the  other  "six  wonders 
of  the  world"  constructed  by  man,  as  comparisons;  to- 
gether with  the  "Seven  Natural  Wonders  of  the  Earth." 

It  is  only  by  comparison,  illustration,  contrast,  etc., 
that  we  can  demonstrate  what  little  we  do  know. 

We  think,  however,  that  we  have  demonstrated  that 
through  the  aid  of  Astronomy,  Geography,  and  Mathema- 
tics, the  ancient  builders  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  found  the 
"center  of  all  the  land  of  the  earth,"  whereon  to  erect 
that  remarkable  structure;  and  through  the  aid  of  our 
"earthquake  theory,"  and  chronological  list  of  principal 
earth  disturbances,  for  nearly  2,000  years;  that  it  is  located 
upon  the  spot  of  least  vibration,  and  most  perfect  security 
from  future  destruction,  for  thousands  of  years  to  come. 
And  its  builders  knew  it. 

We  stated  at  the  outset  of  this  work  that  u'c  at  least 
believed  that  this  mysterious  structure  was  built  by  a  race 
of  people  that  preseeded  ours;  with  vastly  more  intelli- 
gence than  we  now  possess,  or  are  likely  to  attain  in  the 
next  one  hundred  years  to  come.  And  that  it  was  built 
for  an  "Initiatory  Asylum";  from  which  all  "secret  orders" 
of  today  are  partial  imitations.  (See  index  for  "Initiatory 
Degree"  in  the  Great  Pyramid."  And,  as  the  principal 
"Secret  organization"  of  men,  who  built  the  Great  Pyramid , 
ruled  the  whole  earth  at  the  time  of  its  erection ;  it  is  per- 


576  THE  GEEAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 

fectly  natural  that  they  should  have  dictated  an  "Inter- 
national code  of  weights  and  measures."  The  tables  of 
Pyramidal  Weights  and  Measures,  contained  in  this  work 
based  on  the  measurements  within  the  Great  Pyramid, 
stand  out  as  proof  of  our  theory  on  this  subject. 

As  the  principal  rulers  of  the  United  States,  Great 
Britain  and  Germany,  at  this  writing  (1907)  viz.,  President 
Theodore  Roosevelt,  King  Edward  VII.,  and  Emperor 
William  II.,  have  each  travelled  from  East  to  West,  and, 
therefore,  can  see  the  necessity  for  the  establishment  of  an 
International  code  of  "Weights  and  Measures";  and  King 
Edward  VII.,  is  in  the  position  (with  Egypt)  to  stop  any 
further  depredations  in  and  about  the  Great  Pyramid,  and 
to  suggest  the  repair  of  said  structure.  And  this  trio  of 
Illustrious  Rulers,  are  in  such  touch  with  the  balance  of  the 
civilized  world,  as  to  have  their  confidence  in  suggesting 
said  code.  There  are  a  number  of  men  of  wealth  that  could 
and  would  furnish  the  means  for  this  purpose;  but,  it  will 
require  the  consent  of  these  three  principal  nations  to 
inaugurate  a  starting  point.  Will  they  do  it? 

The  Great  Pyramid  Jeezeh  was  built  at  least  50,000 
years  ago;  and  more  likely  in  the  year  55,677  B.  C. ;  reason- 
ing from  the  standpoint— that  the  whole  race  of  people  that 
lived  at  the  time  the  Great  Pyramid  was  built,  were  anni- 
hilated later  by  a  cataclysm ;  and  as  no  cataclysm  has  taken 
place  (according  to  geology)  under  50,000  years,  we  think 
the  last  named  date  (55,677  B.  C.)  more  probable.  We 
believe  that  it  was  built  at  some  date  when  the  star — 
"a  Draconis,"  was  in  a  direct  line  with  the  "pole,"  and 
looked  straight  down  the  (present)  passage  way,  on  the 
north  side  of  the  building.  These  occurrances  only  take 
place  every  25,800  years;  the  last  occurrance,  and -the  only 
one  during  our  present  civilization,  was  in  2170  B.  C.; 
and  will  not  duplicate  its  position  until  the  year  23 ,630  A.  D . 

We  maintain  that  it  could  not  have  been  built  in  2170 
B.  C.  as  ignorance  and  superstition  pervaded  the  whole 
earth  at  that  period ;  and ,  there  has  as  yet  been  no  reasonable 


THE  CONCLUSION  577 


argument  produced  to  prove  Divine  assistance  to  its  Archi- 
tect, and  assistant  workmen,  at  that,  or  any  other  date 
during  our  civilization ;  as  claimed  by  several  Egyptological 
scholars.  Further,  we  claim  that  it  would  be  impossible  to 
duplicate  this  building,  in  its  entirety,  in  this  enlightened 
age,  by  the  combined  skill  and  intelligence  of  all  nations. 
For  one  reason  alone,  even  if  we  could  prepare  the  different 
parts,  we  could  not  place  them  in  their  present  (perfect) 
position,  by  any  known  process  in  this  enlightened  day, 
owing  to  their  immense  size  and  weight.  So  the  builders 
must  have  possessed  the  secret,  (lost  art)  of  "overcoming 
gravitation,"  or  its  equivolent,  for  this  purpose.  Further, 
we  could  not  prepare,  with  the  tools  at  our  command, 
many  of  the  hard  pieces  of  granite  that  are  in  position,  ow- 
ing to  their  extreme  delicacy  of  finish,  and  their  immense 
size  and  weight.  Our  finest  measuring  rods  fail  to  register 
the  same  result,  twice  hand-running,  in  the  hands  of  our 
most  skillful  mechanics,  on  a  building  the  size  of  the  Great 
Pyramid.  And  yet,  with  all  the  measurements  that  have 
been  made  in  and  around  this  building,  in  the  last  one 
thousand  years,  we  have  been  unable  to  prove  any  imper- 
fection in  its  perfectly  square  base . 

It  is  also  evident  that  its  passage  ways  and  chambers 
were  well  lighted,  by  some  process  of  reflected  light,  still 
unknown  to  us.  It  is  almost  positively  certain  that  it  was 
not  lit  up  by  lamps,  or  by  any  method  that  we  are  familiar 
with ;  for  there  is  no  evidence  of  any  place  whereon  to  hang 
or  sit  a  lamp,  and  no  receptacle  wherein  to  burn  any  illumin- 
ating substance. 

All  the  chambers  give  evidence  that  (when  they  were 
used)  they  were  prepared  for  perfect  ventilation ,  and  no  vit- 
iated or  impure  air  was  tolerated  by  those  ancient  builders. 

Does  this  not  demonstrate  that  this  building  was  not 
erected  by  an  ignorant  race  of  people? 

Is  there  a  more,  plausible  theory  than  the  one  we  have 
presented?  We  leave  this  portion  of  the  subject  with 
you.  And — so  mote  it  be. 

37 


578 


TIfE  GREAT  PYRAMID  .JEEZEIl 


Ant  ron o in y.  Astronomical  Symbols,  Elements  of  the  Solar 
System,  and  Theories  Regarding  the  Planets,  according 
to  the  Latest  and  Best  Authorities. 


EXPLANATIONS  OF  ASTRONOMICAL  SYMBOLS. 


Sun     - 
Moon 
Merci  ry 


-    O  Venus 


Earth  -    - 
Mars 


Jupiter   -    If.  Neptune      -     *  "Opposition 
Saturn    -    b^  Conjunction      o  Ascending  Node 
Uranus  -    J$  Quadrature       D  Descending  " 


The  eartn  enters  the  sign  <TP  (Aries)  each  year  about  Sept.  22d;  it  enters  8 
(Taunts)  Oct.  21st,  and  n  (Geminii)  Nov.  21st;  23  (Cancer)  Dec.  21st;  £~J,  (Leo)  Jan. 
20th;  Up  (Virgo)  Feb.  20th;  =~  (Libra)  March  20th;  T1\  (Scorpio)  April  20th;  J: 
(Sag/ttariix)  May  21st;  1£>  (Capricornut)  June  21st;  ri  (Aquarius)  July  21st;  }£ 
,  (Pisces)  Aug.  22d. 

TABLE  OF  SOME  OF  THE  ELEMENTS  OF  THE  SOLAR  SYSTEM. 


NAME  OF 
PLANET. 

Diameter 
in  miles. 

Axial  ro- 
tation. 

Velocity  in 
Orbit.     Miles 
per  hour. 

Greatest  distance 
from  the  sun  in 
miles. 

Least  distance 
from  the  sun  in 
miles. 

Sun  

852,584 

d.    li.    m. 

25      7    48 

Moon  

2,160 

27      7    43 

2273 

*  251,947 

*  225  719 

Mercury  

2,962 

h.    m.    s. 
24     5    30 

105,  33G 

42,66iJ,560 

28,110,716 

Venus>  

7,510 

23    21    23 

77  050 

66,585,947 

65,677  009 

Earth  

7,925 

23    56     4 

65,533 

92,965,489 

89,894  951 

Mars  

4,920 

24    37    23 

53,090 

152,i2xi,y:;Ci 

126,340,516 

Jupiter  

88,390 

9    55    21 

28744 

498,603  708 

452  78-  '  5:>0 

Saturn  

77,904 

10    29    17 

21,221 

921,105,027 

823,161  139 

Uranus  

33,024 

9    30      ? 

14,963 

1,835,700,825 

1,672,001  27S 

Nentnne  

36,620 

7 

11,958 

2,770,217,344 

2,722,325,120 

Mean  distance 

from  the 
sun  in  miles 


Variation  or  in- 
clination of  orbHs 
to  the  plane  of 
the  ecliptic. 


Siderial 
period. 


Synodic 
period. 


Deg.  Ion- 
gitude  as- 


Moon. 


Mercury..- 

Venus 

Earth 

Mars 

Jupiter 

Saturn 

Uranus 

Neptune 


*  238,833 

35,329,638 

66,131,478 

t  91 ,430,220 

139,312,226 

475,693,149 

872,134.583 

1,753,851,052 

2,746,271,232 


deg.  min.  sec. 
5       8       39 


0  46 

1  46 


62 
M 
88 
ISO 


Days. 
27.32 

87.96 

224.70 

365.25 

686.97 

4,332.58 

10,759.22 

30,686.82 

60,126.71 


Days. 
29.5 

115.« 


779.S 

398.8 

378 

369.7 

367.5 


74 
0 
48 
99 
112 


The  ecliptic  circle,  or  earth's  orbit,  is  divided  into  twelve  equal  parts  of  30 
degrees  each.  The  zodiac  is  also  divided  into  12  parts,  called  signs  of  the 
zodiac,  of  30  degrees  each  and  including  9  degrees  on  each  side  of  the  ecliptic; 
these  12  signs  of  30  degrees  each  constitute  the  360  degrees  of  all  celestial  circles, 
and  we  may  say  at  all  distances  from  the  center  of  the  sun.  The  planets 
traverse  around  this  circle  in  various  periods  of  time,  and  each  one  at  various 
distances  from  the  sun,  and  at  irregular  motions. 

Kepler's  third  law  is  constructed  so  that  the  square  of  the  periodic  times  of 
the  planets  around  the  sun  are  proportional  to  the  cube  of  their  mean  distances 
from  the  sun.  Kepler  also  found  that  the  planets  moved  in  elliptical  orbits. 

All  bodies  of  matter  move  through  space  in  proportion  to  their  density — those 
most  dense  move  with  the  greatest  velocities  on  the  average  in  proportion  to 
their  densities.  All  matter  composing  the  earth,  or  any  body  of  matter,  denser 
than  the  average  density,  promotes  its  motion  in  the  same  proportion.  All  mat- 
ter of  less  than  the  mean  density  helps  to  retard  its  motion  through  space  in  the 
same  proportion. 

The  motion  is  the  equivalent  of  the  cohesiveness — the  cohesiveness  is  the 
equivalent  of  the  density  and  motion — or  by  this  douse  matter  is  held  cohered 
together  and  balanced,  or  rides  on  a  cushion  of  motion. 

*  Distance  from  earth. 

fit  is  91, 840 ,000  accord  ing  to  Win.  Petrie,  C.  E.,  from  pyramidal  measurement. 


I  N  D  EX 


Abbreviations 421 

Abrasion  on  Coin   Shipped 509 

Absolute  Length  of  Base-side  of  Pyr. .  .  187 

Acre,  Hills  in  the  Area  of  an 433 

Acres,  Side  of  a  Square  Containing.  .  .  .433 

Acres  Squared  from  1  to  25 433 

Actual  Pyramid  Measures 264 

Age  of  the  Earth 149,  391 

Agnosticism 420 

Air  Chamber  of  Queen's  Chamber 400 

"   Weight    of 472 

Alexandria,  Pharos  of 84,  85 

Almanac  Old   and    New    Style 422 

Year   1   to  6000 422 

Alloy,  Amalgams,  etc.,  Denned 465 

of  English  and  French  Coin.... 513 

"      of  United  States  Coin 512 

Al  Mamoun's,  Caliph,  Discovery  of.  .  .  .396 

Alphabet,  The  Hebrew 221-223 

Alpha,  Ursae,  Minoris,  The  Pole  Star  of  .204 

A  Mean  Year. 256 

Analogy  of  John  Taylor  Tested 198 

"         Pyramidal  and  Solar 198 

Ancient  Animal  and  Human  Footprints  417 

Architecture  of  Egypt 66 

Freemasonry 559,  560 

"        Measures 540 

Money  (Not  Biblical) 540 

"        Rulers  of  Egypt .  49,  50 

"        Sculpture  of  Egypt 69 

"        Symbolism. 560 

Angle  Measure  of  Gr.  Pyr.  Defined  158,  380 

"      of  All  Egyptian  Pyramids 89 

Anodes  Defined 424 

Animal  and  Human  Footprints  in  Nev.  417 

Annual   Interest  Tables .525-530 

Answers  Sarcophagus  Theory 311 

Ansated  Cross  of  the  Egyptians .257 

Ante-Chamber   and    Upper   End   of   the 
Grand  Gallery,  Illustration  of.  ...    31 

Ante-Chamber  Granite  Symbolism 338 

Illustrations  of 31,  33 

Particulars  of.  .  .  .  .345,  357 
Hock  Used  In  ..  '.160,  357 
Symbolic  Hints  from..  .344 

Symbolisms  of 350-353 

Antiquity,  Scientists  of 559 

Aptitudes  of  Gr.  Pyr.,  Geographical.  .  .  .206 
Apothecaries  Signs  for  Formulas.  .  .  .      421 

Weight 435 

"       Metric 449,  458 

Arba  Vita,  Largest  Trees  in  the  World.  .414 

Archaeology  of   Egypt 70 

Architect,  Ancient,  Questioned.  ......  .351 

The  Deified,  More  About.  .  .  .201 

Architectural   Facts  of  Gr.  Pyr 410 

Area  Computations  by   Mr.   Parker.  .  .    235 

'     of  Great  Pyramid 159,  211 

Arc  Formulas 426 

Are,  Unit,  Surface  Measure  Metric.  ..  .445 

Ark  of  the  Covenant,  Illustrated 282 

Aristotle's  System 419 

Arithmetical   Progression  Defined 423 

Arrangements  Beforehand,   Extensive.  .343 

Assayers'   Gold  Weight 510 

Asteroids  and   Planets 144 

Astronomical  Symbols 578 

Astronomy  and  the  Solar  System.  .136-155 
of  Northern  Heavens,  Ills. .    47 


Astronomy  Transcendentalisms  of 383 

Atmosphere  Pressure  of  the 476 

Weights  of 466,  476 

Authorities  (28)  on  Coffer  Measure. .  .  .  .314 

Author's  Conclusions 561-577 

"         Masonic  Ancient 559 

"        Modern 559 

"         to  be  Studied  on  Gr.  Pyr..  .  .170 
Avoirdupois  and  Troy  W't,  Compared.  .434 

Axis,  Earth's  Polar 196 

' '       Vertical ,  And  N .  E .  Corner .  406 

Axial  Rotation  of  Planets 578 

Babylon,  Hanging  Gardens  of 78,  79 

Balls,  Cast  Iron  and  Lead,  Weight  of.  .504 

Barrel  of  Beef,  Pork,  Flour,  etc 461 

Barrels  and  Casks,  Capacity  of 488 

Base  Length  of  Different  Pyramids.  ...  194 

Base-side  Length,  Actual 187-189 

Beef  Dressed,  Weight  of 504 

Bells  of  the  World,  Weight  of. ... 466 

Belting,  Leather,  Measured 463 

Belts,   Horse  Power  of. 477 

Bible  Fisherman,   Notes  on 285 

Biblical  Deluge,  Dates  for 411,  412 

Money 540 

"       Weights  and  Measures 540 

Big  Tree  Grove  of  Calaveras  Co.,  Cal..  .  .414 

Billion  in   Roman  Numerals .  428 

Birth  of  Christ,  Authorities  for 296 

Board  Measure 498 

Boat  Oar,  Lumber  Contained  in  a 500 

Boiling  Points,  by  Altitudes 471 

of  Pure  Water.  ......  .471 

"        of  Substances 471 

Boss  on  the  Granite  Leaf,  1  inch  of .  .  .  .354 

Botany  of  Egypt 58 

Bottom  of  Coffer,  Thickness'  of. 331 

Brass  and  Copper  Wire,  Weight  of 507 

Brass,  Gold  and  Silver,  Thickness  of .  .  .  .508 

Brick,  Sizes  of,  etc.  - 463 

Burning  of  City  of  El  Fostat 309 

Builders  Arrangements  Beforehand ....  343 

Chips,  Where  Are  They? 191 

"          of  Great  Pyramid,  Supposed..  157 

Building  of  Gr.  Pyr.,  Dates  for 168,  201 

Bushels  in  Cubic  Contents 436 

"         Standard 436 

Cairo,  Egypt,  History  of 74-77 

Calculating,  Signs  Used  In 421 

Calaveras  Big  Tree  Grove 414,  415 

Calendar,   Perpetual 422 

Caliph  Al  Mamoun  Enters  Pyramid  303-308 

Canals  in  Operation  in  U.  S .558 

of  .the  World,  Depth  of. 557 

Cans,   Dimensions   of  Circular.  .  .  .485,  486 

Capacity  Measure  of  Coffer 325,   368 

Capacity  of  Barrels  and  Casks. ......  .488 

Carbon  First  Condensed 154 

Carat,  Weight  of. 510 

Carson   Prison  Footprints 417,  418 

Cascades  and  Waterfalls,  Height  of.  .  .  .532 

Casing  Stone  Material 211 

Preserved  Part  of  a 179 

Casing  Stones,  Angles  of 158 

Found 175 

Gr.  Pyr.  Illustrated...  21 
Remnants  of,  Illus.  ....    21 

Casks,  Capacity  of. 488-491 

"       Varieties  of  Shapes  of 488 


580 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Castings  and  Patterns  (Compared 463 

Cataclysm  and  Earthquake,  Unlike. . .  .  186 

"          The  Last 90,  95 

Cataracts  of  the  Nile,  Height  of 532 

Cement,  Portland,  Article  on. 465 

Cental,  Weight  of  a 461 

Centals  in  Cubic  Contents 436 

Center,  Earth's  Land,  Illustrated  ...  11 
Centigrade  Thermometer  Compared.. .  .377 

Cereals,  Bushels  of.  Weight  of 436 

Chambers  and  Passages  of  Pyr.,  Illus. .  .   25 

"          Other   New   Suggested 301 

Champollion  Discov's  Rosetta  Stone.  .409 
Changes  of  the  Seasons,  Illustrated.  ...  141 

Characters,  Mathematical 421 

Miscellaneous  Explained.. .  .421 
.Charcoal,  Weight  and  Measurements  of  .463 

Chemical  Elements  and  Symbols 540 

Cheops  Coffin,  Chips  of 336 

Chilean  Money,  Fineness  of 518 

Chimneys  and  Monuments,  Height  of.  .532 

China,  Weights  and  Measures  of 438 

Chinese  Copper  Coins 518 

Chips  of  the  Builders,  Where  are  the.  .191 
Chorography  of  Gr.  Pyr.,  Illustrated  13 

Christ,  Birth  of 296 

Christian  Era,  Authorities  on 296 

"      Date  of  the 296 

Cross,  Measure  Origin  of .  .  .  .257 

Christ,  Second  Coming  of 166 

Church  Spires,  Height  of 532 

Circle,  Areas  of  the. 492,  493 

"       Circumference  of  the 492,  493 

Diameter  of  the 492,  493 

Geometrically  Defined 156 

Measure  of  the 156 

"       of,  to  154  Decimals 156 

Quadrature  of  the,  by  Parker.  .219 

Circular  Day,  Length  of  a 254 

"        Measure 430 

Circumference  of  Circles 156,  492,  493 

Cisterns,  Capacity  of 484 

City  of  El  Fostat  Burned 309 

Climate  of  Egypt 54 

Club  Wheat,  Weight  of .436 

Coal  Measures,  Formation  of 95-98 

Coils,  Measures  of 463 

Coinage,  United  States 510-512 

"         U.  S.,  Mint  Charges  on 511 

Coins,  Foreign,  Value  of 520 

"       U.  S.,  First  Coined 512 

Coffer  Capacity,  What  Did  Tt  Prove?  337 

Measure  Authorities  (28) 314 

by  Simpson 363-366 

Measures  in  Detail 325 

Measure,  King's  Chamber..  158,  361 

Measure,  Review  of 315 

Measure,  Vyse  and  Greaves  on.  .317 

"       Theories,  Number  of 310 

Why  of  that  Size? 324 

Coffer's  Ledge,  The 327 

"        Lid,  The 335 

Outside,  Minuter  Details 328 

Columns,  Domes,  Towers,  Height  of .  .  .  .532 
Commercial  Ratio  of  Silver  to  Gold.  .  .  .522 
Compass,  Pyr.  Faces  all  4  Points  of .  .  .  .203 

Composition  of  Various  Rocks 153 

Mineral  Substances..  .541-555 

Compound  Proportion 423 

Compounds,  Familiar  Examples  of.  .  .  .556 

Conclusions,  Author's  Final 561-577 

Cone,   Definition  of  the 423 

Conic  Sections,  Definitions  of 423 

Construction  of  the  Great  Pyramid.  .  .  .261 


Construction  Hypothesis,  Illustrated  43 
Contents  of  Dif.  Chambers  in  Pyr.  Ins.  .407 

Continental  Areas,  Permanence  of 98 

Copper  Coins,  England  and  France.. .  .513 

Mint  Value  of 510 

Courses  of  Stone  in  King's  Chamber.  .  .341 

Covenant  of  Moses,  Ark  of 392 

Creation  and  the  Creator 146 

Creator  and  the  Creation 146 

Critics  on  the  Great  Sphinx 404-406 

Cross,  Ansated  Christian 257 

From  Cube,  Illustrated 259 

Crucified  Man  of  South  America 260 

Cube  and  Cross,  Illustration  of  the.... 259 

Cubical  Elements  of  the  Earth 372 

Cubic  Contents  of  Dif.  Chambers 407 

Diagonals  of  Coffer 334 

"       Feet  in  a  Ton  of  Hay 463 

"       Measure 432 

"       Measure  Metric 448,  452 

Cubit,  Length  of  a 461 

Curviform  Figures 424 

Cycle  of  a  Draconis  at  the  Pole    ..384-385 

Date  of  Erection  of  all  Pyramids 89 

Dates,  Old  and  New  Style 422 

Day  and  Year  Standard  Indicated  .  182,  183 

"     Length  of  Circular 254 

"  "  Sidereal 254 

"  "  Solar 254 

"      of  the  WTeek  of  Any  Date 422 

"       Rules  for  Finding..  .422 

Days  of  the  Week,  Origin  of  the 296 

Decimal,  Definition  of 423 

"          Parts  of  an  Inch 461 

"          Parts  of  a  Pound 461 

Decimals  (154)  Greatest  Expressed. ...  156 

Definition?,  Mathematical .423 

Definitions,  Familiar,  Untrue 239 

Degree  of  Heat  at  Which  Metals  Melt    .  379 

Deific  Architect,  Author  of 165 

"       Protection,  Why  Not? .325 

"       Theory,  The,  Combated 184 

Deified  Architect,  More  About  the.... 201 
Deity,  Name  of,  In  Various  Tongues.  .  .  .  360 

Deluge  of  Noah,  Biblical 411,412 

Density  and  Temperature 338 

Depository  of  Weights  and  Measures.  .169 
Descending  Passageway  Measure  of  271-273 
Deviations  of  Weights  of  U.  S.  Coins.  .  .  511 

Dialectic,  Transcendental 420 

Diameters,  Equatorial  and   Polar 270 

of  Circles 492,  493 

"  Several  of  the  Earth's 197 

Diamond.  Description  of 544 

Weight 510 

Diamonds,  Production  of,  in  U.  S 539 

Difference  in  Time  of  Cities 533 

Different  Thermometers  Compared.   ...377 

"          Metals  Melt 379,  471 

Discount  or  Rebate  Defined 423 

Djscoveries,    Recent,   in   Egypt 71 

Discovery  of  the  Rosetta  Stone 409 

Distances  bet.  Cities  of  the  U    S..  .534-538 

"         between    Sun    and    Planets ....  578 

Distance  to  the  Sun,  Pyramid.  .  .  .  199,  200 

Distillation  of  one  cord  of  Pitch  Pine    .499 

Dollar,   Origin   of  the 513 

Domes,  Spires  and  Towers,  Height  of.  .532 
Draconis,  a,  Date  at  the  Pole  of  .  168,  201 

Dram,  Avoirdupois 434 

Dry  Measure : 435 

Metric 449,  454,  455 


INDEX 


581 


Earth,  Age  of  the 149-152,  391 

"        and  Pyramid  Weighed 370 

"     World  Building 146 

Crust  of  the 150-152 

"        Linear  Elements  of  the 372 

The 139 

Earthquake,  At   San    Francisco,   Cal...l22 

at  Valparaiso,  Chile 125 

Most  Destructive 103 

"  Longest  Duration  of  an..  105 

Zone,  The 99 

Earthquakes  and  Cataclysms 90-95 

Unlike    186 

Authorities  on 102 

"  Localities  Free  From.  .   99 

Our  Theory  of 101 

Prof.  David  on..  .  . 99 

Prof.  Milne  on 100 

"  Records  of 103-136 

Since  17  A.  D 103-136 

Theory  of 99-102 

What  They  Reveal.  . .  .562 
Earth's  Density  Number  in  Gr.  Pyr..  .346 

Orbit,  Illustrated 141 

Polar  Axis 196,   197 

Satellite,  The  Moon 142 

"        Several  Diameters 197 

Easter  Isles  in  Mid-Pacific 260 

Eccentricities  of  the  Planets 146 

Ecliptic  System 137 

Effect  on  Substances  by  Heat 322 

Egypt,  Ancient  Architecture  of 66 

"         Sculpture  of 69 

"        Archaeology  of 70 

Botany  of 58 

Climate  of 54 

"        Discoveries  Recent  in 71 

Geology  of 59 

"        Government  of 61 

History  of 51-74 

Inhabitants  of 59 

Irrigation  of 54 

"        Minerology  of. 59 

Pyramids  of 17,  89,   157 

"        Oases  of 57 

Rulers  of 49,  50 

"        Topography  of 51 

Upper,  Illustrated 11 

"         Zoology  of 57 

Egyptian  Rulers  from  2717  B.  C 49,  50 

Egyptologists,  Chronology  of .409 

Egypt's  Meridian,  More  Land,  Less  Sea  207 
Electricity  and  Not  Direct  Heat  that  We 

Receive  from  the  Sun 566 

Electricity,  Measures  of 464 

Elements  of  the  Solar  System . 578 

"  Symbols  of 540 

Ellipse,  Explanation  of  an 423,  426 

Eminent  Men,  Sizes  of  Hats  Worn  by.  .466 

Engineer's  Measure 429 

Entrance  Into  Gr.  Pyr.,  first  known.. 303 
Passageway,  Notes  on.. 271-273 
to  Gr.  Pyramid,  Discussed..  .  .401 

"          to  Gr.  Pyramid,  Present 354 

to  Gr.  Pyramid,  The    Sphinx. 401 

Equatorial  and  Polar  Diameters 270 

Equivalents  of  Eng.  and  Fr.  Money  514-517 

Era,  Christian,   Date  of 296 

Errors  of  Travelers,  Manifest 340 

Esoteric  Explanation    of    Oliver.  .291-294 

Teaching  Limited 287-289 

Esotericism,   Not  Entirely   Lost 289 

Evidence   that   Parker's   Quadrature  of 
the  Circle  is  Right 240 


Evolution,  Definition  of 423 

Expansion  Defined      494 

of  Material 494 

Expenditure,  Annual,  per  Inhabitant..  .556 

Exterior  Measures  of  Gr.  Pyramid 209 

External  Measures  of  the  Coffer.  .329,  330 
Fahrenheit  Thermometer  Compared ....  377 
Falls  9f  Niagara,  5th  Natural  Wonder.  .416 

Familiar  Examples  of  Compounds 556 

Fats,  Constitution  of 556 

Faulty  Theory,   Prof.  Smyth's 390 

Fellowship,  Mathematically  Defined.  .  .  .423 

Fineness  of  Foreign  Coins 520 

"         of  U.  S.  Coins 512 

Fire  at  Baltimore,  Md 123 

.   "        Chicago,   111 123 

San  Francisco,  Cal 122 

Fires,  Greatest  Modern 122,   123 

First  Entrance  into  Gr.  Pyramid  Known  303 

Fishermen  of  the  Bible 285,  286 

Fish,  The  Symbol  of  the 285,  286 

Five  Point  Star,  Pyramid  of  a 291 

Fives  &  Tens,  Prominent  Pyr.  Numbers  192 

Flow  of  Water  Through  Nozzles 478 

Pipe 474 

Fluids,  Pressure  of  Inelastic 472 

Food,  Consumption  of 556 

How  Used  In  the  Body 556 

Materials,  Ingredients  of 556 

Supply  and  Cost  of 556 

Formulas  and  Propositions..  .426-428,  473 

in  Mensuration 426 

Fractional  Parts  of  an  Inch 461 

"          a  Pound 461 

Fraction,  Definition  of 423 

Freemasonry,  Ancient 559,  560 

Landmarks,  by  Oliver    .  .291 
French  Gramme,  Different  Weights  of.  .  195 

Friction  of  Water  in  Pipe 475 

Frustum,  Pedestal,  Pyramid  <fc  Wedge.  .500 

Future  nf  the  Great  Pyramid 412 

Gases,  Weight  of 472 

Gem  Stones  to  be  Found  in  the  U.  S..  .539 
Geographical  Aptitudes  of  Gr.  Pyr..  .206 

Geographical  Position,  of  Gr.  Pyr 204 

of  Gr.  Pyr.,  HIS.      11 

Geology  of  Egypt 59 

Geometrical  Definitions 424 

Progression  Defined 423 

Table 424 

Proportions  of  Gr.  Pyr.. ..167 

Germs  of  Life,  First  on  Earth 147 

Glazing 463 

God,   Name  of,  In  Various  Tongues.  .  .  .360 

Gold  and  Ivory  Statue  of  Jupiter 80 

Gold  and  Silver  Abrasion 509 

Coins,  Value  of 520 

Comparative  Value. . .  513 

"       "          "      Fineness  of 509 

IntheWorld 509 

"   Bullion,  Mint  Charges  on 511 

"  Coins,  United  States 512 

"  Mint  Value  of 510 

"   Pure  in  a  $20  Piece 512 

Government  of  Egypt 61 

Grades  of  Wheat,  Liverpool 436 

Grain,  Avoirdupois 432 

English  Quarter  of 436 

"        Origin  of 432 

"        Weight  of 436 

Grant,   Dr.,  Correct  Measures  of ..362 

Grant's,  Dr.  .1.  A.  S.,  Boss  Measure.  .  .  .354 

Gramme,   14  Methods  of  the 195,  458 

"          Metric 445,  458 


582 


Gramme,  Variations  in  Grains  of.  .  195,  458 

Grand  Canyon  of  Colorado  River 413 

Grand  Gallery  Measurements  of 356 

"        Pyramid  Inch  In.  .  .  .407 

"        Rock  Used  In..  160,  356 

Grand  Gallery's  Ramps  &  Ramp  Holes  407 

Granite  Leaf  Inch  Measure  of  the 353 

Location  of  the 160 

"     of  Ante-Chamber 345 

or  Limestone,  Gr't  Men  Differ.. 320 

or  Porphyry,  Which? 318 

"         Symbolisms  of  Ante-Chamber.  .338 

"        Where  It  Came  From 319 

Gravity  Denned 464 

Great  Pyramid,  Architectural  Facts... 410 

Authors  On 170 

Con.  History  of.  .  157,   160 

Correct  Name  of 157 

Construction  of 261 

Entered,  First  Time.  .303 
Entrance,  Present —  354 
Entrance,  Where  is  it?  401 
First  Great  Wonder  77 

Future  of  the 412 

Ground  Plan  of,  niUS..    19 

Jeezeh 86-88 

Length  Standard  of .  .  180 

Modern  Measures 314 

Numbers 192 

"  "          Weight  of 211,371 

Greaves,  Prof.  Sketch  of 316 

Visits  Great  Pyramid.. 309 

Greenwich,  Change  of  Latitude  at 205 

Gun  Barrels,  Proportion  of 465 

Hand,  Palm  Span,  Length  of 461 

Hanging  Gardens  of  Babylon 78 

Harlem  River  Ship  Canal 557 

Hats,  Sizes  Worn  by  Eminent  Men 466 

Hatters,  Measure 466 

Hay,  Measurement  of 463 

"      Ton,  Cubic  Feet  in 463 

Heat,  Component  Parts  of 566 

"       Effect  on  Substances  of 322 

From  the  Sun,  No  Direct 566 

"       Measure,  etc 464 

Through  Glass  by  Colors 471 

"  "      Transmission  of.  .471 

Hebrew  Alphabet,  The 221-223 

Hebrews,  First  4  Wonders  of  the ...  286,  287 

Hegel  and  Aristotle 420 

Height  of  all  Egyptian  Pyramids 89 

Heights  of  Stone  Structures 202 

Hills  in  the  Area  of  an  Acre 433 

History  of  Egypt 51-74 

"        Ancient 62 

"         of  Interior  of  Pyramid..  .  .  297-  302 

Holy  of  Holies,  Illustration  Of 282 

Horizontal  Passage,  Queen's  Chamber.  .358  [ 

Horse  Power  Denned 465 

"       of  Belts  and  Pulleys.  .  .  .477 

"        of  Water 478,  479 

Hose  (Stockings)  Length  of  Sizes  of.  . .  .466 
Human  Footprints  in  Carson  Prison.  .  .  .417 

Hydraulic  Pipe 480,  481 

Pressure,  Greatest 480,  481 

Hydraulics,   Notes  on 474-476 

Hydrogen  and  Oxygen 154 

Hyperbola,  Mathematically  Denned... 423 
H.  Vyse,  Supports  Taylor's  Theory.  .  .  .  176 

Idea,  Evolution  of  the 420 

Illustrated  Cross  from  a  Cube 259 

Inch  of  Great  Pyramid.  .  .    212 

Illustrations  of  Great  Pyramid 8-48 

"  Mathematical 39,  227-259 


Inaccuracy  of  Different  Measurements.  .  188 

Inch,  Fractional  Parts  of  an 461 

Measure  of  the  Granite  Leaf 353 

Miner's,  Different  Measures 476 

of  the  Gr.  Pyr.  Illustrated 212 

Ingredients   of   Food   Material 556 

Inhabitants  of  Egypt 59 

Initiatory  Degree  in  Gr.  Pyiamid..  .  .  .560 
Inside  Length  and  Breadth  of  Coffer.  .332 

Interest  Compound 531 

from  5  to  12  per  cent.  .  .  .525-530 
on  $1.  1  Day  to  20  Years  524-530 
on  >i  to  2  per  cent,  per  Month. 524 

Rules   for   Computing 523 

Interior  Measures  of  Gr.  Pyramid 354 

Internal  Measures  of  the  Coffer.  .  .  .  332,  333 

International  Length  Measures 376 

"  Weight  Measures 373 

Intoxicants  and  Tobacco  Consumption  .556 

Investigation  of  Circle  Ceases 290 

Involution,  Explanation  of 423 

Iron,  Cast  and  Wrought 494 

"      and  Lead  Balls,  Weight  of 504 

"         "    Steel  Plates,  Weight  of 505 

"         "         "    Rope,  Weight  of 508 

"         "         "    Wire,  Weight  of 506 

"      Weight  of 501-508 

Irregular  Bodies,  Contents  of 500 

Irrigation  of  Egypt 54 

Japanese  Money 518 

Weights  and  Measures 438 

Jewelers'  Gold  Weight 510 

John  Taylor's  Theory  Supported 176 

Jomard,  M.,  On  Coffer  Theory 312 

Jupiter,  Superior  Planet  of 144 

Kabbalistic   Description   of  King  Solo- 
mon's Temple 282-284 

Keys  of  Esotericism,   Are  They  Lost?.  .  .289 

King  Cheop's  Tomb,  Illustrated 45 

King  Solomon's  Temple 274-284 

King's  Chamber  Illustrations 35,  37 

In  Detail 349 

"  In  Feet  and  Inches.  .357 

"  "  Pyramid  Inches  In.  .407 

"  Rock   Used   In 160 

Standard  Measures. .  .  263 

"  Temperature 347 

"  "  Vibration  of 348 

Wall    Courses.  .  .339-341 

Kilo,  Weight  of  (Leather) 466 

Knot,  Nautical,  Length  of  a 429 

Knowledge  In  Symbolism  Still  Extant .   291 

Laths,  Sizes  of 463 

Latitude,  Test  of  Geog'l  Position  of.  .204 

"  Change   at    Greenwich 205 

Lead,  Weight  of 504 

Leather  Belting,  Measured  in  Rolls.  .  .  .463 

"         Weight,  Kilo  of 466 

Ledge,  The  Coffer's 327 

Legal  Tender  in  the  United  States 513 

"  "         "    U.  S.  Definition  of.  .513 

Legendre  and  Playfair,  Pi  Values  - . .      .236 

Length  Measures,  In  ternational 376 

Pyramedal 375 

"        of  Earth's  Polar  Axis 196,  197 

Unit  of 429 

Lid  of  the  Coffer 335 

Life,  First  Germs  of 147 

Light,  How  Did  They  Obtain,  For  Pyr.  342 

Principal  of,  Defined 464 

Lime,  Metallic  Base  of 154 

Linear  Elements  of  the  Earth 372 

"        Standard  of  the  Gr.  Pyramid.  .194 
Limestone,  or  Granite?  Men  Differ. ..  .320 


INDEX 


Limestone,  Reason  for  Using 323 

Limitation  of  Esoteric  Teaching 287 

Liquid  Measure 435 

"       Metric 448,  452,  453 

Liquids  Pressure  of 472 

Weight  &  Specific  Gravity  of.  .466 

Litre,     Metric 445 

Logarithms,  Mathematically  Defined..  .423 

Logic,  Hegel's 420 

Nature,  Mind 420 

Log  Measurement 496-497 

Logs,  Feet  of  Boards  Contained  in ....  496 

"       Measurement  of,  Standard 496 

Longitude  at  Each  Degree  of  Latitude .  .  533 

Time  of  Reckoning  of 430 

"  Zero  Meridian  of 206 

Long  Measure 429 

"       Metric 450 

Lumber,  Feet  in  a  Car-load  of 499 

Feet  in  a  Telegraph  Pole ....  500 

Measure 498-500 

"         Weight  of,  Green  or  Dry- ••    499 

Magnetic  Pole 431 

Mails  from  the  Pacific  Coast,  Time  of.  .538 

Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky 413 

Man  Power 476 

Mansill's  Universal  Forces 568 

Mars,  The  Superior  Planet  of 142 

Mariners'  Measure 429 

Masonic  Authors,  Ancient. 559 

Modern 559 

Masonic  Bodies,  Modern,  Have  Possessed 

Some  Keys  of  Esotericism 289 

Masonry  Courses    of   Great    Pyr..  .213-215 

"  Courses,     Thickness     of..  213-215 

Free,  25,000  Years  Ago.  .559,  560 

Material,  Strength  of,  Defined 465 

"          Used  in  the  Great  Pyramid.  .159 
Materials,  Expansion  and  Weight  of.. 499 

Tensile   Strength  of 494 

Mathematical  Definitions 423 

Definitions,  Untrue 239 

Investigators  Barred.  . .  .290 
"  Signs  and  Characters.. .  .421 

Terms  Defined 423 

"  Terms,  Order  of 423 

Mathematics,    Classification    of 419 

Mathematitions  Statements  LTntrue.  .  .  .239 

Matter,  Reciprocation  of 568 

Mausoleum,  or  Tomb  of  Mausolus 83 

Measure,  Circular 430 

Cubic 432 

"          Druggists'  Gallon 435 

Dry 435 

"          Hatters' 466 

Hosiers' 466 

Linear 429 

Liquid 435 

Log  and  Lumber 496-499 

Mariners' 429 

of  the  Circle 156 

Outside  of  Coffer..  .329,  330,  363 

Shoemakers 466 

Square   432 

Surveyors' 429 

Time 430 

Water 473-477 

Measurement  of  Lumber 496-499 

"  Telegraph  Pole .  500 

Water 473-477 

Measures  and  Weights   429-532 

Metric 444-458 

Miscellaneous..  .461 
"  "  "       of  India 444 


Measures  of  Coffer,  Pyr.  Inches 160 

of  Greaves  and  Vyse 317 

of  Great  Pyramid's  Exterior. 209 

Prof.  Smyth's  Ideal 262 

"  Pyramid  in  English  Feet  .      .270 

Source  of,  Part  II 216-296 

Measurements  in  King's  Chamber  349,  350 

Objected  to 172 

Mechanical  Powers 465 

Mechanics 464 

Medical  Gallon. 435 

Melting  Point  of  Alloys 379,  380,  471 

Different  Metals 379 

"          Fusible  Plugs 471 

Metals 379,  380,  471 

Substances 471 

Mensuration 424-428 

Merchandise,  Measurement  of 459,  460 

Ton  and  Car-load  of.  459,  460 

Mercury,  The  Inferior  Planet  of 138 

Meridian  of  Longitude  for  all  Egypt.  .  .  .206 
Metals,  Melting  Point  of .  .  .  .379,  380,  471 

Specific  Gravity  of 467 

Tensile  Strength  of 494 

Weight  of 501 

Metaphysical  Philosophy 420 

Metaphysics 420 

Metius,  Peter,  On  Quadrature 232,  233 

Metric  System 445-458 

Weights  and  Measures,  Cond.    .444 

Mexican  Coinage  of  Gold  &  Silver 519 

"          Weights  and  Measures.  .439,  440 

Mile,  Statute  and  Nautical 429 

Military   Pace 461 

Million  in  Roman  Numerals 428 

Milne's  Theory  of  Earthquakes 100 

Mind,  Hegel's  Idea  of  the 420 

"       Nature,  Logic 420 

Mineral  Matter  in  Food 556 

"         Substances,  Formation  of 153 

Minerals,  and  Their  Substances.  .  .541-555 

Composition  of 541-555 

Every  Variety  of. . 555 

New  Species  of 555 

"          Supplemental  List  of. ......    555 

Symbols  of 540 

Weight  &  Specific  Gravity  of .  .466 

Minerology    of    Egypt 59 

Miner's  Inch  of  Water 474,  476,  477 

"  "  "     Dif.  Go's 476 

"  "     Illustrated 476 

"     In  S.Calif 474 

"         Inches  in  Gallons 474 

Mint  Charges  for  Coining .511 

"      Regulations  of  the  U.  S 511 

"      Weight 433 

Minuter  Details  of  Coffer  Outside 328 

Miracle  of  Fishing  in  the  Jordan 285 

Miscellaneous  Weights  and  Measures.  .461 

Modern  Knowledge    in    Symbolism.  ...  291 

"         Measures  of  Great  Pyramid.  .  .  .314 

Molten  Sea  of  King  Solomon 393 

Money,  English  and  French 513 

"         Foreign 520 

"         U.  S.,  and  in  Circulation 512 

Why  Not  Pyramid 382,  383 

Monoliths,  &  Monuments,  Height  of.  ...  532 
Monthly  Interest  Tables,  Vi  to  2  per  cent  524 

Months  of  the  Year,  Origin  of 296 

Monuments  &  Chimneys,  Height  of.  .  .  .532 

Moon,  The  Earth's  Satellite 142 

More  Earth,  Less  Sea,  in  That  Meridian  207 
Moses,  Ark  of  the  Covenant.of 392 


584 


THE  GREAT  PYEAMID  JEEZEH 


Morter,  Best  Made 465 

Muir,  C.,  On  Vertical  Axis  of  Gr.  Pyr..  .406 

Myer's  Quadrature  of  Circle,  etc 284 

Mysticism 420 

Nails,  Number  of,  in  a  Pound 461,  462 

Name  of  Deity  in  Various  Tongues ....  360 

Nature,  Divisions  in 420 

"  Says  Parker  is  R ight. .  . 240 

Natures  Tone  in  King's  Chamber 348 

Nautical  Mile,  Length  of  a 429 

Neptune,  Superior  Planet  of 145 

Niagara  Falls,  5th  Wonder 416 

Nile  River,  Cataracts  of,  Height  of 532 

Nitrogen,  Description  of 548 

Noachian  Deluge  of  the  Bible 411,  412 

Northern  Heavens,  Illustrated 47 

Notation  and  Numerals 428 

Number  (6)  Six  As  a  Factor 265-270 

Numbers,  Reference  to  Gr.  Pyramid's.  .  192 

Numerals  or  Notation 428 

Oases  of  Egypt 57 

Objectors,  Pyramid  Answered 173,  174 

"  to  Measurements 172 

"  "  Ans'd  173,  174 

Observatories,  Thermometers  of 3^6 

Old  and  New  Style  Explained 422 

Oliver's  Emblem,  Explanation  of.  .291-294 

Only  Real  Pyramid 161-172 

Orientation  of  Sides  of  Gr.  Pyramid ....  203 

Orthography  for  Name  of  Gr.  Pyr 157 

Other  Chambers  in  the  Gr.  Pyramid.  .301 

"  Pyramids,  Purposes  of 87,  88 

Outside  Measure  of  Coffer.  .  .  .329,  330,  363 
Oxygen  and  Hydrogen,  Description  of.  .  154 

Pace  and  Palm 461 

Panama  Canal,  Facts  Regarding 557 

Parker  Is  Right,  Nature  Says 240 

Parker's  Quadrature  Construction 217 

Passage  System  of  Gr.  Pyr.,  mus 25 

Passageway  (So-called)  Measure  of  271-273 

Part  III.,  Interior  of  the  Pyramid 297 

Part  II.,  Source  of  Measures,  etc.  .216-295 

Patterns  and  Castings  Compared 463 

Pedestal  or  Frustum,  Feet  in 500 

Pendulum,  Length  of 429 

Pendulums,  Different  Vibrations  of .  . .  .430 

Pentapla  as  a  Pyramid 291 

Permenance  of  Continental  Areas 98 

Permutation,  Definition  of 423 

Perpetuities,  Definition  of 423 

Pharos  of  Alexandria 84,  85 

Philosophy 420 

Physical  Science 419 

Physics,  Divisions  of 419 

Piazzi  Smyth  and  Prof.  Taylor  Agree.  .177 
"Pi"  Carried  to  154  Decimals 156 

"  Measure  Values 181,  182 

Standard  of  the  Gr.  Pyramid.. .  .181 

"  Values  of  Legendre  and  Play  fair.  .236 

Pipe,  Flow  of  Water  Through 474 

Pjpes,  Capacity  of 488-491 

Pistons,  Water  and  Steam 475 

Planetoids  or  Asteroids 144,  578 

Planets,  Eccentricities  of 146,  431 

Planetary  Symbols 578 

Theory 578 

Planet  Jupiter,  Facts  Concerning 144 


Mars, 

Mercury, 

Neptune, 

Saturn, 
The  Earth, 
Uranus. 


.142 
.138 

145 

144 

139 

145 


Planet  Venus,  Facts  Concerning 139 

Planets,  Asteroids,  etc.. 431,  578 

Days,   Distances,   Diameters.  .431 

Diameters  of 578 

"         Distances  from  the  Earth.  .  .  .431 

The  Theory  of 137-146,  578 

Plastering,   Facts  Regarding 463 

Playfair  &  Legendre,  Pi  Values  of 236 

Playfair's  Method,  Curious  Feature  of.  .236 

Polar  Axis,  Length  of  Earth's 196-197 

"      and   Equatorial  Diameters 270 

Pole  Star,  Alpha  Ursa  Minoris 204 

"  Cycle  of 384,  385 

Polygons  Defined 425 

Sides  and  Area  of 427 

"          Table  of 427 

Polyhedrons 425,  428 

Tables  on 428 

Population  of  Egypt 59 

Porphyry  or  Granite,  Which?.. 318 

Portland  Cement 465 

Position  Mathematically  Explained.  ..  .423 

of  Coffer  in  King's  Chamber    .  366 

"         of  the  Great  Pyramid.  .  .  .  157,  209 

Positiveism 419 

Pound,  Decimal  Parts  of  a 461 

"        Weights  of  the  World .  373 

Power,  Man  and  Horse 476 

Practical  Application  of  Coffer 367 

Precious  Stones  Found  in  U.  S 539 

Pressure  and  Specific  Gravities 369 

Printing,  Reference  Signs  in 421 

Probability  Defined 423 

Problem  of  Three  Revolving  Bodies  242-256 

Properties  of  Numbers  Defined 42.S 

Propositions  and   Formulas. 420.  47^ 

in  Mensuration 426,  473 

Province  of  Ritualism .294,  295 

Pulleys,  Horse  Power  of 477 

Puncheons,  Capacity  of 488-491 

Purpose  of  All  Other  Pyramids          87,  90 

"         of  the  Coffer 324 

Pyramidal  Length  Measures 375 

Numbers  Noted. 193 

Pyramid  Angle  Measure. 380,  381 

As  Seen  in  822  A.  D.,  Illus. .  .    48 

"          and  Solar  Analogy 198 

"          and  English  Linear  Measure.  .375 

Capacity  Measure 368 

"          Contents  of 500 

Entered,  First  Account  of.  .  .  .303 
"          Entrance  Discussion  on..          401 

"         Illustrated 23 

"          Future  of   the   Great 412 

Inch  Illustrated 212 

Measures  Variation  of 264 

"          in  Egypt. ......        270 

Money,  Why  Not?...  ..  .382,  383 

of  Five  Point  Star 291 

"         Orientation  of  the 203 

"          Other  Chambers  of 395 

Star  Calculations 386,  387 

Sun  Distance  of 199 

The  Only  Real 161 

Thermometer  Compared 377 

System  Specific  Gravities.  ..  .370 

Weight  Measure 368 

Weights  and  Measures.  .158,  212 
Pyramid's  Base    Length,    Different ....  194 

Builders  of 157 

Dates  of  Building  the 89 

Exterior  Measures 209,  212 

"  Height  by  Courses 213-215 


INDEX 


585 


Pyramid's  Interior  History 297-302 

Linear  Elements 371 

"        Standard 194 

Names  of  the  38 89 

"  of  Egypt,  All  of  the 89 

"          of  Egypt,  All  Illustrated  .   17 
On  Jeezeh  Hill,  Illustrated     15 

Quadrangles 425 

Quadrature  Construction  by  Parker... 217 

of  Circle,  etc.,  by  Myers.. 284 

Illustrated  224-232 

by  Parker  219,  224 

of  Peter  Metius 232,  233 

Reflections  On,  by  Parker  233 

Quarter,  English  Grain 436 

Quartz.  Composition  of 152,  550 

Queen's  Chamber,  Air  Channels .400 

"  Horizontal  Passage  358 

In  Or.  Pyr.,  lUUS..  .    29 

Once  Concealed  397-399 

"  Pyramid  Inches  In  407 

"  "  Rock  Contained  In  ..358 

Quintal,  Weight  of  a 461 

Radium,   Notes  on 555 

Ramp  Stone  of  Gr.  Pyr.,  Illustrated  27 
Ramps  and  Ramp  Holes,  Grand  Gallery  407 
Raum,  Geo.  E.,  Sphinx  Investigator . 406 

Reaumer  Thermometer  Compared 377 

Reason  for  Using  Limestone 323 

Reciprocal,  Mathematically  Defined.  .  .  .423 

Red  Paint  Marks  Explained 162,   163 

Reference  Signs  in  Printing 421 

Reflections  on  Quadrature  by  Parker.  .233 

Reply   to  Sarcophagus  Theory 311 

Research,  Mathematical,  Hooted  Down  290 

Reservoirs,  Capacity  of 482 

of  Circular 484 

Review  of  Coffer  Measure 315 

Revolving  Bodies,  Parker's  View  243-252 
"         Problem  of  Three.  .242 

Rhoades,  Colossus  of 85-86 

Ritualism,   Province  of 294,  295 

Rocking  Stone  of  Truckee,  Cal 417 

Rocks  and  Strata,  Composition  of 152 

Rocks,    Composition    of 153 

Rock,  The  First  Formed 154 

Rolls  and  Coils  Measured 463 

Roman  Catholic  Church  Has  Possessed 

Esoteric  Keys 289 

Roman   Numerals,  Tables  of 428 

Rope,  Wire  and  Hemp,  Strength  of..  .508 
Royal  Societies  Refuse  an  Audience. .  .  290 

Rosetta  Stone,  Discovery  of. 409 

Rule  of  Three,  Definition  of 423 

Rulers  of  Egypt,  From  2717  B.  C..  .49,  50 

Salt,  Varities  and  Composition  of 551 

Sarcophagus  Theory  Exploded 311 

of  Coffer.  .  .    311,  334 

"        of  Lid  of 326 

San  Francisco,  Earthquake  of  1896  at.  .  122 

Saturn,  Superior  Planet  of 144 

Scales  and  Balances 465 

and  Thermometers 376,  377 

Sciences,  Classification  of 419 

Seasons,  Changes  of  The,  (See  Cut)  ..141 

Seismograph,  Longest  Record  by 128 

Seven  Natural  Wonders  of  the  World  413 
Wonders  Bv  Hand  of  Man     77-86 

Shape   of   Material 210,  211 

Shoemakers'  Measure 4fi6 

Siderial  Day,  Length  of 254 

Lunation 256 

Signs  Mathematical  and  Miscellaneous  421 
of  the  Zodiac 141,  578 


Signs  Used  in  Reading  and  Writing.  .  .  .421 

Silver  and  Gold  in  the  World 509 

Coins,  Foreign 518-520 

Commercial  Ratio  of 521 

Highest  and  Lowest  Reached ....  521 
In  a  Dollar,  From  80c  per  oz.  up  522 

to  Gold,  Ratio  of 521 

Value  in  a  Silver  Dollar 522 

Simpson's  Coffer  Measure 363-366 

Six  As  a  Factor  Number 265-270 

Sixth  and  Seventh  Natural  Wonders.  .417 

Size  of  the  Great  Pyramid 371 

Sizes  of  Hat  and  Hose 466 

Skinner,  on  Source  of  Measures .216 

Slate,  Square  of 464 

"       Composition  of 552 

Smith,  Prof.  H.  L.,  Discoveries  of 399 

Smyth,  Prof.  P.,  on  King's  Chamber 349 

"  Theory  Faulty 390 

Sockets  Found,  The  Original 171 

Solar  Analogy,  Pyramid  and 198 

"      Day,  Length  of  a 254 

"      System 136-155 

"      Astronomy  of  the..  .  .136-146 

"      Elements  of  the 141,  578 

"      Lunation 256 

"      Year.... 256 

Solid  Measure. . 432 

Solids 425 

Solomon's  Molten  Sea 393-395 

Temple,  King 274-284 

Sound,  Description  of 472 

Source  of  Measures,  Part  H 216-296 

Specific  Gravities 369,  370 

"         Gravity,  Dif.  Materials 466 

Sphinx,  Description  of  the 403-406 

"        Has  At  Least  1  Investigator . .  406 

Spires  and  Domes,  Height  of 532 

Square  Acres,  Length  of  Side  of '433 

Measure 432,  447 

"        Root  of  Two,  By  Myers 284 

Standard  Measures  of  King's  Chamber .  .  263 

"          of  Length  Employed 180 

Star  a  Draconis,  Cycle  of 384,  385 

Stars  Cross  the  Pole,  Dates  of 386,  387 

Statute  of  Jupiter,  By  Phidias 80,  81 

Statute  Mile,  Feet  in  a 429 

Stones  in  the  King's  Chamber 341 

Stone  Structures,  Heights  of 202 

Story  That  Earthquakes  Reveal 562 

Submersions   of  Carboniferous   Age.  ...    93 

Subterranean  Chamber,  Size  of 160 

"  "  Unfinished 355 

Style-  Old  and  New 422 

Suez  Canal,  Statistics  of .  .          557 


Sun,  Article  on  the 136 

"      Distance,  Pyramid  Measure  of.  ..199 

"      Is  It  Hot? 137,  566 

"     Is  Not  Hot,  But  Ice  Cold 566 

"     Sends  Out  No  Direct  Heat 566 

Sun's  Heat,  Does  It  Reach  the  Earth?.  .570 

Surface  Measure,  Lineal 373,  429 

Surveyors'  Measure 429 

Symbolic  Hints  from  Ante-Chamber.  .  .  .344 

Symbolism,  Modern  Knowledge  in 291 

Symbolisms  of  the  Ante-Chamber.  .350-353 

Symbols,  Astronomical. . 578 

"          of  Elements 540 

"          of  Planets 578 

Svstem  of  Angle  Measures 380,  381 

Table  of  All  Pyramids  in  Egypt 89 

Tacks  In  a  Pound,  Number  of 461 

Tael,   Haikwan,  of  China 518,  520 

Tauri  (of  the  Pleiades)  in  2248  B.  C..  .387 


586 


THE  GREAT  PYRAMID  JEEZEH 


Taylor's,  John,  Theory  Supportedl76,  177 

Coffer  Theory  Examined 313 

Temperature  Corrections  Shown 346 

and  Density 338 

of  the  King's  Chamber.  . .  .  347 
Tropical  &  Polar,  Why  97,  570 

Telegraph  Pole,  Feet  in  a 500 

Tellurium,  Composition  of 553 

Temperatures  and  Pressures 369,  370 

Temple  of  Diana  of  the  Ephesians.  .81,  82 

King  Solomon 274-284 

Tensile  Strength  of  Material 494 

Testing  of  John  Taylor's  Analogy 198 

The  Hebrew  Alphabet 221-223 

Theories  of  Travelers,  Much  Mixed 339 

Theory  of  a  Deified  Architect  Ans'd.  .184 

"          John  Taylor 312 

Thermometers  and  Their  Scales..  376,  377 

at  Observatories 346 

Different,Compared.l58,  377 

The  Source  of  Measures 216-295 

'      Sphinx,  Description  of 403-406 

Well  of  Limestone 359 

Thickness  of  Bottom  of  Coffer 331 

Three  Revolving  Bodies,  Problem  of .  .  .  .242 

Tidal  Waves  and  Earthquakes 103-136 

Tides  and  Waves 431 

Timber,  Lumber,  Trees 495 

Strength  of .  494,  495 

"         Weight  of,  Green  or  Dry 499 

Time  Has  Not  Affected  Great  Pyramid .  .  185 

Tomb  of  King  Cheops,  Illustrated. .    .    45 

"          Mausolus,  King  of  Caria.  ...    83 

Ton  of  Merchandise 459 

Topography  of  Egypt 51 

Tourmaline,  Composition  of 553 

Towers  and  Domes,  Height  of 532 

Transcendentalism 420 

Transcendentalisms  of  Astronomy. .  .  .  .383 
Travellers'   Errors  Made  Manifest.. .  .  .  .340 

Triangles  Defined 424 

Trowel  Face,  The  Pyramidal 273 

Troy  Weight 433 

"      and  Avoirdupois  Comp'd.  .434 

"       Orign  of 432 

Truckee  Rocking  Stone,  6th  Wonder. .  .  .417 

Twelve  Signs  of  the  Zodiac 141 

Ullage  or  Wantage,  Table  of 491 

Ulexite,  Composition  of 554 

Undiscovered  Rooms  in  Gr.  Pyramid.  .  .395 
Unfinished  Subterranean  Chamber .....  355 

Units  of  Measure 429 

Uranus,  Superior  Planet  of 145 

U.  S.  Seal,  Reverse  Side  of,  Illus.  48 

Vara,  Length  of  a 440,  461 

Valley,  Yosemite,  4th  Wonder 415 

Valparaiso,  Chile,  Earthquake 125 

Value  of  Foreign  Coins 520 

Gold,  Silver  and  Copper 510 

United  States  Coin 512 

Various  Names  of  Deity 360 

"         Rocks,  Composition  of 153 

Velocity  of  the  Wind. 472 

Water  in   Pipes 474 

"  Streams 475 

Venus,  The  Inferior  Planet  of 139 

Versta,  Russian  Unit  of  Length 441 

Vertical  Axis,  etc.,  bv  Mr.  C.  Muir  .400,  407 

"         Section  of  Gr.  Pyr.,  Illus 9 

Vibration  of  King's  Chamber,  "F" 348 

Volcanic   Eruption  of  Mont  Pelee.    .     .118 

Eruptions  Since  17  A.  D.  .103,  136 

Vyse's,  Howard,  Theory  Sunported .  .  .  .  17fi 

Wall  Courses  by  Different  Men 339 


Walls  and  Hanging  Gardens  of  Babylon  78 

Wantage  or  Ullage,  Table  of 491 

Waste  in  Coining 511 

Water,  Flowing,  Miners  Inches  of 475 

Miners  Inches  of 474-477 

"       Pressure  Greatest 481 

"       Weights  and  Measures  of.. 473-477 

Waterfalls  and  Cascades,  Height  of  .     532 

"  Yosemite  Valley,  Height... 532 

Waves  and  Tides 431 

Wedge,  Cubic  Contents  of  a SCO 

Weight  and  Specific  Gravity 466-470 

Measure,  Great  Pyramid 368 

Measures,  International 373 

"         of  Atmospheric  Air 469 

"   Cattle 504 

"         "   Gases 472 

"    Grain  and   Products 436 

"         "    Gramme,  Variation  of.  195,  458 

"          "    Great  Pyramid 211,  371 

"    Iron 501-504 

Lead,  Zinc  and  Wire  .....  .506 

Liquids 466 

Lumber,  Timber,  etc 499 

Metals 501-508 

the  Earth,  Pyramid  Tons.  .372 

Water. 473 

Woods,  Dry  or  Green.  .469,  499 

Weights  and  Measures 429-458 

"  "  "        Depository  of...  169 

"  "  "        Foreign 437-458 

"  "  "        Metric 445-458 

"  "  "        Pyramidal 158 

Well,  The,  of  Limestone 3.59 

Wells,  Artesian 487 

"       Capacity  of 484 

What  Did  Coffer  Capacity  Prove? 337 

Wheat,   English  Quarter  of 436 

"         Grades  of  Liverpool. 436 

Where  the  Granite  Came  From 319 

"        To  Enter  the  Great  Pyramid  401-40:! 
Wheeler,  Rev.  O.  C.,  On  Antiquity  559,  560 

Who  Built  the  Great  Pyramid? 157 

Why  Was  Coffer  Built  That  Size? 324 

Wilkinson,  Sir  Gardner,  On  Coffer 312 

Wind,  Force  and  Velocity  of 172 

Wire  Nails,   No.  of  in  1  lb.,  (Roeblings)  .462 

Penny  of 462 

"  "       Roehling's  Gauge  of. ....  .462 

"      Rope,  Weight  and  Strength  of.  .  .  .508 

Wisdom,  Hegel's  Idea  of 420 

Wise  Men  Differ,  Limestone  or  Granite.  .  320 

Woods,  Tensile  Strength  of 494 

"         Weight  and  Specific  Gravity  of  469 

Wonders  of  the  World,  Nature's  7."  .  .  .413 

"     of  the  World,  The  Hebrew  286.  287 

"         of  the  World,  The  Seven..  .77-80 

World   Building 146 

Xylotile,  Composition  of 554 

Year  and  Day  Standard   Indicated. ...  182 

"      A  Mean 256 

"      A  Solar 256 

1     Days  in  each  Planet's 431 

"      Exact   Length  of  a 422 

Yosemite  Falls,  Height  of 532 

"          Valley,  Area  of 532 

4th  Nat'l  Wonder.  .415 
Young  and  Champoleon's  Discovery.  .  .  .409 

Zero  Meridian   or   Longitude 206 

Zinc,  Composition  of 153,  555 

Zodiac,  The,  Twelve  Signs  of 141,  578 

Zone,   Free  From   Earthquakes.  .......    99 

The  Earthquake 99 

Zoology  of  Egypt 57 


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